B

. See beta. bacillus subtilis BPN. (bacillomycin; fungo-

cin; subtilisins).
B. Symbol for boron. CAS: 1395-21-7.
Hazard: A severe eye irritant. TLV: CL 0.00006 mg/
Ba. Symbol for barium. m3.
Use: Laundry detergents.
Ba.
137
See barium-137. bacitracin methylene disalicylate.
Properties: White to gray-brown powder. Slight un-
babassu oil. A nondrying, edible oil expressed pleasant odor, less bitter than bacitracin. Soluble in
from the kernels of the babassu palm, which grows water, pyridine, ethanol; less soluble in acetone,
in profusion in Brazil. Composition: 44% lauric ether, chloroform, benzene; pH of saturated aqueous
acid, 15% myristic acid, 16% oleic acid, balance soluble 3.55.0. Available also as the sodium salt.
mixed acids. Usable in foods and soapmaking, but Use: Antibiotic, feed additive.
supply is limited by cost of exploitation of the large
quantities potentially available. Combustible. bacitracin zinc.
Use: Drug (veterinary); feed additive.
Babbitt metal. One of a group of soft alloys
used widely for bearings. They have good bonding backcross. A cross between an animal that is
characteristics with the substrate metal, maintain oil heterozygous for alleles obtained from two parental
films on their surfaces, and are nonseizing and anti- strains and a second animal from one of those paren-
friction. Used as cast, machined, or preformed bime- tal strains. Also used to describe the breeding proto-
tallic bearings in the form of a thin coating on a steel col of an outcross followed by a backcross.
base; the main types are lead base, lead-silver base, See model organisms.
tin base, cadmium base, and arsenical. The latter
contains up to 3% arsenic. back filling. Process of applying starch, with or
Hazard: Dust is toxic by inhalation. without other filling or weighting materials, to the
back of a cloth.
Babcock test. A rapid test for butterfat in milk
introduced by Stephen M. Babcock in 1890 and now Back-Goudsmit effect. Effect of a weak mag-
in worldwide use in the dairy industry. netic field on the spectral lines of an element having
a nuclear magnetic moment.
Babinet principle. Identical diffraction pat-
terns of a substance are produced by two diffraction back-mutation. A mutation that causes a mutant
screens one of which is the exact negative of the gene to revert bacto its wild-type genotype.
other.
bacteria. Microorganisms often composed of a
Babos law. The lowering of vapor pressure is single cell in the form of straight or curved rods
proportional to the mole fraction of nonvolatile so- (bacilli), spheres (cocci), or spiral structures. Their
lute in a solution. chemical composition is primarily protein and nu-
cleic acid. Chlorophyll molecules are also present,
BAC. See: (1) Biologically activated C; (2) enabling bacteria to carry out photosynthesis. Some
blood alcohol concentration; (3) bromacetyl cel- types, called anaerobic, are able to live and repro-
lulose; (4) bacterial artificial chromosome. duce in the absence of oxygen; aerobic types require
oxygen. Bacteria that can live either with or without
oxygen are called facultative. Filamentous bacteria
B acid. (1-amino-8-naphthol-3,5-disulfonic are related to blue-green algae. Molds that yield
acid). C10H4NH2OH(SO3H)2. antibiotics (Actinomycetes) are of this type. Patho-
Derivation: Sulfonation of 1-amino-8-naphthol-3- genic bacteria are infectious organisms that cause
sulfonic acid. such diseases as pneumonia, tuberculosis, syphilis,
Use: Azo dye intermediate. and typhus. The staining of bacteria for microscopic
identification was originated by Koch, a German
bacillomycin. See bacillus subtilis BPN. physician and bacteriologist (18431910). Bacteria
are often classified as Gram-positive or Gram-nega-
bacillus. A type of bacteria characterized by a tive. Food spoilage is often induced by bacterial
rodlike shape. contamination. There are many beneficial types of
116
 117 BAFFLE

bacteria in the body, e.g., intestinal flora that aid in bacteriostat. A substance that prevents or retards
metabolism. Bacteria rich in proteins can be pro- the growth of bacteria. Examples are quaternary
duced by fermentation of animal wastes for feed ammonium salts and hexachlorophene.
supplements. The outstanding development in this See antiseptic.
field is the laboratory modification of bacteria by
gene-splicing techniques. This noteworthy achieve- baddeleyite. (zirconia). ZrO2. A natural zirconi-
ment has an enormous future potential in the chemi- um oxide.
cal, agricultural, food, and pharmaceutical indus- Properties: Black, brown, yellow to colorless; streak
tries. The Supreme Court has ruled it to be a white, luster submetallic to vitreous to greasy.
patentable invention. D5.56.0, mp 25002950C. Highly resistant to
See recombinant DNA; biotechnology. chemicals.
Use: (1) Fermentation processes used in baking and Grade: Crude (53%, 7375%), purified (98%).
the manufacture of alcohol, wine, vinegar, beer Occurrence: Brazil, Ceylon.
(yeast), and antibiotics (molds). (2) Fixation of at- Use: Corrosion- and heat-resistant applications,
mospheric nitrogen in the soil. (3) Reaction with source zirconium.
hydrocarbons (methane and other paraffins) to yield
proteins (yeasts). (4) Purification of sewage sludge
activated by bacteria (see sewage sludge). (5) Reac- Badische acid. (2-naphthylamine-8-sulfonic
tion with cellulose to form biopolymers and high- acid). C10H9NO3S.
protein foodstuffs. (6) Reaction with waste materi- Properties: Colorless needles, partially soluble in
als (coal and cement dusts, gasworks effluent) to water and alkalies, slightly soluble in alcohol.
release plant nutrients for inexpensive fertilizers Derivation: Sulfonation of 2-naphthylamine.
(the former U.S.S.R.). (7) Precipitation and concen- Use: Azo dye intermediate.
tration of uranium and some other metals by com-
pounds obtained from bacteria grown on carbona- Baekeland (Bakelite) process. Condensa-
ceous materials such as lignin and cellulose. (8) tion of phenol and formaldehyde to o-hydroxyme-
Formation of azo compounds in soil treated with the thylphenol (Lederer-Manasse), which undergoes
herbicide propanil. (9) Synthesis of hormones by further arylation yielding a polymeric structure.
recombinant DNA methods (E. coli).
See insulin. (10) Miscellaneous reactions, e.g., oxida- Baekeland, L. H. (18631944). Born in
tion of pentaerythritol to tris(hydroxymethyl)acetic Ghent, Belgium. He did early research in photo-
acid; conversion of the sulfur in gypsum to elemen- graphic chemistry and invented Velox paper (1893).
tal sulfur via hydrogen sulfide; clean-up of oil spills. After working for several years in electrolytic re-
See fermentation; virus; enzyme; biotechnology. search, he undertook fundamental study of the reac-
tion products of phenol and formaldehyde, which
bacterial artificial chromosome. (BAC). culminated in his discovery in 1907 of phenol-form-
A vector used to clone DNA fragments (100- to 300- aldehyde polymers originally called Bakelite. The
kb insert size; average, 150 kb) in Escherichia coli reaction itself had been investigated by Bayer in
cells. Based on naturally occurring F-factor plasmid 1872, but Bakeland was the first to learn how to
found in the bacterium E. coli. control it to yield dependable results on a commer-
See cloning vector. cial scale. The Bakelite Co. was founded in 1910 and
now is Bakelite AG.
bactericide. (germicide). Any agent that will See phenol-formaldehyde resins.
kill bacteria, especially those causing disease. Bac-
tericides vary greatly in their potency and specifici- Baeyer-Drewson indigo synthesis. Forma-
ty. They may be other organisms (bacteriophages), tion of indigos by an aldol addition of o-nitrobenzal-
chemical compounds, or shortwave radiation. dehydes to acetone, pyruvic acid, or acetaldehyde.
See virus; antibiotic; biocide. Of interest mainly as a method of protecting o-nitro-
benzaldehydes.
bacteriophage. A type of virus that attacks and
destroys bacteria by surrounding and absorbing Baeyer-Villiger reactions. The oxidation of
them. aromatic, open-chain, and cyclic ketones to esters
and lactones by peracids.
bacteriophage lambda. A virus which infects
E. coli, and which is often used in molecular genet- baffle. A flow-regulating device consisting of a
ics experiments as a vector, or cloning vehicle. Re- perforated metal plate placed horizontally in liquid-
combinant phages can be made in which certain mixing tanks, distillation columns, and the like to
non-essential DNA is removed and replaced with restrict or divert the passage of liquid, thus provid-
the DNA of interest. The phage can accommodate a ing a uniformly dispersed flow. Baffles are also used
DNA insert of about 15-20 kb. Replication of that in open-steam autoclaves to ensure even distribution
virus will thus replicate the investigators DNA. of the entering steam.
BAGASSE 118

bagasse. A form of cellulose (biomass) derived as Baker-Venkataraman rearrangement.

a by-product of the crushing of sugar cane or guayu- Base-catalyzed rearrangement of o-acyloxyke-
le plants. Contains a high proportion of hemicellu- tones to -diketones, important intermediates in the
lose. After pulping with either soda or kraft cooking synthesis of chromones and flavones.
liquor, it can be made into a low grade of paper. It is
also used in compressed form as an insulating board Bake Smart [Advanced Ingredients].
in construction, as a medium for growth of nutritive TM for a carb based powder comprised of glu-
bacteria, in animal feeds, in manufacturing of furfu- cose syrup, dextrose and fiber.
ral; and as on-site fuel for cane-sugar mills. In Ha- Use: Delivers moisture control, binds moisture in a
waii, it is being used as a fuel for electric power broad range of foods.
generation.
Hazard: Dust is flammable. baking finish. A paint or varnish that requires
See biomass. baking at temperatures greater than 66C for the
development of desired properties (ASTM). Such
baghouse. (bag filter). A large-scale dust-col- finishes are based on oil-modified alkyd, melamine,
lecting device composed of a series of large cotton epoxy, nitrocellulose, or urea resins, or combina-
or nylon bags assembled in a heavy metal frame or tions of these. Baking is often done by infrared
housing. The bags may be as much as 10 ft high, radiation, producing high-molecular weight coat-
each bag being made up of three units sewn to- ings that are dense and tough.
gether as one element approximately 18 inches in
diameter. Discharge hoppers are located beneath the baking powder. A synthetic leavening agent
bags. A suction or blower system forces dust-laden widely used in the baking industry. There are several
air through an inlet port on one side of the frame just types, all of which are composed of a carbonate, a
above the hopper space. It enters the bags, where it weak acid or acidic compound, and a filler. A typical
deposits its suspended solids, while the cleaned air is composition is sodium bicarbonate, tartaric acid or
drawn through and leaves by an outlet port. A motor- monobasic calcium phosphate, and cornstarch. In-
driven shaker mechanism agitates the bags periodi- gredients sometimes used are ammonium carbonate
cally, dislodging the accumulated layer of dust, and potassium bitartrate. Upon contact with mois-
which falls into the hoppers. Installations of this ture and heat the active ingredients react to evolve
type are often of impressive size, some containing carbon dioxide, which raises the dough in the
over 300 bags. early minutes of heat exposure, thus producing a
See Nomex. [Du Pont] stable solid foam. Wheat-flour gluten is sufficiently
elastic to retain the bubbles of carbon dioxide.
bait. An insecticide or rodenticide placed in such a
way as to attract the pest. Arsenic compounds and baking soda. See sodium bicarbonate.
Bordeaux mixture are typical insect baits. All types
are highly toxic. BAL. Abbreviation for British Anti-Lewisite.
See pesticide. See 2,3-dimercaptopropanol.

Bakelite [Bakelite AG]. TM for polyethyl- balagrin.

ene, polypropylene, epoxy, phenolic, polystyrene, CAS: 71330-43-3.
phenoxy, perylene, polysulfone, ethylene copoly- Hazard: Moderately toxic by ingestion.
mers, ABS, acrylics, and vinyl resins and com- Use: Agricultural chemical.
pounds.
balance. (1) Exact equality of the number of
Baker-Nathan effect. Effect originally ob- atoms of various elements entering into a chemical
served in the reaction of p-substituted benzyl bro- reaction and the number of atoms of those elements
mides with pyridine and other processes in which in the reaction products. For example, in the reaction
the observed rates are opposite to those predicted by NaOH + HCl NaCl + H2O, the atoms in the input
the electron-releasing inductive effect of alkyl side are H[2], Na[1], O[1], and Cl[1]. Each of these
groups, i.e., CH3 > CH3CH2 > (CH3)2CH > C(CH3)3. is also present in the products, though in different
To explain it, a type of electron delocalization in- combination. The atoms of catalysts (when present)
volving electrons was proposed, termed hyper- do not enter into reactions and therefore are not
conjugation, which manifests itself in systems in involved. The balance of chemical reactions follows
which a saturated carbon atom attached to an unsatu- the law of conservation of mass. The term material
rated carbon or one with an empty orbital bears at balance is used by chemical engineers in designing
least one hydrogen atom. processing equipment. It denotes a precise list of all
the substances to be introduced into a reaction and
bakers yeast extract. all those that will leave it in a given time, the two
Properties: From ruptured cells of Saccharomyces sums being equal.
cerevisiae. Liquid, paste or powder. Water sol. (2) A precision instrument designed for weighing
Use: Food additive. extremely small amounts of material with high accu-
 119 BANANA OIL

racy. An analytical balance or microbalance for Bally-Scholl synthesis. Formation of meso-

weights from about 1 g to 0.1 mg is standard equip- benzanthrones by the action of glycerol or a deriva-
ment in chemical laboratories. Its essential feature is tive, and sulfuric acid on anthraquinones or an-
a one-piece metal beam (lever) pivoted on a knife- thranols.
edge or flexure at its exact center (fulcrum) so that it
is free to oscillate. From it are suspended two scale balsam. A resinous mixture of varying composi-
pans approximately 2 inches in diameter, each of tion obtained from several species of evergreen trees
which is also positioned on a knife-edge on the or shrubs. Contains oleoresins, terpenes, and usually
lower arms of the beam. Exact balance is indicated cinnamic and benzoic acids. All types are soluble in
by a pointer attached to the beam. Either an alumi- organic liquids and insoluble in water. Some have a
num rider or a chain and vernier is provided for penetrating, pleasant odor. They are combustible
maximum accuracy. Highly sophisticated balances and in general nontoxic. The best-known types are
operating electronically with built-in microproces- as follows:
sors have become available in recent years. (1) Peru balsam, from Central America, is a thick,
viscous liquid (d 1.15) containing vanillin. Used in
balata. See rubber, natural (note). flavoring, chocolate manufacturing, as an ingredient
in expectorants and cough syrups, and as a fragrance
Baldwin rules for ring closure. Set of em- in shampoos and hair conditioners. A mild allergen.
pirical rules, stereochemical in nature, predicting Shipped in drums.
the relative facility of ring closure reactions. (2) Tolu balsam, a plastic solid, is derived from a
related tree in Colombia. Its uses are similar to Peru
Baldwins phosphorus. Fused nitrate of lime, balsam. Source of tolu oil. Odorless.
which emits light for several hours after exposure to (3) Copaiba balsam from Brazil and Venezuela (d
sunlight. 0.940.99) is a viscous liquid used in varnishes and
lacquers as an odor fixative and in manufacture of
ball-and-ring method. The melting point of a photographic paper. It is the source of copaiba oil.
material is determined by filling the aperture of a (4) Balm of Gilead is from a Middle Eastern shrub
metal ring with the material, placing a metal ball on and is used in perfumery and medicine.
it, and heating to the temperature at which the mate- (5) Canada balsam, from the North American bal-
rial softens and is then pushed out of the ring by the sam fir, is a liquid, d 0.98, used in microscopy, in
weight of the ball. It is used for substances that have fine lacquers, as a flavoring, and as a fragrance.
no definite melting point, but soften before melting. (6) Benzoin resin (Benjamin gum). See benzoin
resin.
ball clay. A clay that has good plasticity, strong
bonding power, high refractoriness, and fires to a balsam fir oil. See fir needle oil, Canadian
white or cream-colored product. Used as bonding type.
and plasticizing agent or chief ingredient of white-
ware, porcelains, stoneware, terra-cotta, glass ref- Bambergers formula. A structural formula
ractories, and floor and wall tile. for naphthalene that shows the valences of the ben-
See clay. zene rings pointing to the centers.
Balling hydrometer. A device for determining
bamboo. A grass native to southeast Asia having
the approximate percentage of sugar in solution at
a rather high cellulose content, which makes possi-
60F.
ble its use for specialty papers. Its fibers are longer
than those of most other plants of this type and are
ball mill. A jacketed steel cylinder rotating on a
comparable to those of coniferous woods. Has a
horizontal axis and containing steel balls of varying
composition of total cellulose 58%, -cellulose
diameter; the interior walls are usually equipped
35%, pentosans 28%, lignin 23%. Also used for
with baffle bars to impart a rolling and cascading
making light furniture, fishing rods, etc. Combus-
action to the balls. The total weight of the balls may
tible.
be 2000 lb or more. The grinding efficiency depends
on the number of contacts between any two balls;
thus the greater the number of balls, the more effec- bambuterol.
tive the grinding action. The material is introduced CAS: 81732-65-2. mf: C18H29N3O5.
through an opening in the axis of the cylinder, which Hazard: A poison.
is then hermetically closed. Discharge is by the same
opening after replacement of the cover plate with a Bamford-Stevens reaction. Formation of
grill to retain the balls. Ball mills can be adapted to olefins by base-catalyzed decomposition of p-to-
continuous operation in which the feed enters at one luenesulfonylhydrazones of aldehydes and ketones.
end and is discharged at the other. Products ground
are dry chemicals, paint pigments, etc. banana oil. (1) (Banana liquid.) A solution of
See pebble mill; jar mill. nitrocellulose in amyl acetate or similar solvent; so
BANBURY MIXER 120

termed because of its penetrating banana-like odor. Barak [Du Pont]. TM for dibutylammoni-
(2) Synonym for amyl acetate. um oleate (C4H9)2NH2COOC17H33.
Properties: Translucent, light brown liquid. Com-
Banbury mixer. A batch-type internal-mixing bustible.
machine, named after its inventor, that has been Use: To activate accelerators and improve processing
widely used in the rubber industry since 1920 for of rubber and synthetic rubbers.
high-volume production. It will also accept plastic
molding powders. Its chief feature is an enclosed, barban. Generic name for 4-chloro-2-butyn-
barrel-shaped chamber in which two rotors with lyl-m-chlorocarbanilate.
oppositely curved contours rotate rapidly on a hori- C6H4(Cl)NHCOOCH2C:CCH2Cl. Herbicide and
zontal axis, first masticating the rubber and then plant growth regulator.
efficiently incorporating the dry ingredients. Both
steam and water jacketing are provided. Batches o-barene. See 1,2-dicarbadodecaborane(12).
may be up to 1000 lb. A plunger at the entrance port
rides on top of the batch to furnish enough pressure barberite. A nonferrous alloy containing 88.5%
for proper mixing. A hydraulically operated dis- copper, 5% nickel, 5% tin, 1.5% silicon.
charge gate is located below the mixing chamber. Properties: D 8.80, mp 1070C. It offers good resis-
tance to sulfuric acid in all dilutions up to 60%,
band, absorption. See absorption band. seawater, moist sulfurous atmospheres, and mine
waters.
Bandane [Velsicol]. TM for polychlorodi-
cyclopentadiene isomers. Barbier-Wieland degradation. Stepwise
Use: As an herbicide. carboxylic acid degradation of aliphatic acids (par-
ticularly in sterol side chains) to the next lower
banded iron formation. An iron formation homolog. The ester is converted to a tertiary alcohol
that consists of alternating iron-rich and iron-poor that is dehydrated with acetic anhydride, and the
layers. Most rocks of this type are older than about olefin oxidized with chromic acid to a lower homol-
two billion years. ogous carboxylic acid.

bandwidth. Difference between limiting fre- barbital. (diethylmalonylurea; diethylbarbituric

quencies of a frequency band. acid; Veronal).
CAS: 57-44-3. C8H12N2O3.
banod shift assay. See gel shift assay.

Banox [Nalco]. TM for a series of dry, pow-

dered, phosphate-type corrosion inhibitors. No. 1 is
artificially colored. Nos. 1-P and WT are colorless.
Use: Refrigerator cars, refrigeration brine, cooling
towers, and small water systems.
Properties: White crystals or powder; bitter taste;
Banting, Sir Frederick. (18911941). A na- odorless. Stable in air. Mp 187192C. Soluble in hot
tive of Ontario, Canada, Banting did his most impor- water, alcohol, ether, acetone, and ethyl acetate.
tant work in endocrinology. His brilliant research Derivation: By the interaction of diethyl ester or
culminated in the preparation of the antidiabetic diethylmalonic acid and urea.
hormone that he called insulin, derived from the Grade: Technical, CP.
isles of Langerhans in the pancreas. He received the Hazard: See barbiturates.
Nobel Prize in medicine for this work together with Use: Medicine (sedative), stabilizer for hydrogen
MacLeod of the University of Toronto. In 1930, the peroxide.
Banting Institute was founded in Toronto. He was See barbiturates.
killed in an airplane crash.
barbiturate. A derivative of barbituric acid that
Banvel D [Velsicol]. TM for an herbicide produces depression of the central nervous system
containing 2-methoxy-3,6-dichlorobenzoic acid and consequent sedation. Used by prescription only
(dimethylamine salt). for sedative and anesthetic purposes.
Hazard: Habit-forming. Several types, including
BAP. Abbreviation for benzyl-p-aminophenol. amo-, seco-, and pentabarbital, are under govern-
ment restriction.
Barafene [BASF]. TM for coatings used to
prevent permeation of volatile ingredients, oils, and barbituric acid. (malonylurea; pyrimidine-
oxygen through polyolefin containers. trione; 2,4,6-tri-oxohexahydro pyrimidine).
 121 BARIUM BROMIDE

barium-137. Radioactive isotope of barium.

OCNHCOCH2CONH2H2O. See cesium-137.
Properties: White crystals; efflorescent; odorless.
Mp 245C with some decomposition. Slightly solu- barium acetate.
ble in water and alcohol; soluble in ether. Forms CAS: 543-80-6. Ba(C2H3O2)2H2O.
salts with metals. Properties: White crystals. D 2.02, mp (decom-
Derivation: By condensing malonic acid ester with poses). Soluble in water, insoluble in alcohol.
urea. Derivation: Acetic acid is added to a solution of
Grade: Technical. barium sulfide. The product is recovered by evapo-
Use: Preparation of barbiturates, polymerization cat- ration and subsequent crystallization.
alyst, dyes. Grade: Technical, CP.
Use: Chemical reagent, acetates, textile mordant, cat-
Bardhan-Sengupta phenanthrene synthesis. alyst manufacturing, paint and varnish driers.
Formation of octahydrophenanthrene derivatives See barium.
by cyclodehydration of derivatives of 2-(-phen-
ethyl)-1-cyclohexanol and consequent dehydration barium aluminate. 3BaOAl2O3.
to phenanthrenes with selenium. Properties: Gray, pulverized mass. Soluble in water,
acids.
bar disintegrator. See cage mill. See barium.

Barff process. The deposition of a rust-resistant barium azide.

coating on iron-base metals by oxidation with super- CAS: 18810-58-7. Ba(N3)2. Crystalline solid, d
heated steam. 2.936, loses nitrogen at 120C, soluble in water,
slightly soluble in alcohol.
Barfoeds reagent. Aqueous solution of cop- Hazard: Explodes when shocked or heated.
per acetate. Use: High explosives.
Use: To distinguish monosaccarides from disaccha- See barium.
rides (red cuprous oxide forms in presence of glu-
cose). barium binoxide. See barium peroxide.

barite. (BaSO4). Natural barium sulfate, barytes, barium borotungstate. (barium borowolfra-
heavy spar. mate). 2BaOB2O39WO318H2O.
Properties: Large, white crystals. Effloresces in air.
barium. Keep well stoppered!! Soluble in water.
CAS: 7440-39-3. Ba. Alkaline-earth element of Hazard: A poison. TLV: See barium.
atomic number 56, group IIA of periodic table; aw Use: Making borotungstates.
137.34; valence 2; 7 stable isotopes.
Properties: Silver-white, somewhat malleable met- barium borowolframate. See barium boro-
al. D 3.6. Values for melting and boiling points are tungstate.
reported ranging from 704850C for mp and from
11401637C for bp (The most acceptable values, barium bromate.
based on reliable original work, appear to be mp CAS: 13967-90-3. Ba(BrO3)2H2O.
710C and bp 1500C). Extremely reactive, reacts Properties: White crystals or crystalline powder. D
readily with water, ammonia, halogens, oxygen, and 3.820, decomposes at 260C. Slightly soluble in wa-
most acids. Gives green color in flame. Extrudable ter, insoluble in alcohol.
and machinable. Derivation: By passing bromine into a solution of
Occurrence: Ores of barite and witherite are found in barium hydroxide; barium bromide and barium bro-
Georgia, Missouri, Arkansas, Kentucky, California, mate are formed, which are separated by crystalliza-
Nevada, Canada, Mexico. tion.
Derivation: Reduction of barium oxide with alumi- Grade: Pure, reagent.
num or silicon in a vacuum at high temperature. Hazard: A poison. Moderate fire risk in contact with
Available forms: Rods, wire, plate, powder. organic materials. TLV: see barium.
Grade: Technical, pure. Use: Analytical reagent, oxidizing agent, corrosion
Hazard: Flammable (pyrophoric) at room tempera- inhibitor.
ture in powder form; store under inert gas, petrole-
um, or other oxygen-free liquid. When heated to barium bromide. BaBr22H2O.
approximately 200C in hydrogen, barium reacts vio- Properties: Colorless crystals. D 3.852, mp (anhy-
lently, forming BaH2. TLV: for all soluble barium drous) 847C. Soluble in water and in alcohol.
compounds, 0.5 mg/m3 (as barium). Derivation: Interaction of barium sulfide and hydro-
Use: Getter alloys in vacuum tubes, deoxidizer for bromic acid with subsequent crystallization.
copper, Frarys metal, lubricant for anode rotors in Grade: Technical, CP.
X-ray tubes, spark-plug alloys. Hazard: A poison. TLV: see barium.
BARIUM CARBONATE 122

Use: Manufacturing bromides, photographic com- joining compounds, pigment in paints, ceramics,
pounds, phosphors. fuses, pyrotechnics, metal primers, ignition control
devices.
barium carbonate. See chrome pigment.
CAS: 513-77-9. BaCO3.
Properties: White powder; found in nature as the barium citrate. Ba3(C6H5O7)2H2O.
mineral witherite. D 4.275, mp 174C at 90 atmo- Properties: Grayish-white crystalline powder. Solu-
spheres, 811C at one atmosphere. Insoluble in wa- ble in water, hydrochloric, and nitric acids.
ter; soluble in acids (except sulfuric). Hazard: See barium.
Derivation: Precipitated barium carbonate is made Use: Manufacture of barium compounds, stabilizer
by reaction of sodium carbonate or carbon dioxide for latex paints.
with barium sulfide.
Grade: Technical, CP, reagent 99.5%. barium cyanide.
Hazard: A poison. TLV: see barium. CAS: 542-62-1. Ba(CN)2.
Use: Treatment of brines in chlorine-alkali cells to Properties: White, crystalline powder. Soluble in
remove sulfates, rodenticide, production of barium water and alcohol.
salts, ceramic flux, optical glass, case-hardening Derivation: By the action of hydrocyanic acid on
baths, ferrites, in radiation-resistant glass for color barium hydroxide with subsequent crystallization.
television tubes. Hazard: TLV: 0.5 mg(Ba)/m3; Not Classifiable as a
Human Carcinogen.
barium chlorate. Use: Metallurgy, electroplating.
CAS: 13477-00-4. Ba(ClO3)2H2O.
Properties: Colorless prisms or white powder. D barium cyanoplatinite. (platinum barium
3.179, mp 414C. Soluble in water. Combustible. cyanide; barium platinum cyanide).
Derivation: Electrolysis of barium chloride. BaPt(CN)44H2O.
Grade: Technical, CP, reagent. Properties: Yellow or green crystals. Mp 100C
Hazard: A poison. TLV: see barium. Strong oxidiz- (loses 2H2O), d 2.08. Soluble in water; insoluble in
er, fire risk in contact with organic materials. alcohol.
Use: Pyrotechnics, explosives, textile mordant, man- Grade: CP.
ufacture of other chlorates. Hazard: See barium and cyanides.
Use: X-ray screens.
barium chloride.
CAS: 10361-37-2. BaCl22H2O. barium cyclohexanesulfamate.
Properties: Colorless, flat crystals. D 3.097, mp CAS: 64011-64-9.
960C (anhydrous). Soluble in water; insoluble in Hazard: A poison.
alcohol, Combustible. Use: Agricultural chemical.
Derivation: (1) By the action of hydrochloric acid on
barium carbonate or barium sulfide; (2) by heating a
mixture of barium sulfate, carbon, and calcium chlo- barium dichromate. (barium bichromate).
ride. BaCr2O72H2O.
Grade: Technical (crystals or powdered), 99%, crys- Properties: Brownish-red needles or crystalline
tals, powdered, CP. masses. Soluble in acids; decomposed by water.
Hazard: Ingestion of 0.8 g may be fatal. TLV: see Hazard: See barium.
barium.
Use: Chemicals (artificial barium sulfate, other bari- barium dioxide. See barium peroxide.
um salts), reagents, lubrication oil additives, boiler
compounds, textile dyeing, pigments, manufacture barium diphenylamine sulfonate.
of white leather. (C6H5NHC6H4SO3)2Ba.
Properties: White crystals. Soluble in water.
barium chromate. (lemon chrome; ultrama- Hazard: See barium.
rine yellow; baryta yellow; Steinbuhl yellow). Use: Indicator in oxidation-reduction titrations.
CAS: 10294-40-3. BaCrO4.
Properties: Heavy, yellow, crystalline powder. D barium di-o-phosphate. See barium phos-
4.498. Soluble in acids; insoluble in water. Combus- phate, secondary.
tible.
Derivation: Interaction of barium chloride and sodi- barium dithionate. (barium hyposulfate).
um chromate. The precipitate is washed, filtered, BaS2O62H2O.
and dried. Properties: Colorless crystals. D 4.536. Soluble in
Grade: Technical, CP. hot water; slightly soluble in alcohol.
Hazard: TLV: 0.05 mg(Cr)/m3; Confirmed Human Derivation: Action of manganese dithionate on bari-
Carcinogen. um hydroxide.
Use: Safety matches, corrosion inhibitor in metal- Hazard: See barium.
 123 BARIUM IODIDE

barium ethylsulfate. Ba(C2H5SO4)22H2O. removal, dehairing agent, catalyst in manufacture of

Properties: Colorless crystals. Soluble in water and phenol-formaldehyde resins, insecticide and fungi-
alcohol. Combustible. cide, sulfate-controlling agent in ceramics, purify-
Derivation: Interaction of barium hydroxide and ing agent for caustic soda, steel carbonizing agent,
ethylsulfuric acid. glass, refining edible oils, elastomer vulcanization.
Hazard: See barium.
Use: Organic preparations. barium hydroxide, octahydrate. (barium
hydrate; barium octahydrate; caustic baryta).
barium ferrite. Ba(OH)28H2O.
Grade: Powder. Properties: White powder or crystals. D 2.18, mp
Use: Permanent-magnet material. 78C (losing its water of crystallization), mp (anhy-
drous Ba(OH)2) 408C. Absorbs carbon dioxide from
barium fluoride. air. Keep well stoppered!! Soluble in water, alcohol,
CAS: 7787-32-8. BaF2. and ether.
Properties: White powder. D 4.828, mp 1354C. Derivation: (1) By dissolving barium oxide in water
Sparingly soluble in water. with subsequent crystallization, (2) By precipitation
Derivation: Interaction of barium sulfide and hydro- from an aqueous solution of the sulfide by caustic
fluoric acid, followed by crystallization. soda, (3) By heating barium sulfide in earthenware
Grade: Technical, CP, single pure crystals, and retorts into which a current of moist carbonic acid is
99.98%. passed, after which superheated steam is passed
Hazard: See barium. over the resulting heated carbonate.
Use: Ceramic flux, carbon brushes for electrical Impurities: Iron and calcium in commercial grades.
equipment, glass making, manufacture of other flu- Grade: Technical (crystals or anhydrous powder),
orides, crystals for spectroscopy, electronics, dry- CP, ACS reagent.
film lubricants. Hazard: See barium.
Use: Organic preparations, barium salts, analytical
barium fluosilicate. (barium silicofluoride). chemistry.
BaSiF6H. See barium hydroxide monohydrate.
Properties: White, crystalline powder. Insoluble in
water. barium hydroxide pentahydrate. (barium
Grade: Technical. pentahydrate). Ba(OH)25H2O.
Hazard: See barium. Properties: Translucent, free-flowing, white flakes.
Use: Ceramics, insecticidal compositions. Approximately 65 lb/cu ft.
Hazard: See barium.
barium fructose diphosphate. See fruc- Use: Same as the octahydrate.
tose-1,6-diphosphate, calcium, barium salts.
barium hypophosphite. BaH4(PO2)2.
barium hexafluorogermanate. BaGeF6. Properties: White, crystalline powder; odorless.
White crystalline solid, mp approximately 665C, Soluble in water; insoluble in alcohol.
dissociates to barium fluoride and germanium fluo- Hazard: See barium.
ride, d 4.56. Use: Nickel plating.

barium hydrate. See barium hydroxide. barium hyposulfate. See barium dithionate.

barium hydrosulfide. Ba(SH)2. barium hyposulfite. See barium thiosulfate.

Properties: Yellow crystals. Hygroscopic. Soluble
in water. barium iodate. Ba(IO3)2.
Hazard: See barium. Properties: White, crystalline powder. D 5.23, mp
decomposes at 476C. Slightly soluble in water, hy-
barium hydroxide (anhydrous). Ba(OH)2. drochloric, and nitric acids; insoluble in alcohol.
Available commercially. Hazard: See barium.
See barium hydroxide hydrates.
barium iodide. BaI22H2O.
barium hydroxide, monohydrate. (barium Properties: Colorless crystals, decomposes and red-
monohydrate). Ba(OH)2H2O. dens on exposure to air. D 5.150, mp loses 2H2O and
Properties: White powder. Soluble in dilute acids; melts at 740C. Soluble in water; slightly soluble in
slightly soluble in water. alcohol.
Hazard: See barium. Derivation: Action of hydriodic acid on barium hy-
Use: Manufacturing of oil and grease additives, bari- droxide or of barium carbonate on ferrous iodide
um soaps, and chemicals. Refining of beet sugar, solution.
alkalizing agent in water softening, sulfate removal Hazard: See barium.
agent in treatment of water and brine, boiler scale Use: Preparation of other iodides.
BARIUM MANGANATE 124

barium manganate. (manganese green; Cas- Slightly soluble in water; soluble in dilute nitric or
sel green). BaMnO4. hydrochloric acid.
Properties: Emerald-green powder. D 4.85. Insolu- Hazard: See barium.
ble in water; decomposed by acids. Use: Analytical reagent, pyrotechnics.
Hazard: See barium.
Use: Paint pigment. barium oxide. (barium monoxide; barium
protoxide; calcined baryta).
barium mercury bromide. See mercuric CAS: 1304-28-5. BaO.
barium bromide. Properties: White to yellowish-white powder. D
5.72, mp 1923C. Absorbs carbon dioxide readily
barium mercury iodide. See mercuric bari- from air. Soluble in acids and water. Reacts violent-
um iodide. ly with water to form the hydroxide.
Derivation: Decomposition of carbonate at high
barium metaphosphate. Ba(PO3)2. temperature in presence of carbon, oxidation of bari-
Properties: White powder. Slowly soluble in acids; um nitrate.
insoluble in water. Grade: Technical (regular grind) 208 lb/cu ft, techni-
Hazard: See barium. cal fine grind (175 lb/cu ft), porous, carbide-free,
Use: Glasses, porcelains, and enamels. and 97%.
Hazard: Toxic by ingestion. See barium.
barium metasilicate. See barium silicate. Use: Dehydrating agent for solvents, detergent for
lubricating oils.
barium molybdate. BaMoO4.
Properties: White powder. Absolute d 4.7, approxi- barium pentahydrate. See barium hydrox-
mate mp 1600C. Slightly soluble in acids and water. ide pentahydrate.
Grade: Crystal, 99.84% pure.
Hazard: See barium. barium perchlorate. Ba(ClO4)24H2O.
Use: Electronic and optical equipment, pigment in Properties: Colorless crystals. D 2.74, mp 505C.
paints and other protective coatings. Soluble in methanol and water.
Hazard: Oxidizer, fire and explosion risk in contact
with organic materials. Toxic by ingestion. See
barium monohydrate. See barium hydrox- barium.
ide monohydrate. Use: Manufacture of explosives, experimentally in
rocket fuels.
barium monosulfide. See barium sulfide.
barium permanganate. Ba(MnO4)2.
barium monoxide. See barium oxide. Properties: Brownish-violet crystals. Soluble in
water.
barium nitrate. Hazard: Oxidizing material. Fire and explosion risk
CAS: 10022-31-8. Ba(NO3)2. in contact with organic materials. Toxic by inges-
Properties: Lustrous, white crystals. D 3.244, mp tion.
575C. Soluble in water; insoluble in alcohol. See barium.
Derivation: By the action of nitric acid on barium Use: Strong disinfectant, manufacture of permanga-
carbonate or sulfide. nates, depolarizing dry cells.
Grade: Technical, crystals, fused mass or powder,
CP. barium peroxide. (barium binoxide; barium
Hazard: Strong oxidizing agent. See barium. dioxide; barium superoxide).
Use: Pyrotechnics (gives green light), incendiaries, CAS: 1304-29-6. BaO2 and BaO28H2O.
chemicals (barium peroxide), ceramic glazes, ro- Properties: Grayish-white powder. D 4.96, mp
denticide, electronics. 450C, decomposes 800C. Slightly soluble in water.
Derivation: By heating barium oxide in oxygen or air
barium nitrite. Ba(NO2)2H2O. at approximately 1000F.
Properties: White to yellowish, crystalline powder. Grade: Technical, reagent.
D 3.173, decomposes at 217C. Soluble in alcohol, Hazard: Oxidizing material. Fire and explosion risk
water. in contact with organic materials. Keep cool and dry.
Hazard: See barium. Toxic by ingestion, skin irritant.
Use: Diazotization, corrosive inhibitor, explosives. Use: Bleaching, decolorizing glass, thermal welding
of aluminum, manufacture of hydrogen peroxide,
barium octahydrate. See barium hydroxide oxidizing agent, dyeing textiles.
octahydrate.
barium phosphate, secondary. (barium
barium oxalate. BaC2O4H2O. di-o-phosphate). BaHPO4.
Properties: White, crystalline powder. D 2.66. Properties: White powder. D 4.16. Soluble in dilute
 125 BARIUM SULFITE

nitric acid or dilute hydrochloric acid; slightly solu- cal modulators and optical parametric oscillators.
ble in water. The crystal undergoes no optical damage from laser
Hazard: See barium. irradiation at high power levels.
Use: Flame retardant, phosphors.
barium stannate. BaSnO33H2O.
barium phosphosilicate. Properties: White, crystalline powder. Sparingly
Use: Anticorrosive pigment for solvent-based epox- soluble in water; readily soluble in hydrochloric
ies and as auxiliary pigment for 1-package zinc-rich acid.
coatings. Also used in water-based coatings. Hazard: See barium.
Use: Production of special ceramic insulations re-
barium platinum cyanide. See barium cya- quiring dielectric properties.
noplatinite.
barium stearate. Ba(C18H35O2)2.
barium potassium chromate. (Pigment E). Properties: White crystalline solid. Mp 160C, d
BaK(CrO4)2. 1.145. Insoluble in water or alcohol. Combustible.
Properties: Pale-yellow pigment. D 3.65. Compared Use: Waterproofing agent; lubricant in metalwork-
with other chromate pigments, it has a low chloride ing, plastics, and rubber; wax compounding; prepa-
and sulfate content and forms stronger, more elastic ration of greases; heat and light stabilizer in plastics.
paint films.
Derivation: By a kiln reaction at 500C between po-
tassium dichromate and barium carbonate. barium sulfate. (barytes [natural]; blanc fixe
Hazard: See barium. [artificial, precipitated]; basofor).
Use: Component of anticorrosive paints for use on CAS: 7727-43-7. BaSO4.
iron, steel, and light metal alloys. Properties: White or yellowish powder; odorless;
tasteless. D 4.254.5, particle size 225 microns, mp
barium protoxide. See barium oxide. 1580C. Soluble in concentrated sulfuric acid. Non-
combustible.
barium pyrophosphate. Ba2P2O7. Derivation: (1) By treating a solution of a barium salt
Properties: White powder. Soluble in acids and am- with sodium sulfate (salt cake), (2) by-product in
monium salts; very slightly soluble in water. manufacture of hydrogen peroxide, (3) occurs in
Hazard: See barium. nature as the mineral barite (Arkansas, Missouri,
Georgia, Nevada, Canada, Mexico).
barium reineckate. Grade: Technical, dry, pulp, bleached, ground, float-
CAS: 22708-05-0. mf: C4H6CrN6S412Ba ed, natural, CP, USP, X-ray.
Hazard: Moderately toxic by ingestion. Hazard: TLV: 10 mg/m3.
Use: Agricultural chemical. Use: Weighting mud in oil-drilling, paper coatings,
paints, filler and delustrant for textiles, rubber, plas-
barium selenide. BaSe. tics and lithograph inks, base for lake colors, X-ray
Properties: Crystalline powder. D 5.0. Decomposes photography, opaque medium for gastrointestinal
in water. radiography, in battery plate expanders.
Hazard: See barium.
Use: Semiconductors, photocells. barium sulfide. (barium monosulfide; black
ash). BaS.
barium silicate. (barium metasilicate). Properties: Yellowish-green or gray powder or
BaSiO3. lumps. D 4.25. Soluble in water, decomposes to the
Properties: Colorless powder. D 4.4, bp 1604C. In- hydrosulfide.
soluble in water; soluble in acids. Derivation: Barium sulfate (crude barite) and coal
Use: In ceramics. are roasted in a furnace. The melt is lixiviated with
Hazard: See barium. hot water, filtered, and evaporated.
Impurities: Iron, arsenic.
barium silicide. BaSi2. Hazard: See barium.
Properties: Light-gray solid. Evolves hydrogen on Use: Dehairing hides, flame retardant, luminous
exposure to moisture. paints, barium salts, generating pure hydrogen sul-
Hazard: See barium. fide.
Use: Metallurgy to deoxidize steel, etc.
barium sulfite. BaSO3.
barium silicofluoride. See barium fluosili- Properties: White powder, decomposed by heat.
cate. Soluble in dilute hydrochloric acid; insoluble in
water.
barium-sodium niobate. A synthetic electro- Grade: Technical, CP.
optical crystal used to produce coherent green light Hazard: See barium.
in lasers, also to make such devices as electro-opti- Use: Analysis, paper manufacturing.
BARIUM SULFOCYANIDE 126

barium sulfocyanide. See barium thiocya- Properties: White powder. Bulk d 118 lb/cu ft, mp
nate. 2800F. Insoluble in water and alkalies; slightly solu-
ble in acids; soluble in hydrofluoric acid.
barium superoxide. See barium peroxide. Use: Production of electrical resistor ceramics, glaze
opacifiers, and stabilizer for colored ground coat
barium tartrate. BaC4H4O6. enamels.
Properties: White crystals. D 2.98. Soluble in water;
insoluble in alcohol. bark. The cellulosic outer layer or cortex of trees
Hazard: See barium. and other woody plants. The bark of certain species
Use: Pyrotechnics. such as oak, hemlock, etc., is a source of tannic acid;
medicinal products, e.g., quercitrin and quillaja, are
barium thiocyanate. (barium sulfocyanide). also derived from barks, especially cinchona, from
Ba(SCN)22H2O. which quinine is obtained. Phenolic-rich bark ex-
Properties: White crystals. Soluble in water and in tracts mixed with epichlorohydrin are reported use-
alcohol. Deliquescent. ful as adhesive compounds. An unusual form of bark
Derivation: By heating barium hydroxide with am- is cork from the oak species Quercus suber. In the
monium thiocyanate and subsequent crystallization. pulp industry, bark is removed from logs with high-
Hazard: See barium. pressure jets of water.
Use: Making aluminum or potassium thiocyanates, See hydraulic barking; cork; quinine.
dyeing, photography.
barking, hydraulic. See hydraulic barking.
barium thiosulfate. (barium hyposulfite).
BaS2O3H2O. bark tannage. To tan leather by using vegetable
Properties: White, crystalline powder. D 3.5, de- tannins found in bark, wood, or plant matter instead
composed by heat. Slightly soluble in water; insolu- of tanning via minerals.
ble in alcohol.
Hazard: See barium. barn. A unit of measurement equal to 1024 cm2,
Use: Explosives, luminous paints, matches, var- for the cross-section (target area) of the nucleus of
nishes, photography. an atom.
barium titanate. BaTiO3.
Properties: Light gray-buff powder. Mp 3010F, d Barnett acetylation method. Acetylation of
5.95. Insoluble in water and alkalies; slightly soluble hydroxy compounds such as cellulose with acid
in dilute acids; soluble in concentrated sulfuric and anhydrides in the presence of chlorine and sulfur
hydrofluoric acids. dioxide. With cellulose, the process yields the diace-
Use: Ferroelectric ceramics (single crystals either tate below 65C and the triacetate above this temper-
pure or doped with iron) are used in storage devices, ature.
dielectric amplifiers, and digital calculators.
barometric pressure. The pressure of the air at
barium tungstate. (barium wolframate; bari- a particular point on or above the surface of the
um white; tungstate white; wolfram white). earth. At sea level, this pressure is sufficient to
BaWO4. support a column of mercury approximately 29.9
Properties: White powder. D 5.04. Insoluble in inches in height (760 mm), equivalent to 14.7 lb/
water. inch2 absolute (psia) or 1 atm.
Use: Pigment and in X-ray photography for manufac-
turing of intensifying and phosphorescent screens. Barosperse [Mallinckrodt]. TM for a spe-
cial barium sulfate formulation used in radiographic
Barium XA [Barium]. TM for a product examinations of the gastrointestinal tract.
used by manufacturers of high quality tool steels.
Eliminates chain-type occlusions and degasifies the barostat. An instrument for regulation or mainte-
steel. nance of pressure at a constant value.

barium zirconate. BaZrO3. barrel finishing. Cleaning, smoothing, and pol-

Properties: Light gray-buff powder. D 5.52, bulk d ishing of metal or plastic items by mechanical fric-
140 lb/cu ft, mp 4550F. Insoluble in water and alka- tion obtained by placing them in drums or barrels
lies; slightly soluble in acid. that rotate on their horizontal axis. An abrasive me-
Use: Manufacture of a white, easily colored silicone dium and water are usually added. The barrels are
rubber compound having good heat stability at tem- six- or eight-sided, and often contain vertical divid-
peratures up to 500F; electronics. ers to make two or more compartments that can be
individually loaded and unloaded. Such treatment is
barium zirconium silicate. A complex of widely used for large-scale cleaning and burnishing
BaO, ZrO2, SiO2. of metal parts, which it finishes to exact dimensional
 127 BASE PAIR

tolerances much more economically than is possible baryta water. A solution of barium hydroxide.
by manual methods.
baryta yellow. See barium chromate.
barrier layer. The electrical double layer
formed at interface between a metal and a semicon- barytes. See barium sulfate.
ductor or between two metals.
Basacryl [BASF]. TM for a series of cation-
barrier, moisture. Any substance that is im- ic dyestuffs for the dyeing and printing of polyacry-
pervious to water or water vapor. Most effective are lonitrile fiber.
high-polymer materials such as vulcanized rubber,
phenolformaldehyde resins, polyvinyl chloride, and basal group. The earliest diverging group with-
polyethylene, which are widely used as packaging in a clade; for instance, to hypothesize that sponges
films. The chief factors involved are polarity, crys- are basal animals is to suggest that the lineage(s)
tallinity, and degree of cross-linking. Water-soluble leading to sponges diverged from the lineage that
surfactants and protective colloids increase the sus- gave rise to all other animals.
ceptibility of a film to water penetration. Any pig-
ments and fillers must be completely wetted by the basal metabolic rate. The rate of oxygen con-
polymer. Properly formulated paints are effective sumption by an animals body at complete rest under
moisture barriers. fasting conditions.

barrier substance. A substance applied to skin basal metabolism. See metabolism.

for protection against exposure to irritants.
Basazol [BASF]. TM for dyes used in print-
Bartell cell. Displacement cell for determining ing and dyeing paper composed of cellulosic fibers.
adhesion tension between liquids and solids.
base. Any of a large class of compounds with one
barthrin. Generic name for a synthetic analog of or more of the following properties: bitter taste,
allethrin described as the 6-chloropiperonyl ester of slippery feeling in solution, ability to turn litmus
chrysanthemummonocarboxylic acid. blue and to cause other indicators to take on charac-
Use: As insecticide with applications similar to al- teristic colors, ability to react with (neutralize) acids
lethrin and other analogs as furethrin, ethythrin, and to form salts. Included are both hydroxides and ox-
cyclethrin. Relatively nontoxic to humans. ides of metals. Water-soluble hydroxides such as
sodium, potassium, and ammonium hydroxide un-
dergo ionization to produce hydroxyl ion (OH) in
Barton, Derek H. R. (19181998). An En- considerable concentration, and it is this ion that
glish organic chemist who won the Nobel Prize for causes the previously mentioned properties com-
chemistry in 1969 with Hassel. The field of confor- mon to bases. Such a base is strong or weak accord-
mational analysis in organic chemistry was initiated ing to the fraction of the molecules that breaks down
through his research in the terpene and steroid fields. (ionizes) into positive ion and hydroxyl ion in the
He did extensive research in the area of carbanion solution. Base strength in solution is expressed by
autoxidations. He was instrumental in research con- pH. Common strong bases (alkalies) are sodium and
cerning the relationship of molecular rotation to potassium hydroxides, ammonium hydroxide, etc.
structure in complex organic molecules. His educa- These are caustic and corrosive to skin, eyes, and
tion took place in London, France, and Ireland. mucous membranes. The pH range of basic solu-
tions is from 7.1 to 14. Modern chemical terminolo-
Barton reaction. Conversion of a nitrite ester to gy defines bases in a broader manner. A Lowry-
a -oximino alcohol by photolysis involving the Brnsted base is any molecular or ionic substance
homolytic cleavage of an NO bond followed by that can combine with a proton (hydrogen ion) to
hydrogen abstraction. form a new compound. A Lewis base is any sub-
stance that provides a pair of electrons for a covalent
Bart reaction. (Scheller modification; Star- bond with a Lewis acid. Examples of such bases are
key modification). Formation of aromatic arsonic hydroxyl ion and most anions, metal oxides, and
acids by treating aromatic diazonium compounds compounds of oxygen, nitrogen, and sulfur with
with alkali arsenites in the presence of cupric salts or nonbonded electron pairs (such as water, ammonia,
powdered silver or copper; in the Scheller modifica- hydrogen sulfide).
tion, primary aromatic amines are diazotized in the See Lewis electron theory for hard and soft bases.
presence of arsenious chloride and a trace of cuprous
chloride. base pair. (bp). Two nitrogenous bases (ade-
nine and thymine or guanine and cytosine) held
baryta, calcined. See barium oxide. together by weak bonds. Two strands of DNA are
held together in the shape of a double helix by the
baryta, caustic. See barium hydroxide. bonds between base pairs.
BASE SAPONIFICATION NUMBER 128

base saponification number. The number of weakly basic, do not dissolve or react with water to
milligrams of KOH equivalent to the amount of acid any extent, and neutralize only the more strongly
required to neutralize the alkaline constituents acidic substances. There is a gradual transition from
present after saponifying 1 g of sample. basic to acidic oxides, and certain oxides, such as
aluminum oxide, show both acidic and basic proper-
base sequence. The order of nucleotide bases in ties.
a DNA molecule; determines structure of proteins See base.
encoded by that DNA.
basic research. See fundamental research.
base sequence analysis. A method, some-
times automated, for determining the base sequence. basic salt. A compound belonging in the cate-
gory of both salt and base because it contains OH
BASF process. A process for producing acety- (hydroxide) or O (oxide) as well as the usual positive
lene by burning a mixture of low-molecular weight and negative radicals of normal salts. Among the
hydrocarbons (as natural gas) with oxygen to pro- best examples are bismuth subnitrate, often written
duce a temperature of 1485C. The combustion prod- BiONO3, and basic copper carbonate, Cu2(OH)2CO3.
ucts and cracked gases are quickly chilled by scrub- Most basic salts are insoluble in water, and many are
bing with water, and the acetylene is separated by of variable composition.
distillation and solvent extraction from ethylene,
carbon monoxide, hydrogen, and other reaction
products. The Sachsse process is similar. basic slag. A slag produced in the manufacturing
of steel. It contains a variable amount of tricalcium
basic. Descriptive of a compound that is more phosphate, calcium silicate, lime, and oxides of iron,
magnesium, and manganese. Used as a fertilizer for
alkaline than other compounds of the same name,
its phosphorus and lime.
e.g., lead carbonate, basic; basic salt.
See slag.
basic bismuth salicylate. See salicylic acid,
bismuth basic salt. basic yellow 11. See C.I. basic yellow 11.

basic brown 4. See C.I. basic brown 4. basil oil, comoros type.
Properties: From steam distillation of Ocimum basi-
basic chemicals. See heavy chemicals. licum L. Light yellow liquid; spicy odor. Sol in fixed
oils, mineral oil; sltly sol in propylene glycol; insol
basic dichromate. See bismuth chromate. in glycerin.
Use: Food additive.
basic fuchsin. (CI 42500).
CAS: 569-61-9. A mixture of three parts pararosani- basis metal. In electroplating, the metal that is
line acetate and one part pararosaniline hydrochlo- being coated constitutes the cathode. It may be any
ride. of a large number of metals.
Grade: Certifiable.
Use: For staining Tubercle bacillus and in distin- Basogal phosphorus [BASF]. TM for
guishing between the coli and aerogenes types of leveling agent for vat dyeing.
bacteria in the Endo medium. Also used in the peri-
odic acid-Schiff (PAS) method, in the Feulgen stain,
and in the Gomoris aldehyde-function method for bastnasite. An ore from which all nine of the
staining elastic tissue. lanthanide minerals (rare earths) are obtained. The
only large deposit in the U.S. is in southwest Califor-
basic lining. A furnace lining containing basic nia.
compounds that decompose under furnace condi- See monazite.
tions to give basic oxides. The usual basic linings
contain calcium and magnesium oxides or car- batch distillation. Distillation in which the en-
bonates. tire sample of the material to be distilled (the charge)
is placed in the still before the process is begun, and
basic oxide. An oxide that is a base or that forms product is withdrawn only from the condenser of the
a hydroxide when combined with water and/or that apparatus.
will neutralize acidic substances. Basic oxides are
all metallic oxides, but there is a great variation in bating. In leather processing, the treatment of
the degree of basicity. Some basic oxides, such as delimed skins with pancreatin or other tryptic en-
those of sodium, calcium, and magnesium, combine zyme to give a softer and smoother-grained product.
with water vigorously or with relative ease and also The extent of bating varies from none for sole leath-
neutralize all acidic substances rapidly and com- er to 10 hours or more for soft kid skins. The chemi-
pletely. The oxides of the heavy metals are only cal mechanism is not clearly defined.
 129 BCWL

batrachotoxinin A. C24H35NO5. An isomeric bauxite. A natural aggregate of aluminum-bear-

component of batrachotoxin; the strongest neuro- ing minerals, more or less impure, in which the
toxin among venoms. It is a steroidal alkaloid. The A aluminum occurs largely as hydrated oxides. It is
form is only 1/500 as strong as the complete venom, usually formed by prolonged weathering of alumi-
but is still as toxic as strychnine. It is found in the so- nous rocks. Contains 3075% Al2O3, 931% H2O,
called poison dart frog of Colombia. Its structure has 325% Fe2O3, 29%, SiO2, 13% TiO2.
been elucidated; when synthesized it may prove Properties: White cream, yellow, brown, gray, or
useful in medicine. red. D 22.55, Mohs hardness 13. Insoluble in
See snake venom. water; decomposed by hydrochloric acid. Noncom-
bustible.
battery. An electrochemical device that gener- Occurrence: Australia, Jamaica, France, Guiana,
ates electric current by converting chemical energy Guinea, U.S. (Arkansas), Brazil.
to electrical energy. Its essential components are Use: Most important ore of aluminum, aluminum
positive and negative electrodes made of more or chemicals, abrasives, aluminous cement, refracto-
less electrically conductive materials, a separating ries, decolorizing and deodorizing agent, catalysts,
medium, and an electrolyte. There are four major filler in rubber, plastics, paints, cosmetics, hydraulic
types: (1) primary batteries (dry cells), which are not fracturing.
reversible and in which the anode (zinc) is the nega- See Bayer process; Hall process.
tive plate and the cathode (graphite) is the positive Note: Due to increasing cost of bauxite the use of
plate with ammonium chloride as electrolyte; (2) other aluminum-containing minerals is under active
secondary or storage batteries, which are reversible investigation.
and can be recharged and in which lead sponge is the
negative plate (anode) and lead oxide the positive Baybond [Bayer Material]. TM for aque-
plate (cathode), with sulfuric acid as electrolyte; (3) ous polyurethane dispertions.
nuclear and solar cells, or energy converters; and (4)
fuel cells. So-called superbatteries of high charge Bayer process. Process for making alumina
density have been developed using solid electrolytes from bauxite. The main use of alumina is in the
of lithium-titanium dioxide and trilithium nitride in production of metallic aluminum. Bauxite is mixed
which lithium atoms are intercalated in the crystal with hot concentrated sodium hydroxide, which dis-
structure. solves the alumina and silica. The silica is precipitat-
See dry cell; storage battery; voltaic cell; fuel cell; ed, and the dissolved alumina is separated from the
solar cell; intercalation compound. solids, diluted, cooled, and then crystallized as alu-
minum hydroxide. The aluminum hydroxide is cal-
battery acid. (electrolyte acid). Sulfuric acid cined to anhydrous alumina, which is then shipped
of strength suitable for use in storage batteries. to reduction plants.
Properties: Water-white; odorless. Practically free See Hall process.
from iron.
Derivation: By diluting high-grade commercial sul-
furic acid with distilled water to standard strengths. Bayers acid. See crocein acid.
Hazard: Corrosive to skin and tissue.
See sulfuric acid. Baygon [Bayer]. TM for o-isopropoxyphe-
Use: Storage batteries. nyl methylcarbamate.

battery limits. That portion of a chemical plant bay oil. See myrcia oil.
in which the actual processes are carried out, as
distinguished from storage buildings, offices, and baypival. See 1-(p-chlorophenoxy)-3,3-dimeth-
other subordinate structures called offsites. yl-1-(1-imidazolyl)-2-butanone.

batu. A variety of East India copal resin. Baytex [Bayer]. TM for o,o-
See East India. dlN(methylthio)-m-tolyl)phosphorothioate.
See fenthion.
Baudisch reaction. Synthesis of o-nitrosophe-
nols from benzene or substituted benzenes, hydrox- BBO. See 2,5-dibiphenylyloxazole.
ylamine, and hydrogen peroxide in the presence of
copper salts.
BBP. Abbreviation for butyl benzyl phthalate.
Baume. (Be). An arbitrary scale of specific gravi-
ties devised by the French chemist Antoine Baume BCG. See bromocresol green.
and used in the graduation of hydrometers. The
relations of specific gravity (at 60/60F) are as fol- BCWL. Abbreviation for basic carbonate white
lows: Be = 145145/d for liquids heavier than water, lead.
Be = 140/d 130 for liquids lighter than water. See lead carbonate, basic.
BDA 130

BDA [Dow]. TM for inhibited hydrochloric substitution, a small amount of ortho arsonylation is
acid solution containing surfactants. observed, particularly when the para position is
Use: In limestone and dolomite formations, in oil- blocked.
well fracturing and acidizing.
Beckacite [Reichhold]. TM for fumaric,
4-BDAF. See 4,4-((2,2,2-trifluoro-1-(trifluoro- maleic, and modified phenolic resins.
methyl)ethylidene)bis(4,1-phenyleneox-
y))bisbenzenamine. Beckamine [Reichhold]. TM for urea-
formaldehyde resins.
Be. Symbol for beryllium.
Beckmann rearrangement. The conversion
Be. Abbreviation for Baume. of a ketone oxime to a substituted amide by an
intermolecular rearrangement brought about by a
bead. (1) In a rubber-fabric composite (tires, catalyst. For example, the oxime of cyclohexanone
transmission belts), the point at which the cut edges is converted into caprolactam with sulfuric acid as
of the fabric meet after being folded over. A length catalyst.
of pure gum rubber, called a bead strip, is used to
seal the joint. The bead must be removed from tires
before reclaimingan operation called debeading.
(2) See microsphere.

beamhouse. The part of a tannery where raw

animal skins are washed, soaked, dehaired, and pre- Beckmann thermometer. A specific form of
pared for tanning. mercury thermometer that because of its large bulb
has greater sensitivity but smaller range. It is used to
Bearite. TM for a series of lead-base bearing measure small changes very accurately.
metals containing about 17% antimony and frac-
tional percentages of copper and bismuth; babbitt. Beckosol [Reichhold]. TM for alkyd resins
used at coating vehicles.
Bearium. TM for high-lead bronze with
1826% lead that is used for bearings and similar Becquerel effect. The electromotive force re-
items. sulting from unequal illumination of two similar
electrodes immersed in an electrolyte.
beat. Maximum or minimum of intensity caused
by interference of two wave series of slightly differ- Becquerel, Henri. (18511908). A French
ent frequencies. The number of beats per second is physicist who shared the Nobel Prize in physics with
equal to the difference in frequency between the two the Curies for the discovery of the radioactivity of
tones. uranium salts. He also discovered the deflection of
electrons by a magnetic field, as well as the exis-
beater. An open, oval tank into which digested tence and properties of -radiation.
paper pulp is fed together with water and other
processing ingredients such as clay, rosin, pigments, beer. See brewing.
etc. The resulting slurry (approximately 5% solids
content) is strongly agitated by a rotating drum Beers law States that the degree of absorption
equipped with closely spaced, horizontal, finlike of light is dependent on the thickness of the layer
projections which effectively disintegrate and ma- crossed and on the molecular concentration of col-
cerate the wood fibers while the slurry is continu- ored substances in that layer.
ously circulated. The time of beating varies with the
type and quality of the paper being made. Conical beerstone. A deposit occurring on containers
refiners (called Jordans) are often used to complete during brewing operations and consisting of calci-
the beating operation for high-grade papers. The um oxalate and organic material.
beating operation is critical in converting wood pulp
to paper. beeswax. Wax from the honeycomb of the bee.
Beeswax consists largely of myricyl palmitate, cer-
beat frequency. The difference in frequencies otic acid and esters, and some high-carbon paraffins.
of two interfering waves. Properties: Brown or white (bleached) solid; faint
odor. D 0.95, melting range 6265C. Insoluble in
Bechamp reaction. Formation of p-amino or p- water, slightly; soluble in alcohol; soluble in chloro-
hydroxyphenylarsonic acids by heating aromatic form, ether, and oils. Combustible.
amines or phenols with arsenic acid. The arsonyla- Grade: Technical, crude, refined, NF, FCC, USP
tion requires an active hydrogen atom, and is practi- (white).
cally limited to the benzene series. Apart from para Use: Furniture and floor waxes, shoe polishes, leather
 131 BENCH TEST

dressings, anatomical specimens, artificial fruit, tex- bel. (1) An interval corresponding to a factor of 10
tile sizes and finishes, church candles, cosmetic on a logarithmic scale showing the relationship of
creams, lipsticks, adhesive compositions. two quantities of power. (2) A unit of difference in
sound sensation degrees.
beeswing. A light, gummy sediment deposited in
bottled wines. belladonna. (deadly nightshade; banewort). A
herbaceous perennial bush (Atropa belladonna) of
beet sugar. See sucrose which the leaves and roots are used for their content
of hyoscyamine and atropine.
Occurrence: Southern and central Europe, Asia Mi-
behavioral genetics. The study of genes that nor, Algeria; cultivated in North America, England,
may influence behavior. France.
Grade: Belladonna leaf, USP; belladonna root.
behenic acid. (docosanoic acid). Hazard: Very toxic when high in atropine.
CH3(CH2)20COOH. A saturated fatty acid, a minor Use: Medicine (gastrointestinal relaxant).
component of the oils of the type of peanut and
rapeseed. Bellier index. (Bellier number). The tempera-
Properties: Solid. Mp 80.0C, bp 306C (60 mm Hg), ture at which solid fatty acids begin to crystallize
265C (15 mm Hg), d 0.8221 (100/4C), refr index from 70% alcohol solution, acidulated with acetic
1.4270 (100C). Combustible. acid, when the solution is slowly and progressively
Derivation: Occurs in bean oil, hydrogenated mus- cooled with constant agitation.
tard oil, and rapeseed oil.
Grade: Technical, 99%. Bellier number. See Bellier index.
Use: Cosmetics, waxes, plasticizers, chemicals, sta-
bilizers. bell jar. A bell-shaped glass jar that is used for
See Hystrene [Crompton & Knowles]. the protection of instruments, etc.
behenone. C22H44O. An aliphatic ketone. Insolu- bell metal. A copper-based hard alloy that con-
ble in water, inert, compatible with high-melting tains 1540% tin and optional additions of zinc,
waxes, fatty acids. Incompatible with resins, poly- iron, and lead. Frequently used in bells and musical
mers, and organic solvents at room temperature but chimes.
compatible with them at high temperature.
Use: As an antiblocking agent. bemberg. A cuprammonium rayon fiber. Flam-
mable, not self-extinguishing.
behenyl alcohol. (1-docosanol).
CH3(CH2)20CH2OH. A long-chain, saturated fatty al- Bemul [Drierite]. TM for a practically
cohol. odorless emulsifying agent; a pure white, edible
Properties: Colorless waxy solid. Mp 71C, bp 180C glycerol monostearate in bead form; mp 5859C;
(0.22 mm Hg). Insoluble in water; soluble in ethanol completely dispersible in hot water; completely sol-
and chloroform. Combustible. uble in alcohols and hot hydrocarbons.
Derivation: Reduction of behenic acid with lithium Use: Pharmaceuticals; cosmetics; foodstuffs; protec-
aluminum hydride as catalyst. tive coating for edible hygroscopic powders, tablets,
Grade: Technical; 99%. and crystals; pour-point depressant for lubricating
Use: Synthetic fibers, lubricants, evaporation retar- oils; textile sizes.
dant on water surfaces.
Benadryl. [Pfizer]. Proprietary name of di-
Beilstein, F. P. (18381906). A German chem- phenhydramine hydrochloride.
ist noted for his compilation Handbuch der Organ-
ischen Chemie, the first edition of which appeared Benary reaction. Action of Grignard reagents
in 1880. A multivolume compendium of the proper- on enamino ketones or aldehydes yields -substitut-
ties and reactions of organic compounds, it has been ed ,-unsaturated ketones or aldehydes.
revised several times and remains a unique and fun-
damental contribution to chemical literature. benazolin ethyl ester. See ethyl 4-chloro-2-
oxo-3(2h)-benzothiazoleacetate.
Beilsteins test. A test to detect halogens in
organic compounds. Copper gauze is heated in a bench gas. See coal gas.
flame until the flame shows no green color; if the
addition of an organic compound produces a green bench test. A simulated test in which the condi-
flame, a halogen is present. tions are approximated, but the equipment is not
necessarily identical, with that in which the item will
BEK. See butyl ethyl ketone. be used.
BENDIOCARB 132

bendiocarb. C11H13NO4. bentonite. A colloidal clay (aluminum silicate)

Properties: White powder. Mp 130C. Slightly solu- composed chiefly of montmorillonite. There are two
ble in water. varieties: (1) sodium bentonite (Wyoming or west-
Hazard: Poison by ingestion, skin absorption. ern), which has high swelling capacity in water; and
Use: Contact insecticide. (2) calcium bentonite (southern), with negligible
swelling capacity.
Benecel [Aqualon]. Properties: (Wyoming) Light to cream-colored im-
CAS: 9004-67-5. TM for methylcellulose. palpable powder; forms colloidal suspension in wa-
Use: In food, pharmaceutical, and personalcare ter, with strongly thixotropic properties.
items. Occurrence: Wyoming, Mississippi, Texas, Canada,
Italy, the former U.S.S.R..
Benedict solution. A water solution of sodium Use: Oil-well drilling fluids; cement slurries for oil-
carbonate, copper sulfate, and sodium citrate. The well casings; bonding agent in foundry sands and
blue color changes to a red, orange, or yellow preci- pelletizing of iron ores; sealant for canal walls;
pitate or suspension in the presence of a reducing thickener in lubricating greases and fireproofing
sugar such as glucose, and is therefore used in test- compositions; cosmetics; decolorizing agent; filler
ing for such materials, especially for urinalysis in in ceramics, refractories, paper coatings; asphalt
the treatment of diabetes. modifier; polishes and abrasives; food additive; cat-
See Fehlings solution. alyst support.
See clay, Flo-Fre [Oil-Dri].
beneficiation. A process used in extractive met-
benz(e)acephenanthrylene. (3,4-benz(e)
allurgy whereby an ore, either metallic or nonmetal-
acephenanthrylene; 2,3-benzfluoranthene; ben-
lic, is concentrated in preparation for further pro-
zo(b)
cessing (smelting). Calcination is often an important
fluoranthene; b(b)f).
step in beneficiation; others steps include physical
CAS: 205-99-2. C20H12.
separation of high-grade ore from impurities (gan-
Properties: Needles from C6H6 or EtOH. Mw:
gue) by screening, washing, milling, or magnetic
252.32, mp 168C.
means. A process for removing sulfur from coal by
Hazard: Confirmed carcinogen.
chemical comminution has been developed.
benzalacetone. See benzylidene acetone.
benefin. (N-butyl-N-ethyl-,,-tri-fluoro-2,6-
dinitro-p-toluidine). C6H2(NO2)2CF3NC6H14.
Properties: Yellow-orange solid. Mp 6566.5C, bp benzalazine. (benzylidene azine).
121122C (0.5 mm Hg). Slightly soluble in water; C6H5CH:NN:CHC6H5.
readily soluble in acetone and xylene. Properties: Yellow crystals. Mp 9193C. Insoluble
Hazard: Highly toxic. in cold water; soluble in benzene, and hot alcohol.
Use: Herbicide. Use: Stabilizer; polymerization catalyst; UV absor-
bent; reagent and intermediate.
Ben-ex [Kelco]. TM for specialty drilling-
fluid additives. benzal chloride. See benzyl dichloride.

Bengal fire. Material used in pyrotechnics com-

benzaldehyde. (benzoic aldehyde; synthetic
oil of bitter almond).
posed of realgar, potassium nitrate, and sulfur.
CAS: 100-52-7. C6H5CHO.
Benjamin gum. See benzoin resin.

benomyl. (Benlate [Du Pont]; methyl-1-

(butylcarbamoyl)-2-benzimidazole-carbamate).
CAS: 17804-35-2. Generic name for a postharvest Properties: Colorless or yellowish, strongly refrac-
fungicide for peaches, apples, etc. Also used as oxi- tive, volatile oil; odor resembling oil of bitter al-
dizer in sewage treatment. mond; burning aromatic taste. Oxidizes readily. D
Hazard: High toxicity by ingestion. TLV: 10 mg/m3. 1.0415 (25/4C), refr index 1.54401.5464 at 20C, fp
56C; bp 178C, flash p 145F (62.7C) (CC). Miscible
bensulide. (N-(2-mercaptoethyl)benzene- with alcohol, ether, fixed and volatile oils; slightly
sulfonamide). soluble in water. Oxidizes in air to benzoic acid.
CAS: 741-58-2. Combustible. Autoign temp 377F (191.6C).
Use: Herbicide. Derivation: (1) Air oxidation of toluene with urani-
um or molybdenum oxides as catalysts; (2) reaction
benthos. The botton-dwelling life of an ocean or of benzyl dichloride with lime; (3) extraction from
freshwater environment. oil of bitter almond.
 133 BENZENE

Impurities: Usually chlorides. benz(a)anthracene. (benzanthracene; 1,2-

Method of purification: Rectification. benzanthracene; benzo(b)phenanthrene; tetra-
Grade: Technical, NF. Note: The specifications, es- phene).
pecially regarding impurities, vary considerably for CAS: 56-55-3. C18H12.
the grades used for dye manufacture from those used Properties: Colorless leaflets or plates from EtOH/
in perfumery. AcOH. Mw 228.30, mp 160C, bp 400C.
Hazard: Highly toxic. Hazard: Confirmed carcinogen. Found in oils,
Use: Chemical intermediate for dyes, flavoring mate- waxes, smoke, food, drugs.
rials, perfumes, and aromatic alcohols; solvent for
oils, resins, some cellulose ethers, cellulose acetate benzanthrone. C17H10O. A four-ring system.
and nitrate; flavoring compounds; synthetic per- Properties: Pale-yellow needles. Mp 170C. Soluble
fumes; manufacturing of cinnamic acid, benzoic in alcohol and other organic solvents.
acid; pharmaceuticals; photographic chemicals. Derivation: (1) From anthranol and glycerol via con-
densation via sulfuric acid (anthranol is made from
benzaldehyde cyanohydrin. See mandeloni- anthraquinone), (2) from anthracene in sulfuric acid
trile. solution by addition of glycerol and heating to
100110C until the anthracene disappears. The re-
benzaldehyde green. See Malachite green. action mass is then diluted with water, salted out,
and purified.
benzalkonium chloride. A mixture of alkyl Method of purification: Crystallization from tol-
dimethylbenzylammonium chlorides of general for- uene.
mula C6H5CH2N(CH3)2RCl in which R is a mixture Use: Dyes.
of the alkyls from C8H17 to C18H37. It is a typical
quaternary ammonium salt. benzathine penicillin G. (N,N-dibenzylethy-
Properties: White or yellowish-white, amorphous lenediamine dipenicillin G).
powder or gelatinous pieces; aromatic odor; very 2C16H18N2O4SC16H20N24H2O.
bitter taste. Soluble in water, alcohol, or acetone; Properties: White crystalline powder; odorless. The
almost insoluble in ether; slightly soluble in ben- pH of a saturated solution is 4.57.5. Slightly solu-
zene. Water solutions foam strongly when shaken ble in alcohol; almost insoluble in water.
and are alkaline to litmus. Grade: USP.
Grade: USP. Use: Medicine (antibiotic).
Hazard: Highly toxic.
Use: Cationic detergent; surface antiseptic; fungi- benzazimide. See 4-ketobenzotriazine.
cide.
Benzedrine [Glaxo-SmithKline]. TM for
benzamide. (benzoylamide). C6H5CONH2. amphetamine sulfate.

benzene.
CAS: 71-43-2. C6H6.

Properties: Colorless crystals. Mp 130C, bp 288C, d

1.341. Soluble in hot water, hot benzene, alcohol,
and ether. Combustible.
Derivation: From benzoyl chloride and ammonia or
ammonium carbonate.
Grade: Technical.
Use: Organic synthesis.

benzaminoacetic acid. See hippuric acid.

benzanilide. (benzoylaniline; phenylbenzam-

ide). C6H5NH(COC6H5). Structure: I. Complete ring showing all elements.
Properties: White to reddish crystals and powder. II. Standard ring showing double bonds only.
Related to acetanilide, containing benzoyl in place III. Simple ring without double bonds, with numer-
of acetyl radical. D 1.306, mp 160162C. Soluble in als indicating position of carbon atoms to which
alcohol; insoluble in water; slightly soluble in ether. substituent atoms or groups may be attached (2 =
Derivation: From benzoic anhydride and aniline ortho, 3 = meta, 4 = para).
with sodium hydroxide. IV. Generalized structure with enclosed circle sug-
Use: Intermediate in the synthesis of dyes, drugs, and gesting the resonance of this compound. This struc-
perfumes. ture is now in general use.
BENZENE AZIMIDE 134

These structures are also referred to as the benzene benzene-p-dicarboxylic acid. See tereph-
nucleus. thalic acid.
Properties: Colorless to light-yellow; mobile; non-
polar liquid of highly refractive nature; aromatic 1,2-benzenedicarboxylic acid, 4,4-
odor. Bp 80.1C, fp 5.5C, d 0.8790 (20/4C), wt/gal carbonylbis-, ar,ar-dietyl estercompd.
7.32 lb, refr index 1.50110 at 20C, flash p 12F with 1,3-benzenediamine.
(11C) (CC), surface tension 29 dynes/cm; autoign CAS: 65701-07-7. mf: C21H18O9C6H8N2.
temp 1044F (562C). Miscible with alcohol, ether, Hazard: Moderately toxic by ingestion. A severe
acetone, carbon tetrachloride, carbon disulfide, ace- skin and eye iritant.
tic acid; slightly soluble in water. Vapors burn with
smoky flame. 1,2-benzenedicarboxylic acid, di-c7-c9-
Derivation: (1) Hydrodealkylation of toluene or py- branched alkyl esters.
rolysis of gasoline; (2) transalkylation of toluene by CAS: 68515-41-3.
disproportionation reaction; (3) catalytic reforming Hazard: A reproductive hazard.
of petroleum; (4) fractional distillation of coal tar.
Grade: Crude, straw color, motor, industrial pure 1,2-benzenedicarboxylic acid dipentyl
(2C), nitration (1C), thiophene-free, 99 mole %, ester, branched and linear.
99.94 mole %, nanograde. CAS: 84777-06-0.
Hazard: A carcinogen. Highly toxic. Flammable, Hazard: A reproductive hazard.
dangerous fire risk. Explosive limits in air 1.5 to 8%
by volume. TLV: 10 ppm.
Use: Manufacturing of ethylbenzene (for styrene mo- benzene hexachloride. (BHC). A commer-
cial mixture of isomers of 1,2,3,4,5,6-hexachlorocy-
nomer), dodecylbenzene (for detergents), cyclohex-
clohexane.
ane (for nylon), phenol, nitrobenzene (for aniline),
Hazard: The -isomer is highly toxic. Use may be
maleic anhydride, chlorobenzene, diphenyl, ben-
restricted.
zene hexachloride, benzene-sulfonic acid, and as a
Use: An insecticide.
solvent.
See lindane.
See aromatic.

benzene azimide. See 1,2,3-benzotriazole. benzene, 1-isocyanato-2-methyl-. See 1-

isocyanato-2-methylbenzene.
benzeneazoanilide. See diazoaminobenzene.
benzenemonosulfonic acid. See benzenesul-
fonic acid.
benzeneazobenzene. See azobenzene.
benzenephosphinic acid. (phenylphosphinic
benzeneazo-p-benzeneazo--naphthol. acid). C6H5H2PO2.
(Sudan III; tetraazobenzene--naphthol). Properties: Colorless crystals. Mp 8284C, d 1.376
C22H16ON4. A red dye; CI 26100.444. (29C). Decomposes at 200C. Stable in air. Soluble
Properties: Brown powder. Mp 195C. Insoluble in in water, alcohol, acetone; slightly soluble in ether;
water; soluble in alcohol, oils, chloroform, glacial insoluble in benzene, hexane, CCl4. Combustible.
arctic acid. Use: Antioxidant, intermediate for metallic-salt for-
Use: Coloring oils red; biological stain. mation, accelerator for organic peroxide catalysts.
benzeneazonaphthylethylenediamine. See benzenephosphonic acid. (phenylphosphonic
azodine. acid). C6H5H2PO3.
Properties: Colorless crystals. Mp 158C, d 1.475
benzenecarboxylic acid. See benzoic acid. (4C), decomposes at 275C. Soluble in water, alco-
hol, CCl4. Combustible.
benzenediazonium chloride. C6H5N(N)Cl. Hazard: Highly toxic.
Properties: Ionic salt. Very soluble in water; insolu- Use: Intermediate in antifouling paint agents; cata-
ble in most organic solvents. lyst in organic reactions.
Hazard: Highly toxic. Can explode on heating.
Use: Dye intermediate. benzenephosphorus dichloride. C6H5PCl2.
Properties: Highly reactive, colorless liquid. Mp
benzene dibromide. See dibromobenzene. 51C, bp 224.6C, d 1.315 (25C), refr index 1.5958
(25C). Soluble in common inert organic solvents.
1,3-benzenedicarbonitrile. See m-phthalodi- Fumes in air; hydrolyzes in water.
nitrile. Hazard: Highly corrosive to skin, tissue. Flam-
mable.
benzene-o-dicarboxylic acid. See phthalic Use: Organic synthesis, for derivation of plasticizers,
acid. polymers, antioxidants; oil additives.
 135 BENZIDINE

benzenephosphorus oxydichloride. Use: Antiseptic; cationic detergent.

C6H5POCl2.
Properties: Reactive colorless liquid. Mp 3.0C, bp 2,3-benzfluoranthene. See
258C, d 1.197 (25C), refr index 1.5585 at 25C. benz(e)acephenanthrylene.
Soluble in common inert organic solvents; hydro-
lyzes in water. Combustible.
Hazard: Strong irritant to skin, mucous membranes. benzhydrol. (benzohydrol; diphenylmethanol;
Use: Organic synthesis, for derivation of plasticizers, diphenylcarbinol).
polymers, antioxidants, oil additives. CAS: 91-01-0. (C6H5)2CH2O.

benzenesulfinic acid, zinc salt. See zinc

benzenesulfinate.

benzenesulfonic acid. (benzenemonosulfonic

acid; phenylsulfonic acid).
CAS: 42615-29-2. C6H5SO3H.
Properties: Needlelike, colorless crystals. Mp 69C,
bp 298C, 176C (13 mm Hg). Slightly soluble in
water; easily soluble in alcohol, ether, chloroform,
and carbon disulfide. Combustible.
Derivation: Reduction of benzophenone with mag-
nesium or zinc dust.
Use: Preparation of certain antihistamines; insecti-
cide.
Properties: Fine, deliquescent needles or large
plates. Mp 6566C when anhydrous; with 1.5 mole- benzhydryl bromide. See diphenylmethyl
cules water, mp 4344C. Soluble in water, alcohol; bromide.
slightly soluble in benzene; insoluble in ether and
carbon disulfide. benzhydryl chloride. (C6H5)2CHCl.
Derivation: By reacting benzene with fuming sulfu- Properties: Water-white to light straw-colored liq-
ric acid. uid. Refr index 1.596, mp 16C, bp 140C (3 mm Hg).
Hazard: Irritant to skin, eyes, mucous membranes. Combustible.
Use: Manufacturing of phenol, resorcinol, and other Use: Organic synthesis.
organic syntheses, and as a catalyst.

benzenesulfonic acid, dodecyl-, compd. benzidine. (benzidine base; p-diaminodiphe-

with isopropylamine. nyl).
CAS: 26264-05-1. mf: C18H30O3SC3H9N. CAS: 92-87-5. NH2(C6H4)2NH2.
Hazard: A severe eye irritant.

benzene-1,3,5-tricarboxylic acid chloride.

See trimesoyl trichloride.

benzenoid. Any organic compound containing or Properties: Grayish-yellow, white, or reddish-gray

derived from the benzene ring structure, e.g., phe- crystalline powder. Mp 127C, bp 400C. Soluble in
nol, nitrobenzene, anthracene, styrene. This large hot water, alcohol, ether; slightly soluble in cold
array of unsaturated compounds, derived chiefly water. Combustible. Also available as the hydro-
from petroleum and coal tar, provides a broad base chloride.
for the synthesis of polymers, dyes, and intermedi- Derivation: (1) By reducing nitrobenzene with zinc
ates. dust in alkaline solution followed by distillation; (2)
See aromatic. by electrolysis of nitrobenzene, followed by distilla-
tion; (3) by nitration of diphenyl followed by reduc-
benzenyl trichloride. See benzotrichloride. tion of the product with zinc dust in alkaline solu-
tion, with subsequent distillation.
benzethonium chloride. C27H42ClNO2. A syn- Grade: Technical (paste; powder 8085%).
thetic quaternary ammonium compound, Hazard: Highly toxic by ingestion, inhalation, and
Properties: Colorless plates; odorless; very bitter skin absorption. TLV: confirmed human carcin-
taste. Mp 164166C. Soluble in water, alcohol, ace- ogen.
tone. Aqueous solution yields flocculent white pre- Use: Organic synthesis; manufacture of dyes, espe-
cipitate with soap solutions. cially of Congo red; detection of blood stains; stain
Grade: NF. in microscopy; reagent; stiffening agent in rubber
Hazard: An oral poison. compounding.
BENZIDINEDICARBOXYLIC 136

benzidinedicarboxylic acid. See diaminodi- Properties: Tabular crystals. Mp 172174C, mw

phenic acid. 118.13, bp >360C. Weak base sparingly soluble in
cold water and ether. Freely soluble in alcohol; prac-
benzidine dye. Any of a group of azo dyes tically insoluble in benzene and petroleum ether.
derived from 3,3-dichlorobenzidine; they include
yellow and orange colors claimed to be lightfast and benzine. The name benzine is archaic and mis-
alkali-resistant. Congo red is derived from benzi- leading and should not be used. (ASTM Petroleum
dine and naphthionic acid. Definitions D-288.) Do not confuse with benzene.
Hazard: These compounds are highly toxic and car- See ligroin.
cinogenic. Physical contact with them should be
avoided. 1,2-benzisothiazolin-3-one 1,1-dioxide
calcium salt. See calcium saccharin.
benzidine rearrangment; semidine
rearrangement. The acid-catalyzed rear- benzocaine. See ethyl-p-aminobenzoate hy-
rangement of hydrazobenzenes to 4,4-diaminobi- drochloride.
phenyls. If the hydrazobenzene contains a para sub-
stituent, the product is a p-aminodiphenylamine benzoctamine.
(semidine rearrangement). CAS: 17243-39-9. mf: C18H19N.
Hazard: Moderately toxic by ingestion.
benzidine sulfate.
CAS: 531-86-2. C12H12N2H2SO4. benzodihydropyrone. (dihydrocoumarin).
Properties: White, crystalline powder. Soluble in C6H8O2 (bicyclic).
ether; sparingly soluble in water, alcohol, dilute Properties: White to light yellow, oily liquid with a
acids. sweet odor. Congeals at 23C. Insoluble in water;
Derivation: Action of sulfuric acid or sodium sulfate soluble in alcohol, chloroform, ether. Combustible.
on benzidine with subsequent recovery by precipita- Use: Perfumery.
tion.
Hazard: Poison by ingestion, skin absorption. A 1,3-benzodioxole-4-carboxaldehyde.
carcinogen. CAS: 7797-83-3. mf: C8H6O3.
Use: Organic synthesis. Hazard: A poison by ingestion.

benzil. (dibenzoyl). C6H5COCOC6H5. 1,3-benzodioxol-4-ol, 2,2-dimethyl-,

acetylmethylcarbamate.
CAS: 22791-33-9. mf: C13H15NO5.
Hazard: A poison by ingestion.
Use: Agricultural chemical.

1,3-benzodioxol-4-yl methylcarbamate.
Properties: Yellow needles. Mp 95C, bp 346348C, CAS: 22791-23-7. mf: C9H9NO4.
d 1.521. Soluble in alcohol, ether; insoluble in water. Hazard: A poison by ingestion.
Derivation: From benzoin by oxidation with HNO3. Use: Agricultural chemical.
Use: Organic synthesis; insecticide.
BenzoFlex [Seidler]. TM for a battery
benzilic acid. (diphenylglycolic acid). cleaner.
(C6H5)2C(OH)COOH.
Properties: White to tan powder with a characteristic Benzoflex [Velsicol]. TM for a series of
odor. Mp 148151C. Soluble in hot water and alco- plasticizers that are dibenzoate esters of dipropylene
hol. Combustible. glycol or any of several polyethylene glycols.
Use: Chemical intermediate. Use: Primary plasticizer for vinyl resins; adhesive
formulations; some grades in food-packaging adhe-
benzilic acid rearrangement. Rearrange- sives.
ment of benzyl to benzilic acid on treatment with
base. 8,9-benzofluoranthene. See benzo(k)fluor-
anthene.
-benzil monoxime.
CAS: 14090-77-8. mf: C14H11NO2. benzo(k)fluoranthene.
Hazard: Moderately toxic by ingestion. CAS: 207-08-9. mf: C20H12.
Use: Agricultural chemical. Properties: Yellow prisms from C6H6 or AcOH. Mp:
217, bp: 480.
benzimidazole. (1,3-benzodiazole; azindole; Hazard: Confirmed carcinogen.
benzoglyoxaline).
CAS: 51-17-2. C7H6N2. benzofuran. See coumarone.
 137 BENZOPHENONE

benzoglycolic acid. See mandelic acid. Derivation: Condensation of benzaldehyde in an al-

kaline cyanide solution.
benzoguanamine. (2,4-diamino-6-phenyl-s-tri- Hazard: Highly toxic.
azine). C6H5C3N3(NH2)2. Use: Organic synthesis, intermediate, photopolymer-
Properties: Crystals. D 1.40, mp 227228C. Soluble ization catalyst.
in methylCellosolve. alcohol, dilute hydrochloric Note: Do not confuse with benzoin resin.
acid; partially soluble in dimethylformamide, ace-
tone; practically insoluble in chloroform, ethyl ace- benzoin condensation. Cyanide
tate; insoluble in water, benzene, ether. Combus- ioncatalyzed condensation of aromatic aldehydes
tible. to give benzoins (acyloins).
Derivation: Benzonitrile and dicyandiamide in the
presence of sodium and liquid ammonia. -benzoin oxime. (benzoin antioxime).
Use: Thermosetting resins, resin modifiers; chemical C6H5CH2OC:NOHC6H5.
intermediate for pesticides, pharmaceuticals, and Properties: Solid. Mp 150152C.
dyestuffs. Use: Organic intermediates and photographic chemi-
cals, analytical reagent for determination of metals.
benzohydrol. See benzhydrol.
benzoin resin. (gum benzoin; Benjamin
benzoic acid. (carboxybenzene; benzenecar- gum).
boxylic acid; phenylformic acid). Properties: Reddish-brown globules; balsamic, va-
CAS: 65-85-0. C6H5COOH. It occurs naturally in nilla-like odor. Brittle at room temperature but sof-
benzoin resin. tened by heat. Soluble in warm alcohol and carbon
Properties: White scales or needle crystals; odor of disulfide; insoluble in water.
benzoin or benzaldehyde. D 1.2659, mp 121.25C, Source: Obtained from the styrax tree in Southeast
partially sublimes at 100C, p 249.2C, flash p 250F Asia and Sumatra. The Sumatran grade is higher
(121.1C) (CC). Freely volatile in steam. Soluble in melting and only 75% soluble in alcohol.
alcohol, ether, chloroform, benzene, carbon disul- Grade: Technical, tincture USP.
fide, carbon tetrachloride, turpentine; slightly solu- Chief constituents: Benzoic acid, cinnamic acid,
ble in water. Combustible. vanillin.
Derivation: (1) Decarboxylation of phthalic anhy- Use: Source of benzoic acid; perfumery; cosmetics;
dride in the presence of catalysts; (2) chlorination of medicine (antiseptic and expectorant).
toluene to yield benzotrichloride, which is hydro- Note: Do not confuse with benzoin.
lyzed to benzoic acid; (3) oxidation of toluene; (4)
from benzoin resin. benzol. Obsolete name for benzene, no longer in
Method of purification: Sublimation. approved use.
Grade: Technical, CP, USP, FCC.
Hazard: Moderately toxic by ingestion. Use restrict- benzonitrile. (phenyl cyanide).
ed to 0.1% in foods. CAS: 100-47-0. C6H5CN.
Use: Sodium and butyl benzoates, plasticizers, ben- Properties: Colorless oil; almond-like odor; sharp
zoyl chloride, alkyd resins, food preservative, sea- taste. D 1.0051; bp 190.7C; fp 13.1C, viscosity
soning tobacco, flavors, perfumes, dentifrices, stan- 1.054 centistokes (100F), refr index 1.5289. Soluble
dard in analytical chemistry, antifungal agent. in boiling water, alcohol, ether; slightly soluble in
cold water.
benzoic aldehyde. See benzaldehyde. Derivation: From benzoic acid by heating with lead
thiocyanate.
benzoic anhydride. (C6H5CO)2O. Hazard: High toxicity; absorbed by skin.
Properties: Colorless prisms. D 1.198, mp 42C, bp Use: Manufacture of benzoguanamine; intermediate
360C, refr index 1.576. Soluble in most organic for rubber chemicals; solvent for nitrile rubber, spe-
solvents; insoluble in water. cialty lacquers, and many resins and polymers, and
Use: Dyes, intermediates, pharmaceuticals (benzoy- for many anhydrous metallic salts.
lating agent), organic synthesis.
benzo(b)phenanthrene. See
benzoic trichloride. See benzotrichloride. benz(a)anthracene.

benzoin. (bitter almond-oil camphor; benzoyl- benzophenol. See phenol.

phenylcarbinol; 2-hydroxy-2-phenylacetophe-
none; phenylbenzoylcarbinol). benzophenone. (diphenylketone).
CAS: 119-53-9. C6H5CH2OCOC6H5. CAS: 119-61-9. (C6H5)2CO.
Properties: White or yellowish crystals; slight cam- Properties: White prisms with sweet, roselike odor.
phor odor. Mp 137C. Slightly soluble in water and Mp 47.5C; bp 305C. Partially soluble in alcohol,
ether; soluble in acetone and hot alcohol. Optically ether; soluble in chloroform; insoluble in water.
active. Combustible. Combustible.
BENZOPHENONE OXIDE 138

Method of purification: Crystallization from al- Use: Rubber accelerator.

cohol.
Grade: Free from chlorine (FFC), also FCC. benzothiazyl disulfide. See 2,2-dithiob-
Use: Organic synthesis; odor fixative; derivatives are is(benzothiazole).
used as ultraviolet absorbers; flavoring; soap fra-
grance; pharmaceuticals; polymerization inhibitor 1-benzothiophene-4-ol. See 4-hydroxybenzo-
for styrene. thiophene.
benzophenone oxide. See xanthone. 1,2,3-benzotriazole. (aziminobenzene; ben-
zene azimide). C6H4NHN2.
3,3,4,4-benzophenonetetracarboxylic Properties: White to light tan crystalline powder;
dianhydride. (BTDA). C17H6O7. odorless. Boiling range 201204C (15 mm Hg).
Properties: Free-flowing powder. Mp 228C. Very stable toward acids and alkalies and toward
Use: Epoxy curing agent, heat-resistant polymers, oxidation and reduction. Its basic characteristics are
specialty alkyd resins, polyesters, and plasticizers. very weak, but it forms stable metallic salts. Can
exist in two tautomeric forms. Soluble in alcohol
12h-benzo(b)phenoselenazine. and benzene; slightly soluble in water. Derivatives
CAS: 64050-25-5. mf: C16H11NSe. are ultraviolet absorbers.
Hazard: Moderately toxic. TWA 0.2 mg(Se)/m3 Hazard: Highly toxic by ingestion. May explode
Use: Agricultural chemical. under vacuum distillation.
Use: Photographic restrainer, chemical intermediate.
benzopyrene. (3,4-benzypyrene).
CAS: [a] form 50-32-8. C20H12. A polynuclear (five-
ring) aromatic hydrocarbon. Found in coal tar and
benzotrichloride. (toluene trichloride; benze-
nyl trichloride; benzoic trichloride; phenylchlo-
cigarette smoke, and in the atmosphere as a product
roform). C6H5CCl3.
of incomplete combustion.
Properties: Colorless to yellowish liquid; fumes in
Derivation: Occurs as benzo[a]pyrene and ben-
air; hydrolyzes in water; penetrating odor. D 1.38;
zo[e]pyrene.
bp 220C, fp 5C, refr index 1.5584. Soluble in
Properties: (Benzo[a]pyrene) Yellowish crystals.
alcohol and ether; insoluble in water.
Mp 179C, bp 310312C (10 mm Hg). Insoluble in
Derivation: Chlorination of boiling toluene.
water; slightly soluble in alcohol; soluble in ben-
Method of purification: Rectification.
zene, toluene, xylene.
Hazard: Highly toxic by inhalation, fumes highly
Hazard: Highly toxic, carcinogen by inhalation.
irritant.
Use: Synthetic dyes, organic synthesis.
benzopyrone. See coumarin.

benzoquinone. See quinone. benzotrifluoride. (toluene trifluoride; trifluo-

romethylbenzene). C6H5F3.
benzosulfimide. See saccharin. Properties: Water-white liquid; aromatic odor. Bp
102.1C; fp 29.1C, d 1.1812 (25/4C), refr index
s-(2-(2-benzothiazolylamino)-2-oxoethyl) 1.4146, flash p 54F (12.2C) (CC). Miscible with
ethanethioate. See 2-(acetylthioglycolic alcohol, acetone, benzene, carbon tetrachloride,
amide)benzothiazole. ether, n-heptane; insoluble in water.
Hazard: Highly toxic by inhalation. Flammable,
benzothiazole. C6H4SCHN (bicyclic). dangerous fire risk. TLV: 2.5 mg(F)/m3.
Properties: Yellow liquid; unpleasant odor. D 1.246, Use: Intermediate for dyes and pharmaceuticals, sol-
refr index 1.637, bp 227C. Slightly soluble in water; vent and dielectric fluid, vulcanizing agent, insecti-
soluble in alcohol. Combustible. cides.
Hazard: Highly toxic by ingestion.
Use: Derivatives used as rubber accelerators. trans--benzoylacrylic acid.
C6H5COCH:CHCOOH.
benzothiazolyl disulfide. See 2,2-dithiob- Properties: Straw-yellow needles or plates. Mp 99C.
is(benzothiazole). Soluble in most solvents; only slightly soluble in
cold water and ligroin. Combustible.
benzothiazyl-2-cyclohexylsulfenamide. See Use: Reagent for characterizing phenols; intermedi-
N-cyclohexyl-2-benzothiazole-sulfenamide. ate in the manufacturing of bactericides, insecti-
cides, surface-active agents, and the upgrading of
2-benzothiazyl-N,N-diethylthiocarbamyl drying oils.
sulfide. (diethyldithiocarbamic acid-2-benzo-
thiazoyl ester). (C6H4SCN)SSCN(C2H5)2. N-benzoyl-L(+)-alanine. See alanine.
Properties: Free-flowing, light-yellow to tan pow-
der. D 1.27, mp 69C (min). benzoylamide. See benzamide.
 139 BENZOYLOXYTRIBUTYLSTANNANE

benzoylaminoacetic acid. See hippuric acid. 1-benzoylnapelline.

CAS: 198126-85-1. mf: C29H37NO4.
benzoylaniline. See benzanilide. Hazard: A poison.
Source: Natural product.
p-benzoylbenzoic acid.
CAS: 611-95-0. mf: C14H10O3. 3-(3-(6-benzoyloxy-3-cyano-2-pyridyloxy-
Hazard: A poison. carbonyl)benzoyl)-1-ethoxymethyl-5-
fluorouracil.
CAS: 110690-43-2. mf: C28H19FN4O8.
benzoyl chloride. Hazard: A poison by ingestion. A reproductive
CAS: 98-88-4. C6H5COCl. hazard.

benzoyloxytriphenylstannane. See triphe-

nylstannyl benzoate.

benzoyl peroxide. (dibenzoyl peroxide).

Properties: Transparent, colorless liquid; pungent CAS: 94-36-0. (C6H5CO)2O2.
odor; vapor causes tears. D 1.2188, fp 0.5C, bp
197.2C, refr index 1.5536 (20C), flash p 162F
(72.2C). Soluble in ether and carbon disulfide; de-
composes in water. Combustible.
Derivation: (1) Interaction of benzoic acid and sul-
furyl chloride, (2) benzotrichloride and water in the
Properties: White, granular, crystalline solid; tas-
presence of zinc chloride, (3) phosphorus tri- or
teless; faint odor of benzaldehyde. Active oxygen,
pentachloride and benzoic acid.
approximately 6.5%. Mp 103105C, decomposes
Grade: Technical, CP.
explosively above 105C, autoign temp 176F (80C),
Hazard: Highly toxic. Strong irritant to skin, eyes,
d 1.3340 (25C). Soluble in nearly all organic sol-
and mucous membranes, and via ingestion, inhala-
vents; slightly soluble in alcohols, vegetable oils;
tion.
slightly soluble in water.
Use: Introduction of benzoyl group, dye intermedi-
Grade: Technical, wet or dry; FCC.
ates, benzoyl peroxide manufacturing, analytical re-
Hazard: Highly toxic via inhalation. May explode
agent.
spontaneously when dry (<1% of water). Never mix
unless at least 33% water is present. TLV: 5 mg/m3.
benzoyl-2,5-diethoxyaniline. Use: Bleaching agent for flour, fats, oils, and waxes;
C6H5CONHC6H3(OC2H5)2. polymerization catalyst; drying agent for unsatu-
Properties: Gray pellets. Mp 8384C. rated oils; pharmaceutical and cosmetic purposes;
Hazard: Possibly toxic. rubber vulcanization without sulfur; burnout agent
Use: Intermediate for pharmaceuticals, dyestuffs, for acetate yarns; production of cheese; embossing
and other organic chemicals. vinyl flooring (proprietary).
See peroxides.
benzoylferrocene. (phenyl ferrocenyl ke-
tone). C5H5FeC5H4COC6H5. benzoylphenyl carbinol. See benzoin.
Properties: Dark red, crystalline solid. Mp
107108C. 2-benzoylpyridine. C6H5COC5H4N.
Hazard: Possibly toxic. Properties: Colorless liquid. Fp 42.7C. Insoluble in
Use: Intermediate. water.
Grade: 98% (minimum).
benzoyl fluoride. C6H5COF. Use: Organic synthesis.
Hazard: High toxicity; TLV: 2.5 mg(F)/m3.
Use: Manufacturing of acyl and other fluorides. 4-benzoylpyridine. C6H5COC5H4N.
Properties: Colorless liquid. Fp 71.4C. Insoluble in
benzoylglycin. See hippuric acid. water.
Grade: 98% (minimum).
Use: Organic synthesis.
benzoylglycocoll. See hippuric acid.
benzoylsulfonic imide. See saccharin.
6-benzoylheteratisine. See heteratisine 6-
benzoate. benzoyloxytributylstannane.
CAS: 4342-36-3. mf: C19H32O2Sn.
2-benzoyl-2-hydroxypropane. See -hy- Hazard: A poison by ingestion. TWA 0.1 mg(Sn)/
droxy--methylpropiophenone. m3; STEL 0.2 mg(Sn)/m3 (skin).
BENZOZONE 140

Use: Agricultural chemical. Grade: Free from chlorine (FFC), technical, NF,
textile, photographic, reagent, FCC.
benzozone. See acetyl benzoyl peroxide. Hazard: Highly toxic.
Use: Perfumes and flavors; photographic developer
1,2-benzphenanthrene. See chrysene. for color movie films; dyeing nylon filament, tex-
tiles, and sheet plastics; solvent for dyestuffs, cellu-
benzpyrene. See benzopyrene. lose esters, casein, waxes, etc.; heat-sealing polyeth-
ylene films; intermediate for benzyl esters and
benzyl abietate. C19H29COOCH2C6H5. ethers; bacteriostat; cosmetics, ointments, emul-
Properties: Nonvolatile, viscous liquid that resem- sions; ball point pen inks; stencil inks.
bles Canada balsam. Soluble in most anhydrous
solvents. benzylamine. (aminotoluene). C6H5CH2NH2.
See balsam.

benzyl acetate. (acetic acid benzyl ester;

acetic acid phenylmethyl ester; -acetoxyto-
luene; benzyl ethanoate; phenylmethyl acetate).
CAS: 140-11-4. C6H5CH2OOCCH3. Properties: Light amber liquid; strongly alkaline
Properties: Water-white liquid; floral odor. Mw reaction. D 0.9813; bp 184.5C; refr index 1.540 at
150.19, d 1.0591.062 (15C); mp 51.5C, bp 212C; 20C. Soluble in alcohol, ether, water. Combustible.
refr index 1.50151.5035, flash p 216F (102.2C) Derivation: From benzyl chloride and ammonia.
(CC), autoign temp 862F (460C), vap press 1 mm Hazard: Highly toxic, strong irritant to skin and
(45C), vap d 5.1, refr index 1.501. Soluble in alco- mucous membranes.
hol, most fixed oils, propylene glycol; insoluble in Use: Chemical intermediate for dyes, pharmaceuti-
glycerin and water at 214. cals, and polymers.
Derivation: (a) By treating benzyl chloride with so-
dium acetate in various solvents; (b) by esterifica- N-benzyl-p-aminophenol. (BAP).
tion of benzyl alcohol with acetic anhydride or ace- C6H5CH2NHC6H4OH.
tic acid. Properties: Light brown powder. Mp 8490C,
Method of purification: Distillation. 9699% pure. Solubility of 50% in anhydrous meth-
Grade: Free-from-chlorine grade, which should anol, 50% in 95% ethanol, 0.06% in water;
have an ester content of 97% but for which lower- 0.10.5% in gasoline, varying with chemical nature
grade material is sometimes substituted; technical of gasoline.
grade, which is not free from chlorine and for which Use: In cracked gasoline, in concentration of
ester content varies considerably; FCC. 0.0010.004% by weight to prevent gum formation.
Hazard: A poison by inhalation. Moderately toxic by
ingestion. Combustible. 2-benzylamino-1-propanol.
Use: Artificial jasmine and other perfumes, soap per- C6H5NHCH(CH2OH)CH3.
fume, flavoring, solvent and high boiler for cellulose Properties: White to yellow solid. Both l and dl-
acetate and nitrate, natural and synthetic resins, oils, forms are available. Mp (dl- form) 7073C. Specific
lacquers, polishes, printing inks, varnish removers. rotation (l- form) +38o to +44o (1.0% solution in
alcohol) at 25C. Combustible.
benzyl alcohol. (-hydroxytoluene; phenyl-
methanol; phenylcarbinol). benzylaniline. C6H5NHCH2C6H5.
CAS: 100-51-6. C6H5CH2OH. Properties: Colorless prisms. Mp 33C, bp 310C.
Soluble in alcohol and ether; insoluble in water.
Use: Organic synthesis.

benzylbenzene. See diphenylmethane.

benzyl benzoate.
Properties: Water-white liquid; slight odor; sharp, CAS: 120-51-4. C6H5CH2OOCC6H5.
burning taste. Bp 206C, flash p 220F (105C) (OC), d Properties: Water-white liquid; sharp, burning taste;
1.0401.050 (25/25C), refr index 1.53851.5405 faint aromatic odor. D 1.1161.120 (25/25C), bp
(20C). Somewhat soluble in water; miscible with 325C, mp 18.8C, refr index 1.5681.569 (20C),
alcohol, ether, chloroform. Autoign temperature flash p 298F (147.7C). Supercools easily. Insoluble
817F (436C). Combustible. in water, glycerol; soluble in alcohol, chloroform,
Derivation: (a) By hydrolysis of benzyl chloride; (b) ether. Combustible.
from benzaldehyde by catalytic reduction or Can- Derivation: (a) By a Cannizzaro reaction from benz-
nizzaro reaction. aldehyde, (b) by esterifying benzyl alcohol with
Method of purification: Distillation and chemical benzoic acid, (c) by treating sodium benzoate with
treatment. benzyl chloride.
 141 4-(BENZYL-(2-((2,5-DIPHENYL

Method of purification: Distillation and crystalliza- Use: Peptide synthesis.

tion.
Grade: Technical, USP, FCC. benzyl chloroformate. See benzyl chloro-
Hazard: Irritant to eyes, skin. carbonate.
Use: Fixative and solvent for musk in perfumes and
flavors; medicine (external); plasticizer for nitrocel- o-benzyl-p-chlorophenol. (chlorophene,
lulose and cellulose acetate; miticide. USAN; Santophen; septiphene; 4-chloro--
phenyl-o-cresol). C6H5CH2C6H3OHCl.
benzyl bromide. (-bromotoluene). Properties: White to light tan or pink flakes; slight
C6H5CH2Br. phenolic odor. Crystallizing point 45C min, D
Properties: Clear, refractive liquid; pleasant odor. 1.2021.206 (55/55C). Insoluble in water; highly
Not easily hydrolyzed. D 1.438 at 16C, bp soluble in alcohol, other organic solvents; dispersi-
198199C, fp 3.9C, vap d 5.8. Soluble in alcohol, ble in aqueous media with the aid of soaps or syn-
benzene, ether; insoluble water. thetic dispersing agents; noncorrosive to most met-
Derivation: (1) Bromination of toluene, (2) interac- als. Combustible.
tion of benzyl alcohol and hydrobromic acid. Hazard: Highly toxic, an irritant.
Hazard: Highly toxic. Corrosive to skin and tissue. A Use: Active principle or enhancing agent for disin-
lachrymator. fectants.
Use: Making foaming and frothing agents, organic
synthesis. benzyl cinnamate. (cinnamein). C9H7O2 C7H7.
Properties: White crystals; aromatic odor. Mp 39C,
benzyl butyrate. C3H7COOCH2C6H5. congeal point (min) 34C, bp 244C (25 mm Hg).
Properties: Liquid; fruity odor. Bp 240C, d 1.016 Insoluble in water; soluble in alcohol.
(17.5C). Soluble in alcohol. Combustible. Hazard: Moderately toxic.
Grade: Technical, FCC. Grade: Technical, FCC.
Use: Plasticizer, odorants, flavoring. Use: Perfumery and flavors.

benzyl carbinol. See phenethyl alcohol. benzyl cyanide. (phenylacetonitrile; -toluni-

trile). C6H5CH2CN.
benzyl Cellosolve. See ethylene glycol Properties: Colorless, oily liquid; aromatic odor. D
monobenzyl ether. 1.0157, fp 24C, bp 230C, refr index 1.5211 (25C).
Soluble in alcohol and ether; insoluble in water.
benzyl chloride. (-chlorotoluene). Derivation: Interaction of benzyl chloride and potas-
CAS: 100-44-7. C6H5CH2Cl. sium cyanide.
Properties: Colorless liquid; pungent odor. D Grade: Technical.
1.0901.111 (25/25C), fp 43C, bp 179C, refr index Hazard: Highly toxic, absorbed by skin. TLV: 5
1.5365 (25C), flash p 153F (67.2C) (OC), autoign mg(CN)/m3.
temp 1085F (525C). Soluble in alcohol, ether; insol- Use: Organic synthesis, especially penicillin pre-
uble in water. Combustible. cursors.
Derivation: By passing chlorine over boiling toluene
until it has increased 38% in weight. The product is benzyl dichloride. (benzylidene chloride;
washed with water and separated by fractional distil- benzal chloride; chlorobenzal; , -dichloroto-
lation. luene). C6H5CHCl2.
Grade: Technical; CP; 95%; redistilled. Properties: Colorless, oily liquid; faint aromatic
Available forms: Anhydrous; stabilized (with aque- odor. D 1.295 (16C), fp 16.1C, bp 207C, refr index
ous sodium carbonate solution). 1.5502 (20C). Soluble in alcohol, ether, dilute alkali;
Hazard: A carcinogen in animals. Highly toxic, in- insoluble in water. Combustible.
tense eye and skin irritant. TLV: 1 ppm. A lachry- Derivation: Chlorination of toluene, until two for-
mator. mula weights of chlorine are absorbed, in absence of
Use: Dyes; intermediates; benzyl compounds; syn- catalysts but presence of light.
thetic tannins; perfumery; pharmaceuticals; manu- Hazard: Strong irritant and lachrymator.
facture of photographic developer; gasoline gum Use: Dyes; manufacture of benzaldehyde and cin-
inhibitors; penicillin precursors; quaternary ammo- namic acid.
nium compounds.
benzyldimethyloctadecyl ammonium 3-
benzyl chlorocarbonate. (benzyl chlorofor- nitrobenzenesulfonate.
mate). C6H5OCOCl. CAS: 124088-59-1. mf: C27H50NC6H4NO5S.
Properties: Oily liquid with lachrymatory proper- Hazard: Moderately toxic by ingestion and skin con-
ties; odor of phosgene. Decomposes above 100C, tact. A severe eye and mild skin irritant.
reacts with water to form hydrochloric acid.
Hazard: Highly toxic, emits very toxic phosgene 4-(benzyl-(2-((2,5-diphenyloxazole-4-
fumes at 100C. Irritant to eyes. carbonyl)amino)ethyl)carbamoyl)-2-
BENZYL DISULFIDE 142

decanoylaminobutyric acid. benzyl fumarate.

CAS: 219905-91-6. mf: C40H48N4O6. C6H5CH2OOCCH==CHCOOCH2C6H5.
Hazard: A poison. Properties: White powder. Mp 59C, bp 210C (5 mm
Hg). Insoluble in water; soluble in alcohol and ether.
benzyl disulfide. See dibenzyl disulfide. Derivation: Reaction of fumaric acid and benzyl
alcohol.
benzyl ethanoate). See benzyl acetate. Use: Spray deodorant.

N-benzylethanolamine. 5-benzyl-3-furylmethyl -ethyl-

C6H5CH2NH(C2H4OH). phenylacetate.
Properties: Colorless to light yellow liquid. D 1.044 CAS: 51628-36-5. mf: C22H22O3.
(27C); refr index 1.54001.5430; distillation range Hazard: Moderately toxic by ingestion.
240255C. Combustible. Use: Agricultural chemical.
Use: Corrosion inhibitor; intermediate.
5-benzyl-3-furylmethyl -isopropyl-4-
benzyl ether. (dibenzyl ether). methoxyphenyl acetate.
CAS: 103-50-4. (C6H5CH2)2O. CAS: 51628-56-9. mf: C24H26O4.
Properties: Colorless, unstable liquid. Bp 295C, d Hazard: Moderately toxic by ingestion.
1.001, flash p 275F (135C), refr index 1.54. Insolu- Use: Agricultural chemical.
ble in water; soluble in alcohol, ether, acetone.
Derivation: Benzaldehyde is reduced with cobalt benzylhexadecyldimethylammonium
complex, [Co(CO)4]2. chloride. See cetalkonium chloride (USAN).
Hazard: Moderately toxic by ingestion. A skin irri-
tant. benzylhydroquinone. See p-benzyloxy-
Use: Solvent, plasticizer for nitrocellulose. phenol.

6-benzyl-1-(ethoxymethyl)-5-isopropyluracil. benzylidene acetone. (benzalacetone; methyl

See emivirine. styryl ketone; 4-phenyl-3-buten-2-one).
C6H5CH==CHCOCH3.
benzyl ethyl ether. C6H5CH2OC2H5. Properties: Colorless crystals; odor of coumarin. Mp
Properties: Colorless, oily liquid; aromatic odor. Bp 72C, congeal point 39C (min), bp 260262C, refr
185C, d 0.949, refr index 1.4955 (20C). Volatile in index 1.5836 (46C), d 1.0377 (15/15C). Soluble in
steam; insoluble in water; miscible with alcohol, alcohol, ether, benzene, chloroform; insoluble in
ether. Combustible. water. Combustible.
Derivation: By boiling benzyl chloride with either Derivation: Condensation of benzaldehyde and ace-
sodium or potassium ethylate. tone.
Hazard: Narcotic in high concentration. May be skin Use: Organic synthesis, perfumery, fixative, fla-
irritant. voring.
Use: Organic synthesis, flavoring.
benzylidene azine. See benzalazine.
benzyl ethylsalicylate.
C6H5CH2OOCC6H4OC2H5. benzylidene chloride. See benzyl dichloride.
Use: As fixative and solvent in perfumes.
2-benzylidene-1-heptanol. See -amylcin-
benzyl fluoride. C6H5CH2F. namic alcohol.
Properties: Colorless liquid. Forms acicular crystals
on prolonged cooling. D 1.022 at 25C, bp 139.8C N-benzylidiethanolamine.
(753 mm), fp 35C. (C6H5CH2N(C2H4OH)2.
Derivation: By decomposing benzyltrimethylam- Properties: Colorless to light yellow liquid.D 1.073,
monium fluoride. refr index 1.53451.5375, distilling range
Hazard: Very irritant. TLV: 2.5 mg(F)/m3. 240255C. Miscible with water. Combustible.
Use: Organic synthesis. Use: Corrosive inhibitor; intermediate.

benzyl formate. C6H5CH2OOCH. N-benzylidimethylamine. C6H5CH2N(CH3)2.

Properties: Colorless liquid; fruity-spicy odor. Re- Properties: Colorless to light-yellow liquid. D 0.894
sembles benzyl acetate in many respects but differs (27C); refr index 1.49851.5005 (25C); bp
in its greater volatility. D 1.0831.087, refr index 180182C; distilling range 6568C (18 mm Hg).
1.5111.513, bp 203C. Miscible with alcohols, ke- Combustible.
tones, oils, aromatic, aliphatic and halogenated hy- Use: Intermediate, especially for quaternary ammo-
drocarbons; insoluble in water. nium compounds; dehydrohalogenating catalyst;
Hazard: May be narcotic in high concentration. corrosion inhibitor; acid neutralizer; potting com-
Use: Perfumes, flavoring, solvent for cellulose esters. pounds; adhesives; cellulose modifier.
 143 BENZYL PROPIONATE

benzyl iodide. C6H5CH2I. p-benzyloxyphenol. (benzylhydroquinone;

Properties: Colorless crystals or liquid. D 1.7335, Agerite Alba). C6H5CH2OC6H4OH.
mp 34.1C, bp (decomposes). Soluble in alcohol, Properties: Light-tan powder; faint odor. D 1.26, mp
carbon disulfide, ether; insoluble in water. 121122C. Slightly soluble in water; practically in-
Derivation: Interaction of benzyl chloride and hy- soluble in petroleum hydrocarbons; very soluble in
driodic acid. benzene and alkalies. Combustible.
Hazard: Powerful irritant. Use: Rubber antioxidant; stabilizer; polymerization
inhibitor; chemical intermediate.
benzyl isoamyl ether. See isoamyl benzyl
ether. p-(benzyloxy)phenyl bis(1-aziridinyl)
phosphinate.
benzyl isobutyl ketone. See 4-methyl-1- CAS: 41920-59-6. mf: C17H19N2O3P.
phenyl-2-pentanone. Hazard: Moderately toxic.

benzyl isoeugenol. (1,-phenyl-4-propenyl- n,n-(3-benzyloxy-1,2-propanedioxysulfinyl)

veratrole). CH3CHCHC6H3(OCH3)OCH2C6H5. bis(3-methylphenylmethylcarbamate).
Properties: White, crystalline solid; floral odor of CAS: 81862-10-4. mf: C28H32N2O9S2.
the carnation type. Soluble in alcohol, ether. Com- Hazard: Moderately toxic by ingestion.
bustible. Use: Agricultural chemical.
Use: Perfumery, fixative.
n,n-(3-benzyloxy-1,2-propanedioxy-
N-benzylisopropylamine. sulfinyl)bis(1-naphthylmethyl-
C6H5CH2NH(CH3CHCH3). carbamate).
Properties: Colorless to yellow liquid. D 0.895 CAS: 81877-67-0. mf: C34H32N2O9S2.
(25C), refr index 1.49951.5015 (25C). Combus- Hazard: Moderately toxic by ingestion.
tible. Use: Agricultural chemical.
Use: Rust inhibitor; intermediate.
benzyl pelargonate. C6H5CH2OOCC8H17.
Properties: Liquid; mild odor. D 0.962 (15.5/15.5C),
benzyl isothiocyanate. C6H5CH2NCS. bp 315C.
Properties: Colorless to slightly yellow liquid; a Use: In flavors and perfumes, bactericides and fungi-
lachrymator. cides, organic synthesis.
Hazard: Very irritant to tissues.
Use: Chemical intermediate.
p-benzylphenol. (4-hydroxydiphenylmethane).
C6H5CH2C6H4OH.
benzyl mercaptan. See benzyl thiol. Properties: White crystals from ethanol. Mp 84C, bp
320322C. Soluble in ethanol, ether, chloroform,
benzylmethylamine. C6H5CH2NHCH3. benzene, acetic acid, caustic alkalies; moderate sol-
Properties: Colorless to light yellow liquid. D 0.936 ubility in hot water. Combustible.
(25C), refr index 1.51851.5220 (25C), distillation Hazard: Toxic by ingestion.
range 183188C. Combustible. Use: Antiseptic and germicide; organic synthesis.
Use: Organic synthesis.
benzyl phenylacetate.
N-benzyl-N,N-methylethanolamine. C6H5CH2COOCH2C6H5.
C6H5CH2NCH3(C2H4OH). Properties: Colorless liquid; honeylike odor. D
Properties: Colorless to light-yellow liquid. D 1.006 1.0971.099, refr index 1.5541.556. Soluble in al-
(27C), refr index 1.52501.5270 (25C), distillation cohol. Combustible.
range 95105C (2 mm Hg). Combustible. Use: Perfumery and flavors.
Use: Corrosive inhibitor, intermediate.
benzyl phenyl ketone. See deoxybenzoin.
3-benzyl-4-methyl umbelliferone.
C6H5CH2CH3C9H4O3. benzylphosphonic acid dibutyl ester.
Properties: Tan, crystalline powder. Mp 255C min. CAS: 3762-27-4. mf: C15H25O3P.
Slightly soluble in ethanol; insoluble in water. Hazard: A poison by ingestion.
Use: Optical whitening agent; intermediate.
benzyl propionate. C2H5COOCH2C6H5.
5-benzyloxy-8-chloro-n,n-dimethyl-1,2,3,4- Properties: Similar to benzyl acetate but has sweeter
tetrahydro-1-naphthylamine odor. Liquid. Bp 220C, d 1.036 (17.5C). Insoluble in
hydrochloride. water. Combustible.
CAS: 63978-98-3. mf: C19H22ClNOClH. Grade: Technical; FCC.
Hazard: A poison. Use: Perfumes; flavoring.
BENZYLPYRIDINE 144

benzylpyridine. C6H5CH2C5H4N. below 50C. Readily soluble in water, ethanol, and

Properties: Liquid. Bp 276.8C, mp 13.6C, d 1.061 butanol; slightly soluble in butyl phthalate and tribu-
(20C), refr index 1.5797. Insoluble in water. Com- tyl phosphate.
bustible. Grade: 6062% aqueous solution.
Hazard: Toxic by ingestion. Use: Solvent for cellulose, gelling inhibitor in poly-
ester resins, intermediate.
benzyl salicylate. C6H4(H4OH)COOCH2C6H5.
Properties: Colorless liquid; faint sweet odor. D benzyltrimethylammonium hexafluoro-
1.1761.179, refr index 1.5801.581, mp 24C min, phosphate. C6H5CH2N(CH3)3PF6.
bp 208C(26 mm). Soluble in 9 vols of 90% alcohol. Properties: Crystals. Mp 160C.
Combustible. Hazard: Toxic by ingestion, irritant to skin.
Derivation: Reaction of sodium salicylate and ben-
zyl chloride. 4-benzyltrimethylammonium methoxide.
Grade: Technical, FCC. C6H5CH2(CH3)3NOCH3.
Use: Perfume fixative, solvent for synthetic musk, Properties: A quaternary ammonium salt. Yellow
sunscreening lotions, soap odorant. liquid; decomposes on distillation.
Hazard: Toxic by ingestion, irritant to skin.
benzyl succinate. (dibenzyl succinate). Use: Catalyst, organic-soluble strong base.
C6H5CH2OOCCH2CH2COOCH2C6H5.
Properties: White crystalline powder; almost tas- Benzyl Tuex [Uniroyal]. TM for tetraben-
teless. Mp 45C. Soluble in alcohol, ether, chloro- zoylthiuram disulfide.
form, also in fixed and volatile oils; insoluble in
water. Combustible. benzyne. C6H4.
Use: Medicine (antispasmodic). Properties: An unsaturated, cyclic hydrocarbon with
a structure similar to benzene, in which one of the
benzyl sulfide. (CH2C6H5)2S. double bonds is replaced by a triple bond. It may be
Properties: Colorless plates. D 1.0712, mp 49C. prepared from benzenediazonium-2-carboxylate or
Soluble in alcohol and ether; insoluble in water. from isatoic anhydride.
Derivation: Action of potassium sulfide on benzyl
chloride and subsequent distillation. bepridil hydrochloride monohydrate. See
Use: Organic synthesis. 3-isobutoxy-2-pyrrolidino-n-phenyl-n-benzylpro-
pylamine.
7-benzyl-3-thia-7-azabicyclo(3.3.1)nonane
perchlorate. berberine. C20H19NO5.
CAS: 89398-07-2. mf: C14H19NSClHO4. Properties: White to yellow crystals. Mp 145C (an-
Hazard: A poison by ingestion. hydrous). Iinsoluble in water; soluble in ether, alco-
hol. Salts of berberine are: berberine bisulfate,
benzyl thiocyanate. C6H5CH2CNS. berberine sulfate, and berberine hydrochloride. All
Properties: Colorless crystals. Mp 41C, bp 230C. three are yellow crystals, slightly soluble in water.
Insoluble in water; soluble in alcohol and ether. Derivation: From the root of Berberis vulgaris or
Hazard: Strong irritant to skin, tissue. Moderate fire Hydrastis canadensis.
hazard. Hazard: Toxic via ingestion, inhalation, skin absorp-
Use: Insecticide. tion.
Use: Medicine (antipyretic).
benzylthiol. (benzyl mercaptan; -tolueneth-
iol). C6H5CH2SH. Berbond 8200 [Bercen]. TM for a strippa-
Properties: Colorless liquid; strong odor. Bp 195C, ble wallpaper saturant.
flash p 158F (70C) (CC), d 1.05. Insoluble in water; Use: In many paper manufacturing areas.
soluble in alcohol, carbon disulfide. Combustible.
Hazard: Toxic by inhalation and ingestion; irritant to Bercohem 4842 [Bercen]. TM for a low
tissue. molecular weight polyacrylate-based dispersant.
Use: Odorant, flavors. Use: For pigmented paper coating formulations.

2-benzyl-6-thiouracil. C6H5CH2C3N2OS. A bergamot oil.

drug intermediate. Properties: An essential oil. Brownish-yellow to
green liquid; agreeable odor; bitter taste.
benzyltrimethylammonium chloride. Use: Perfumery.
C6H5CH2N(CH3)3Cl.
Properties: A quaternary ammonium salt. Colorless Bergius, Frederick. (18841949). A German
crystals; stable up to 135C, above which benzyl chemist who won a Nobel Prize in 1931 with Bosch
chloride and trimethylamine are formed. Properties for chemical high-pressure methods. He invented a
of 60% solution: d 1.07 (20/20C), wt/gal 8.90 lb, fp method of converting coal dust into oil via pressur-
 145 BERYLLIUM

ized hydrogen. He also invented a method for pro- has been made by neutron bombardment of curium
duction of cattle feed and sugar from wood by hy- 244. Atomic weight is generally accepted as 249.
drolysis. He was educated in Poland and Germany. The following compounds have been identified by
X-ray diffraction: berkelium dioxide (BkO2), berke-
Bergius process. Formation of petroleum-like lium sesquioxide (Bk2O3), berkelium trifluoride
hydrocarbons by hydrogenation of coal at high tem- (BkF3), berkelium trichloride (BkCl3), and berkeli-
peratures and pressures (e.g., 450C and 300 atm) um oxychloride (BkOCl).
with or without catalysts; production of toluene by
subjecting aromatic naphthas to cracking tempera- Berlin blue. Any of a number of the varieties of
tures at 100 atm with a low partial pressure of hydro- iron blue pigments.
gen in the presence of a catalyst. See iron blue.

Bergius-Willstatter saccharification Berlin red. A red pigment consisting, essential-

process. Process for industrial production of ly, of red-iron oxide.
fermentable sugar from wood by hydrolysis of tan-
nin and xylan-free cellulose with 4045% hydro- Bersize 6125 [Bercen]. TM for a surface
chloric acid. The use of concentrated acid requires size for paper and paperboard.
acid-resistant equipment and recovery of acid. The Use: To give a good printing surface to fine papers.
sugar produced must be rehydrolyzed prior to fer-
mentation. Berthelot, M. P. (18271917). A French
chemist who did fundamental work on the organic
Bergmann azlactone peptide synthesis. synthesis of hydrocarbons, fats, and carbohydrates.
Conversion of an acetylated amino acid and an Opposed the then current idea that a vital force is
aldehyde into an azlactone with an alkylene side responsible for synthesis. Did important work on
chain; reaction with a second amino acid with ring explosives for French government. He was one of
opening and formation of an acylated unsaturated the first to prove that all chemical phenomena de-
dipeptide, followed by catalytic hydrogenation and pend on physical forces that can be measured.
hydrolysis to the dipeptide.
bertholite. A name given to chlorine when used
Bergmann degradation. Stepwise degrada- as a poison gas.
tion of polypeptides involving benzoylation, con-
version to azides, and treatment of the azides with Berthollet, Claude Louis. (17481822). A
benzyl alcohol; this treatment yields, via rearrange- French chemist. Followed Lavoisier, but did not
ment to isocyanates, carbobenzoxy compounds accept the latters contention that oxygen is the char-
which undergo catalytic hydrogenation and hydrol- acteristic constituent of acids. He was the first to
ysis to the amide of the degraded peptide. propose chlorine as a bleaching agent. His essay on
chemical physics (1803) was the first attempt to
Bergmann-Zervas carbobenzoxy method. explain this subject. His speculations on stoichiome-
Formation of the N-carbobenzoxy derivative of try, especially as regards relative masses of reacting
an amino acid for use in peptide synthesis and libera- atoms, profoundly affected later theories of chemi-
tion of the amino group at an appropriate stage of cal affinity.
synthesis by hydrogenolysis of the activated CO
bond. beryl. Be3Al2(SiO3)6. Sometimes with replace-
ment of beryllium by sodium, lithium, cesium. A
Berg, Paul. (1926 ). An American molecular natural silicate of beryllium and aluminum.
biologist who won the Nobel Prize for chemistry in Hazard: A known carcinogen (OSHA).
1980 with Sanger and Gilbert. Bergs research con- See beryllium.
cerned the biochemistry of nucleic acid, particularly
regarding recombinant DNA, that is combining a beryllia. See beryllium oxide.
molecule DNAs from different species. His Doc-
torate was attained at Western Reserve, and later he beryllides. Intermetallic compounds made by
performed research at Stanford University. chemically combining beryllium with such metals
as zirconium and tantalum.
berkelium. Bk. Synthetic radioactive element
with atomic number 97, first produced (1949) as the beryllium.
243 isotope by bombarding americium with helium CAS: 7440-41-7. Be. Metallic element of atomic
ions in a cyclotron. The chemical properties of number 4, group IIA of the periodic table; aw
berkelium have been studied by tracer techniques 9.0121; valence 2; no stable isotopes.
and are similar to those of the other transuranium Properties: A hard, brittle, gray-white metal. D 1.85,
elements. Its oxidation behavior is similar to that of mp 1280C. Soluble in acids (except nitric) and alka-
the rare earth cerium. It has a mp of 986C. There are lies. Resistant to oxidation at ordinary temperatures.
8 isotopes ranging from 243 to 250; the 249 isotope High heat capacity and thermal conductivity. It is
BERYLLIUM ACETATE 146

the lightest structural metal known; can be fabricat- crystals; sweetish taste. Mp 440C, bp 520C, d 1.90.
ed by rolling, forging, and machining. Joining is Very soluble in water; soluble in alcohol, benzene,
chiefly by shrink-fitting; brazing and welding are ether, carbon disulfide. Readily hydrolyzed.
difficult. Highly permeable to X rays. Derivation: By passing chlorine over a mixture of
Occurrence: Beryl, the ore of beryllium, is found beryllium oxide and carbon.
chiefly in South Africa, Zimbabwe, Brazil, Argenti- Hazard: Very toxic.
na, and India. Principal sources in U.S. are Colora- Use: In dry form, as catalyst for organic reactions.
do, Maine, New Hampshire, and South Dakota. See beryllium.
There are undeveloped deposits in Canada.
Derivation: The ore is converted to the oxide or beryllium-copper. A precipitation-hardenable
hydroxide, then to the chloride or fluoride. The ha- alloy; often also contains nickel or cobalt and has
lide may be (1) reduced in a furnace by magnesium relatively high electrical conductivity, high
metal, or (2) reduced by electrolysis. Liquid-liquid strength, and high hardness.
extraction with an organophosphate chelating agent Properties: D 8.22. Tensile strength of heat-treated
can be used as a method of purification, or as an sheet 175,000 psi, elongation 5% in 2 inches; Brinell
alternative process on the ore itself. hardness 350; good electrical conductivity. Typical
Grade: Technical, over 99.5% pure. analysis: copper 97.4; beryllium 2.25; nickel 0.35.
Available forms: Hot-pressed or cold-pressed and Hazard: Avoid inhalation.
sintered blocks; sheet (0.04 inch); tube; rods; wire; See beryllium.
powder. Use: Electrical switch parts, watch springs, optical
Hazard: A carcinogen (OSHA). Very high toxicity, alloys, electronic equipment, valves and parts, spot-
especially by inhalation of dust. TLV: 0.002 mg/m3. welding electrodes, nonsparking tools, springs and
Use: Structural material in space technology; moder- diaphragms, shims, cams, and bushings.
ator and reflector of neutrons in nuclear reactors; Note: A comparatively recent development is an 85
source of neutrons when bombarded with -parti- copper, 9 nickel, 6 tin alloy reported to be 15%
cles; special windows for X ray tubes; in gyro- stronger than Be-Cu.
scopes, computer parts, inertial guidance systems;
additive in solid-propellant rocket fuels; beryllium- beryllium fluoride. BeF2.
copper alloys. Properties: Hygroscopic solid. Mp 800C, d 1.986.
Readily soluble in water; sparingly soluble in al-
beryllium acetate. cohol.
CAS: 543-81-7. Be4O(C2H3O2)6. Derivation: By the thermal decomposition
Properties: White crystals. Mp 285286C, bp (900950C) of ammonium beryllium fluoride.
330331C. Insoluble in water; hydrolyzed by hot Hazard: A known carcinogen. Toxic by inhalation
water, dilute acids. Soluble in chloroform and other and ingestion. TLV: 2.5 mg(F)/m3.
organic solvents. Can be crystallized from hot acetic Use: Production of beryllium metal by reduction with
acid in very pure form. magnesium metal; nuclear reactors; glass manufac-
Hazard: Toxic by inhalation and ingestion. turing.
Use: Source of pure beryllium salts.
See beryllium.
beryllium hydrate. See beryllium hydroxide.
beryllium acetylacetonate. Be(C5H7O2)2.
Properties: Crystalline powder. Mp 108C, bp 270C. beryllium hydride. BeH2.
Freely soluble in alcohol and ether; slightly soluble Properties: White solid. Reacts with water, dilute
in water. Resistant to hydrolysis. A chelating no- acids, and methanol, liberating hydrogen. When
nionizing compound. heated to 220C it liberates hydrogen rapidly.
Hazard: Toxic. Hazard: For toxicity see beryllium. Fire risk when
See beryllium. exposed to water, organic materials, and heat.
Use: Experimentally in rocket fuels.
beryllium carbide. Be2C.
Properties: Fine, hexagonal, hard, refractory crys- beryllium hydroxide. (beryllium hydrate).
tals; attacked vigorously by strong, hot alkali solu- CAS: 13327-32-7. Be(OH)2.
tions forming methane gas and alkali beryllate. D Properties: White powder. Decomposes to the oxide
1.91; decomposes above 2100C. at 138C. Soluble in acids and alkalies; insoluble in
Derivation: By direct interaction of elemental beryl- water.
lium and carbon; by reduction of beryllium oxide Derivation: By precipitation with alkali from pure
with carbon above 1500C. beryllium acetate.
Use: Nuclear-reactor cores. Grade: Technical.
Hazard: Very toxic.
beryllium chloride. See beryllium.
CAS: 7787-47-5. BeCl2.
Properties: White or slightly yellow deliquescent beryllium metaphosphate. Be(PO3)2.
 147 BEST, CHARLES H

Properties: White porous powder or granular mate- beryllium potassium sulfate. BeSO4K2SO4.
rial. High melting point. Insoluble in water. Properties: Shiny crystals, insoluble in alcohol, sol-
Hazard: Very toxic. uble in water and concentrated potassium sulfate
Use: Raw material for special ceramic compositions; solution.
catalyst carrier. Use: Metal plating especially chromium and silver.
See beryllium. Hazard: See beryllium.
See beryllium.
beryllium nitrate.
CAS: 13597-99-4. Be(NO3)23H2O. beryllium sodium fluoride. (sodium beryl-
Properties: White to faintly yellowish, deliquescent lium fluoride). BeF22NaF.
mass. Mp 60C, decomposes 100200C. Soluble in Properties: White, crystalline mass. Mp approxi-
water, alcohol. mately 350C. Soluble in water.
Derivation: Action of nitric acid on beryllium oxide, Hazard: Toxic by inhalation and ingestion. TLV: 2.5
with subsequent evaporation and crystallization; re- mg(F)/m3.
action of beryllium sulfate with barium nitrate. Use: Making pure beryllium metal.
Grade: Technical, CP.
Use: Chemical reagent, gas-mantle hardener. beryllium sulfate.
Hazard: Very toxic. Oxidizing material, dangerous CAS: 13510-49-1. BeSO44H2O.
fire risk. Properties: Colorless crystals. D 1.713, decomposes
See beryllium. at 540C. Soluble in water; insoluble in alcohol.
Hazard: A carcinogen (OSHA). TLV: 0.002
beryllium nitride. Be3N2. (Be)mg/m3; Confirmed Human Carcinogen
Properties: Hard, refractory, white crystals. Mp See beryllium.
2200C, reacts with mineral acids to form the corre-
sponding salts of beryllium and ammonia. Readily Berzelius, J. J. (17791848). A native of Swe-
attached by strong alkali solutions, liberating am- den, Berzelius was one of the foremost chemists of
monia. the 19th century. He made many contributions to
Derivation: By heating beryllium metal powder in a both fundamental and applied chemistry; coined the
dry, oxygen-free nitrogen atmosphere at words isomer and catalyst; classified minerals by
7001400C. chemical compound; recognized organic radicals
Use: Atomic energy, production of the radioactive which maintain their identity in a series of reactions;
carbon isotope 14C for tracer uses. discovered selenium and thorium, and isolated sili-
See beryllium. con, titanium, and zirconium; did pioneer work with
solutions of proteinaceous materials which he rec-
beryllium oxide. (beryllia). ognized as being different from true solutions.
CAS: 1304-56-9. BeO.
Properties: White powder. A unique ceramic materi- Be Square [Baker Petrolite]. TM for a
al. D 3.016, mp 2570C. Hardness (Mohs) 9. Soluble hard or plastic grade of petroleum microcrystalline
in acids and alkalies; insoluble in water. High elec- wax.
trical resistivity and thermal conductivity; transpar-
ent to microwave radiation; undamaged by nuclear Bessel function. Solution of the Bessels equa-
radiation. High heat-stress resistance. Can be fabri- tion.
cated into finished shapes.
Derivation: By heating beryllium nitrate or hy- Bessels equation. Linear differential equation
droxide. x2y + xy + (x2 n2)y = 0, whose solutions are
Grade: Technical, CP, pure, single crystals. expressible as power series in x.
Hazard: Highly toxic by inhalation. Keep container
tightly closed and flush out after use. Bessonoffs reagent. (phospho-tungstic-phos-
Use: Electron tubes; resistor cores; windows in kly- phomolybdic acid). It gives a deep blue reaction
stron tubes; transistor mountings; high-temperature with ascorbic acid.
reactor systems; additive to glass, ceramics, and Use: For the detection of ascorbic acid.
plastics; preparation of beryllium compounds; cata-
lyst for organic reactions. Best, Charles H. (18991978). Born in Maine,
See beryllium. Best was educated at the University of Toronto,
where he distinguished himself as a student of bio-
beryllium potassium fluoride. (potassium chemistry. He collaborated with the late Dr. Freder-
beryllium fluoride). BeF22KF. ick Banting in the isolation of the hormone insulin.
Properties: White, crystalline masses. Soluble in He later became head of the insulin division of the
water; insoluble in alcohol. Connaught Laboratories of the University as well as
Hazard: Toxic by inhalation and ingestion. TLV: 2.5 of the Banting and Best Research Institute. He also
mg(F)/m3. developed histaminase (an antiallergic enzyme) and
BETA 148

the anticoagulant heparin. principle to that of an electric transformer in which

See Banting, Sir Frederick. the secondary windings are replaced with focusing
magnets. The electrons travel around the core in a
beta. (). A prefix having meanings analogous to vacuum tube placed between the magnets. At each
those of . revolution around the core the electrons pick up the
(1) It indicates (a) the position of a substituent atom same energy as the voltage that would have been
or radical in a compound; (b) the second position in a induced in one turn of wire at that point. The beta-
naphthalene ring; or (c) the attachment of a chemical tron can generate electron beams up to 320 MeV.
unit to the side chain of an aromatic compound. Invented by D. W. Kerst in 1940, it is used chiefly
(2) It refers to a secondary allotropic modification of for basic physical research.
a metal or compound.
(3) It designates a type of radioactive decay. See Bethanizing. The process of electrodepositing
beta particle. very pure zinc on iron or steel.
beta battery. Alternative name for the sodium-
Bettendorfs reagent. A reagent used for the
sulfur battery under development.
detection of arsenic in presence of bismuth and anti-
See storage battery; electrolyte.
mony compounds. It consists of a concentrated solu-
tion of stannous chloride in fuming hydrochloric
betaine hydrochloride. (lycine hydrochlo- acid.
ride). Hazard: Powerful tissue irritant.
CAS: 107-43-7. C5H11O2NHCl.
Properties: Colorless crystals. Mp 227228C (de-
composes). Soluble in water and alcohol; insoluble Better Locks Lite Almond Conditioner
in chloroform and ether. Aqueous solutions are [Afrocare]. TM for a hair treatment.
strongly acid. Liberates hydrogen chloride at the Use: Adds sheen, softenens, and absorbs oils.
mp.
Grade: Technical. Betterton-Kroll process. A process for ob-
Use: Source of hydrogen chloride in solders and taining bismuth and purifying desilverized lead that
fluxes, organic synthesis. contains bismuth. Metallic calcium or magnesium is
added to the molten lead to cause formation of high-
betaine phosphate. C5H11O2NH3PO4. melting intermetallic compounds with bismuth.
Properties: White, odorless granules; acid taste. Mp These separate as a surface scum and are skimmed
198200C. Very soluble in water. off. The excess calcium and magnesium are re-
Grade: Technical. moved from the lead by use of chlorine gas as mixed
Use: Source of phosphoric acid. molten chlorides of lead or zinc. Bismuth of
99.995% purity is produced in this way.
Betanox Special [Uniroyal]. TM for low-
temperature reaction product of phenyl--naphthyl- Betti reaction. The reaction of aromatic alde-
amine and acetone. hydes, primary aromatic or heterocylic amines, and
Properties: Tan powder. D 1.16, mp above 120C. phenols leading to -aminobenzylphenols.
Soluble in acetone, benzene, and ethylene dichlo-
ride; insoluble in water and gasoline.
Use: Antioxidant for wire insulation, tire treads, tire
Betts process. An electrolytic process for re-
moving impurities from lead in which pure lead is
carcass, inner tubes, dark-colored footwear, proof-
deposited on a thin cathode of pure lead from an
ing, and mechanical goods.
anode containing as much as 10% of silver, gold,
bismuth, copper, antimony, arsenic, selenium, and
beta particle. ( particle). A charged particle
other impurities. The electrolyte is lead fluosilicate
emitted from a radioactive atomic nucleus either
and fluosilicic acid. The scrap anodes and the resi-
natural or manufactured. The energies of particles
dues of impurities associated with them are either
range from 0 to 4 MeV. They carry a single charge; if
recast into anodes or treated to recover antimony
this is negative, the particle is identical with an
lead, silver, gold, bismuth, etc.
electron; if positive, it is a positron. -rays (streams
of these particles) may cause skin burns and are
harmful within the body. Protection to the skin can betula oil. See methyl salicylate.
be afforded by a thin sheet of metal.
See electron; decay; radioactive. Beutene [Uniroyal]. TM for a butyraldeh-
yde-aniline reaction product.
Betaprene [Reichhold]. TM for olefinic hy- Properties: Reddish-brown, free-flowing liquid. D
drocarbon resins used as coating vehicles. 0.95. Soluble in acetone, benzene, and ethylene di-
chloride; slightly soluble in gasoline; insoluble in
betatron. An electromagnetic device for acceler- water.
ating electrons ( particles). Its action is similar in Use: Rubber accelerator.
 149 BILE ACID

bevantolol hydrochloride. same type of ring.

CAS: 42864-78-8. mf: C20H27NO4ClH. See naphthalene.
Hazard: Moderately toxic by ingestion.
bicyclobutylidine.
BFE. Abbreviation for bromotrifluoroethylene. CAS: 6708-14-1. mf: C8H12.
Hazard: Moderately toxic by ingestion and inhala-
BF3-ether complex. See boron trifluoride tion.
etherate.
bicyclohexyl. (dicyclohexyl). C12H22.
BFI powder. Proprietary preparation of bis- Properties: Colorless, mobile liquid with pleasant
muth formic iodide. odor. Bp 238.5C, fp 13C, d 0.883 (25/16C), wt/gal
Use: Skin antiseptic. 7.37 lb, refr index 1.480 (20C), flash p 165F
(73.9C), autoign temp 471F (244C). Combustible.
BF3-MEA. See boron trifluoride monoethyla- Derivation: Hydrogenation of diphenyl.
mine. Use: High-boiling solvent and penetrant.

BF3MeOH. See boron trifluoridemethanol. Bidrin [Shell]. (TM for dimethyl phos-
phate of 3-hydroxy-N,N-dimethyl-cis-crotnamide;
BFPO. Abbreviation for bis(dimethylamino) dicrotophos).
fluorophosphine oxide. CAS: 141-66-2.
See dimefox. (CH3O)2P(O)OC(CH3):CHC(O)N(CH3)2.
Properties: Brown liquid with a mild ester odor. Bp
Bh. Symbol for bohrium. 400C. Miscible with water and xylene; slightly solu-
ble in kerosene and diesel fuel. Commercially avail-
BHA. Abbreviation for butylated hydroxyanisole. able water-miscible solution.
Hazard: Cholinesterase inhibitor. TLV: 0.25 mg/m3.
Toxic by skin absorption.
BHC. Abbreviation for benzene hexachloride.
Use: Insecticide.
BHMT amine. NH2(CH2)6NH(CH2)6NH2. A liq- biformin. C9H6O2. An antibiotic produced by the
uid polyalkylene polyamine. fungus Polyporus biformis, reported to be active
Use: In asphalt additives and corrosive inhibitors. against various bacteria and fungi.
BHN. Brinell hardness number. biformychlorazin. See triforine.
BHT. Abbreviation for butylated hydroxyto- Biginelli reaction. Synthesis of tetrahydropyri-
luene. midinones by the acid-catalyzed condensation of an
See 2,6-di-tert-butyl-p-cresol. aldehyde, a -keto ester, and urea.
Bi. Symbol for bismuth. B-I-K [Uniroyal]. TM for a surface-coated
urea.
bi-. Prefix meaning two; di- is preferred in chemi- Properties: White powder. D 1.32, melting range
cal nomenclature. Exceptions are bicarbonate, bi- 129134C. Soluble in water. Surface coating not
sulfate, bitartrate, in which it indicates the presence soluble in water but soluble in rubber. Slightly solu-
of hydrogen in the molecule, e.g., NaHCO3 (sodium ble in acetone; insoluble in benzene, gasoline, and
bicarbonate). ethylene dichloride.
See bis-. Use: Promoter for azodicarbonamide, a nitrogen
blowing agent; activator for thiazoles, sulfenam-
bibenzyl. See sym-diphenylethane. ides, and thiurams; odor reducer when used with
nitrosoamine-type blowing agents.
bicalcium phosphate. See calcium phos-
phate, dibasic. bilayer. A double layer of amphipathic lipid mol-
ecules that orient themselves so the hydrocarbon
bicarburetted hydrogen. See ethylene. tails face inward to form a continuous nonpolar
phase, and the polar head groups face outward. In
2,2-bichavicol. this way, they form the basic structure of mem-
CAS: 528-43-8. mf: C18H18O2. branes.
Hazard: Moderately toxic by ingestion.
Source: Natural product. bile acid. An acid found in bile (secretion of the
liver). Bile acids are steroids having a hydroxyl
bicyclic. An organic compound in which only two group and a five-carbon-atom side chain terminat-
ring structures occur. They may or may not be the ing in a carboxyl group. Cholic acid is the most
BILE SALTS 150

abundant bile acid in human bile. Others are deoxy- (2) In the food industry, a material used in sausage
cholic and lithocholic acids. The bile acids do not manufacture that absorbs moisture at high tempera-
occur free in bile but are linked to the amino acids tures, e.g., various flours, dried milk, and soy pro-
glycine and taurine. These conjugated acids are wa- tein. (3) Any cementitious material that is soft at
ter soluble. Their salts are powerful detergents and high temperatures and hard at room temperature,
as such aid in the absorption of fats from the intes- used to hold dry powders or aggregate together, e.g.,
tine. asphalt and sulfur in paving compositions, and res-
ins used in sand casting.
bile salts. Sodium salts of glycocholic and tauro- See paint.
cholic acids important for physiological fat absorp-
tion. binding energy. The energy that holds the pro-
tons together in an atomic nucleus. Since protons are
bilirubin. (bilifulvin). C33H36O6N4. Red coloring positively charged, they exert strong mutually repul-
matter of bile. Also occurs in blood serum as decom- sive forces and tremendous energy is required to
position product of hemoglobin. keep them from flying apart. This energy is so great
Properties: Orange-red powder. Mp 192C. Soluble that it results in a slightly lower value for the mass of
in acids, alkalies, chloroform, and benzene; insolu- a nucleus taken as a whole than for the sum of its
ble in water; very slightly soluble in alcohol and constituents taken individually. This phenomenon is
ether. of vast significance, for it means that a small fraction
Derivation: From bile pigment. of mass has been converted into energy within the
Use: Analytical chemistry, biochemical research. nucleus, as shown by Einsteins equivalence equa-
tion E = mc2. Thus, when a 235U nucleus (92 protons)
bimetal. A type of thermometer in which the is split, as in the fission process, a portion of its
sensing element consists of two thin strips of metals binding energy (equivalent to the mass difference) is
having different expansion coefficients bonded to- released. It amounts to approximately 200 million
gether in a helical or spiral structure. The extent of electron volts per nucleus. Binding energy may also
deflection or bending induced by temperature be defined as the minimum energy required to disso-
change is indicated by a pointer on a dial. Reason- ciate a nucleus into its component neutrons and
ably accurate readings are obtained in this way, the protons. The neutron or proton binding energy is
range being from 185 to 425C. Bimetals are used in that required to remove a neutron or a proton from a
both laboratory and industry. nucleus; the electron binding energy is that required
See thermometer. to remove an electron from an atom or molecule.
See mass defect; fission.
binapacryl. Generic name for 2-sec-butyl-4,6-
dinitrophenyl-3-methyl-2-butenoate. C15H8O6N2. binding site. A place on cellular DNA to which
Hazard: Toxic by ingestion and inhalation. a protein (such as a transcription factor) can bind.
Use: Acaricide and fungicide. Binding sites may be found in the vicinity of genes
and are involved in activating transcription of that
binary. Descriptive of a system containing two gene (promoter elements), in enhancing the tran-
and only two components. Such a system may be a scription of that gene (enhancer elements), or in
chemical compound composed of two elements, an reducing the transcription of that gene (silencers).
element and a group (hydroxyl, methyl, etc.), or two Note: Whether the protein in fact performs these
groups, (e.g., oxalic acid). It may also be a two- functions may depend on some condition, such as
component solution or alloy. the presence of a hormone, or the tissue in which the
gene is being examined. Binding sites could also be
binary acid. An acid containing no oxygen, e.g., involved in the regulation of chromosome structure
hydrofluoric acid. or of DNA replication.

binary alloy. Alloy containing two major ele- Bingham body. Fluid that does not exhibit
ments, exclusive of impurities. Newtonian flow, but moves in plugs.

binary diagram. Constitution diagram for a Bingham plastic. Substance that will not flow
binary metal alloy system. until its yield value is reached, then will flow nor-
mally.
bind. To exert a strong physiochemical attraction,
as often occurs between various proteins and water Bioaoctiv [Scott]. TM for wine additive.
in hydrophilic gels, between organic dyes and fab- Use: Enhances yeast survival.
rics, or between acids or bases and various chemical
complexes. Bioban [Angus]. TM for monocyclic oxazo-
lidines.
binder. (1) The film-forming ingredient in paint, Grade: Industrial.
usually either a drying oil or a polymeric substance. Available forms: Liquid.
 151 BIOELECTROCHEMISTRY

Use: Antimicrobial, preservative for coating formu- chlorinated hydrocarbons, organometallics, halo-
lations, latexes, emulsions, oil recovery, and metal- gen-releasing compounds, metallic salts, organic
working fluids. sulfur compounds, quaternary ammonium com-
pounds, and phenolics.
Bio-Care [Dow]. TM for hyaluronic acid. See antiseptic; disinfectant; fungicide; bactericide.
Use: Conditioner for hair and skin.
biocolloid. An aqueous colloidal suspension or
Biocheck [Nalco]. TM for a family of bio- dispersion produced by or within a living organism.
cides, fungicides, and slimicides. Blood, milk, and egg yolk are examples.
Use: Controlling and eliminating microbiological
growth in pulp- and paper-mill water systems as biocomputer. A computer in which the silicon in
well as for antibacterial papers. the microchips is replaced by a synthetic protein or
polypeptide coated with a silver compound, the
biochemical oxygen demand. (BOD). A combination behaving as a metallic semiconductor.
standardized means of estimating the degree of con- Such chips have been made experimentally; they
tamination of water supplies, especially those that have the potential of improving the storage capacity
receive contamination from sewage and industrial and operating efficiency of silicon chips substantial-
wastes. It is expressed as the quantity of dissolved ly. The materials used in the experimental chips
oxygen (in mg/L) required during stabilization of were polylysine on a glass substrate coated with an
the decomposable organic matter by aerobic bio- acrylate polymer and treated with silver nitrate.
chemical action. Determination of this quantity is
accomplished by diluting suitable portions of the bioconversion. Utilization of animal manures,
sample with water saturated with oxygen and mea- garbage, and similar organic wastes for production
suring the dissolved oxygen in the mixture both of fuel gases by digestion, gasification, or liquefac-
immediately and after a period of incubation, usual- tion.
ly five days. See biogas; biomass.
See sewage sludge; biodegradability; dissolved oxy-
gen (DO); oxygen consumed. biocytin. (-N-biotinyl-l-lysine). C16H28N4O4S.
Properties: A naturally occurring complex of biotin
biochemistry. Originally a subdivision of chem- isolated from yeast. Mp 228.5C. Water-soluble
istry but now an independent science, biochemistry crystals. The molecule arising from covalent attach-
includes all aspects of chemistry that apply to living ment of biotin to a Lys residue via an amide linkage.
organisms. Thus, photochemistry is directly in-
volved with photosynthesis, and physical chemistry biodegradability. The susceptibility of a sub-
with osmosistwo phenomena that underlie all stance to decomposition by microorganisms, specif-
plant and animal life. Other important chemical ically the rate at which detergents and pesticides and
mechanisms that apply directly to living organisms other compounds may be chemically broken down
are catalysis, which takes place in biochemical sys- by bacteria and/or natural environmental factors.
tems by the agency of enzymes; nucleic acid and Branched-chain alkylbenzene sulfonates (ABS) are
protein constitution and behavior, which are known much more resistant to such decomposition than are
to control the mechanism of genetics; colloid chem- linear alkylbenzene sulfonates (LAS), in which the
istry, which deals in part with the nature of cell long, straight alkyl chain is readily attacked by bac-
walls, muscles, collagen, etc.; acid-base relations, teria. If the branching is at the end of a long alkyl
involved in the pH of body fluids; and such nutri- chain (isoalkyls), the molecules are about as biode-
tional components as amino acids, fats, carbohy- gradable as the normal alkyls. The alcohol sulfate
drates, minerals, lipids, and vitamins, all of which anionic detergents and most of the nonionic deter-
are essential to life. The chemical organization and gents are biodegradable. Among pesticides, the or-
reproductive behavior of microorganisms (bacteria ganophosphorus types, while highly toxic, are more
and viruses) and a large part of agricultural chemis- biodegradable than DDT and its derivatives. Tests
try are also included in biochemistry. Particularly on a number of compounds gave results as follows.
active areas of biochemistry are nucleic acids, cell Easily biodegraded: n-propanol, ethanol, benzoic
surfaces (membranes), enzymology, peptide hor- acid, benzaldehyde, ethyl acetate. Less easily biode-
mones, molecular biology, and recombinant DNA. graded: ethylene glycol, isopropanol, o-cresol, di-
See biotechnology. ethylene glycol, pyridine, triethanolamine. Resis-
tant to biodegration: aniline, methanol,
biochrome. The colored matter that can be ex- monoethanolamine, methyl ethyl ketone, acetone.
tracted from plants or animals. Additives that accelerate biodegradation of polyeth-
ylene, polystyrene, and other plastics are available.
biocide. General name for any substance that kills
or inhibits the growth of microorganisms such as bioelectrochemistry. Application of the princi-
bacteria, molds, slimes, fungi, etc. Many of them are ples and techniques of electrochemistry to biologi-
also toxic to humans. Biocidal chemicals include cal and medical problems. It includes such surface
BIOENGINEERING 152

and interfacial phenomena as the electrical proper- genomic research data.

ties of membrane systems and processes, ion ad- See informatics.
sorption, enzymatic clotting, transmembrane pH
and electrical gradients, protein phosphorylation, bioinorganic chemistry. Study of the mecha-
cells, and tissues. nisms involved in the behavior of metal-containing
molecules in living organisms, e.g., biological trans-
bioengineering. Application of the principles port of iron, the effect of copper on nucleic acid and
and methods of chemical engineering to biotech- nucleoproteins, molybdenum, and manganese com-
nology. plexes, etc.

bioethics. An interdisciplinary science for which biological availability. Blood level or similar
research facilities were established in 1971, encom- tests that establish a significant concentration of a
passing the ethical and social issues resulting from drug in the bloodstream or other body systems
advances in medicine and the biosciences. Its scope where its presence is understood to be effective.
includes a number of areas of importance to chemis-
try, e.g., reproductive and genetic phenomena, or- biologicals. Medical products produced from liv-
gan transplants, gerontology and antiaging tech- ing organisms or their products. These include anti-
niques, biological warfare, contraception, etc. The gens, antitoxins, serums, and vaccines.
Kennedy Institute at Georgetown University, Wash-
ington, D.C., is the chief center for information biological stain. A dye for determining micro-
about this developing aspect of biomedical science. scopic structure of cells and tissues. The usefulness
depends on selective adsorption of stain by bacteria
bioflavonoid. A group of naturally occurring or tissue.
substances thought to maintain normal conditions in
the walls of the small blood vessels. The bioflavo- bioluminescence. (cold light).
noids are widely distributed among plants, especial- See chemiluminescence.
ly citrus fruits, black currants, and rose hips (hesper-
idin, rutin, quercitin). They have little or no biomarker. Specific biochemical compounds
medicinal value. that are detected within the body, and which have a
particular molecular feature that makes it useful for
biogas. Methane generated from animal manure measuring a specific process such as flux through a
by bacterial anaerobic digestion. Small-scale units pathway, the progress of a disease, or the effects of
have been in use for some years, and the possibilities treatment of a disease.
of utilizing the tremendous quantities of manure
available in the U.S. as an energy source have stimu- biomass. Any organic source of energy or chemi-
lated investigation of large-scale production. One cals that is renewable. Its major components are (1)
installation utilizing a thermophilic fermentation trees (wood) and all other vegetation; (2) agricultur-
technique at 5560C has been operating in Florida al products and wastes (corn, fruit, garbage ensilage,
since 1979, and another in Colorado since 1981. etc.); (3) algae and other marine plants; (4) metabol-
This energy source is also being exploited in China ic wastes (manure, sewage); and (5) cellulosic urban
and India. waste. Conversion of these is performed in several
See biomass. ways: (1) by combustion (heat); (2) by fermentation
(alcohol); (3) by gasification (synthesis gas); and (4)
biogenesis. See life, origin. by anaerobic digestion (methane). In terms of ener-
gy, wood is by far the most important component of
biogenic sediment. Sediment consisting of biomass. It has become a significant source of indus-
mineral grains that were once parts of organisms. trial heat, e.g., in paper mills and power plants, and
intensive cultivation of trees for this purpose is un-
biogeochemistry. A branch of geochemistry der way. Wood is also a potential source of alcohols;
dealing with the interactions between living organ- ethyl alcohol is produced from wood on large scale
isms and their mineral environment. It includes, in Brazil as a gasoline substitute. Agricultural
among other studies, the effect of plants on weather- wastes are fermented or gasified to synthesis gas;
ing of rocks, of the chemical transformations that manures and municipal waste yield methane (bio-
produced petroleum and coal, of the concentration gas) on digestion. In 1981, biomass supplied 3.5%
of specific elements in vegetation at some time in the of U.S. energy requirements, and this is expected to
geochemical cycle (iodine in sea plants, uranium in increase substantially.
some forms of decaying organic matter), and of the
organic constituents of fossils. biomaterial. Any material suitable for use as a
surgical implant within the body to replace or sup-
bioinformatics. The science of managing and port joints or tissues. Included are such metals as
analyzing biological data using advanced comput- aluminum, stainless steels, titanium, various forms
ing techniques. Especially important in analyzing of carbon, and especially plastics (polycarbonate,
 153 BIOTECHNOLOGY

polyurethane, nylon, silicones). They have been media.

used successfully in many areas of the body, from See fermentation.
hip and knee replacements to mastectomies. They
must be compatible with the interior environment, biopterin. An enzymatic cofactor derived from
noncorrosive, and nondegradable, and must dupli- pterin and involved in certain oxidation-reduction
cate as closely as possible the properties of the tis- reactions.
sues they replace. A notable breakthrough was made
in this field in 1982 when a complete artificial heart Biore [Kao]. TM for a marshmallow whip
was implanted successfully in a living human. Its facial foam.
chief component was polyurethane, the base was
aluminum, and the valves were pyrolytic graphite bioremediation. The use of biological organ-
together with polycarbonate and titanium. Other isms such as plants or microbes to aid in removing
materials under consideration are styrene-butadiene hazardous substances from an area.
copolymers for the diaphragms. The polyurethane
used in the first implanted heart is Biomer pro- bioresmethrin. C22H26O3 A synthetic insecticide
duced by a division of Johnson & Johnson. of the pyrethrin type. Biodegradable and has low
toxicity, it is nonpersistent and can act as a synergist.
Biomer [Johnson & Johnson]. TM for a
unique type of polyurethane used in heart implants. biorex.
CAS: 205943-18-6.
bioMeT 12 [ATOTECH]. TM for a rodent- mf: C22H19Cl2NO3C19H30O5C8H10C5H9NOC4
repellent coating for cables in which the active in- H6O3.
gredient is a mixture of tributyl tin salts. It has Hazard: A poison by ingestion.
proved 95% effective in preventing destruction of
telephone cables by rats and other rodents. Flexible, biostat. Any product that regulates growth of
transparent, and effective for six months or more, it microorganisms.
is applied mechanically over the plastic cable
sheathing. Can also be used to protect other types of biosynthesis. (1) Natural synthesis of organic
wiring, shipping containers, and similar products. compounds by plants and animals. For plants, this
includes not only photosynthetic formation of car-
biomimetic chemistry. An interdisciplinary bohydrates and protein synthesis by means of nitro-
approach to biochemistry including both organic gen-fixing bacteria, but also a wide range of special-
and inorganic aspects of this field. The term means ized organic compounds that are specific to
imitation or mimicry of natural organic processes in individual species; many of these are poisonous.
living systems, and encompasses such subjects as Animals and humans synthesize certain amino
enzyme systems, vitamin B12 and flavins, oxygen acids, hormones, cholesterol, etc. Some types
binding and activation, bioorganic mechanisms, and (snakes, fish, toads, etc.) synthesize unique and
nitrogen and small-molecule fixation. The tech- powerful toxic principles.
nique was utilized in the synthesis of the bleomycin (2) This term is also applied to such research
molecule. A notable example of biomimetic chemis- achievements as synthesis of edible single-cell pro-
try is the development of model synthetic catalysts teins by fermentation and gene-splicing techniques.
that imitate the action of natural enzymes. The be- See protein, single-cell; genetic engineering;
havior of chymotrypsin has been duplicated by a biotechnology.
manufactured catalyst that can accelerate certain
reaction rates by the incredible factor of 100 billion. biota. A collective term for all the animals and
plants of an ecosystem.
biomineral. A mineral made by biological or-
ganisms, characterized by intricate composite mi- biotechnology. A definition prepared by a com-
croarchitectures. mittee of British scientists in a report issued by the
Organization for Economic Cooperation and Devel-
biophyl. A highly refined form of verxite, con- opment (Paris) may be considered official and defin-
sisting of more than 99% pure hydrobiotite (magne- itive. It states that biotechnology is application of
sium, iron, aluminum silicate). scientific and engineering principles to the process-
Use: In foods and pharmaceuticals. ing of any organic or inorganic substance by biologi-
cal agents to provide goods and services; the biolog-
biopolymer. A water-soluble polymer resulting ical agents include a wide range of biological
from the action of bacteria (genus Xanthomonas) on catalysts, particularly microorganisms, enzymes,
carbohydrates. The viscosity is almost as low as that and animal and plant cells. This involves commer-
of water. Chromium ion can be added to increase cial production of chemical compounds from either
viscosity if desired. Such polymers are being used as (1) renewable resources (biomass) or (2) nucleic
viscosity builders in oil-well drilling muds and as acids (DNA). Examples of (1) are production of
thickeners and gel-strength additives in aqueous antibiotics, alcohols, and single-cell proteins by fer-
BIOTIN 154

mentation, and of (2) production of insulin, interfer- Soluble in alcohol, Carbitol, and Cellosolve;
on, and synthetic bacteria by gene splicing. Biotech- very slightly soluble in water.
nology constitutes a major worldwide technological Use: Soap, antioxidant.
revolution, and may prove to be the most important
development in the chemical industries since the 2,4-biphenyldiamine. See 2,4-diphenyldia-
plastics explosion of the 1930s. mine.
biotin. (vitamin H; 2-keto-3,4-imidazolido-2- 2,4-biphenyldiol.
tetrahydrothiophene-n-valeric acid). C10H16N2O3S. CAS: 134-52-1. mf: C12H10O2.
Biotin, frequently referred to as a member of the Hazard: A poison by skin contact.
vitamin B complex, is necessary for the mainte-
nance of health in animals and for growth of many
microorganisms.
2-(4-biphenylyl)-5,6-dihydro-s-traizolo(5,1-
a)isoquinoline.
CAS: 75318-64-8. mf: C22H17N3.
Hazard: Moderately toxic. A reproductive hazard.

(4,4-biphenylylenebis(2-oxoethylene))bis(3-
iodopyridinium) dibromide.
CAS: 63906-07-0. mf: C26H20I2N2O22Br.
Hazard: A poison.

4-(2-(1,1-biphenyl)-4-ylethoxy)quinazoline.
It influences fat metabolism, decarboxylation and CAS: 124428-11-1. mf: C22H18N2O.
carbon dioxide fixation, and deamination of some ami- Hazard: Moderately toxic by ingestion. A reproduc-
no acids. It is closely related metabolically to pantoth- tive hazard.
enic acid and folic acid. A biotin deficiency may be
induced by ingestion of avidin, a raw-egg protein, (2-biphenyloxy)tributyltin.
because of the formation of a nonabsorbable biotin- CAS: 3644-37-9. mf: C24H37OSn.
avidin complex. Biotin is synthesized in the intestinal Hazard: A poison. TWA 0.1 mg(Sn)/m3; STEL 0.2
tract of humans; therefore, normally it is not essential mg(Sn)/m3 (skin).
in the diet.
Properties: White crystals. Mp 230232C. Soluble -(4-biphenylyloxy)propionic acid.
in water and alcohol; insoluble in naphtha and chlo- CAS: 5555-13-5. mf: C15H14O3.
roform. Stable to heat, stable in neutral or acid solu- Hazard: A poison.
tion, destroyed by strong alkali or oxidizing agents.
Amounts are expressed in milligrams or micro- ((2-biphenylyloxy)tributyl)stannane. See
grams of biotin. (2-biphenyloxy)tributyltin.
Source: Egg yolk, kidney, liver, yeast, milk, mo-
lasses.
Grade: Practical, FCC. 2-(4-biphenylyl)-5h-s-triazolo(5,1-
Use: Medicine, nutrition. a)isoindole.
CAS: 75318-65-9. mf: C21H15N3.
N-biotinyl-l-lysine. See biocytin. Hazard: Moderately toxic. A reproductive hazard.

biotite. A component of igneous rocks and of soil, Birch reduction. Reduction of aromatic rings
similar to mica. It is a silicate of magnesium, iron, by means of alkali metals in liquid ammonia to give
potassium, and aluminum. mainly unconjugated dihydro derivatives.

Biozan [Kelco]. TM for welan gum. birefringent. Descriptive of a type of crystal that
separates an impinging light ray into two compo-
biphenol AF. See hexafluoroacetone bisphe- nents that are polarized at right angles to each other;
nol a. as a result, two images appear, each of which is
caused by a light ray vibrating in only one direction
biphenyl. See diphenyl. (plane-polarized light). Such anisotropic crystals
(e.g., Iceland spar) are used in nicol prisms.
o-biphenylamine. See o-aminobiphenyl. See nicol; anisotropic.

o-biphenyl biguanide. birth defect. Any harmful trait, physical or bio-

NH2(CNHNH)2C6H4C6H5H2O. chemical, present at birth, whether a result of a
Properties: White to faintly pink powder. Mp greater genetic mutation or of some other nongenetic factor.
than 150C on dried material, ash less than 0.5%. See congenital; gene; mutation; syndrome.
 155 BISCHLER-MOHLAU INDOLE

bis-. Prefix meaning twice or again. Used in rohydrin-bis(3-aminopropyl)methylamine co-

chemical nomenclature to indicate that a chemical polymer.
grouping or radical occurs twice in a molecule, e.g.,
bisphenol A, where two phenolic groups appear: 1,3-bis(2-
(CH3)2C(C6H5OH)2. benzothiazolylmercaptomethyl)urea.
(C6H4NCSSCH2NH)2CO.
N,N-bisacetoxethylaniline. Properties: Buff to light tan powder. Mp 220C, d
Grade: Brown liquid. 1.38 (25C).
Hazard: Combustible. Use: Rubber accelerator.
Use: Coupling agent for disperse dyes for synthetic
fibers. p-bis[2-(5-p-biphenylyloxazoyl)]benzene.
(BOPOB). C36H25O2N2.
bis(acetoxydibutylstannane) oxide. Properties: Shiny, yellow flakes. Mp 327328C,
CAS: 5967-09-9. mf: C20H42O5Sn2. fluorescence peak 4400 A. Sparingly soluble in tol-
Hazard: A poison. TWA 0.1 mg(Sn)/m3; STEL 0.2 uene.
mg(Sn)/m3 (skin). Grade: Purified.
Use: Scintillation counter, wavelength shifter in liq-
2,2-bis(acetoxymethyl)propyl acetate. uid scintillators.
CH3C(CH2OOCCH3)2CH2OOCCH3.
Properties: Colorless liquid. Refr index 1.4359 2,2-bis(p-bromophenyl)-1,1,1-
(20C). trichloroethane. C14H9Br2Cl3. The bromine
Use: As a plasticizer. analog of DDT.
Hazard: Toxic by ingestion.
2,3- bis(acetoxymethyl)quinoxaline di-n- Use: Insecticide.
oxide. See quinoxidine.
bis(butoxymaleoyloxy)dibutylstannane.
1,5-bis(4-aldoximinopyridinium)diethylether CAS: 15546-16-4. mf: C24H40O8Sn.
bibromide. See 1,1-(oxydiethylene)bis(4- Hazard: A poison by ingestion. TWA 0.1 mg(Sn)/
formylpyridinium bromide), dioxime. m3; STEL 0.2 mg(Sn)/m3 (skin).

bis(butoxymaleoyloxy)dioctylstannane.
bisamides. General formula RCONHRNHCOR. CAS: 29575-02-8. mf: C32H56O8Sn.
Properties: When R and R have high molecular Hazard: Moderately toxic by ingestion. TWA 0.1
weight, they are hard, light-colored waxes. mg(Sn)/m3; STEL 0.2 mg(Sn)/m3 (skin).
bis(2-aminoethyl)sulfide. (H2NCH2CH2)2S. bisaniline-p.
An ethyleneimine derivative. CAS: 2616-10-1. mf: C24H28N2.
Properties: Colorless liquid. Fp 2.6C, bp 238C, d 8.7 Hazard: Low toxicity by ingestion and skin contact.
lb/gal, refr index 1.5277, flash p 246F (118.9C).
Very soluble in water, benzene, and ethanol. Com- cis-bisascorbato(racemic-1,2-
bustible. diaminocyclohexane)platinum(II) hydrate.
Use: See ethyleneimine. CAS: 92784-30-0. mf: C18H28N2O12Pt.
Properties: IDLH 4 mg/m3 (as Pt).
bis(4-amino-3-methylcyclohexyl)methane. Hazard: A poison.
CAS: 6864-37-5. mf: C15H30N2.
Hazard: Moderately toxic by inhalation. bis(tert-butylperoxy)-2,5-dimethylhexane.
C16H34O4 A cross-linking agent for polymers.
1,4-bis(3-aminopropoxy)butane.
CAS: 7300-34-7. mf: C12H24N2O2. bis(butylthio)dimethyl stannane. See
Hazard: A poison by skin contact. Moderately toxic bis(butylthio)dimethyltin.
by ingestion and inhalation.
bis(butylthio)dimethyltin.
N,N-bis(3-aminopropyl)methylamine. CAS: 1000-40-4. mf: C10H24S2Sn.
CH3N(C3H6NH2)2. Hazard: A poison. TWA 0.1 mg(Sn)/m3; STEL 0.2
Properties: Liquid. D 0.9307 (20/20C), bp 240C, fp mg(Sn)/m3 (skin).
29.6C, flash p 220F (104.4C). Miscible with water.
Combustible. 2,3-bis(carbomethoxymercapto)quinoxaline.
Hazard: Irritant. CAS: 58705-49-0. mf: C12H10N2O4S2.
Use: Chemical intermediate. Hazard: A poison.

bis(3-aminopropyl)methylamine- Bischler-Mohlau indole synthesis. Forma-

epichlorohydrin copolymer. See epichlo- tion of 2-substituted indoles by heating o-halogeno-
BISCHLER-NAPIERALSKI 156

or o-hydroxy-ketones with excess aniline via cycli- bis(chloromethyl)ether. (dichloromethyl

zation of the intermediate 2-arylaminoketone. ether).
CAS: 542-88-1. (CH2Cl)O(CH2Cl).
Bischler-Napieralski reaction. Cyclodehyd- Properties: Reported to form spontaneously from
ration of -phenethylamides to 3,4-dihydroisoqui- formaldehyde and chloride ions in moist air.
noline derivatives by means of condensing agents Hazard: A carcinogen. Toxic by ingestion. TLV:
such as phosphorus pentoxide or zinc chloride. 0.001 ppm.
Use: Intermediate for ion-exchange resins; laborato-
ry reagent.
bis(2-chloroethoxy)methane. See dichloroe-
thyl formal. 3,3-bis(chloromethyl)oxetane. See
Penton.
4-(((p-(bis(2-chloroethyl)amino)phenyl)
imino)methyl)-5-hydroxy-6-methyl-3- bis(p-chlorophenoxy)methane.
pyridinemethanol. (ClC6H4O)2CH2.
CAS: 79967-32-1. mf: C18H21Cl2N3O2. Properties: Solid. Mp 65C. Insoluble in water and
Hazard: A poison. oils; soluble in ether and acetone.
Use: Acaricide.
5-[bis(2-chloroethyl)amino]uracil. (uracil
mustard). 2,7-bis(4-chlorophenyl)benzo(lmn)
(3,8)phenanthroline-1,3,6,8(2h,7h)-tetrone.
CAS: 64005-91-0. mf: C26H12Cl2N2O4.
CONHCONHCHCN(C2H4Cl)2. Hazard: A poison.
Properties: A cream-white, odorless, crystalline
compound. Moderately soluble in methanol and ac- 2,2-bis(p-chlorophenyl)-1,1-dichloroethane.
etone. See TDE.
Use: In medicine.
1,1-bis(p-chlorophenyl)ethanol. See di(p-
bis(2-chloroethyl) (2-chloroethyl) chlorophenyl)ethanol.
phosphonate.
CAS: 6294-34-4. mf: C6H12Cl3O3P. bis(p-chlorophenylthio)dimethyl stannane.
Hazard: Moderately toxic by ingestion. Low toxicity See bis(p-chlorophenylthio)dimethyltin.
by skin contact. Experimental reproductive effects.
A mild skin and eye irritant. bis(p-chlorophenylthio)dimethyltin.
Hazard: A reproductive hazard. CAS: 55216-04-1. mf: C14H14Cl2S2Sn.
Hazard: A poison. TWA 0.1 mg(Sn)/m3; STEL 0.2
mg(Sn)/m3 (skin).
9-(2,2-bis(2-chloroethyl)hydrazino)acridine
monohydrochloride. 1,1-bis(p-chlorophenyl)-2,2,2-trichlor-
CAS: 29023-83-4. mf: C17H17Cl2N3ClH.
Hazard: A poison by ingestion.
ethanol. (4,4-dichloro--trichloromethylben-
zhydrol; Kelthane). CCl3C(C6H4Cl)2OH. An alco-
Use: Agricultural chemical. hol analog of DDT.
Hazard: Toxic by inhalation and ingestion.
bis(2-chloroethyl) phthalate. Use: Miticide.
CAS: 6279-87-4. mf: C12H12Cl2O4.
Hazard: Moderately toxic by ingestion and skin con- bis(cumene)chromium. See dicumene chro-
tact. A mild skin irritant. mium.

bis(2-chloroethylsulfonylmethyl)ether. See n,n-bis(2-cyanoethyl)-n-4-hydroxy-1-

1,1-(oxybis(methylenesulfonyl))bis(2-chloroe- anthraquinonylsulfonilamide.
thane). CAS: 66903-22-8. mf: C26H20N4O5S.
Hazard: A poison.
1,1-bischloromercuriferrocene. [1,1- n,n-bis-(1-(2-cyanoethyl)thioacetaldehyde
di(chloromercuri)ferrocene]. (ClHgC5H4)2Fe. o-(n-methylcarbamoyl)oxime)disulfide.
Use: Inorganic polymers. CAS: 68789-93-5. mf: C14H20N6O4S4.
Hazard: A poison by ingestion.
bis-1,2-(chloromethoxy)ethane. Use: Agricultural chemical.
CAS: 13483-18-6. mf: C4H8Cl2O2.
Properties: Viscous liquid. Bp: 99100 @ 22 mm, n,n-bis(2-cyano-2-methylpropionaldehydeo-
d: 1.2879 @ 14/15. (n-methylcarbamoyl)oxime)sulfide.
Hazard: Questionable carcinogen. CAS: 63942-43-8. mf: C14H20N6O4S.
 157 ((3,5-BIS(1,1-DIMETHYLETHYL)

Hazard: A poison by ingestion. bis(1,3-dithiocyanato-1,1,3,3-

Use: Agricultural chemical. tetrabutyldistannoxane).
CAS: 38998-91-3. mf: C36H72N4O2S4Sn4.
bis(cyclohexyl)carbodiimide. See n,n-meth- Hazard: A poison. TWA 0.1 mg(Sn)/m3; STEL 0.2
anetetrayl biscyclohexanamine. mg/m3 (skin)

bis-cyclopentadienyliron. See dicyclopenta- bis(dodecanoloxy)dioctylstannane. See di-

dienyliron. octyldi(lauroyloxy)stannane.

bis(l-cysteinato)mercury. bis((2-(ethyl)hexyloxy)maleoyloxy) di(n-

CAS: 12550-82-2. mf: C6H12HgN2O4S2. butyl)stannane.
Properties: IDLH 10 mg/m3 (as Hg). CAS: 15546-12-0. mf: C32H56O8Sn.
Hazard: Moderately toxic by ingestion. TWA 0.01. Hazard: A poison by ingestion. A skin and eye irri-
STEL 0.03 mg/m3 (skin) tant. TWA 0.1 mg(Sn)/m3; STEL 0.2 mg(Sn)/m3
(skin).
bis(decanoyloxy)di-n-butylstannane. bis(2,6-diethylphenyl)carbodiimide.
CAS: 3465-75-6. mf: C28H56O4Sn. (CH2H5)2C6H3NCNC6H3(C2H5)2.
Hazard: A poison by ingestion. A severe skin and Properties: Light-yellow to red-brown liquid; faint-
eye irritant. TWA 0.1 mg(Sn)/m3; STEL 0.2 ly acrid odor. D 1.007 (20/20C), bp 192194C (0.4
mg(Sn)/m3 (skin). mm Hg), refr index 1.591 (23C). Soluble in organic
solvents. Combustible.
bis(decanoyloxy)di-n-butyltin. See Hazard: Toxic by inhalation. Damaging to eyes.
bis(decanoyloxy)di-n-butylstannane. Use: Stabilizers in polyester and urethane systems,
intermediate for textile chemicals and pharmaceu-
bis(dibutylacetoxytin)oxide. See ticals.
bis(acetoxydibutylstannane) oxide.
bis(2,6-diisopropylphenyl)carbodiimide.
bis(dibutyldithiocarbamato)copper. See CAS: 2162-74-5. mf: C25H34N2.
copper bis(dibutyldithiocarbamate). Hazard: A poison by ingestion.

bis(dibutyldithiocarbamato)dibenzylstannane. 2,6-bis(dimethylaminomethyl)
CAS: 64653-03-8. mf: C32H50N2S4Sn. cyclohexanone. [(CH3)2NCH2]2C6H8O.
Hazard: A poison. TWA 0.1 mg(Sn)/m3; STEL 0.2 Properties: D 0.95 (20C).
mg(Sn)/m3 (skin). Use: Preservative for aqueous paint systems, casein,
pigment dispersions, and adhesives.
bis((dibutyldithiocarbamoyl)oxy)
dibenzylstannane. See 2,6-bis(dimethylaminomethyl)cyclohexanone
bis(dibutyldithiocarbamato)dibenzylstannane. dihydrochloride. C12H24N2O2HCl.
Properties: Free-flowing, white to off-white crystal-
bis(dibutyldithiocarbamato) line salt.
dimethylstannane. Use: Preservative for aqueous systems, latex paints,
CAS: 66009-08-3. mf: C20H42N2S4Sn. adhesives coatings, wax emulsions, casein, and
Hazard: A poison. TWA 0.1 mg(Sn)/m3; STEL 0.2 starch solution.
mg(Sn)/m3 (skin).
bis(4-dimethylamino)triphenylcarbinol.
C6H5C(OH)[C6H4N(CH3)2]2.
bis((dibutyldithiocarbamoyl)oxy) Properties: Solid. Mp 121123C. Very soluble in
dimethylstannane. See ether and hot benzene; soluble in acids.
bis(dibutyldithiocarbamato)dimethylstannane. Use: Dyestuffs.
See malachite green.
2,7-bis(3,4-dichlorophenyl)
benzo(lmn)(3,8)phenanthroline- bis(1,3-dimethylbutyl)amine.
1,3,6,8(2h,7h)-tetrone. [(CH3)2CH2CH2CH(CH3)]2NH.
CAS: 222420-34-0. mf: C26H10Cl4N2O4. Properties: Liquid. D 0.7720.778 (20/20C), distil-
Hazard: A poison. lation range 179.0205C, bulk d 6.5 lb/gal, flash p
160F (71.1C). Combustible.
bis(2,2-dichlorovinyl) sulfoxide. See 1,1-
sulfinylbis(1,2-dichloroethane). ((3,5-bis(1,1-dimethylethyl)-4-hydroxy-
phenyl)methyl)phosphonic acid,
bis(diethyldithiocarbamato)copper. See monoethyl ester, nickel(2+) salt (2:1).
copper(II) diethyldithiocarbamate. CAS: 30947-30-9. mf: C34H56O8P2Ni.
2,4-BIS(1,1-DIMETHYLETHYL) 158

Hazard: Confirmed human carcinogen. Moderately Properties: A liquid.

toxic by ingestion. Use: In vacuum pumps.

2,4-bis(1,1-dimethylethyl)-6-(1-(4- bis(2-ethylhexyl)thiodipropionate.
methoxyphenyl)ethyl)phenol. CAS: 10526-15-5. mf: C22H42O4S.
CAS: 71712-04-4. mf: C23H32O2. Hazard: Moderately toxic by ingestion. A mild skin
Hazard: Moderately toxic by ingestion. and eye irritant.
Use: Agricultural chemical.
bis(2-ethylhexylthioglycolate)dibutyltin.
bis((4-(1,1-dimethylethyl)phenyl) See dibutyldi(2-
methyl) 3-pyridinylcarbonimidodithioate. ethylhexyloxycarbonylmethylthio)stannane.
CAS: 51308-76-0. mf: C28H34N2S2.
Hazard: Moderately toxic by ingestion. bis(2-ethylhexylthioglycolate)dioctyltin.
Use: Agricultural chemical. See di-n-octyltin bis(2-ethylhexyl) mercapt-
oacetate.
bis((5,5-dimethyl-2-isopropylimino-4-(o-(n-
methylcarbamoyl)oximino)-1,3- N,N-bis(1-ethyl-3-methylpentyl)-p-
dithiolane))sulfide. phenylenediamine. C6H4(NHC8H17)2.
CAS: 71108-02-6. mf: C20H32N6O4S5. Properties: Dark, reddish-brown liquid. D approxi-
Hazard: A poison by ingestion. mately 0.90; bulk d 7.5 lb/gal. Combustible.
Use: Agricultural chemical. Use: Antioxidant for polyunsaturated elastomers.
1,1-bis(dimethyloctoxysilyl)ferrocene. 2,2-bis(p-ethylphenyl)-1,1-dichloroethane.
CAS: 32613-12-0. mf: C30H54FeO2Si2. See 1,1-dichloro-2,2-bis(p-ethylphenyl)ethane.
Hazard: A poison by inhalation. Low toxicity by
ingestion.
bis(ethylthio)methylene malononitrile.
N,N-bis(1,4-dimethylpentyl)-p-phenylene- CAS: 18771-38-5. mf: C8H10N2S2.
diamine. (diheptyl-p-phenylenediamine). Hazard: A poison by ingestion and skin contact. A
C6H4(CNH7H15)2. severe eye irritant.
Properties: Amber to red liquid. D 0.90, fp 7.2C.
Combustible. bisethylxanthogen. (C2H5OCSS)2.
Use: Gasoline antioxidant and sweetener. Properties: Yellow needles; onionlike odor. Mp
2832C. Insoluble in water; freely soluble in ben-
bis(dimethyl(vinyl)silyl)amine. See 1,1,3,3- zene, ether, petroleum fractions.
tetramethyl-1,3-divinyldisilazane. Grade: 58% soluble in oil.
Use: Weed control, rubber accelerator, fungicide.
n,n-bis-(1,4-dithiane-2-o-(n-
methylcarbamoyl)oximino)sulfide. bis(2-fluoro-2,2-dinitroethoxy)methane.
CAS: 63956-71-8. mf: C12H18N4O4S5. See formaldehyde bis(2-fluoro-2,2-dinitroe-
Hazard: Moderately toxic by ingestion. thyl) acetal.
Use: Agricultural chemical.
1-(2-(bis(4-fluorophenyl)methoxy)ethyl)-4-
bis(ethane-1,2-diamine)copper(2+) (3-phenylpropyl)piperazine
diperchlorate. dihydrochloride.
CAS: 36407-48-4. mf: C4H16CuN42ClO4. CAS: 67469-78-7. mf: C28H32F2N2O2ClH.
Hazard: Moderately toxic by ingestion and inhala- Hazard: A poison.
tion.
1,3-bis(3-glycidoxypropyl)tetra-
bis(ethenyldimethylsilyl) ether. See sym- methyldisiloxane.
tetramethyldivinyldisiloxane. [OCH2CHCH2O(CH2)3Si(CH2)2]2O.
Properties: Liquid. D 0.99 (25C), refr index 1.4500
bis(2-ethylhexyloxycarbonylmethylthio) (25C), bp approximately 185C (2 mm Hg). Soluble
dibutylstannane. See in acetone and benzene; insoluble in water. Flash p
bis(isooctyloxycarbonylmethylthio)dibutyl stan- 300F (149C). Combustible.
nane. Use: Chemical intermediate.

bis(2-ethylhexyloxycarbonylmethylthio) bis(guanidinium) chromate.

dimethylstannane. See CAS: 5188-42-1. mf: C2H10N6CrH2O4.
bis(isooctyloxycarbonylmethylthio)dimethylstannane. Properties: IDLH Ca [15 mg/m3 as Cr(VI)].
Hazard: Poison. TWA 0.05 mg(Cr)/m3; Confirmed
bis(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate. C24H38O4. Human Carcinogen
 159 BIS(ISOOCTYLOXYCARBON

bis(hexanoyloxy)di-n-butylstannane. carburetors. Also used as foaming agent in sham-

CAS: 19704-60-0. mf: C20H40O4Sn. poos, detergents, tooth pastes, and the like.
Hazard: A poison by ingestion. A skin and eye irri-
tant. TWA 0.1 mg(Sn)/m3; STEL 0.2 mg(Sn)/m3 N,N-bis(hydroxyethyl)oleamide.
(skin). CH3(CH2)7HC:CH(CH2)7CON(CH2CH2OH)2. A
technical grade containing 25% excess amine. Light
bis(hexanoyloxy)di-n-butyl-tin. See amber liquid with faint odor.
bis(hexanoyloxy)di-n-butylstannane. Use: As a surface-active agent.

bis(hydrogen maleato)dibutyl-tin bis(2- bis[hydroxyethylpoly(ethyleneoxy)

ethylhexyl) ester. See bis((2-(eth- ethylpropyleneglycol. See poloxalene; po-
yl)hexyloxy)maleoyloxy) di(n-butyl)stannane. loxalene free-choice liquid type c feed.

bis(hydrogen maleato)dioctyltin bis(2- -bishydroxyethyl sulfide. See thiodiglycol.

ethylhexyl) ester. See di-n-octyltin bis(2-
ethylhexyl maleate). 1,7-bis(hydroxymethyl)carborane. See m-
carboranedimethanol.
bishydroxycoumarin. [3,3-methylenebis(4-
hydroxycoumarin)dicoumarol]. C19H12O6. bis(hydroxymethyl)-m-carborane. See m-
Properties: White or creamy-white crystalline pow- carboranedimethanol.
der; faint pleasant odor; slightly bitter taste. Mp
287293C. Readily soluble in solutions of fixed bis(hydroxymethyl)-o-carborane. See o-
alkali hydroxides; slightly soluble in chloroform; carboranedimethanol.
almost insoluble in water, alcohol, and ether.
Derivation: (1) Originally extracted from spoiled 1,3-bishydroxymethylurea. See dimethylo-
sweet clover; (2) synthetically from methyl acetyl- lurea.
salicylate sodium and formaldehyde.
Grade: USP. bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)methanone (2,4-
Hazard: May cause hemorrhage. dinitrophenyl)hydrazone.
Use: Anticoagulant for blood. CAS: 2675-35-6. mf: C19H14N4O.
Hazard: Moderately toxic by ingestion.
bis(1-hydroxycyclohexyl)peroxide.
C6H10(OH)2O2. 4,4-bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)pentanoic acid.
Properties: Fine, white powder. Mp 6668C. Active (diphenolic acid; DPA).
oxygen 6.6% min. CH3C(C6H4OH)2CH2CH2COOH.
Hazard: Dangerous fire risk in contact with organic Properties: Light-tan granules. Mp 170173C, d
materials. Strong oxidizing agent. 1.301.32. Soluble in acetic acid, acetone, and etha-
Use: Catalyst for polymerization of polyester resins. nol; insoluble in benzene, carbon tetrachloride, and
xylene. Slightly soluble in water.
N,N-bis(2-hydroxyethyl)alkylamine. Clear Use: Paint formulations, coatings, and finishes.
liquid used as an antistatic for blow molding appli-
cations for polyolefins. Approved for use in food bishydroxyphenyl sulfone. See dihydroxy-
packaging films. diphenyl sulfone.

bis(hydroxyethyl)butynediol ether. 1,4-bis(2-hydroxypropyl)-2-

HO(CH2)2OCH2CCCH2CCCH2O(CH2)2OH. methylpiperazine. C11H24O2N2.
Properties: Dark brown liquid. D 1.136 (25/15C), Properties: Liquid; odorfree. Bp 145C (3 mm Hg), d
solidifies below 15C, distillation range 116235C 1.0013 (25/25C), refr index 1.4803 (20C), flash p
(10 mm Hg). 300F (149C). Miscible with water. Combustible.
Hazard: May explode under alkaline conditions at Use: Catalyst, chemical intermediate.
high temperature.
Use: Intermediate for polyesters, plasticizers, and bis-intercalator. A unique type of natural anti-
plastics, nickel brightener in electroplating, corro- biotics that have antitumor and antimicrobial prop-
sive inhibitor, pickling inhibitor prior to copper erties. They function by interposing two symmetri-
plating. cal groups between the nucleotide bases of the DNA
molecule. Some are quite toxic and may be muta-
n,n-bis(2-hydroxyethyl)cocoamide. See co- genic.
conut oil acid diethanolamine. See carzinophillin A.

bis(hydroxyethyl) cocoamine oxide. A de- bis(isooctyloxycarbonylmethylthio)dibutyl

rivative coconut oil claimed to be useful as a gaso- stannane.
line additive to inhibit rust formation and icing of CAS: 25168-24-5. mf: C28H56O4S2Sn.
BIS(ISOOCTYLOXYCARBON 160

Hazard: Moderately toxic by ingestion. TWA 0.1 bis(2-methoxyethoxy)ethyl ether. See di-
mg(Sn)/m3; STEL 0.2 mg(Sn)/m3 (skin). methoxytetraglycol.

bis(isooctyloxycarbonylmethylthio) 2,12-bis(1-(methoxyimino)ethyl)-5,9-dioxo-
dimethylstannane. n,n,n,n,6,8-hexamethyl-4,10-dioxa-7-thia-
CAS: 26636-01-1. mf: C22H44O4S2Sn. 3,6,8,11-tetraazatrideca-2,11-
Hazard: Moderately toxic by ingestion. TWA 0.1 dienediamide.
mg(Sn)/m3; STEL 0.2 mg(Sn)/m3 (skin). CAS: 90293-56-4. mf: C18H30N8O8S.
Hazard: A poison by ingestion.
bis(isooctyloxymaleoyloxy)dioctylstannane. Use: Agricultural chemical.
CAS: 33568-99-9. mf: C40H72O8Sn.
Hazard: Moderately toxic by ingestion. TWA 0.1 bis(methoxymaleoyloxy)dibutylstannane.
mg(Sn)/m3; STEL 0.2 mg(Sn)/m3 (skin). CAS: 15546-11-9. mf: C18H28O8Sn.
Hazard: A poison by ingestion. TWA 0.1 mg(Sn)/
bis(isopropylbenzene)chromium. See dicu- m3; STEL 0.2 mg(Sn)/m3 (skin).
mene chromium.
bis(methoxymaleoyloxy)dioctylstannane.
CAS: 60494-19-1. mf: C26H44O8Sn.
2,4-bis(isopropylamino)-6-methoxy-s- Hazard: Moderately toxic by ingestion. TWA 0.1
triazine. (Gesafram; ontrach; promitol; mg(Sn)/m3; STEL 0.2 mg(Sn)/m3 (skin).
prometon).
CAS: 1610-18-0. C10H19N5O.
Properties: White, extruded pellets. 2,7-bis(4-methoxyphenyl)benzo(lmn)(3,8)
Hazard: Toxic by ingestion. phenanthroline-1,3,6,8(2h,7h)-tetrone.
Use: Industrial herbicide. CAS: 64005-84-1. mf: C28H18N2O6.
Hazard: A poison.
bis-keto-triazine. (Permafresh 110). Water-
white liquid, 40% active. Can be cured with magne- bis(1-methylamyl)sodium sulfosuccinate.
sium chloride to provide chlorine resistance; com- (dihexyl sodium sulfosuccinate). C16H29NaO7S.
Properties: White, waxy particles. Readily soluble
patible with optical brighteners. Used as a wash-
in hot water; slowly in cold water; soluble in ben-
and-wear finish for cellulosics and blends of
zene, carbon tetrachloride, acetone, and glycerol.
cellulosics.
Hydrolyzes in alkaline media.
Use: Surfactant, wetting agent.
bis(lauroyloxycarbonylmethylthio)
dioctylstannane. See di-n-octyltin N,N-bis(1-methylheptyl)-p-phenylene-
bis(laurylthioglycolate). diamine. C6H4[NHCH(CH3)C6H13]2.
Properties: Dark reddish-brown liquid. D approxi-
bismanol. (MnBi). An alloy or compound of bis- mately 0.90 at (26.6C), wt/gal 7.5 lb. Combustible.
muth and manganese which has an exceptionally Use: Antiozonant in polyunsaturated elastomers.
high coercive force (3400 oersteds) and a high ener-
gy product. Produced by U.S. Naval Ordnance Lab- bis(2-methylallyl) diglycolate.
oratory by powder metallurgy methods and used as a CAS: 63917-25-9.
permanent magnet. Hazard: Moderately toxic by ingestion.
Use: Agricultural chemical.
Bismarck brown. See C.I. basic brown 4.
n,n-bis-(2-(o-(n-methylcarbamoyl)oximino)-
Bismarck Brown R. (toluene-2,4-diazo- 1,4-dithiane)disulfide.
bis-m-toluylenediamine hydrochloride; CI CAS: 68789-89-9. mf: C12H18N4O4S6.
21010). CH3C6H3[NNC6H2(CH3)(NH2)2]22HCl. Hazard: A poison by ingestion.
Properties: Dark brown powder. Soluble in water Use: Agricultural chemical.
and alcohol.
Derivation: Action of nitrous acid on toluylene di- 2,3:4,5-bis-o-(1-methylethylidene)--d-
amine. fructopyranose, methyl((2-(1-
Use: Dye for wool and leather, biological stain. methylethoxy)phenoxy)carbonyl)
amidosulfite.
Bismarck Brown Y. (4,4-[m-phenylene- CAS: 81897-50-9. mf: C23H33NO10S.
bis(azo)]bis(m-phenylenediamine)dihydrochloride; Hazard: Moderately toxic by ingestion.
CI 21000). C6H4-1,3-[NNC6H3-2,4-(NH2)2HCl]2. Use: Agricultural chemical.
Properties: Black to brown powder. Soluble in wa-
ter; insoluble in benzene and carbon tetrachloride. 1,2:4,5-bis-o-(1-methylethylidene)--d-
Use: Dyeing textiles, biological stain. fructopyranose, methyl((3-
 161 BISMUTH ANTIMONIDE

methylphenoxy)carbonyl) amidosulfite. n,n-bis(1-methylthio-1-(n,n-dimethyl-

CAS: 81862-13-7. mf: C21H29NO9S. carbonyl)formaldehyde-o-(n-methyl-
Hazard: Moderately toxic by ingestion. carbamoyl)oxime)sulfide.
Use: Agricultural chemical. CAS: 63942-44-9. mf: C14H24N6O6S3.
Hazard: A poison by ingestion.
2,3:4,5-bis-o-(1-methylethylidene)--d- Use: Agricultural chemical.
fructopyranose, methyl((3-
methylphenoxy)carbonyl) amidosulfite.
CAS: 81862-12-6. mf: C21H29NO9S. bismite. See bismuth trioxide.
Hazard: Moderately toxic by ingestion.
Use: Agricultural chemical. bismuth. Bi. Metallic element of atomic number
83, group VA of the periodic table. Aw 208.9804.
1,2:4,5-bis-o-(1-methylethylidene)--d- Valences 3, 5; no stable isotopes; four naturally
fructopyranose, methyl((1- radioactive isotopes.
naphthalenyloxy) carbonyl)amidosulfite. Properties: Brittle metal with reddish tinge. Soluble
CAS: 81862-22-8. mf: C24H29NO9S. in nitric and hydrochloric acids. Highly diamagnetic
Hazard: Moderately toxic by ingestion. (mass susceptibility 1.35 106). Expands 3.3% on
Use: Agricultural chemical. solidification. Electrical resistivity higher in solid
than in liquid state. Extrudable at 437F, not fabrica-
1,2:5,6-bis-o-(1-methylethylidene)--d- ble at room temperature, d 9.8 (20C), mp 271C, bp
glucofuranose, ((((2-(dimethylamino)-2- 1560C, Brinell hardness 7. Thermal conductivity
oxo-1-(methylthio)ethylidene)amino)oxy) (0.018 cal/sec cm (250C)) is lowest of all metals
carbonyl)methylamidosulfite. except mercury. On heating it burns to form the
CAS: 81877-66-9. mf: C19H31N3O10S2. oxide.
Hazard: A poison by ingestion. Source: (1) Metallurgical by-products (often lead
Use: Agricultural chemical. bullion) obtained chiefly from smelting ores of lead,
silver, copper, and gold; (2) ores used chiefly for
bis((4-(1-methylethyl)phenyl)methyl) 3- their bismuth and one or two other metals as tin and
pyridinylcarbonimidodithioate. tungsten.
CAS: 51308-75-9. mf: C26H30N2S2. Derivation: Debismuthizing of lead bullion by (1)
Hazard: Moderately toxic by ingestion. fractional crystallization; (2) electrolytic (Betts) re-
Use: Agricultural chemical. fining; or (3) addition of calcium or magnesium
(Betterton-Kroll process), which removes bismuth.
2,7-bis(4-methylphenyl)benzo(lmn) Method of purification: By addition of molten caus-
(3,8)phenanthroline-1,3,6,8(2h,7h)-tetrone. tic, zinc, and finally chlorine (to make removable
CAS: 989-74-2. mf: C28H18N2O4. chlorides of the impurities).
Hazard: A poison. Impurities: Lead, iron, copper, arsenic, antimony,
selenium.
1,4-bis[2-(4-methyl-5-phenyloxazolyl)] Available forms: Rods, wire, lump, powder.
benzene. (dimethyl-POPOP). Grade: 99.5+% pure, high purity (less than 10 ppm
CAS: 3073-87-8. C6H4[C3NO(CH3)C6H5]2. Yellow impurities), single crystals.
needles with a bluish fluorescence, mp 231234C. Hazard: Flammable in powder form.
Use: As a scintillation phosphor. Use: Pharmaceuticals and medicine, cosmetics (eye
shadow, lipstick), component of low-melting (fusi-
n,n-bis(2-methylsulfonyl-2-methylpropion- ble) alloys, catalyst in making acrylonitrile, additive
aldehyde-o-(n-methylcarbamoyl) to improve machinability of steels and other metals,
oxime)sulfide. coating selenium, thermoelectric materials, perma-
CAS: 63942-42-7. mf: C14H26N4O8S3. nent magnets, semiconductors.
Hazard: A poison by ingestion. See bismuthinite.
Use: Agricultural chemical.

bis((methylsulfonyl)oxy)dibutylstannane. bismuth ammonium citrate.

Properties: Pearly, shining, transparent scales or
See di-n-butyltin bismethanesulfonate.
white powder; slightly acid, metallic taste. Compo-
sition varies. Soluble in water; slightly soluble in
bis((methylsulfonyl)oxy)dipropylstannane. alcohol.
See di-n-propyltin bismethanesulfonate. Derivation: Interaction of bismuth subnitrate, citric
acid, and ammonium hydroxide.
n,n-bis-(1-methylthioacetaldehyd-o-(n- Use: Medicine.
methylcarbamoyl)oxim)-disulfid.
CAS: 68789-90-2. mf: C10H18N4O4S4.
Hazard: A poison by ingestion. bismuth antimonide. BiSb. Single crystals
Use: Agricultural chemical. used as semiconductors.
BISMUTH BROMIDE 162

bismuth bromide. (bismuth tribromide). bismuth glance. See bismuthinite.

BiBr3.
Properties: Yellow, crystalline powder. D 5.7, bp bismuth hydrate. See bismuth hydroxide.
453C, mp 218C. Hygroscopic. Decomposed by wa-
ter with formation of bismuth oxybromide. Soluble bismuth hydroxide. (bismuth hydrate; bis-
in either hydrochloric acid (dilute) or solutions of muth oxyhydrate; bismuth trihydroxide; bismuth
potassium iodide, bromide, and chloride. Insoluble trihydrate; hydrated bismuth oxide). Bi(OH)3.
in alcohol. Properties: White, amorphous powder. D 4.36. Sol-
uble in acids, insoluble in water.
bismuth bromide oxide. See bismuth oxy- Derivation: Action of sodium hydroxide on a solu-
bromide. tion of bismuth nitrate.
Use: Plutonium separation, hydrolysis of ribonucleic
bismuth carbonate, basic. See bismuth acid, absorbent.
subcarbonate.
bismuthinite. (bismuth glance). Bi2S3. May
bismuth chloride. (bismuth trichloride). contain copper or iron.
BiCl3. Properties: Lead-gray mineral, often with yellow
Properties: White, very deliquescent crystals; vola- tarnish; metallic luster. Contains 81.2% bismuth,
tilized by heat. D 4.56, mp 227C, bp decomposes at 18.8% sulfur, soluble in nitric acid, d 6.46.5, Mohs
300C. Soluble in acids; insoluble in alcohol, decom- hardness 2.
poses in water to the oxychloride. Occurrence: Utah, Bolivia, Mexico.
Derivation: Action of hydrochloric acid on bismuth. Use: Ore of bismuth.
Use: Bismuth salts, catalyst.
bismuth iodide. (bismuth triiodide). BiI3.
bismuth chloride, basic. See bismuth oxy- Properties: Grayish-black, metallic, glistening crys-
chloride. tals. D 5.778 (15C); sublimes at 438C. Soluble in
alcohol, hydriodic acid, and potassium iodide solu-
bismuth chromate. (basic dichromate). tions; insoluble in water. Decomposes in hot water.
Bi2O32CrO3. Derivation: By the interaction of bismuth and iodine.
Properties: Orange-red, amorphous powder. Solu- Hazard: Toxic by ingestion.
ble in alkalies and acids; insoluble in water. See bismuth.
Derivation: Interaction of bismuth nitrate and potas- Use: Analytical chemistry, manufacturing bismuth
sium chromate. oxyiodide.

bismuth citrate. BiC6H5O7. bismuth--naphthol. Bi2O2(OH)C10H7O.

Properties: White powder. D 3.458, mp (decom- Properties: Brown to gray powder. Almost insoluble
poses). Soluble in ammonia or alkali citrates; insolu- in water or other solvents.
ble in water; slightly soluble in alcohol. Derivation: By treating a solution of sodium -na-
Derivation: Boiling bismuth subnitrate with citric phtholate with acetic acid solution of bismuth nitrate
acid. and adding caustic soda solution to neutralize excess
Use: Medicine. acid.
Use: Medicine.
bismuth dimethyldithiocarbamate.
CAS: 21260-46-8. Bi[(CH3)2NC(S)S]3. bismuth nitrate. (bismuth ternitrate; bismuth
Properties: Lemon-yellow powder. D 2.04, mp trinitrate). Bi(NO3)35H2O.
greater than 230C (decomposes). Soluble in chloro- Properties: Lustrous, clear, colorless, hygroscopic
form; slightly soluble in benzene and carbon disul- crystals; acid taste. D 2.83; bp 7580C (decom-
fide; insoluble in water. poses). Soluble in dilute nitric acid, alcohol, and
Use: Accelerator for natural rubber and SBR, espe- acetone; slowly decomposed by water to the subni-
cially in cable covers and mechanical items. trate.
Derivation: Action of nitric acid on bismuth with
bismuth ditannate. See bismuth tannate. subsequent recovery by evaporation and crystalliza-
tion.
bismuth ethyl chloride. BiHC2H5Cl. White Hazard: Oxidizing material; fire risk near organic
powder. materials.
Hazard: Ignites spontaneously in air, dangerous fire Use: Preparation of other bismuth salts, bismuth lus-
risk. ter on tin, luminous paints and enamels, precipita-
See bismuth. tion of alkaloids.

bismuth gallate, basic. See bismuth subgal- bismuth nitrate, basic. See bismuth subni-
late. trate.
 163 BISMUTH SUBNITRATE

bis(octanoyloxy)di-n-butyl stannane. bismuth phosphate. BiPO4.

CAS: 4731-77-5. mf: C24H48O4Sn. Properties: Odorless crystals that do not melt when
Hazard: Low toxicity. A severe skin and eye irritant. heated. D 6.32 (15C). Soluble in nitric and hydro-
TWA 0.1 mg(Sn)/m3; STEL 0.2 mg(Sn)/m3 (skin). chloric acids; insoluble in acetic acid and alcohol;
slightly soluble in water and weak acids.
bis(octanoyloxy)di-n-butyltin. See Use: Plutonium recovery, optical glass.
bis(octanoyloxy)di-n-butyl stannane.
bismuth potassium iodide. BiI34KI.
bismuth oleate. Properties: Red crystals, decomposed by water. Sol-
Properties: Yellowish-brown, soft, granular mass. uble in potassium iodide solution.
Soluble in ether; insoluble in water. Use: Precipitation of vitamins and antibiotics from
Derivation: A mixture of bismuth trioxide and oleic solution.
acid.
Use: Catalyst in oxo process. bismuth salicylate,basic. See bismuth sub-
salicylate.
bismuth oxide. See bismuth trioxide.
bismuth selenide. (bismuth triselenide).
bismuth oxide, hydrated. See bismuth hy- Bi2Se4.
droxide. Properties: Black crystals. Mp 710C. Insoluble in
water; decomposes on heating.
bismuth oxybromide. (bismuth bromide, ba- Use: Semiconductor technology.
sic; bismuth bromide oxide). BiBrO.
Properties: Dry powder. Insoluble in water and alco- bismuth stannate. Bi2(SnO3)35H2O.
hol; soluble in hydrochloric and hydrobromic acids. Properties: Light-colored crystals. Insoluble in wa-
Use: Cathodes for dry cells. ter. Temperature of dehydration is approximately
140C.
Hazard: Toxic material; TLV: 2 mg(Sn)/m3.
bismuth oxycarbonate. See bismuth subcar-
See bismuth.
bonate.
Use: Component of ceramic capacitors, useful with
barium titanate.
bismuth oxychloride. (bismuth chloride, ba-
sic; bismuth subchloride). BiOCl. bismuth subcarbonate. (bismuth oxycarbo-
Properties: White lustrous crystalline powder. D nate; bismuth carbonate, basic). (BiO)2CO3 or
7.717. Soluble in acid; insoluble in water. Bi2O3CO21/2H2O.
Derivation: By action of water on bismuth chloride, Properties: White, odorless powder; tasteless. D
interaction of dilute nitric acid solution of bismuth 6.86. Stable in air but slowly affected by light. Insol-
nitrate with sodium chloride. uble in water and alcohol; soluble in nitric or hydro-
Use: Cosmetics, pigment, dry-cell cathodes. chloric acid with effervescence.
Derivation: By adding ammonium carbonate to a
bismuth oxyhydrate. See bismuth hy- solution of a bismuth salt.
droxide. Grade: Technical, CP, USP (90% Bi2O3 min).
Use: Bismuth compounds, cosmetics, opacifier in X-
bismuth oxynitrate. See bismuth subnitrate. ray diagnosis, enamel fluxes, and ceramic glazes.
bismuth pentafluoride. BiF5. bismuth subchloride. See bismuth oxychlo-
Properties: Crystals. Sublimes at 550C. ride.
Hazard: Reacts violently with water and petrolatum
above 50C. Strong irritant to eyes and skin. bismuth subcitrate.
Use: Fluorinating agent. CAS: 57644-54-9. mf: C12H8O7Bi3K.
Hazard: A poison by ingestion.
bismuth pentoxide. Bi2O5. An acid anhydride,
its salts have not been prepared in pure state. Made bismuth subgallate. (basic bismuth gallate).
by oxidation of bismuth trioxide, giving a scarlet C6H2(OH)3COOBi(OH)2.
precipitate. Properties: Saffron-yellow powder; odorless; tas-
teless. Soluble in dilute alkalies; insoluble in water,
bis(p-phenoxyphenyl)diphenyltin. alcohol, and ether. Stable in air but affected by light.
CAS: 17601-12-6. mf: C36H28O2Sn. Derivation: Interaction of bismuth nitrate, glacial
Hazard: A poison. TWA 0.1 mg(Sn)/m3; STEL 0.2 acetic acid, and gallic acid in aqueous solution.
mg(Sn)/m3 (skin). Use: Medicine (treatment of alimentary canal).

bis(p-phenoxyphenyl)diphenylstannane. bismuth subnitrate. (basic bismuth nitrate;

See bis(p-phenoxyphenyl)diphenyltin. bismuth oxynitrate). 4BiNO3(OH)2BiO(OH).
BISMUTH SUBSALICYLATE 164

Properties: White, heavy, slightly hygroscopic pow- Use: Lubricant for metal-extrusion dies.
der that shows acid to moistened litmus paper. D
4.928, mp 260C (decomposes). Soluble in acids; bismuth tribromide. See bismuth bromide.
insoluble in water and alcohol.
Derivation: Hydrolysis of bismuth nitrate, filtering bismuth trichloride. See bismuth chloride.
and drying.
Grade: Technical, CP, NF. bismuth trihydrate. See bismuth hydroxide.
Use: Cosmetics, ceramic glazes, enamel fluxes.
bismuth trihydroxide. See bismuth hy-
bismuth subsalicylate. (basic bismuth sali- droxide.
cylate). Bi(C7H5O3)3Bi2O3.
Properties: White, bulky, crystalline powder; tas- bismuth triiodide. See bismuth iodide.
teless; odorless. Soluble in acids and alkalies; insol-
uble in water, alcohol, and ether. Stable in air but bismuth trinitrate. See bismuth nitrate.
affected by light.
Derivation: By treating freshly prepared bismuth bismuth trioxide. (bismuth oxide; bismuth
hydroxide with salicylic acid. yellow; bismite). Bi2O2.
Use: Surface-coating plastics and copying paper. Properties: Heavy, yellow powder. D 8.8, mp 820C.
See salicylic acid, bismuth basic salt. Soluble in acids; insoluble in water.
Derivation: Heating bismuth nitrate in air, ignition
bismuth sulfate. Bi2(SO4)3. of bismuth hydroxide.
Properties: White needles or powder. Contains ap- Use: Enameling cast iron, ceramic and porcelain
proximately 68.5% bismuth. D 5.08, decomposes at colors.
405C. Soluble in dilute hydrochloric or nitric acid;
insoluble in alcohol, water. bismuth trisulfate.
Use: Analysis of metallic sulfates. CAS: 7787-68-0. mf: Bi3/2H2O4S.
See bismuth trisulfate. Hazard: Moderately toxic by ingestion.
bismuth sulfide. (bismuth trisulfide). Bi2S3. bismuth trisulfide. See bismuth sulfide.
Properties: Blackish-brown powder. D 7.67.8, mp
(decomposes). Soluble in nitric acid; insoluble in bismuth tritelluride. See bismuth telluride.
water.
Derivation: (1) By melting bismuth and sulfur to- bismuth yellow. See bismuth trioxide.
gether. (2) By passing hydrogen sulfide into a solu-
ble of a bismuth salt. (3) Occurs as the mineral p-bis[2,5(5--naphthyloxazolyl)]benzene.
bismuthinite. (NOPON). C32H20O2N2.
Use: Manufacturing bismuth compounds. Properties: Crystals. Mp 215217C.
Grade: Purified.
bismuth tannate. (bismuth ditannate). Use: Scintillation counting.
Properties: Light brownish-yellow powder contain-
ing approximately 36% bismuth. Insoluble in water bis(3-nitrophenyl) disulfide. See nitro-
and alcohol, soluble in mineral acids. phenide.
Derivation: From freshly prepared bismuth hydrox-
ide and tannin. bis(nonyloxymaleoyloxy)dioctylstannane.
Use: Medicine (astringent). See di-n-butyltin di(monononyl)maleate.
bismuth telluride. (bismuth tritelluride). Bisphenol A. (4,4-isopropylidenediphenol;
CAS: 1304-82-1. Bi2Te3. 2,2-bis(4-hydroxyphenol)propane).
Properties: Gray, hexagonal platelets. Mp 573C, d (CH3)2C(C6H4OH)2.
7.642.
Derivation: Stoichiometric combination of the ele-
ments.
Grade: Ingot, single crystals.
Hazard: Toxic. TLV: 10 mg/m3 (if selenium-doped,
5 mg/m3).
Use: Semiconductors for thermoelectric cooling and Properties: White flakes with a mild phenolic odor.
power generation. Bp 220C (4 mm), mp 153C, d 1.195 (25/25C), flash
p 175F (79.4C), insoluble in water; soluble in alco-
bismuth tetraoxide. Bi2O4. hol and dilute alkalies; slightly soluble in carbon
Properties: Heavy, yellowish-brown powder. D 5.6, tetrachloride. Combustible.
mp 305C. Soluble in acids; insoluble in water. Derivation: Condensation reaction of phenol and
Derivation: By further oxidation of bismuth trioxide. acetone catalyzed by hydrochloric acid at 65C.
 165 BIS(TRICHLOROSILYL)ETHANE

Use: Intermediate in manufacture of epoxy, polycar- Hazard: A reproductive hazard. TWA 0.2 mg(Se)/
bonate, phenoxy, polysulfone, and certain polyester m3
resins; flame retardants, rubber chemicals, fungi-
cide. 1,2-bis(thiocyanato)ethane. See ethylenedi-
thiocyanate.
bisphenol A disodium salt.
CAS: 2444-90-8. mf: C15H16O22Na. bis(tribenzylstannyl)sulfide.
Hazard: Moderately toxic by ingestion and skin con- CAS: 10347-38-3. mf: C42H42SSn2.
tact. A moderate skin and severe eye irritant. Hazard: A poison by ingestion. A skin and eye irri-
tant. TWA 0.1 mg(Sn)/m3; STEL 0.2 mg(Sn)/m3
2,7-bis(2-phenylethyl)benzo(lmn)(3,8) (skin).
phenanthroline-1,3,6,8(2h,7h)-tetrone.
CAS: 222420-31-7. mf: C30H22N2O4. bis(tribenzyltin) sulfide. See
Hazard: A poison. bis(tribenzylstannyl)sulfide.

2,7-bis(phenylmethyl)benzo(lmn)(3,8) bis(tribromophenoxy)ethane.
phenanthroline-1,3,6,8(2h,7h)-tetrone. Properties: White, crystalline powder.
CAS: 106897-63-6. mf: C28H18N2O4. Use: Flame retardant for many thermoplastic and
Hazard: A poison. thermoset systems.

1,4-bis-2(5-phenyloxazoyl)benzene. (PO- bis(tributyl(sebacoyldioxy))tin.

POP). (C6H5HNO)2C6H4. CAS: 30099-72-0. mf: C34H70O4Sn2.
Properties: Light yellow, cottony needles. Mp Hazard: A poison. TWA 0.1 mg(Sn)/m3; STEL 0.2
245246C, fluorescence max 4200 A. Solubilities mg(Sn)/m3 (skin).
(g/100 g at 25C): water 0.00, 95% ethanol 0.00,
toluene 0.12, hexane 0.02. Combustible. bis(tributyltin) itaconate.
Grade: Purified. CAS: 25711-26-6. mf: C29H58O4Sn2.
Use: Band shifter in scintillation counting. Hazard: A poison. TWA 0.1 mg(Sn)/m3; STEL 0.2
mg(Sn)/m3 (skin).
2,5-bis(phenylthio)benzoquinone.
CAS: 17058-53-6. mf: C18H12O2S2. bis(tri-n-butyltin) oxide. (hexabutyldistan-
Hazard: A poison. noxane; TBTO; tributyltin oxide).
CAS: 56-35-9. (C4H9)3SnOSn(C4H9)3.
bis(phenylthio)dimethyltin. Properties: Slightly yellow liquid. Bp 180C (2 mm
CAS: 4848-63-9. mf: C14H16S2Sn. Hg), solidifies below 45C, d 1.17 (25C), flash p
Hazard: A poison. TWA 0.1 mg(Sn)/m3; STEL 0.2 >212F (100C) (TCC), viscosity 4.8 centistokes at
mg(Sn)/m3 (skin). 25C. Almost insoluble in water; miscible with or-
ganic solvents. Forms compounds with cellulosic
bis(2-pyridinethiol 1-oxide)copper. and lignin-containing materials not easily decom-
CAS: 14915-37-8. mf: C10H8CuN2O2S2. posed or dissolved in water. Combustible.
Hazard: Moderately toxic by ingestion, inhalation, Derivation: Hydrolysis of tributyl tin chloride.
and skin contact. Hazard: Toxic via ingestion and inhalation. TLV:
0.1 mg(Sn)/m3.
bis(tetrachloroethyl) disulfide. C4H2Cl8S2. Use: Fungicide and bactericide in underwater and
Properties: Liquid. D 1.785 (23.3C), bp 185C (3 mm antifouling paints, pesticide.
Hg). Soluble in benzene, hexane, ethanol. Combus-
tible. bis(tributyltin)sulfide. See 1,1,1,3,3,3-hexa-
Hazard: Toxic. butyldistannthiane.
Use: Agricultural chemicals, additives.
1,3-bis(2,4,5-trichlorophenoxy)-1,1,3,3-
bis(tetradecanoyloxy)dibutylstannane. tetrabutyldistannoxane. See oxy-
CAS: 28660-67-5. mf: C36H72O4Sn. bis(dibutyl(2,4,5-trichlorophenoxy)tin).
Hazard: A poison by ingestion. A severe skin and
eye irritant. TWA 0.1 mg(Sn)/m3; STEL 0.2 bis(trichlorosilyl)ethane. (1,1,1,4,4,4-hexa-
mg(Sn)/m3 (skin). chloro-1,4-disilabutane). Cl3SiCH2CH2SiCl3.
Properties: Colorless liquid. Bp 202.9C, flash p
7-(3,5-bis((tetrahydro-2h-pyran-2-yl)oxy)-2- 190F (COC). Readily hydrolyzed with liberation of
(4-phenoxy-3-((tetrahydro-2h-pyran-2- hydrogen chloride. Combustible.
yl)oxy)-1-butenyl)cyclopentyl)-2- Derivation: Reaction of acetylene and trichlorosi-
(phenylseleno)-5-heptenoic acid, methyl lane in presence of a peroxide catalyst.
ester. Grade: Technical.
CAS: 62524-93-0. mf: C44H60O9Se. Hazard: Corrosive when exposed to moisture.
BISTRIDECYL PHTHALATE 166

Use: Intermediate for silicones. Hazard: A poison. TWA 0.1 mg(Sn)/m3; STEL 0.2
mg(Sn)/m3 (skin).
bistridecyl phthalate. C6H4(COOC13H27)2.
Properties: Liquid. D 0.9497 (25C), boiling range bis(triphenyltin)sulfide.
280290C (4 mm Hg), fp 35C, flash p 485F CAS: 77-80-5. mf: C36H30SSn2.
(251C), refr index 1.483 (25C). Combustible. Properties: Colorless crystals. Mp: 144. Sol in org
Use: Primary plasticizer for most PVC resins. solvs.
Hazard: Moderately toxic by ingestion. TWA 0.1
bis(triethyltin) sulfate. mg(Sn)/m3; STEL 0.2 mg(Sn)/m3 (skin).
CAS: 57-52-3. mf: C12H30O4SSn2.
Hazard: A poison by ingestion. TWA 0.1 mg(Sn)/ bis(tripropyltin)oxide.
m3; STEL 0.2 mg(Sn)/m3 (skin). CAS: 1067-29-4. mf: C18H42OSn2.
Properties: Air-sensitive liquid. Bp: 154.5 @ 3.5
bis(trifluoroacetoxy)dibutyltin. mm.
CAS: 52112-09-1. mf: C12H18F6O4Sn. Hazard: A poison. TWA 0.1 mg(Sn)/m3; STEL 0.2
Hazard: A poison by ingestion. Moderately toxic by mg/m3 (skin)
skin contact. TWA 0.1 mg(Sn)/m3; STEL 0.2
mg(Sn)/m3 (skin). bithionol. (bis[2-hydroxy-3,5-dichlorophe-
nyl]sulfide; 2,2-thiobis[4,6-dichlorophenol]).
1,3-bis(trifluoromethyl)-5-isocyanobenzene. CAS: 97-18-7. HOCl2C6H2SC6H2Cl2OH.
CAS: 141206-73-7. mf: C9H3F6N. Properties: White or grayish-white, crystalline pow-
Hazard: Low toxicity by ingestion. der; odorless or with slight aromatic or phenolic
Use: Agricultural chemical. odor. Mp 187C. Insoluble in water; freely soluble in
acetone, alcohol, and ether; soluble in chloroform
bistrifluoromethylmethane. See 1,1,1,3,3,3- and dilute solution of fixed alkali hydroxides.
hexafluoropropane. Grade: NF.
Hazard: Skin irritant, may not be used in cosmetics
bis(trifluoromethylthio)mercury. (FDA).
CAS: 21259-75-6. mf: C2F6HgS2. Use: Deodorant, germicide, fungistat, pharmaceu-
Hazard: A poison. TWA 0.01. STEL 0.03 mg/m3 ticals.
(skin)
Bitrex [Macfarlan]. (benzyldiethyl-[(2,6-
bis(triisobutylstannane). See hexaisobutyl- xylylcarbamoyl)methyl]ammonium benzoate; de-
ditin. natonium benzoate [USAN]).
CAS: 3734-33-6. TM for a substance for use as a
bis(trimethylhexyl)tin dichloride. denaturant for alcohol.
CAS: 64011-39-8. mf: C18H38Cl2Sn. Properties: Bitter taste. Mp 165C; soluble in water
Hazard: A poison. TWA 0.1 mg(Sn)/m3; STEL 0.2 and alcohol; insoluble in ether.
mg(Sn)/m3 (skin). See denatonium benzoate.

bis(trimethylsilyl)trifluoroacetamide. bitter almond oil. See almond oil.

(BSTFA). CF3C[==NSi(CH3)3]OSi(CH3)3.
Properties: Bp 4550C (14 mm Hg), refr index bittern. The solution of bromides and magnesium
1.3839 (20C), mw 257.4. and calcium salts that remains after sodium chloride
Use: Preparation of volatile derivatives of a wide has been crystallized by concentration of seawater
range of biologically active compounds for gas-liq- or brines.
uid chromatographical analysis.
bitter orange oil. See orange oil, bitter,
bis(triphenylsilyl)chromate. coldpressed.
CAS: 1624-02-8. mf: C36H30CrO4Si2.
Properties: IDLH Ca [15 mg/m3 as Cr(VI)]. bitumen. A mixture of hydrocarbons occurring
Hazard: Moderately toxic by ingestion and skin con- both in the native state and as residue from Califor-
tact. TWA 0.05 mg(CrO3)/m3 nia petroleum distillation. Soluble in carbon disul-
fide. Solid to viscous, semisolid liquid. Used in hot-
bis(triphenyltin)acetylenedicarboxylate. melt adhesives, coatings, paints, sealants, roofing,
CAS: 73940-87-1. mf: C40H30O4Sn2. and road coating. Bitumens are found in asphalt,
Hazard: A poison. TWA 0.1 mg(Sn)/m3; STEL 0.2 mineral waxes, and lower grades of coal. Combusti-
mg/m3 (skin) ble.
See asphalt; gilsonite; glance; shale oil; oil sands.
bis(triphenyltin)sulfate.
CAS: 3021-41-8. mf: C36H30Sn2O4S. bituminous coal. See coal.
 167 BLANCH

biuret. (allophanamide; carbamylurea). black liquor. (1) The liquor resulting from
NH2CONHCONH2H2O. cooking pulpwood in an alkaline solution in the soda
Properties: White needles; odorless. Mp 190C (de- or sulfate (kraft) papermaking process. It is a source
composes). Soluble in water and alcohol; very of lignin and tall oil and is said to be effective in
slightly soluble in ether. Loses water of crystalliza- removal of mercury from industrial effluents
tion at approximately 110C. (USDA).
Derivation: From urea by heat. (2) Iron acetate liquor (black mordant).
Method of purification: Crystallization.
Use: Analytical reagent, especially for proteins. black oil. See residual oil.

biuret reaction. A reaction that produces char- black phosphorus. See phosphorus.
acteristic rose color when certain substances in alka-
line solution are treated with copper sulfate solution. black plate. Thin sheet steel obtained by rolling
and usually used for containers. It is not coated with
bixin. C25H30O4. A carotenoid obtained from seeds any metal, but a special lacquer or baked enamel
of Bixa orellana. finish is usually applied by the manufacturer.
Properties: Orange crystals. Decomposes at 217C.
Derivation: Methyl ester (methyl bixin) C26H32O4: black, platinum. See platinum black.
blue crystals, mp 203C. Ethyl ester (ethyl bixin),
C27H34O4: Red crystals, mp 138C. black powder. (blasting powder). A low ex-
Use: The ethyl ester is used as a food coloring. plosive composed of potassium nitrate, charcoal,
See annatto. and sulfur. In some cases sodium nitrate is substitut-
ed for potassium nitrate. Typical proportions are
75%, 15%, and 10%. Gunpowder is probably the
Bk. Symbol for berkelium.
oldest variety.
Hazard: Sensitive to heat, deflagrates rapidly. Does
black. Any of several forms of finely divided not detonate but is a dangerous fire and explosion
carbon, either pure or admixed with oils, fats, or hazard.
waxes. Use: Time fuses for blasting and shell, in igniter and
See acetylene black; bone black; carbon black; ivory primer assemblies for propellants, pyrotechnics,
black. mining, and blasting.
black, aniline. See aniline black. black rouge. See iron oxide, black.

black antimony. See antimony trisulfide. black sand. A deposit of dark minerals with a
high density found in stream beds and on beaches.
black ash. (1) (Papermaking) The product ob- Magnetite and ilmenite are usually present and also
tained by heating black liquor in furnaces. The or- monazite and other minerals.
ganic material is reduced to carbon. The alkaline
components are leached out and used again in paper- blackstrap. See molasses.
making. The carbon may be treated to obtain activa-
ted carbon. (2) See barium sulfide. Bladen. (hexaethyl tetraphosphate). TM for
an insecticide.
blackbody. In radiation physics, an ideal black- Use: Insecticide.
body is a theoretical object that absorbs all the radi-
ant energy falling upon it and emits it in the form of Blaise reaction. Formation of -oxoesters by
thermal radiation. The power radiated by a unit area treatment of -bromocarboxylic esters with zinc in
of a blackbody is given by Plancks radiation law, the presence of nitriles. The intermediate organo-
and the total power radiated is expressed by the zinc compound reacts with the nitrile, and the com-
Stefan-Boltzmann law. plex is hydrolyzed with 30% potassium hydroxide.

black, bone. See bone black.

Blanc (chloromethylation) reaction. Intro-
duction of the CH2Cl group into aromatic rings on
treatment with formaldehyde and hydrochloric acid
black cyanide. A mixture containing 45% cal- in the presence of zinc chloride.
cium cyanide made from calcium cyanamid by heat-
ing it with sodium chloride and carbon. blanc fixe. Precipitated barium sulfate.
black lead. See graphite. blanch. To immerse vegetables or fruits in either
hot water (80100C) or steam in preparation for
Black Leaf 40. TM for a pesticide consisting cooking, freezing, or canning. The times and tem-
of a 40% solution of nicotine sulfate. peratures vary among processors; the higher the
BLANCOPHOR 168

temperature, the shorter the time required. The oper- Use: General-purpose rubber antioxidant.
ation loosens the skin or peel when present, tends to
remove the color, and decreases the volume. It also bleach. To whiten a textile or paper by chemical
causes some loss of nutrient value, especially vi- action. Also the agent itself. Bleaching agents in-
tamins. clude hydrogen peroxide (the most common), sodi-
um hypochlorite, sodium peroxide, sodium chlorite,
Blancophor [BASF]. TM for optical whit- calcium hypochlorite, hypochlorous acid, and many
ening agents. FFG: A comarin derivative used as organic chlorine derivatives. Chlorinated lime is a
whitening agent for wool, nylon, acetate rayon, and bleaching powder used on an industrial scale.
mixed fibers. HS Brands: Stilbene derivatives Household bleaching powders are sodium perborate
used on cellulosic fibers, cotton and rayon fabrics, and dichlorodimethylhydantoin.
paper, and in household and industrial detergents. Hazard: See calcium hypochlorite; lime, chlorinat-
ed. Some bleaching agents are toxic and strong oxi-
Blanc reaction-Blanc rule. Cyclization of dizing agents.
dicarboxylic acids on heating with acetic anhydride
to give either cyclic anhydrides or ketones, depend- bleached lard. See lard (unhydrogenated).
ing on the positions of the carboxyl groups: 1,4- and
1,5-diacids give anhydrides, while diacids in which bleaching assistant. A material added to
the carboxy groups are in 1,6- or further-removed bleaching baths to secure more rapid and complete
positions give ketones. penetration of the bleach or improved regulation of
the bleaching action, e.g., compounds of sulfonated
Blandol [Crompton & Knowles]. TM for oils and solvents, soluble pine oils, fatty alcohol
white mineral oil (NF). salts, sodium silicate, sodium phosphate, magne-
Use: Pharmaceutical and cosmetic formulations, sium sulfate, and borax.
plasticizers, paper penetrants, foam depressants.
bleaching, fluorescent. The use of colorless
blank. (1) A piece of material of any desired fluorescent organic compounds to produce a whit-
shape cut by a stamping die-prepared for further ening effect on textiles.
processing. (2) See control (1).
bleaching powder. See bleach; calcium hy-
BLAST. A computer program that identifies ho- pochlorite.
mologous (similar) genes in different organisms,
such as human, fruit fly, or nematode. bleach liquor. A solution of either sodium or
calcium hypochlorite and water.
blast furnace. A vertical coke-fired furnace
used for smelting metallic ores, e.g., iron ore. bleed. (1) When a dye runs. (2) To release pres-
sure gradually, as via a valve.
blast-furnace gas. By-product gas from smelt-
ing iron ore obtained by the passage of hot air over blend. A uniform combination of two or more
the coke in blast furnaces. A typical gas will analyze materials either of which could be used alone for the
12.9% carbon dioxide, 26.3% carbon monoxide, same purpose as the blend. For example, a fabric
3.7% hydrogen, 57.1% nitrogen. may be a blend of wool and nylon, either of which is
Hazard: Toxic by inhalation. See carbon monoxide. itself usable as fabric. Instances of materials that are
Use: Heating blast-furnace stoves, boilers, or as a often blended are:
gas-engine fuel.
plastics (polyblends) grains
whiskeys coffees
blasting agent. See black powder; ammo-
fabrics paints
nium nitrate; explosive, high; explosive, permis-
colors tobaccos
sible; explosive, low.
metal powders solvents
fertilizers
blasting gelatin. (SNG). A type of gelatinized
dynamite containing approximately 7% of nitrocel- See mixture; mixing; kneading.
lulose.
Hazard: High explosive. bleomycin. A glycopeptide antibiotic produced
by Streptomyces verticillus; it functions as an anti-
blasting powder. See black powder. neoplastic and diagnostic agent. The molecule is
exceedingly complex, but synthesis was achieved in
B-L-E [Uniroyal]. TM for high-temperature 1982. It is a colorless to yellowish powder, soluble
reaction product of diphenylamine and acetone. in water and methanol but insoluble in acetone and
Properties: Darkbrown, viscous liquid. D 1.087. ether. It induces rupture of DNA strands.
Soluble in acetone, benzene, and ethylene dichlo-
ride; insoluble in gasoline and water. Combustible. blinding. (blister copper).
 169 BLOWING AGENT

Properties: Copper (9699% purity) produced by is a component of fertilizers, poultry feeds, and deer
the reduction and smelting of copper ores. It has a repellents.
blistered appearance, probably caused by gas pock- See hemoglobin; plasma; platelet; rhesus factor.
ets. It is usually further refined electrolytically.
bloom. (1) A thin coating of an ingredient of a
blister gas. See dibromodiethyl sulfide. rubber or plastic mixture that migrates to the sur-
face, usually within a few hours after curing or
blister packaging. A type of packaging used setting. Sulfur bloom in vulcanized rubber products
widely in the food and pharmaceutical industries, is most common; it is harmless but impairs the eye
consisting of a hollow cavity of various shapes and appeal of the product. Paraffin wax is often included
capacities in which the material is enclosed. Polyes- purposely; when it migrates to the surface it pro-
ter and polyethylene resins are often used. vides an efficient barrier to sunchecking and oxida-
tion. (2) A piece of steel made from an ingot. (3) An
block. (1) Undesirable cohesion of films or layers arbitrary scale for rating the strength of gelatin gels.
of plastic. When so used the word is capitalized. (4) Efflores-
See antiblock agent. (2) A type of polymer. cence of phytoplankton in seawater causing discol-
See block polymer. oration of the surface water.
See red tide.
block copolymer. Polymer containing long
stretches of two or more monomeric units linked blotting. A technique for detecting one RNA
together by chemical valences in one single chain. within a mixture of RNAs (a Northern blot) or one
See block polymer. type of DNA within a mixture of DNAs (a Southern
blot). A blot can prove whether that one species of
block polymer. A high polymer whose mole- RNA or DNA is present, how much is there, and its
cule is made up of alternating sections of one chemi- approximate size. Basically, blotting involves gel
cal composition separated by sections of a different electrophoresis, transfer to a blotting membrane
chemical nature or by a coupling group of low mo- (typically nitrocellulose or activated nylon), and in-
lecular weight. An example is blocks of polyvinyl cubating with a radioactive probe. Exposing the
chloride interspersed with blocks of polyvinyl ace- membrane to X-ray film produces darkening at a
tate. Such polymer combinations are made syntheti- spot correlating with the position of the DNA or
cally. They depend on the presence of an active site RNA of interest. The darker the spot, the more nu-
on the polymer chain that initiates the necessary cleic acid was present there.
reactions. The DNA is first transferred from the gel to a mem-
See graft polymer; stereoblock polymer. brane by capillary action. Fluid wicks from the gel
through the blotting membrane to several layers of
absorbent paper, but the nucleic acids stick to the
membrane. Baking the filter fixes the DNA or RNA
to the filter.
Specific bands are detected by hybridization. The
filter membrane is incubated with radioactive probe,
which hybridizes to some bands. After the filter is
washed (to remove unused probe), an X-ray film
exposed to the filter will show which bands have
blood. A complex, liquid tissue of d 1.056 and pH hybridized.
7.357.45. It is comprised of erythrocytes (red
cells), leucocytes (white cells), platelets, plasma, blow-down. The cyclic or constant removal of
proteins, and serum. The plasma fraction (5570%) water from a boiler to deter the collection of solids.
is whole blood from which the red and white cells
and the platelets have been removed by centrifug- blowing agent. A substance incorporated into a
ing. Hemoglobin is a protein found in the erythro- mixture for the purpose of producing a foam. One
cytes. It contains the essential iron atom and func- type decomposes when heated to processing tem-
tions as the transport agent for oxygen from the perature to evolve a gas, usually carbon dioxide,
lungs (arterial blood) and of carbon dioxide to the which is suspended in small globules in the mixture.
lungs from the heart (venous blood). Experimental Typical blowing agents of this kind are baking pow-
work has been reported on the effectiveness of fluo- der (bread and cake), sodium bicarbonate or ammo-
rocarbon compounds in carrying out the essential nium carbonate (cellular or sponge rubber), halocar-
transport functions of blood, especially of the red bons and methylene chloride in urethane, pentane in
cells. expanded polystyrene, and hydrazine and related
Use: Plasma is used to restore liquid volume and thus compounds in various types of foamed plastics. An-
osmotic pressure in the body where blood loss has other type is air used at room temperature as a blow-
been extensive. Animal blood is used as a compo- ing agent for rubber latex; it is introduced mechani-
nent of adhesive mixtures. In dried or powder form it cally by whipping, after which the latex is
BLOW MOLDING 170

coagulated with acid. Air is also used for this pur- blue verdigris. See copper acetate, basic.
pose in ice cream, whipped cream, and other food
products, as well as in blown asphalt and blown blue vitriol. See copper sulfate.
vegetable oils.
See foam. blush. Precipitation of water vapor in the form of
colloidal droplets on the surface of a varnish or
blow molding. A technique for production of lacquer film, caused by lowering of the temperature
hollow thermoplastic products. It involves placing immediately above the coated surface due to solvent
an extruded tube (parison) of the thermoplastic in a evaporation. This results in unsightly graying of the
mold and applying sufficient air pressure to the dried film and can be avoided by use of a less-vola-
inside of the tube to cause it to take on the conforma- tile solvent.
tion of the mold. Polyethylene is usually used, but a
number of other materials are adaptable to this meth- 4-BOC-styrene. See p-tert-butoxycarbonylox-
od, e.g., cellulosics, nylons, polypropylene, and po- ystyrene monomer.
lycarbonates. It is an economically efficient process
and especially suitable for production of toys, bot- BOD. See biochemical oxygen demand.
tles, and other containers, as well as air-conditioning
ducts and various industrial items. The method is not Bodroux-Chichibabin aldehyde synthesis.
limited to hollow products; housings can be made by Formation of aldehydes by treatment of orthofor-
blowing a unit and sawing it along the parting line to mates with Grignard reagents.
make two housings.
Bodroux reaction. Formation of substituted
blown asphalt. See asphalt (blown). amides by reaction of a simple aliphatic or aromatic
ester with an amino magnesium halide obtained by
blown oil. (oxidized oil; base oil; thickened oil; treatment of a primary or secondary amine with a
polymerized oil). Vegetable and animal oils that Grignard reagent at room temperature.
have been heated and agitated by a current of air or
oxygen. They are partially oxidized, deodorized, body. (1) A nonspecific term approximately syn-
and polymerized by the treatment and are increased onymous with consistency or viscosity, usually de-
in density, viscosity, and drying power. Common scriptive of liquids, e.g. a heat-bodied oil (linseed oil
blown oils are castor, linseed, rape, whale, and fish that has been polymerized by heating).
oils. See consistency.
Use: Paints, varnishes, lubricants, and plasticizers. (2) In biochemistry, an agglutinous substance
present in the blood or tissues, e.g. antibody. See
blue copperas. See copper sulfate. agglutination.
(3) An object having a unique physical property,
blue cross gas. See diphenylchloroarsine. e.g., blackbody.

blue gas. See water gas. body-centered structure. (cubic centered).

The internal crystal structure of substances in which
the equivalent lattice points, as determined by X ray,
blueing. (1) Producing a blue oxide film on steel are at the corners of the cell and at the center of the
by low-temperature heating; (2) heat treatment of cube.
steel springs to relieve cold-working strains.
bodying. Gaining body, or thickening after stand-
blueing, laundry. The material used in washing ing, or by mixing with another ingredient.
to give the fabric a bluish tint, thereby neutralizing
the yellow coloring to produce a whiter shade. Boesekens method. Determination of the rela-
tive configurations of the hydroxyl groups on the
blueing, steel. The process for shading the sur- reducing and vicinal carbon atoms in a cyclic sugar.
face of steel by heating to blueing temperature in the Boric acid forms complexes with cis hydroxyl
presence of air and steam. groups on vicinal carbon atoms, and the electrical
conductivity of the solution is enhanced. Since there
blue lead. See lead sulfate, blue basic. is no complex formation with trans hydroxyl
groups, no increase in conductivity is observed.
blueprint. See Turnbulls Blue.
Bogert-Cook synthesis. Condensation of -
blueprint paper. A paper that has been dipped phenylethylmagnesium bromide with cyclohexa-
in ammonium ferric citrate and potassium ferricya- nones, followed by cyclodehydration of the tertiary
nide solution. When it is exposed to light and a wash, alcohol with concentrated sulfuric acid, with forma-
all black marks show as white, and the white back- tion of octahydrophenanthrene derivatives and a
ground is colored blue. small amount of spiran.
 171 BOND, CHEMICAL

boghead coal. A variety of bituminous or subbi- Boltzmann constant. The ratio of the molar
tuminous coal resembling cannel coal in appearance ideal-gas constant to Avogadros number.
and behavior during combustion, characterized by a
high percentage of algal remains and volatile matter. Boltzmann engine. Ideal thermodynamic de-
Upon distillation it gives exceptionally high yields vice working in cycles.
of tar and oil (ASTM).
Boltzmann entropy hypothesis. The entro-
Bohn-Schmidt reaction. Hydroxylation of py of a system of material particles is proportional to
anthraquinones containing at least one hydroxyl the logarithm of the statistical probability of the
group by fuming sulfuric acid or sulfuric acid and distribution.
boric acid in the presence of a catalyst such as mer-
cury. Boltzmann factor. A correction for thermal
excitation in calculation of spectral-line intensities.
bohrium. Bh. A transfermium element. Atomic
number 107. Very short half-life. Boltzmann, Ludwig. (18441906). Born in
Vienna, Boltzmann was interested primarily in
boiled oil. See linseed oil, boiled. physical chemistry and thermodynamics. His work
has importance for chemistry because of his devel-
boiler compound. Material added to boiler opment of the kinetic theory of gases and the rules
feed water to reduce corrosion, foaming, or deposit governing their viscosity and diffusion. The mathe-
formation. matical expression of his most important generaliza-
tions is known as Boltzmanns law, still regarded as
boiler scale. A rocklike deposit occurring on one of the cornerstones of physical science.
boiler walls and tubes in which hard water has been
heated or evaporated. Consists largely of calcium bomb. A small metal container that can contain
carbonate, calcium sulfate, or similar materials, de- gases or liquids under varying degrees of pressure.
pending on the mineral content of the water. Boiler An aerosol bomb contains liquids that are emitted as
scale decreases the rate of heat transfer through the an atomized spray on release of pressure, the gases
boiler and tube walls, resulting in increased heating used being carbon dioxide, nitrous oxide, butane,
costs and shortening of boiler life. Most boiler feed etc. at relatively low pressure. An oxygen bomb is
water is softened (treated to remove calcium and used for accelerated aging tests for rubber and plas-
magnesium ions) before use. Scale may be removed tic products; oxygen under high pressure is used.
by treatment with ammonium bicarbonate solution. This device must be handled by a trained technician.
See water, hard; zeolite.
bombardment. Impingement upon an atomic
nucleus of accelerated particles such as neutrons or
boiling point. The temperature of a liquid at deuterons for the purpose of inducing fission or of
which its vapor pressure is equal to or very slightly creating unstable nuclei. This operation was first
greater than the atmospheric pressure of the environ- accomplished with positively charged particles in
ment. For water at sea level it is 212F (100C). the cyclotron in the early 1940s and subsequently in
nuclear reactors. Neutrons are commonly used in
boiling-point elevation, molecular. The reactors because their lack of electrical charge per-
rise in boiling point produced by 1 gram-molecule of mits easier penetration of the target nucleus.
dissolved material in 1 kg solvent. Equal to 0.52C See radioisotope; fission; fast-atom bombardment.
with water as the solvent.
bomb calorimeter. An instrument to obtain the
boiling point, initial. The temperature at caloric or thermal value of fuel or foods.
which the first drop of distillate falls from a con-
denser. bomb tube. See Carius tube.
bois de rose oil. BON. Abbreviation for -oxynaphthoic acid.
Properties: From steam distillation of chipped wood See 3-hydroxy-2-naphthoic acid; BON red.
of Aniba rosaeodora var. amazonica Ducke, (Fam.
Lauraceae). Colorless to pale yellow liquid; slt bonaid. See buquinolate.
pleasant floral odor. Sol in fixed oils, propylene
glycol, mineral oil; sltly sol in glycerin. Bonaril [Dow]. TM for a hydrolyzed polyac-
Use: Food additive. rylamide for use in foundry sands.

Bolstar [Bayer Corp]. TM for sulprofos. bond, chemical. An attractive force between
atoms strong enough to permit the combined aggre-
Boltons reagent. A composite formed by 78% gate to function as a unit. A more exact definition is
picric acid, 2% nitric acid, 20% water. not possible because attractive forces ranging up-
BOND ENERGY 172

ward from 0 to those involving more than 250 kcal/ ing chemicals in order to form a lubricant layer
mole of bonds are known. A practical lower limit adapted to cold forming and in order to retard the
may be taken as 23 kcal/mole of bonds, the work formation of rust.
necessary to break approximately 1.5 1024 bonds
by separating their component atoms to infinite dis- Bonding Agent M-3P [Uniroyal]. TM
tance. All bonds appear to originate with the electro- for 1-aza-5-methylol-3,7-doxabicyclo-(3,3,0)-oc-
static charges on electrons and atomic nuclei. Bonds tane, a 4% partitioning agent.
result when the net coulombic interactions are suffi- Use: A methylene donor for improving rubber-to-
ciently attractive. Different principal types of bonds fabric adhesion.
recognized include metallic, covalent, ionic, and
bridge. Metallic bonding is the attraction of all the Bonding Agent R-6 [Uniroyal]. TM for
atomic nuclei in a crystal for the outer shell electrons resorcinol-acetaldehyde condensate.
which are shared in a delocalized manner among all Use: A resorcinol donor for improving rubber-to-fab-
available orbitals. Metal atoms characteristically ric adhesion.
provide more orbital vacancies than electrons for
sharing with other atoms. Covalent bonding results Bonding Agent TZ [Uniroyal]. TM for
most commonly when electrons are shared by two 2-chloro-4,6-bis(N-phenyl-p-phenylene diamino)-
atomic nuclei. Here the bonding electrons are rela- 1,3,5-triazine.
tively localized in the region of the two nuclei, al- Use: A rubber-to-metal bonding agent that replaces
though frequently a degree of delocalization occurs the traditional cobalt salt.
when the shared electrons have a choice of orbitals.
The conventional single covalent bond involves the bone ash. An ash composed principally of triba-
sharing of two electrons. There may also be double sic calcium phosphate but containing minor
bonds with four shared electrons, triple bonds with amounts of magnesium phosphate, calcium carbon-
six shared electrons, and bonds of intermediate mul- ate, and calcium fluoride. Noncombustible.
tiplicity. Covalent bonds may range from nonpolar, Derivation: By calcining bones. A synthetic product
involving electrons evenly shared by the two atoms, is also available.
to extremely polar, where the bonding electrons are Use: Cleaning and polishing, ceramics, animal feeds.
very unevenly shared. The limit of uneven sharing The better grades are used in coating molds for
occurs when the bonding electron spends full time copper wire, bars, slabs, and other metals.
with one of the atoms, making the atom into a nega-
tive ion and leaving the other atom in the form of a bone black. (bone char; bone charcoal).
positive ion. Ionic bonding is the electrostatic attrac- Black pigment made by carbonizing bones. Carbon
tion between oppositely charged ions. Bridge bonds content is usually approximately 10%. Nonflamma-
involve compounds of hydrogen in which the hydro- ble in bulk.
gen bears either a + or charge. When hydrogen is Hazard: Flammable as suspended dust.
attached by a polar covalent bond to one molecule, it Use: Manufacturing activated carbon; decolorizing
may attract another molecule, bridging the two mol- agent and filtering medium, cementation reagent,
ecules together. If the hydrogen is +, it may attract an adsorptive medium in gas masks, paint and varnish
electron pair of the other molecule. This is called a pigment; clarifying shellac, water purification.
protonic bridge. If the hydrogen is , it may attract
through a vacant orbital the nucleus of an atom of a bone china. Ceramic tableware of high quality
second molecule. This is called a hydridic bridge. in which a small percentage of bone ash is incorpo-
Such bridges are at the lower range of bond strength rated. Made chiefly in England.
but may have a significant effect on the physical
properties of condensed states of those substances in bone meal. A product made by grinding animal
which they are possible. bones. Raw meal is made from bones that have not
See hydrogen bond. been previously steamed. If pressure steaming has
been used, the meal is called steamed. The fertilizer
bond energy. The energy required to disrupt the grade contains 4355% tricalcium phosphate,
bonds in one gram-mole of a chemical compound. 2025% phosphoric acid, and 45% ammonia. The
feed grade, according to Bureau of Animal Industry
Bonderite [Occidental]. TM for chemical specifications, must contain 6575% tricalcium
compositions for producing a corrosion-inhibiting phosphate and only approximately 2% ammonia.
finish on metals, preparing metal surfaces for the Much of the latter grade is imported.
subsequent application of finish coats, and condi- Use: Fertilizer (raw); animal feeds (steamed).
tioning metal surfaces to facilitate metal-deforma-
tion operations. bone oil. (animal oil; Dippels oil; hartshorn
oil).
Bonderlube [Occidental]. TM for soaplike CAS: 8001-85-2.
chemical composition for treating metal surfaces Properties: Dark-brown, fixed oil; repulsive odor. D
that have been pretreated with phosphatizing coat- 0.9000.980. Soluble in water. Combustible.
 173 BORAZOLE

Chief constituents: Hydrocarbons, pyridine bases, Boran [LaMotte]. TM for diaminochrysazin

and amines. used in the colorimetric determination of boron.
Derivation: Destructive distillation of bones or other
animal substances. Note distinction from bone borane. One of a series of boron hydrides (com-
tallow. pounds of boron and hydrogen). The simplest of
Grade: Technical. these, BH3, is unstable at atmospheric pressure and
Hazard: Evolves very toxic ammonium cyanide becomes diborane (B2H6) as gas at normal pressures.
when heated to 180C. This is converted to higher boranes, i.e., penta-,
Use: Organic preparations, source of pyrrole, denatu- deca-, etc., by condensation. This series progresses
rant for alcohol. through a number of well-characterized crystalline
compounds. Hydrides up to B20H26 exist. Most are
bone phosphate. (BPL). Phosphoric acid oc- not very stable and readily react with water to yield
curring in bones in the form of tribasic calcium hydrogen. Many react violently with air. As a rule,
phosphate. they are highly toxic. Their properties have suggest-
ed investigation for rocket propulsion, but they have
bone seeker. An element or radioisotope that not proved satisfactory for this purpose. There are
tends to lodge in the bones when absorbed into the also a number of organoboranes used as reducing
body. Examples are fluorine, calcium, and stron- agents in electroless nickel-plating of metals and
tium. plastics. Some of the compounds used are di- and
triethylamine borane and pyridine borane.
bone tallow. (bone fat). Fat obtained from ani- See carborane; diborane; pentaborane; organobo-
mal bones by boiling in water, treating with steam rane.
under pressure, or solvent extraction. It is a glyceryl
ester. boranecarboxylic acid, ammonium salt.
See ammonium boranecarboxylate.
BON maroon. A calcium or manganese precip-
itated compound of 3-hydroxy-2-naphthoic acid and borates, tetra, sodium salt, pentahydrate.
2-naphthylamine-1-sulfonic acid. See sodium tetraborate pentahydrate.
See BON red.
borax. (sodium borate; tincal; borax decahyd-
rate). Na2B4O710H2O. A natural hydrated sodium
BON red. Class name for a group of organic azo
borate found in salt lakes and alkali soils. Also the
pigments made by coupling 3-hydroxy-2-naphthoic
commercial name for sodium borate.
acid to various amines and forming the barium,
Hazard: Toxic. TLV: 5 mg/m3.
calcium, strontium, or manganese salts. They have
bright shades ranging from yellow-red to deep ma-
roon, good light and heat resistance, nonbleeding in
borax, anhydrous. (borax, dehydrated; sodi-
um borate, anhydrous).
vehicles and solvents, and good opacity. They are
CAS: 1303-43-4. Na2B4O7.
widely used in printing inks, paints, enamels, lac-
Properties: White, free-flowing crystals; hygro-
quers, rubber, plastics, wallpaper, textiles, floor
scopic; forms partial hydrate in damp air. Mp 741C,
coverings, and crayons.
d 2.367. Slightly soluble in cold water. Noncom-
bustible.
Boord olefin synthesis. Regiospecific syn- Grade: Technical, 99% Na2B4O7, standard, fine gran-
thesis of olefins from aldehydes and Grignard re- ular form, glass or fused.
agents. Hazard: Toxic. TLV: 1 mg/m3.
Use: Manufacturing of glass, enamels, and other ce-
boort. (bort). ramic products; herbicide.
See diamond, industrial.
borax glass. Fused anhydrous borax used as a
BOPOB. See p-bis[2-(5-p-biphenylyloxa- metal flux.
zoyl)]benzene.
borax pentahydrate. Na2B4O75H2O.
boracic acid. See boric acid. Properties: Free-flowing powder. Begins to lose wa-
ter of hydration at 122C, d 1.815. Noncombustible.
boral. A composite material consisting of boron Grade: Crude, technical (99.5% Na2B4O75H2O).
carbide crystals in aluminum with a cladding of Hazard: Toxic. TLV: 1 mg/m3.
commercially pure aluminum. Concentration of up Use: Weed killer and soil sterilant, fungus control on
to 50% boron carbide can be obtained. citrus fruits (FDA tolerance 8 ppm of boron res-
Use: Reactor shields, neutron curtains, shutters for idue).
thermal curtains, safety rods, containers for fission-
able material. borazole. (borazine). B3N3H6. Inorganic analog
See composite. of benzene.
BORCHERS METAL 174

Properties: Colorless liquid. Fp 58C, bp 53C, d oxide, special solvents, stabilizers, plasticizers or
0.824 (0C), hydrolyzes to evolve boron hydrides. adhesion additives to latex paints, ingredients of
Hazard: Dangerous fire risk. Toxic via ingestion and soldering and brazing fluxes.
inhalation, strong irritant to tissue.
orthoboric acid. See boric acid.
Borchers metal. A group of alloys of chromi-
um with nickel and cobalt or of chromium and iron boric anhydride. See boric oxide.
with a small proportion of molybdenum and/or sil-
ver or gold. Heat and corrosion resistant. boric oxide. (boric anhydride; boron oxide).
Use: Chemical apparatus, crucibles, pyrometer tubes, CAS: 1303-86-2. B2O3.
heat treating, and annealing pots. Properties: Colorless powder or vitreous crystals;
slightly bitter taste.D 2.46, mp approximately 450C,
Borchers process. An electrolytic method for bp 1500C. Soluble in alcohol and hot water; slightly
refining silver by using silver sheet cathodes and soluble in cold water. Noncombustible.
dilute nitric acid electrolyte. Derivation: By heating boric acid.
Grade: Glass or fused form, powder, technical, or
bordeaux direct. See C.I. direct red 13, highpurity 99.99+%.
disodium salt. Hazard: TLV: 10 mg/m3.
Use: Production of boron, heat-resistant glassware,
Bordeaux mixture. A fungicide and insecti- fire-resistant additive for paints, electronics, liquid
cide mixture made by adding slaked lime to a copper encapsulation techniques, herbicide.
sulfate solution. It is either made by the user or
bought as a powder ready for dissolving. Stabilizing boride. An interstitial compound of boron and
agents are sometimes added to delay settling. Used another metal (transition, alkaline-earth, or rare-
especially for potato bugs and similar garden pests. earth). Such compounds are not stoichiometric, the
Hazard: Irritant and corrosive by ingestion. boron atoms being linked together in zigzag chains,
two-dimensional nets, or three-dimensional struc-
boric acid. (boracic acid; orthoboric acid). tures throughout the crystal.
CAS: 10043-35-3. H3BO3. Properties: Color varies from gray (transition-met-
Properties: Colorless, odorless scales or white pow- al) to black (alkaline-earth) to blue (rare-earth).
der; stable in air. D: 1.4347 (15C), mp indeterminate Highly refractory, with mp from 2000 to 3000C;
since it loses water in stages through metaboric acid, Mohs hardness from 8 to 10; thermally and electri-
HBO2, to pyroboric acid, H2B4O7, and to the oxide, cally conductive. High chemical stability. Does not
B2O3. Soluble in boiling water, alcohol, and glycer- react with hydrochloric or hydrofluoric acids but is
ol. Noncombustible. attacked by hot alkali hydroxides.
Derivation: (1) By adding hydrochloric or sulfuric Derivation: (1) Sintering mixtures of metal powder
acid to a solution of borax and crystallizing. (2) and boron at 2000C; (2) reduction of mixture of the
From weak borax brines by extraction with a kero- metal oxide and boric oxide with aluminum, silicon,
sene solution of a chelating agent such as 2-ethyl- or carbon; (3) fused-salt electrolysis; (4) vapor-
1,3-hexanediol or other polyols. Borates are phase deposition.
stripped from the chelate by sulfuric acid. Use: High-temperature service such as rocket noz-
Method of purification: Recrystallization. zles, turbines, etc.
Grade: Technical, 99.9%, CP, USP.
Hazard: Toxic via ingestion. Use only weak solu- borneol. (bornyl alcohol; 2-camphanol; 2-hy-
tions. Irritant to skin in dry form. droxycamphane).
Use: Heat-resistant (borosilicate) glass, glass fibers, CAS: 507-70-0. C10H17OH.
porcelain enamels, boron chemicals, metallurgy Properties: White, translucent lumps; sharp, cam-
(welding flux, brazing copper), flame-retardant in phorlike odor; burning taste. Optically active in nat-
cellulosic insulation, mattress batting and cotton ural form, racemic form made synthetically. D
textile products, fungus control on citrus fruits 1.011, mp 208C, bp 212C. Soluble in alcohol and
(FDA tolerance 8 ppm boron residue), ointment and ether; insoluble in water. Flammable.
eye wash (water solution only), nickel electroplating Derivation: Natural form from a species of tree in
baths. Borneo and Sumatra. Synthesized from camphor by
hydrogen reduction or from -pinene.
boric acid esters. (borate ester; trimethyl Grade: Technical.
borate; tri-n-butyl borate; tricyclohexyl borate; Hazard: Fire risk in presence of open flame.
tridodecylborate; tri-p-cresyl borates). Trihexy- Use: Perfumery, esters.
lene glycol biborate compounds that are readily hy-
drolyzed to boric acid and the respective alcohols. Born equation. An equation representing the
Properties: Colorless to yellow liquids. Bp free energy of solvation of an ion.
230350C. Combustible.
Use: Dehydrating agents, catalysts, sources of boric bornyl acetate. C10H17OOCCH3.
 175 BORON HYDRIDE

Properties: Colorless liquid; piney-camphoraceous mixtures, high-temperature brazing alloys.

odor. D 0.9800.984, refr index 1.4631.465, mp See boron alloy; boron fiber; boron-10.
29C. Solidifies to crystals at approximately 50F.
Soluble in 3 volumes of 70% alcohol; miscible with boron-10. Nonradioactive isotope of boron of
95% alcohol and ether. Combustible. mass number 10.
Derivation: Interaction of borneol and acetic anhy- Properties: Has marked capacity for absorbing slow
dride in the presence of formic acid. neutrons, emitting a high-energy -particle in the
Grade: Technical, FCC. process.
Use: Perfumery, flavoring, nitrocellulose solvent. Derivation: Constitutes approximately 19% of natu-
ral boron.
bornyl alcohol. See borneol. Available forms: Crystalline powder, dry amor-
phous powder, colloidal suspension of dry amor-
2-bornyl chloride. phous powder in oil; in boron trifluoridecalcium
CAS: 464-41-5. mf: C10H17Cl. fluoride, in potassium borofluoride, in boron tri-
Hazard: A poison by inhalation. Moderately toxic by fluoride ethyl etherate, in boric acid.
ingestion. Use: Neutron counter, radiation shielding (in the
form of boral), medicine.
bornyl formate. C10H17OOCH. boron alloy. A uniformly dispersed mixture of
Properties: Colorless liquid having a piney odor. D boron with another metal or metals. Ferroboron usu-
1.0071.009. Combustible. ally contains 1525% boron, manganese boron usu-
Grade: Technical. ally contains 6065% manganese.
Use: Perfuming of soaps, disinfectants, and sanitary Use: Degasifying and deoxidizing agents, to harden
products; flavoring. steel (in trace quantities), to increase conductivity of
copper, turbojet engines.
bornyl isovalerate. C10H17OOC5H9. A constitu-
ent of valerian oil. boron bromide. See boron tribromide.
Properties: Limpid fluid; aromatic, valerian-like
odor. D 0.951 (20C), bp 255260C. Soluble in alco- boron carbide. B4C.
hol and ether; insoluble in water. Combustible. Properties: Hard, black crystals. D 2.6, Mohs
Use: Medicine, essential-oil intermediate, flavoring. hardness 9.3, mp 2350C, bp 3500C. Soluble in fused
alkali; insoluble in water and acids. High capture
boroethane. See diborane. cross-section for thermal neutrons.
Derivation: Heating boron oxide with carbon in an
boron. B. Nonmetallic element of atomic number electric furnace.
5; group IIIA of the periodic table. Aw 10.81. Va- Available forms: Powder, crystals, rods, fibers,
lence 3. Two stable isotopes: 11 (approximately whiskers.
81%) and 10 (approximately 19%). Hazard: Avoid inhalation of dust or particles.
Properties: Black, hard solid; brown, amorphous Use: Abrasive powder, abrasion resister and refracto-
powder; crystals. D 2.45, mp 2300C, Mohs hardness ry, control rods in nuclear reactors, reinforcing agent
9.3. Highly reactive. Soluble in concentrated nitric in composites for military aircraft, and other special
and sulfuric acids; insoluble in water, alcohol, and applications.
ether. High neutron absorption capacity. Amphoter- See boral.
ic. A plant micronutrient.
Source: Borax, kernite, colemanite, ulexite. boron chloride. See boron trichloride.
Derivation: (1) By heating boric oxide with pow-
dered magnesium or aluminum; (2) by vapor-phase boron fiber. A vapor-deposited filament made
reduction of boron trichloride with hydrogen over by deposition of boron on a heated tungsten wire.
hot filaments (802000C); (3) by electrolysis of The filament is 0.004 inch in diameter, while the
fused salts. wire is only 0.0005 inch. Tensile strength
Available forms: Filament, powder, whiskers, single 350,000450,000 psi, elastic modulus 55 million
crystals. psi, upper temperature limit in oxidizing atmosphere
Grade: Technical (9092%), 99% pure, high-purity 250C. Used in composites with epoxy resins for
crystals. aircraft and space applications. The fibers can be
Hazard: Dust ignites spontaneously in air; severe woven into fabrics.
fire and explosion hazard. Reacts exothermally with
metals above 900C; explodes with hydrogen iodide. boron fluoride. See boron trifluoride.
Use: Special-purpose alloys, cementation of iron,
neutron absorber in reactor controls, oxygen scaven- boron fuel. See rocket fuel.
ger for copper and other metals, fibers and filaments
in composites with metals or ceramics, semiconduc- boron hydride. See borane; diborane; deca-
tors, boron-coated tungsten wires, rocket propellant borane; pentaborane.
BORON NITRIDE 176

boron nitride. BN. Hazard: Strong irritant to tissue. Fumes are corro-
Properties: White powder; particle diameter approx- sive and toxic.
imately 1 micron. Mp 3000C (sublimes). Graphite- Use: Catalyst in organic syntheses; source of many
like, hexagonal plate structure. High electrical resis- boron compounds; refining of alloys; soldering flux;
tance. Compressed at 106 psi, it becomes hard as making electrical resistors; extinguishing magne-
diamond. Excellent heat-shock resistance, low me- sium fires in heat-treating furnaces; manufacturing
chanical strength, hygroscopic. Noncombustible. of diborane.
Derivation: Heating a mixture of boric acid and
tricalcium phosphate in ammonia atmosphere in an boron trifluoride. (boron fluoride).
electric furnace. CAS: 7637-07-2. BF3.
Available forms: Powder, compressed solid, fibers, Properties: Colorless gas. D 3.076 g/L, fp 126.8C,
whiskers. bp 101C. Does not support combustion. Soluble in
Use: Refractory, furnace insulation, crucibles, recti- cold water; hydrolyzes in hot water; soluble in con-
fying tubes, dielectric, chemical equipment, self-lu- centrated sulfuric acid and most organic solvents.
bricating bushings, molten-metal pump parts, tran- Easily forms double compounds such as that with
sistor and rectifier mounting wafers, heat-shield for ether, known as boron trifluoride etherate or BF3-
plasma, nose-cone windows, heat-resistant fibers ether complex.
stable to 870C in oxidizing atmosphere for military Derivation: From borax and hydrofluoric acid or
composites, metalworking abrasive, high-tempera- from boric acid and ammonium bifluoride. The
ture insulator, high-strength fibers. complex formed is then treated with cold-fuming
sulfuric acid.
boron oxide. See boric oxide. Grade: Pure (99% min).
Hazard: Toxic by inhalation, corrosive to skin and
boron phosphate. (Sometimes called boro- tissue. TLV: ceiling 1 ppm.
phosphoric acid). BPO4. Use: Catalyst in organic synthesis, production of di-
Properties: White, nonhygroscopic crystals. D borane, instruments for measuring neutron intensi-
1.873. Soluble in water; pH (1% solution) 2.0. ty, soldering fluxes, gas brazing.
Use: Special glasses, ceramics, acid cleaner, dehy-
dration catalyst. boron trifluoride etherate. (BF3-ether com-
plex). CH3CH2O(BF3)CH2CH3. A relatively stable
boron phosphide. BP. A refractory, maroon coordination complex formed by the combination of
powder; noncorrosive; Mohs hardness 9.5. diethyl ether with boron trifluoride, in which the
Derivation: Direct union of boron and phosphorus at boron atom is bonded to the oxygen of the ether.
approximately 1000C in a reducing atmosphere. Properties: Fuming liquid. Bp 259C (126C), flash p
Hazard: Evolves toxic fumes in contact with water 147F (63.8C) (OC). Combustible.
and acids. Ignites spontaneously at 390F (199C). Hazard: Toxic by inhalation, corrosive to skin and
tissue.
boron steel. See ferroboron. Use: Catalyst in organic synthesis.

boron tribromide. (boron bromide). boron trifluoridemethanol. (BF3-MeOH).

A solution of boron trifluoride in methanol.
CAS: 10294-33-4. BBr3.
Properties: Concentrated 14 g/100 cc, d 0.90 (20C).
Properties: Colorless, fuming liquid. Decomposed
Hazard: Moderate fire risk. Combustible.
by alcohol and water. D 1.69 (15C), bp 90C, fp
Use: Esterification reagent for fats and oils.
46C.
Derivation: (High purity.) Direct bromination of bo-
ron followed by rectification in quartz columns. boron trifluoride monoethylamine. (boron
Grade: Technical, high purity. fluoride monoethylamine; BF3-MEA). BF3-
Hazard: Corrosive to tissue. TLV: ceiling 1 ppm. C2H5NH2.
May explode when heated. Properties: White to pale-tan flakes. D 1.38, mp
Use: Catalyst in organic synthesis manufacture of 8890C. Soluble in furfuryl alcohol, polyglycol,
diborane. acetone. Releases boron trifluoride above 110C.
Hazard: Moderate fire risk. Combustible.
Use: Elevated-temperature cure of epoxy resins.
boron trichloride. (boron chloride).
CAS: 10294-34-5. BCl3.
Properties: Colorless, fuming liquid. D 1.35 (25C), borophosphoric acid. See boron phosphate.
bp 12.5C, fp 107C. Decomposed by alcohol and
water. Reacts with hydrogen at 1200C. borosilicate glass. See glass, heat-resistant.
Derivation: (1) Heating boric oxide and carbon with
chlorine; (2) combining boric oxide with phospho- Boro-Silicone [Reactor]. TM for fire- and
rus pentachloride. heat-resistant field-castable elastomer with high hy-
Grade: Technical (99%), CP (99.5%). drogen content. A solid material with resiliency to
 177 BOYLES LAW

minimize impact due to secondary missile forma- bound water. Water molecules that are tightly
tion. held by various chemical groups in a larger mole-
cule. Carboxyl, hydroxyl, and amino groups are
borotungstic acid. (borowolframic acid). usually involved; hydrogenbonding is often a factor.
Various formulas and properties given. Proteins tend to bind water in this way, and in meats
Grade: Technical. it will remain unfrozen as low as 40C.
Use: Mineralogic assay.
Bourdon gauge. A pressure gauge using a flat-
Borsche-Drechsel cyclization. Acid-cata- tened tube (Bourdon tube), that straightens out un-
lyzed rearrangement of cyclohexanone phenylhy- der pressure.
drazone to tetrahydrocarbazole. Subsequent oxida-
tion yields carbazole. Bouveault aldehyde synthesis. Action of
Grignard reagents on N,N-disubstituted formamides
yields aldehydes.
Bosch, Karl. (18741940) A German chemist
who was the 1931 recipient of the Nobel Prize with
Friederick Bergius. In World War I, his catalyst
Bouveault-Blanc reduction. Formation of al-
cohols by reduction of esters with sodium and an
study led to the production of synthetic gasoline. He
alcohol.
also worked in the area of chemical high-pressure
methods. His research in ammonia synthesis aided
in the manufacture of fertilizers and explosives. His Boyer, Paul D. (1918 ). A chemist who won
doctorate was awarded in Liepzig, Germany. the Nobel Prize in 1997 for his work on elucidating
the enzymatic mechanism by which ATP synthase
(ATPase) catalyzes the synthesis of adenosine tri-
Bosch-Meiser urea process. Industrial pro- phosphate (ATP), the energy source of living cells.
cess for formation of urea by reaction of carbon He is a professor of biochemistry at the University of
dioxide with ammonia at elevated temperatures and California, Los Angeles. He received a Ph.D. in
pressures. Biochemistry in 1943 from the University of Wis-
consin, Madison, U.S.A.
Bosch process. A method of recovering hydro- See Walker, John E., Skou, Jens C.
gen from water gas wherein carbon monoxide is
reacted with steam at 500C in the presence of cata- Boyle, Robert. (16271691). A native of Ire-
lysts to form carbon dioxide and hydrogen. land, Boyle devoted his life to experiments in what
was then called natural philosophy, i.e., physical
Bose-Einstein statistics. The statistical analy- science. He was influenced early by Galileo. His
sis of interspin particles such as radiation quanta. interest aroused by a pump that had just been invent-
ed, Boyle studied the properties of air, on which he
bosentan. wrote a treatise (1660). Soon thereafter, he stated the
CAS: 147536-97-8. mf: C27H29N5O6S. famous law that bears his name (see following en-
Hazard: A reproductive hazard. try). Boyles group of scientific enthusiasts was
known as the invisible college, and in 1663 it
Botran [Pfizer]. TM for an agricultural fun- became the Royal Society of London. Boyle was
gicide, 2,6-dichloro-4-nitroaniline. one of the first to apply the principle that Francis
Bacon had described as the new methodname-
ly, inductive experimentation as opposed to the de-
botulism. An intense and often fatal poisoning ductive method of Aristotleand this became and
caused by ingestion of the anaerobic bacterium has remained the cornerstone of scientific research.
Clostridium botulinum, a Gram-positive bacillus Boyle also investigated hydrostatics, desalination of
that proliferates in many kinds of inadequately steri- seawater, crystals, electricity, etc. He approached
lized canned food products those preserved at home. but never quite stated the atomic theory of matter;
Death from respiratory paralysis occurs in from 30 however, he did distinguish between compounds
to 65% of the cases. Heating to 80C or higher for 25 and mixtures and conceived the idea of particles
to 30 minutes before serving is effective protection becoming associated to form molecules.
against this powerful toxin. Extensive tests have
indicated that meats such as bacon can be made Boyles law. The volume of a sample of gas
resistant to botulism by treatment with a combina- varies inversely with the pressure if the temperature
tion of potassium sorbate and sodium nitrite. remains constant. The relation is strictly true only
for a perfect or ideal gas, but the law is satisfactory
Bouchardats solution. Iodine dissolved in for practical calculations except when pressures are
aqueous potassium iodide. high or temperatures are approaching the liquefac-
tion point. The van der Waals equation is a refine-
Bouins fluid. A tissue preservative composed ment that is adequate over a wider range.
of picric acid, formalin, and acetic acid. See ideal gas.
BP 178

BP. (bp). Abbreviation for base pair(s). Double shades. Acid-base indicator, turning yellow in acid
stranded DNA is usually measured in bp rather than and carmine red in alkali. Biological stain.
nucleotides (nt).
brass. Copper-zinc alloys of varying composi-
BPIC [PPG]. TM for technical grade of ter- tion. Low-zinc brasses (below 20%) are resistant to
butylperoxyisopropyl carbonate, a polymerization stress-corrosion cracking and are easily formed. Red
initiator for acrylic, ethylene, styrene, and other mo- brass (15% zinc) is highly corrosionresistant. Yel-
nomers, and a cross-linking agent for silicone and low brasses contain 3437% zinc, have good ductili-
ethylene propylene elastomers. ty and high strength, and can withstand severe cold-
working. Cartridge brass contains 3033% zinc.
BPL. (1) Abbreviation for bone phosphate of Muntz metal (40% zinc) is primarily a hot-working
lime. alloy used where cold-forming operations are un-
See bone phosphate. (2) Abbreviation for -propio- necessary. Some brasses also contain low percent-
lactone. ages of other elements, e.g., manganese, aluminum,
silicon, lead, and tin (admiralty metal, naval brass).
BPR [FMC]. TM for insecticidal mixture Hazard: Flammable in powder or finely divided
containing varying proportions of pyrethrin, pipero- form.
nyl butoxide, and rotenone in liquid or dust base. Use: Condenser tube plates, piping, hose nozzles and
couplings, oil gauges, flow indicators, air cocks,
Br. Symbol for bromine. drain cocks, marine equipment, jewelry, fine arts,
stamping dies.
BRA. Abbreviation for -resorcylic acid. See admiralty metal; aluminum brass; red brass; yel-
low brass; Muntz metal.
brackish water. Water that is lower in salinity
than normal seawater and higher in salinity than brassidic acid. (trans-13-docosenoic acid).
freshwater, ranging from 30 to 0.5 parts salt per CH3(CH2)7HC==CH(CH2)11COOH. An isomer of
1000 parts water. erucic acid.
Properties: White crystals. Mp 6162C, bp 282C (30
mm), d 0.859, refr index 1.448 (57C). Insoluble in
Bradsher reaction. Acid-catalyzed cyclodeh-
water; slightly soluble in alcohol; soluble in ether.
ydration of o-acyldiarylalkanes to polycyclic hydro-
Combustible.
carbons and their heterocyclic analogs.
Derivation: By treating erucic acid with nitrous acid
(catalyst).
Bragg angle. Characteristic angle of the diffrac-
tion of X rays from planes of a crystal. von Braun reaction. Reaction of tertiary
amines with cyanogen bromide to form disubsti-
Bragg law. The equation describing how a sys- tuted cyanamides and an alkyl halide.
tem of parallel atomic layers in a crystal reflects a
beam of X rays with great intensity. Brazil wax. See carnauba wax.
Bragg X ray method. The X ray examination brazing. A welding method in which a nonfer-
of crystals using a single large crystal rotated rous filler alloy is inserted between the ends or edges
through a small angle around an axis in a crystal of the metals to be joined.
face. See welding.
brake fluid. See hydraulic fluid. Bredts rule. A restriction applying to bridged
systems, that states that in some bridged systems the
branched chain. See chain. branching points (the bridgeheads) cannot be in-
volved in a double bond. As a corollary, reactions
branch migration. See Holliday interme- that should lead to such compounds will be hindered
diate. or will take a different course.

bran oil. See furfural. breeder. A particularly efficient type of nuclear

reactor that is able to utilize the tremendous energy
brasilin. (brazilin; brazilwood extract). latent in 238U. This cannot be exploited in conven-
C16H14O5. The crystalline, colorizing principle of tional (thermal) nuclear reactors, which are fueled
brazilwood. with enriched uranium or plutonium, for these even-
Properties: White or pale-yellow, rhombic needles tually become depleted and must be replaced. The
from alcohol; turns orange in air or light. Soluble in fuel used for the breeder reactor is a mixture of
water, alcohol, and ether; in alkalis giving a car- nonfissionable 238U and 239Pu sealed in long, thin
mine-red color. Decomposes above 130C. hexagonal metal tubes, which are in turn contained
Use: Dyeing wood, ink, textiles, etc. red and purple in cans called subassemblies. These constitute the
 179 BRILLIANT GREEN

reactor core. Around it are placed several layers of Brewster process. A method for the extraction
U238, also in subassemblies. When criticality is of acetic acid from the acid distillate of the destruc-
reached, the unmoderated neutron flux from the core tive distillation of wood. Isopropyl ether is used as
permeates the entire system and thus breeds fis- the solvent for the acetic acid.
sionable 239Pu in the surrounding 238U. The amount of
fissionable material thus made available is about brick, refractory. A highly heat-resistant and
100 times as great as that obtainable with a conven- nonconductive material used for furnace linings, as
tional reactor, since all the energy potential of the in the glass and steel industries and other applica-
238
U can be released. Twenty pounds of uranium has tions where temperatures above 1600C are in-
the potential of delivering approximately 52 106 volved. Some types are made of quartzite or high-
kWh of electricity; only a small fraction of this silica clay, others of metallic ores such as chromite,
would be extractable without breeding. The breeder magnesite, and zirconia.
utilizes fast neutrons that are much more efficient See refractory.
than the slow (thermal) neutrons used in convention-
al reactors. Liquid sodium is the coolant in breeder bridge. See bond, chemical; hydrogen bond.
reactors, as it has no retarding effect on the neutrons:
2.9 neutrons per fission are produced in the breeder brightener. A compound that when added to a
compared with only 2.4 in water-moderated reac- nickel-plating formulation of the Watts type (nickel
tors. This excess of neutrons makes it possible for sulfate and nickel chloride in a six-to-one ratio plus
the fast breeder to produce more fuel than it con- boric acid) will yield a bright, reflective finish.
sumes. Breeders have been operating on a commer- There are two types: (1) naphthalenedisulfonic
cial scale in several European countries for some acids, diphenyl sulfonates, aryl sulfonamides, etc.,
years. The NRC authorized construction of the which give bright deposits on polished surfaces; and
Clinch River breeder, but funding was canceled as a (2) metal ions having high hydrogen overvoltage in
result of opposition by environmentalist and antinu- acid solution (zinc, cadmium, selenium, etc.) and
clear groups. The only operating breeder reactor in unsaturated organic compounds such as thiourea,
the U.S. is Argonnes EBR-11 in Idaho. acetylene derivatives, azo dyes, etc., which give
mirror brightness as a result of their leveling ac-
breeze. Coke particles less than one-half inch in tion. Usually both types are used for maximum ef-
diameter. This occurs to the extent of approximately fectiveness.
100 lb/ton of coal processed. See leveling (2); optical brightener.

bretonite. (iodoacetone). CH3COCH2I. brightening agent. (optical bleach). A color-

Properties: Bp 102C. less substance that absorbs UV radiation and pro-
duces a bluish hue complementary to the yellow tint
brevetoxin. of an off-white substrate.
CAS: 98225-48-0.
Hazard: A poison by ingestion. bright stock. Lubricating oil of high viscosity
Source: Natural product. obtained from residues of petroleum distillation by
dewaxing and treatment with fullers earth or similar
brewing. The production of beer, ale, and malt material. Sometimes also applied to viscous petrole-
liquors by a process involving a complex series of um distillates.
enzymatic reactions. The most important of these is Use: For blending with neutral oils in preparing auto-
the conversion of starch to a malt extract (wort), motive engine lubricating oils.
which in turn is fermented with yeast. Mashing is the
preparation of wort from malt and cereals by enzy- Brij [ICI]. TM for a series of emulsifiers and
matic hydrolysis, after which the product is boiled wetting agents developed for use in emulsions of
with hops, which impart the characteristic taste and high alkalinity or acidity. They are polyoxyethylene
aroma of beer. The malt extract must contain the ethers of higher aliphatic alcohols. Soluble in water
nutrients required for yeast growth. Mashing in- and lower alcohols. Insoluble in coal tar hydro-
volves a complex interplay of chemical and enzy- carbons.
matic reactions that are not fully understood. Few
changes have been made in the basic brewing pro- brilliant crocein. (CI 17190; Crocein Scarlet
cesses for more than a century, but increased auto- MOO). C6H5N2C6H4N2C10H4OH(S3Na)2.
matic operation and quality-control techniques en- Properties: Light-brown powder, cherry-red solu-
sure a consistently good product. tion in water..
See fermentation; yeast; wort. Use: To dye wool and silk red from acid solution and
cotton and paper with aid of a mordant. Also used for
Brewster angle. The angle of incidence at red lakes, biological stain.
which a wave, polarized in the plane of the angle of
incidence, undergoes a phase shift of one quadrant brilliant green. (CI 42040; Malachite Green
on reflection at the surface. G). C27H34N2O4S.
BRILLIANT TONING RED 180

Properties: Yellow crystals. Soluble in water and British anti-Lewisite. See 2,3-dimercapto-
alcohol. propanol.
Derivation: Condensation of benzaldehyde with die-
thylaniline in presence of sulfuric acid, followed by British thermal unit. See Btu.
oxidation of the triphenylmethane product formed
and conversion to sulfate. brittle point. The temperature at which a sam-
Use: Dyeing textiles, inks, etc.; indicator; staining ple shatters on application of pressure. This is slight-
bacteria; antiseptic. ly above the transition point.
See Malachite Green.
Brix degree. A measure of the density or con-
brilliant toning red amine. See 4-amino-2- centration of a sugar solution. The number of de-
chlorotoluene-5-sulfonic acid. grees Brix equals the percentage by weight of su-
crose in the solution and is related empirically to the
brimonidine. density.
CAS: 59803-98-4. mf: C11H10BrN5.
Hazard: A poison by ingestion. Broenner acid. (2-naphthylamine-6-sulfonic
acid). C10H6(NH)2SO3H.
brimstone. Lumps or blocks of sulfur obtained in Properties: Colorless needles. Soluble in boiling
refining of sulfur. It collects on the floor of the water.
condensing chamber. where it is cast into sticks. Derivation: Heating sodium-2-naphthol-6-sulfonate
See sulfur. with concentrated ammonia at 180C in an autoclave.
Grade: Technical. Available as the sodium salt, an
brine. Any solution of sodium chloride and water, odorless gray-to-pink powder.
usually containing other salts also. The most indus- Use: Azo dye intermediate.
trially important brines are (1) in subterranean wells
as in Michigan; (2) in desert lakes such as the Great Brom 55 [Great Lakes].
Salt Lake, Searles Lake, Salton Sea, and Dead Sea; CAS: 77-48-5. TM for 1,3-dibromo-5,5-dimethyl-
and (3) in the ocean. These are the sources of many hydantoin.
inorganic chemicals such as soda ash, sodium sul- Use: Organic synthesis and as a disinfectant or sani-
fate, potassium chloride, bromine, chlorine, borax, tizer.
etc. Brines are also used for the preservation and
pickling of certain vegetables, meat curing, and bromacil. (5-bromo-3-sec-butyl-6-methylura-
freezing mixtures. Concentrations range from 3% cil).
(ocean) to 20% or more. Large areas of sand and CAS: 314-40-9. Substitute approved by EPA for
shale containing brines under high pressure exist some uses of 2,4,5-T.
along the Gulf Coast. These are reported to be an Hazard: An animal carcinogen. TLV: 10 mg/m3.
important undeveloped source of natural gas and Use: Herbicide.
other hydrocarbons suitable for fuel or petrochemi-
cal feedstocks. bromal. See tribromoacetaldehyde.
See desalination; demineralization.
bromcresol green. (tetrabromo-m-cresolsul-
Brinell hardness test. The standard method of fonphthalein). An acid-base indicator showing col-
measuring the hardness of metals. The smooth sur- or change from yellow to blue over the pH range
face of the metal is dented by a steel ball under force. 3.85.4.
The standard load and time are 500 kg for 60 seconds Properties: Yellow crystals. Mp 218C. Slightly sol-
for soft metals and 3000 kg for 30 seconds for steel uble in water; soluble in alcohol.
and other hard metals. The size (diameter) of the See indicator.
resulting dent is measured, and the hardness deter-
mined from a chart or formula. bromcresol purple. (dibromo-o-cresolsulfon-
phthalein). An acid-base indicator that changes
brisance. The shattering power of an explosive from yellow to purple between pH 5.2 and 6.8.
measured by the ratio of the weight of graded sand Properties: Yellow crystals. Mp 241C. Insoluble in
shattered when a charge of the test explosive is water; soluble in alcohol.
detonated in a standard manner to the weight of sand See indicator.
shattered by TNT detonated in the same manner.
bromelin. (bromelain). A milk-clotting proteo-
britannia metal. See pewter; white metal. lytic enzyme. It is precipitated from pineapple juice
with acetone or ammonium sulfide.
Britesorb [PQ]. (silica gel). Use: Biochemical research, meat-tenderizing formu-
CAS: 7631-86-9. TM for adsorbent for proteins and lations, texturizer in baking, medicine.
other materials.
Use: Beer, wine, and cooking oil. bromeosin. See eosin.
 181 BROMOACETIC ACID

bromic acid. HBrO3. Use: Industrial disinfectant, especially for waste-

Properties: Colorless or slightly yellow liquid; turns waters.
yellow on exposure; unstable except in very dilute
solution. D 3.28, bp decomposes at 100C. Exists bromine cyanide. See cyanogen bromide.
only in water solution.
Derivation: Sulfuric acid is added to a solution of bromine iodide. See iodine monobromide.
barium bromate, and the product is recovered by
subsequent distillation and absorption in water. bromine pentafluoride.
Hazard: By ingestion and inhalation. Strong irritant CAS: 7789-30-2. BrF5.
to tissue. Properties: Colorless, fuming liquid. D 2.466 (25C),
Use: Dyes, intermediates, pharmaceuticals, oxidiz- fp 61C, bp 40.5C, vap press (21.1C) 7 psi. Reacts
ing agent. with every known element except inert gases, nitro-
gen, and oxygen.
brominated camphor. See camphor bro- Derivation: By reacting bromine, diluted with nitro-
mate. gen and fluorine, in a copper vessel at 200C.
Grade: 98% min.
bromine. Hazard: Corrosive to skin and tissue. TLV: 0.1 ppm.
CAS: 7726-95-6. Br. Nonmetallic halogen element Explodes on contact with water.
of atomic number 35, group VIIA of the periodic Use: Synthesis, oxidizer in liquid rocket propellants.
table. Aw 79.904. Valences 1, 3, 5 (valence of 7 also
reported). There are two stable isotopes. bromine trifluoride.
Properties: Dark, reddish-brown liquid; irritating CAS: 7787-71-5. BrF3.
fumes.Bp 58.8C, fp 7.3C, d 3.11 (20/4C), vap d vs. Properties: Colorless liquid. D 2.80, mp 9C, bp
air (at 15C) 5.51, wt/gal 25.7 lb, specific heat 0.107 125C, vap press (21.1C) 0.15 psi. Decomposed vio-
cal/g, refr index 1.647, dielectric constant 3.2. Solu- lently by water.
ble in common organic solvents; very slightly solu- Derivation: See bromine pentafluoride.
ble in water. Attacks most metals, including plati- Grade: 98% min.
num and palladium; aluminum reacts vigorously Hazard: Corrosive to skin. Very reactive and dan-
and potassium explosively. Dry bromine does not gerous.
attack lead, nickel, magnesium, tantalum, iron, zinc, Use: Fluorinating agent, electrolytic solvent.
or (below 300C) sodium.
Derivation: From seawater and natural brines by bromine water. A mixture of 3.2 g bromine in
oxidation of bromine salts with chlorine; solar evap- 100 g water.
oration (Great Salt Lake); from salt beds at Stassfurt Use: A laboratory reagent.
and the Dead Sea.
Method of purification: Distillation. bromkal 80.
Grade: Technical, CP, 99.8%, 99.95%. CAS: 61288-13-9.
Hazard: Toxic by ingestion and inhalation, severe Hazard: Confirmed carcinogen.
skin irritant. TLV: 0.1 ppm. Strong oxidizing agent,
may ignite combustible materials on contact. bromlost. (blister gas).
Use: Manufacture of ethylene dibromide (antiknock See dibromodiethyl sulfide.
gasoline), organic synthesis, bleaching, water puri-
fication, solvent, intermediate for fumigants (meth- N-bromoacetamide. (NBA). CH3CONHBr.
yl bromide), analytical reagent, fireretardant for Properties: White powder with bromine odor. Mp
plastics, dyes, pharmaceuticals, photography, 105108C. Contains approximately 57% active bro-
shrink-proofing wool. mine, decomposes appreciably above 26.6C.
Hazard: Emits very toxic fumes of bromine on
bromine azide. (bromoazide). heating.
CAS: 13973-87-0. BrN3. Use: Brominating and oxidizing agent in organic
Properties: Crystals or red liquid. Mp approximately synthesis.
45C, bp explodes. A strong oxidizing agent.
Hazard: Explosive when heated or shocked. Will 2-bromoacetamide.
ignite combustible materials on contact. CAS: 683-57-8. mf: C2H4BrNO.
Use: Detonators and other explosive devices. Hazard: A poison by ingestion. Moderately toxic by
skin contact. A severe skin and eye irritant.
bromine chloride. BrCl.
Properties: Reddish-yellow, mobile liquid. Fp bromoacetic acid.
66C, decomposes with evolution of chlorine at CAS: 79-08-3. CH2BrCOOH.
10C. Soluble in water, carbon disulfide, ether. Read- Properties: Colorless, deliquescent crystals. Keep
ily hydrolyzes. Reacts with ammonia to form bro- from air and moisture. Mp 51C, bp 208C, d 1.93.
mamines. Soluble in water, alcohol, and ether.
Hazard: Irritant. Oxidizing agent. Derivation: By heating acetic acid and bromine.
BROMOACETONE 182

Hazard: Strong irritant to skin and tissue. Properties: Heavy, mobile, colorless liquid. Pungent
Use: Organic synthesis, abscission of citrus fruit in odor. D 1.499, wt/gal 12.51 lb, bp 156.6C, fp
harvesting. 30.5C, flash p 124F (51.1C), refr index 1.5625.
Miscible with most organic solvents; insoluble in
bromoacetone. water. Autoign temp 1051F (566C). Combustible.
CAS: 598-31-2. CH2BrCOCH3. Derivation: Bromination of benzene in presence of
Properties: Colorless liquid when pure, rapidly be- iron.
comes violet even in absence of air. D 1.631, bp Grade: Technical, pure.
136C (partial decomposition), fp 54C, vap d 4.75, Hazard: Skin irritant. Moderate fire risk.
vap press 9 mm Hg (20C). Soluble in acetone, alco- Use: Solvent, top-cylinder compounds, crystallizing
hol, benzene, and ether; slightly soluble in water. solvent, organic synthesis, lubricating- oil additive.
Derivation: By treating aqueous acetone with bro-
mine and sodium chlorate at 3040C. p-bromobenzenesulfonic acid.
Grade: Technical. BrC6H4SO3H.
Hazard: Toxic by inhalation and skin contact. A Properties: Crystallizes in needles. Mp 102103C,
lachrymator gas, strong irritant. bp 155C (25 mm Hg). Soluble in hot water and hot
Use: Organic synthesis, tear gas. alcohol.
bromoacetone cyanohydrin. p-bromobenzoic acid. C6H4BrCOOH.
CH2BrC(OH)(CN)CH3. Properties: Colorless or reddish crystals. Mp 254C.
Properties: Colorless liquid. D 1.584 (13C); bp Soluble in alcohol and ether; very slightly soluble in
94.5C (5 mm Hg). Soluble in alcohol, ether, and water.
water. Derivation: From p-bromotoluene by oxidation.
Derivation: Interaction of bromoacetone and hydro- Use: Organic synthesis, detection of strontium.
gen cyanide at approximately 0C.
Use: Organic synthesis.
o-bromobenzyl cyanide. (o-bromophenyla-
bromoallylene. See allyl bromide. cetonitrile; 2-bromo--cyanotoluene).
BrC6H4CH2CN.
4-bromoaniline. (p-bromoanaline; 4-bromo- Properties: Colorless solid or liquid. Mp 29C, d
benzeneamine). 1.519, bp 242C (decomposes). Soluble in organic
CAS: 106-40-1. C6H6BrN. solvents. Nonflammable.
Properties: Colorless, rhombic crystals. Mp 66C. Hazard: Strong lachrymator, irritant to tissue.
Soluble in alcohol and ether; insoluble in cold water.
Derivation: Steam distillation of p-bromoacetanilide 1-bromobutane. See n-butyl bromide.
and sodium hydroxide or bromination of aniline.
Use: Azo dye manufacturing, preparation of dihydro- 2-bromobutane. See sec-butyl bromide.
quinazolines (with formaldehyde).
5-bromo-3-sec-butyl-6-methyluracil. See
5-bromoanthranilic acid. (2-amino-5-bro- bromacil.
mobenzoic acid). C7H6BrNO2.
Properties: Colorless crystals. Mp 217C. Soluble in -bromobutyric acid. CH3CH2CHBrCOOH.
acetone; partially soluble in alcohol, benzene, and Properties: Colorless, oily liquid. D 1.54, bp 181C
acetic acid. (760 mm Hg), 214217C (760 mm Hg) with decom-
Use: Analytical reagent for metal determination (co- position, fp 4C. Soluble in alcohol and ether; spar-
balt, copper, nickel, zinc). ingly soluble in water. Combustible.
Derivation: By heating bromine and butyric acid.
bromoauric acid. (gold tribromide acid). Hazard: Toxic by ingestion.
HAuBr45H2O. Use: Organic synthesis.
Properties: Dark, red-brown, needle crystals or
granular masses; odorless; metallic and acidic taste.
Mp 27C. Stable in air if pure, but deliquescent if bromocarnallite. An artificial carnallite in
chloride is present. Soluble in water and alcohol. which chlorine is replaced by bromine.
Derivation: By dissolving auric bromide in hydro-
bromic acid, concentration, and crystallization. bromochlorodifluoromethane. See Halon
1211 [Great Lakes].
p-bromobenzaldehyde. BrC6H4CHO.
Properties: Solid. Mp 58C. 1-bromo-3-chloro-5,5-dimethylhydantoin.
Use: Chemical intermediate. CAS: 16079-88-2. mf: C5H6BrClN2O2.
Hazard: Moderately toxic by ingestion and skin con-
bromobenzene. (phenyl bromide). tact.
CAS: 108-86-1. C6H5Br. Use: Agricultural chemical.
 183 BROMOFORM

3-bromo-1-chloro-5,5-dimethylhydantoin. 3-bromo-1-chloropropene.
BrCl(CH3)2C3N2O2. CAS: 3737-00-6. mf: C3H4BrCl.
Properties: Free-flowing, white powder; faint halo- Hazard: A poison by ingestion. Low toxicity by
gen odor. Mp 163164C. Soluble in benzene, meth- inhalation. Human systemic effects.
ylene dichloride, chloroform. Active bromine 33%
min, active chlorine 14% min. 2-bromo-2-chloro-1,1,1,-trifluoroethane.
Hazard: See bromine, chlorine. See halothane.
Use: Germicide and fungicide in treatment of water,
disinfectant, halogenating agent, catalyst of ionic bromocresol green.
type, selective oxidant. CAS: 76-60-8. mf: C21H14Br4O5S.
Hazard: Moderately toxic.
sym-bromochloroethane. (ethylene chloro- See tetrabromo-m-cresolphthalein sulfone.
bromide). CH2BrCH2Cl.
Properties: Colorless, volatile liquid; chloroform- 2-bromo--cyanotoluene. See o-bromoben-
like odor. D 1.70, bp 107108C, wt/gal 14.9 lb (0C), zyl cyanide.
fp 16.6C. Soluble in alcohol and ether; insoluble in
water. Nonflammable. bromocyclopentane. See cyclopentyl bro-
Derivation: By action of bromine and chlorine on mide.
ethylene gas.
Hazard: By ingestion and inhalation, skin irritant. bromodan. See
Use: Solvent, especially for cellulose esters and bromomethylhexachlorobicycloheptene.
ethers; organic synthesis; fumigant for fruits and
vegetables. 4-bromo-2-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-5-((6-iodo-3-
pyridinyl)methoxy)-3(2h)-pyridazinone.
CAS: 122322-26-3. mf: C16H9BrCl2IN3O2.
7-bromo-6-chlorofebrifugine hydrobromide. Hazard: A poison by ingestion.
See halofuginone hydrobromide. Use: Agricultural chemical.

bromochloromethane. (methylene chloro- (z)-1-(2-bromo-1,2-diphenylethenyl)-4-

bromide; chlorobromomethane; Halon 1011). ethylbenzene. See cis-broparestrol.
CAS: 74-97-5. BrCH2Cl.
Properties: Clear, colorless, volatile liquid; chloro- 1-bromododecane. See lauryl bromide.
form-like odor. D 1.93 (25C), bp 67.8C, fp 88C,
refr index 1.48 (25C), vap d 4.46. Soluble in organic bromoethane. See ethyl bromide.
solvents; insoluble in water. Nonflammable.
Hazard: By inhalation. TLV: 200 ppm. 2-bromoethyl alcohol. See ethylene bro-
Use: Fire extinguishers, organic synthesis. mohydrin.

2-(3-bromo-4-chlorophenyl)-4-chloro-5-((6- 2-bromoethylamine hydrobromide.

chloro-3-pyridinyl)methoxy)-3(2h)- BrCH2CH2NH2HBr.
pyridazinone. Use: Intermediate, suggested as a soldering flux.
CAS: 122322-22-9. mf: C16H9BrCl3N3O2.
Hazard: A poison by ingestion. bromoethyl chlorosulfonate.
Use: Agricultural chemical. BrCH2CH2OSO2Cl.
Properties: Liquid. Bp 100105C (18 mm Hg).
Derivation: Interaction of sulfuryl chloride and gly-
4-bromo-2-(4-chlorophenyl)-1- col bromohydrin.
ethoxymethyl-5-trifluoromethylpyrrole-3- Hazard: Irritant to skin and tissue.
carbonitrile.
CAS: 122453-73-0. mf: C15H11BrClF3N2O. p-bromofluorobenzene. C6H4BrF.
Hazard: A poison by ingestion. Moderately toxic by Properties: Colorless liquid. Bp: 151152C, fp
inhalation. 17.4C, d 1.593 (15C), refr index 1.5245 (25C).
Use: Agricultural chemical. Insoluble in water.
Use: Intermediate, production of p-fluorophenol.
1-bromo-3-chloropropane. (trimethylene
chlorobromide). BrCH2CH2CH2Cl. bromoform. (tribromomethane; methyl tribro-
Properties: Colorless liquid. Fp <50C, bp mide).
143145C, d 1.594 (25/25C), wt/gal 13.27 lb (25C), CAS: 75-25-2. CHBr3.
refr index 1.484 (25C). Insoluble in water; soluble in Properties: Colorless, heavy liquid; odor and taste
methanol and ether. Nonflammable. similar to those of chloroform. D 2.887, bp 151.2C,
Hazard: Toxic. Avoid inhalation of fumes. wt/gal 24 lb, boiling range 150.3151.2C, fp 9C,
Use: Organic synthesis, pharmaceuticals. surface tension 41.53 dynes/cm (20C), dielectric
1-BROMOHEXANE 184

constant 4.5 (20C), refr index 1.6005. Soluble in 1-bromo-2-naphthol. BrC10H6OH. Solid, mp
alcohol, ether, chloroform, benzene, solvent naph- 121125C. Used as a dye intermediate.
tha, fixed and volatile oils; slightly soluble in water.
Nonflammable. 2-bromopentane. CH3CH2CHBrCH3.
Derivation: By heating acetone or ethanol with bro- Properties: Colorless to yellow liquid; strong odor.
mine and alkali hydroxide and recovery by distilla- D 1.1850 (25/25C).
tion (similar to acetone process of chloroform).
Grade: Technical, pharmaceutical, spectrophoto- bromopheniramine maleate. (2-[p-bromo-
metric. (2-dimethylaminoethyl)benzyl]pyridine bima-
Hazard: An animal carcinogen. By ingestion, inha- leate). C16H19BrN2C4H4O4.
lation, and skin absorption. TLV: 0.5 ppm. Properties: Crystals. Mp 130135C. Soluble in wa-
Use: Intermediate in organic synthesis, geological ter, less soluble in alcohol.
assaying, solvent for waxes, greases, and oils, medi- Grade: NF.
cine (sedative). Use: Medicine (antihistamine).
1-bromohexane. See n-hexyl bromide.
p-bromophenol.
CAS: 106-41-2. HO(C6H4)Br.
(4-bromo-3-hydroxy-2-naphthoato)(8- Properties: Crystals. D 1.840 (15C), 1.5875 (80C),
quinolinolato)copper. mp 64C, bp 238C. Slightly soluble in water; soluble
CAS: 14039-99-7. mf: C20H12BrCuNO4. in alcohol, chloroform, ether, and glacial acetic acid.
Hazard: A poison. Use: Disinfectant.
5-bromo-6-(2-imidazolin-2- bromophenol blue.
ylamino)quinoxaline. See brimonidine. (tetrabromophenolsulfonaphthalein).
Properties: An acid-base indicator, showing color
bromol. (2,4,6-tribromophenol). change from yellow to purple over the range pH
CAS: 118-79-6. C6H2Br3OH. 3.04.6.
Properties: Soft, white needles; sweet taste; pene-
trating bromine odor. Sublimation point 96C, d 2.55
(20/20C), bp 244C. Soluble in alcohol, chloroform,
o-bromophenylacetonitrile. See o-bromo-
benzyl cyanide.
ether, and caustic alkaline solution; almost insoluble
in water.
Derivation: Action of bromine on phenol. 4-((3-((4-bromophenyl)amino)-4,5-dihydro-
Hazard: By ingestion, inhalation, skin absorption. 2h-benz(gndazol-2-yl)acetyl)morpholine.
Strong skin irritant. CAS: 301644-27-9. mf: C23H23BrN4O2.
Hazard: A poison by ingestion.
bromomethane. See methyl bromide.
3-((4-bromophenyl)amino)-n-(2-
bromomethylethyl ketone. BrCH2COC2H5. ethoxyethyl)-4,5-dihydro-2h-
Properties: Colorless to pale-yellowish liquid. Af- benz(g)indazole-2-acetamide.
fected by light. D 1.43, bp 145146C (decomposes). CAS: 301644-26-8. mf: C23H25BrN4O2.
Soluble in alcohol, benzene, ether, insoluble in Hazard: A poison by ingestion.
water.
Derivation: Reaction of sodium bromide and methyl 2-(2-bromophenyl)-1h-benzimidazole.
ethyl ketone in the presence of sodium chlorate. CAS: 13275-42-8. mf: C13H9BrN2.
Hazard: Strong irritant to skin and eyes. Hazard: Moderately toxic by ingestion.
Use: Organic synthesis. Use: Agricultural chemical.

bromomethylhexachlorobicycloheptene. 2-(4-bromophenyl)-4-chloro-5-((4-
CAS: 1715-40-8. mf: C8H5BrCl6. chlorophenyl)methoxy)-3(2h)-
Hazard: Low toxicity by ingestion. pyridazinone.
Use: Agricultural chemical. CAS: 107359-69-3. mf: C17H11BrCl2N2O2.
Hazard: A poison by ingestion.
-bromonaphthalene. C10H7Br. Use: Agricultural chemical.
Properties: Colorless, thick liquid; pungent odor. D
1.4870, solidifies at 6.2C, bp 279C, refr index 3-(3-(4-(2-(4-bromophenyl)ethyl)phenyl)-
1.6601. Soluble in alcohol, ether, and benzene; 1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-1-naphthalenyl)-4-
slightly soluble in water. hydroxy2h-1-benzopyran-2-one.
Derivation: Bromination of naphthalene. CAS: 90035-11-3. mf: C33H27BrO3.
Use: Organic synthesis, microscopy, refractometry Hazard: A poison by ingestion.
of fats. Use: Agricultural chemical.
 185 5-((6-BROMO-3-PYRIDINYL)

2-(p-bromophenyl)imidazo(2,1- bromophosgene. (carbonyl bromide; carbon

a)isoquinoline. oxybromide). COBr2.
CAS: 61001-06-7. mf: C17H11BrN2. Properties: Heavy, colorless liquid; strong odor. D
Hazard: A reproductive hazard. 2.5 (approximately 15C), bp 6465C. Hydrolyzed
by water. Decomposed by light and heat.
5-((4-bromophenyl)methoxy)-4-chloro-2-(4- Derivation: Action of sulfuric acid on carbon tetra-
chloro-2-fluorophenyl)-3(2h)- bromide.
pyridazinone. Hazard: Toxic by ingestion and inhalation.
CAS: 107359-76-2. mf: C17H10BrCl2FN2O2. Use: Military poison (toxic suffocant); making crys-
Hazard: A poison by ingestion. tal-violet-type coloring agents.
Use: Agricultural chemical.
bromopicrin. (nitrobromoform; tribromonitro-
methane). CBr3NO2.
5-((4-bromophenyl)methoxy)-4-chloro-2-(4- Properties: Prismatic crystals. Decomposes with ex-
chlorophenyl)-3(2h)-pyridazinone. plosive violence if heated rapidly. D 2.79 (18C), bp
CAS: 107359-42-2. mf: C17H11BrCl2N2O2.
127C (118 mm Hg), mp 103C. Soluble in alcohol,
Hazard: A poison by ingestion.
benzene, and ether; slightly soluble in water.
Use: Agricultural chemical.
Derivation: Action of picric acid on an aqueous
solution of bromine and calcium oxide followed by
3-(3-(4-((4-bromophenyl)methoxy)phenyl)- distillation under reduced pressure.
1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-1-naphthalenyl)-4- Hazard: Powerful irritant. Severe explosion hazard
hydroxy2h-1-benzopyran-2-one. when heated.
CAS: 90035-06-6. mf: C32H25BrO4. Use: Organic synthesis, military poison.
Hazard: Moderately toxic by ingestion.
Use: Agricultural chemical. 3-bromopropene. See allyl bromide.

(4-bromophenyl)methyl butyl 3- -bromopropionic acid. (2-bromopropionic

pyridinylcarbonimidodithioate. acid). CH3CHBrCOOH.
CAS: 51308-80-6. mf: C17H19BrN2OS. Properties: Colorless liquid. D 1.69, mp 24.5C, bp
Hazard: Moderately toxic by ingestion. 203C (decomposes). Soluble in water, alcohol, and
Use: Agricultural chemical. ether.
Derivation: By heating propionic acid with bromine.
s-((4-bromophenyl)methyl) o-butyl 3- Method of purification: Distillation.
pyridinylcarbonimidothioate.
CAS: 51308-79-3. mf: C17H19BrN2OS. 4-bromo-n-(4-propylcyclohexyl)benzamide.
Hazard: Moderately toxic by ingestion. CAS: 315706-68-4. mf: C16H22BrNO.
Use: Agricultural chemical. Hazard: A poison by ingestion.

(4-bromophenyl)methyl 1-methylethyl 3- 3-bromo-1-propyne. See propargyl bromide.

pyridinylcarbonimidodithioate.
CAS: 34763-45-6. mf: C16H17BrN2S2. 2-bromopyridine. C5H4NBe.
Hazard: Moderately toxic by ingestion. Properties: Liquid. Bp 195C, d 1.627 (20C), refr
Use: Agricultural chemical. index 1.5714 (20C). Solubility in 100 g water 2.08
(20C).
Use: Synthesis of pyridine compounds.
2-bromo-4-phenylphenol. C6H5C6H3BrOH.
Properties: Light-colored solid; faint characteristic 3-bromopyridine. C5H4NBr.
odor. D 1.536 (25/4C), mp 93.695.6C, flash p 405F Properties: Needles. Bp 174.4C, d 1.628 (20/20C),
(207C), bp (decomposes at 18 mm Hg), 195200C. refr index 1.5710 (20C). Slightly soluble in water;
Soluble in alkalies, most organic solvents; insoluble readily soluble in common organic solvents.
in water. Combustible.
Hazard: Toxic by ingestion and inhalation. 5-((6-bromo-3-pyridinyl)methoxy)-4-chloro-
Use: Germicide. 2-(4-chlorophenyl)-3(2h)-pyridazinone.
CAS: 122322-20-7. mf: C16H10BrCl2N3O2.
3-(4-bromophenyl)-n-(4-propylcyclohexyl)- Hazard: A poison by ingestion.
2-propenamide. Use: Agricultural chemical.
CAS: 315706-76-4. mf: C18H24BrNO.
Hazard: A poison by ingestion. 5-((6-bromo-3-pyridinyl)methoxy)-4-chloro-
2-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-3(2h)-pyridazinone.
4-bromophenyl trifluoroacetate. CAS: 122322-21-8. mf: C16H9BrCl3N3O2.
CAS: 5672-84-4. mf: C8H4BrF3O2. Hazard: A poison by ingestion.
Hazard: Moderately toxic by ingestion. Use: Agricultural chemical.
5-BROMOSALICYLHYDROXAMIC 186

5-bromosalicylhydroxamic acid. bromotrichloromethane. (trichlorobromo-

BrC6H3(OH)CONH)OH. methane). CCl3Br.
Properties: Crystals. Decomposes at 232C. Very Properties: Colorless, heavy liquid; chloroform-like
slightly soluble in water, forming a water-soluble odor. D 2.0; bp 104C; refr index 1.5051 (20C).
sodium salt. Miscible with many organic liquids.
Use: Medicine. Hazard: Toxic by ingestion and inhalation of fumes.
Use: Organic synthesis.
-bromostyrene. (bromostyrol).
CAS: 103-64-0. C6H5CHCHBr. bromotriethylstannane.
Properties: Yellowish liquid; strong floral odor. D CAS: 2767-54-6. mf: C6H15BrSn.
1.3951.424, refr index 1.6021.608, mp min 2C. Properties: Colorless liquid. D: 1.630, mp: 13.5,
Soluble in 4 volumes of 90% alcohol. bp: 221. Sol in org solvs.
Use: Perfumery. Hazard: Moderately toxic by inhalation. A repro-
ductive hazard. TWA 0.1 mg(Sn)/m3; STEL 0.2
bromosuccinic acid. HOOCCH2CHBrCOOH. mg(Sn)/m3 (skin).
Properties: Colorless crystals. D 2.073, mp
159161C. Soluble in water and alcohol; insoluble bromotrifluoroethylene. (BFE). BrFC:CF2.
in ether. Gas (monomer) or liquid (polymer). The latter are
Derivation: By heating bromine and succinic acid. usually clear oils at room temperature and solids at
Use: Organic synthesis. Note: The above are proper- 55C. Viscosities and densities vary widely. Mono-
ties of the dl form. Optically active forms are also mer: High-purity gas (97%). Shipped in cylinders.
known. Hazard: Flammable (gas or liquid). Dangerous fire
risk.
N-bromosuccinimide. (NBS) (CH2CO)2NBr. Use: (BFE polymers). Flotation fluids for gyros or
Properties: Fine crystals; white to cream in color. accelerometers used in inertial guidance systems.
Melting range 172178C (decomposes). Soluble in BFE polymers can also be used like CFE polymers.
carbon tetrachloride. 44.5% min active bromine.
Hazard: Use a respirator when handling dry materi- bromotrifluoromethane. CBrF3.
al, which evolves toxic fumes of bromine. Strong Properties: Colorless gas. Noncorrosive. Fp 168C,
irritant to eyes and skin. bp 58C, d at bp 8.71 g/L. Nonflammable.
Use: Controlled, low-energy bromination. Derivation: Bromination of fluoroform or perfluoro-
propane in nonmetallic reactor.
5-bromosulfamethazine. See sulfabromome- Hazard: Toxic by inhalation.
Use: Chemical intermediate, refrigerant, metal hard-
thazine sodium.
ening, fire extinguishing.
6-bromo-2-thio-2h-1,3-benzoxazine-2,4(3h)- bromotripentylstannane.
dione. CAS: 3091-18-7. mf: C15H33BrSn.
CAS: 23611-66-7. mf: C8H4BrNO2S. Hazard: A poison. TWA 0.1 mg(Sn)/m3; STEL 0.2
Hazard: A poison by ingestion. mg(Sn)/m3 (skin).
Use: Agricultural chemical.
bromotripropylstannane.
4-bromothiophenol. BrC6H4SH. CAS: 2767-61-5. mf: C9H21BrSn.
Properties: White solid. Fp 73C, bp 239C. Almost Properties: Liquid. D: 1.426 @ 25/4, mp: 49, bp:
insoluble in water; soluble in methanol and in alka- 133.
line solution (with which it reacts). Hazard: Moderately toxic by inhalation. TWA 0.1
Hazard: Toxic by ingestion. mg(Sn)/m3; STEL 0.2 mg(Sn)/m3 (skin).
Use: Intermediate.
bromoxynil octanoate. See 2,6-dibromo-4-
-bromotoluene. See benzyl bromide. cyanophenyl octanoate.

p-bromotoluene. (p-tolyl bromide). bromphenol blue. C19H10Br4O5S.

BrC6H4CH3. Properties: Prisms or crystals. Decomposes at 280C.
Properties: Crystals. Mp 28.5C, bp 184185C, d Soluble in sodium hydroxide solution; partially sol-
1.3898 (20C), refr index 1.5490, flash p 185F (85C). uble in alcohol and benzene; almost insoluble in
Combustible. Insoluble in water; soluble in alcohol, water.
ether, and benzene. Use: Indicator (yellow = pH 3.0, purple = pH 4.6).
Hazard: Toxic by ingestion.
Use: Intermediate. bromthymol blue. C27H28Br2O5S.
Properties: Yellow-white crystals. Soluble in alco-
bromotributylstannane. See tri-n-butyltin hol and alkaline solution; slightly soluble in water.
bromide. Use: Indicator (yellow = pH 6.0, blue = pH 7.6).
 187 BT-31 ASHAI DENKA

brontin. See elargin. browning reaction. (Maillard reaction). A

complicated and not completely evaluated sequence
bronze. An alloy of copper and tin usually con- of chemical changes occurring without the involve-
taining from 1 to 10% tin. Special types contain from ment of enzymes during heat exposure of foods
5 to 10% aluminum (Al bronze), fractional percent- containing carbohydrates (usually sugars) and pro-
ages of phosphorus (phosphor bronze) as deoxidiz- teins, as well as during storage. It is responsible for
er, or low percentages of silicon (Si bronze). the surface color change of bakery products and
Hazard: Powder is flammable. meats. It begins with an aldol condensation reaction
Use: Spark-resistant tools, springs, fourdrinier wire, involving the carbonyl groups of the proteins, and
paint, cosmetics (as powder), electrical hardware, ends with formation of furfural, which produces the
vacuum dryers, blenders, water gauges, flow indica- dark-brown coloration. Besides color change, the
tors, valves, drain cocks, fine arts. reaction is accompanied by alterations in flavor and
See brass; phosphor bronze. texture, as well as in nutritive value. It was first
noted by the French chemist Maillard.
bronze blue. Any of a number of varieties of
iron-blue pigments. brucine. (dimethoxystrychnine).
CAS: 357-57-3. C23H26O4N22H2O or 4H2O.
Properties: White, crystalline alkaloid; very bitter
bronze orange. See red lake C. taste. Loses water at 100C, mp 178C. Soluble in
alcohol, chloroform, and benzene; slightly soluble
bronzing liquid. (1) A solution of pyroxylin in in water, ether, glycerol, and ethyl acetate. Forms
amyl acetate together with a bronze powder, usually brucine sulfate, hydrochloride, and nitrate (mp
aluminum bronze. (2) Gloss oils and aluminum 230C). Also available as the sulfate.
bronze. (3) Spirit varnishes and aluminum bronze. Derivation: By extraction and subsequent crystalli-
zation from nux vomica or ignatia seeds.
cis-broparestrol. Hazard: Poison by ingestion and inhalation.
CAS: 22393-63-1. mf: C22H19Br. Use: Denaturing alcohol, lubricant additive, separa-
Hazard: A reproductive hazard. tion of racemic mixtures.

brosylate ester. An ester of p-bromobenzene- brucite. (nemalite).

sulfonic acid. CAS: 1317-43-7. Mg(OH)2. Natural magnesium hy-
droxide.
broth. A liquid nutrient medium, usually contain- Properties: Colorless, white, gray, greenish; luster
ing agar, used to promote the growth of bacteria in pearly or waxy. D 2.39; Mohs hardness 2.5.
the fermentation industry and to prepare cultures for Occurrence: Nevada, Washington, Canada.
microbiological research. Use: Refractories.

brown algae. See algae, brown.

Brugma process. A distillation procedure,
which is used in petroleum refining, wherein the
number of columns equals the power to which 2
Brown-Boverti test. A way of determining the must be raised to give the desired number of frac-
oxidation resistance of oils. tions.

Brown, Herbert C. (19122004). An English- B-stage resin. (resitol). A thermosetting phe-

born chemist who was the recipient of the Nobel nolformaldehyde-type resin that has been thermally
Prize for chemistry with Wittig in 1979. Via his reactive beyond the A stage so that the product has
work in organic synthesis, Brown discovered new only partial solubility in common solvents (alco-
routes to add substituents to olefins selectively. His hols, ketones) and is not fully fusible even at
early education was irregular and disjointed as a 150180C. The B stage resin has limited commer-
result of family circumstances and the economic cial use.
depression of the 1930s. He eventually received his
Ph.D. from the University of Chicago. The reduc- BT. (Bacillus thuringiensis). A species of bacte-
tion of carbonyl compounds with diborane was the ria used as a pesticide for agricultural crops. It is of
topic of his thesis. The bulk of his career has been the stomach-poison type and has been approved for
spent at Purdue University. commercial use.

Brownian movement. The continuous zigzag BT-31 ASHAI DENKA [Ashai Denka].
motion of the particles in a colloidal suspension, TM for a line of organic and inorganic industrial
e.g., rubber latex particles. The motion is caused by chemicals, synthetic resins, synthetic rubber, high-
impact of the molecules of the liquid upon the colloi- compound fertilizers, coating materials, latexes,
dal particles. Named after the British botanist Rob- pharmaceutical and food additives, explosives, pho-
ert Brown, who first noted this phenomenon. topolymers and platemaking systems, separation
BTDA 188

and ion-exchange membranes, systems, and equip- caused by enzymes, as well as the discovery of
ment. zymase, the first enzyme to be isolated. He received
his Ph.D. at the University of Munich, where he
BTDA. See 3,3,4,4-benzophenonetetracarbox- became a lecturer. Later, he taught and performed
ylic dianhydride. research at Tubingen, Berlin, and Wurzburg.

Btu. (British thermal unit). The quantity of heat Buchner method of ring enlargement.
required to raise the temperature of 1 pound of water Diazoacetic acid ester reacts with benzene and
1 degree F (usually from 39 to 40F). This is the homologs to give the corresponding esters of non-
accepted unit for the comparison of heating values caradienic acid, transformed at high temperatures to
of fuels. For example, fuel gases range from 100 derivatives of cycloheptatriene, phenylacetic acid,
(low producer gas) to 3200 (pure butane) Btu/cu ft. and -phenylpropionic acid (when one or more
The usual standard for a city gas is approximately methyl groups are present in the initial hydro-
500 Btu/cu ft. carbon).

BTX. Commercial abbreviation for benzene, tolu- bucket elevator. See conveyor (5).
ene, xylene, the three major aromatic compounds.
buckminsterfullerene. (buckyballs). C60.
Bu. Informal abbreviation for butyl.

bubble cap column. See tower, distillation.

bubbler cap plate. A part of distillation equip-

ment for obtaining efficient contact between gases
and liquids. The liquid flows over the surface of a
perforated plate whereas the gas flows through the
perforations.

Bubreak [Buckman]. TM for a defoamer.

Use: For leather processing.

Bucherer-Bergs reaction. Preparation of hy-

dantoin from carbonyl compound by reaction with Spherical aromatic molecule with a hollow truncated-
potassium cyanide and ammonium carbonate, or icosahedron structure, similar to a soccer ball. First
from the corresponding cyanohydrin and ammo- reported in the mid 1980s. Capable of enclosing ions or
nium carbonate. atoms in a host-guest relationship.

Bucherer carbazole synthesis. Formation of buckyballs. See buckminsterfullerene.

carbazoles from naphthols or naphthylamines, aryl-
hydrazines, and sodium bisulfite. buclizine hydrochloride. C28H33ClN22HCl.
1-p-chlorobenzhydryl-4-(p-(tert)-butylben-
Bucherer reaction. A procedure for prepara- zyl)piperazinedihydrochloride.
tion of -naphthylamine by heating -naphthol with Use: Medicine (antihistamine).
a water solution of ammonium sulfite. A sulfite
solution is prepared by saturating concentrated am- Budde effect. The increase in volume of halo-
monia solution with sulfur dioxide and adding an gen vapors on exposure to light.
equal volume of concentrated ammonia solution, -
naphthol is added and the charge is heated in an Budium [Du Pont]. TM for a polybutadi-
autoclave provided with a stirrer or a shaking mech- ene finish for application to tin plate.
anism. (L. F. Fieser). This reaction is also involved
in the preparation of several azo dye intermediates, buffer. A solution containing both a weak acid
e.g., Tobias acid. and its conjugate weak base, whose pH changes only
slightly on addition of acid or alkali. The weak acid
Buchner-Curtius-Schlotterbeck reaction. becomes a buffer when alkali is added, and the weak
Formation of keto compounds from aldehydes base becomes a buffer when acid is added. This
and aliphatic diazo compounds; ethylene oxides action is explained by the reaction
may also be formed. A + H2O B + H3On
in which the base B is formed by the loss of a proton
Buchner, Eduard. (18601917). A German from the corresponding acid A. The acid may be a
chemist who was awarded the Nobel Prize for chem- cation such as NH4+, a neutral molecule such as
istry in 1907. His works included the synthesis of CH3COOH, or an anion such as H2PO4. When alkali
diiodoacetamid through alcoholic fermentation is added, hydrogen ions are removed to form water,
 189 BURNABLE POISON

but as long as the added alkali is not in excess of the bunker fuel oil. A heavy residual oil used as
buffer acid, many of the hydrogen ions are replaced fuel by ships, by industry, and for large-scale heat-
by further ionization of A to maintain the equilibri- ing installations.
um. When acid is added, this reaction is reversed as
hydrogen ions combine with B to form A. The pH of Bunsen burner. Common laboratory burner
a buffer solution may be calculated by the mass-law that allows regulation of the air to be mixed with the
equation, pH = pK + log Cb/Ca in which pK is the gas before burning.
negativelogarithm of the apparent ionization con-
stant of the buffer acid and the concentrations are Bunsen, Robert Wilhelm. (18111899).
those of the buffer base and its conjugate acid. Born in Germany, Bunsen is remembered chiefly for
his invention of the laboratory burner named after
Bufin [Buckman]. TM for a leather finishing him. He engaged in a wide range of industrial and
product. chemical research, including blast-furnace firing,
electrolytic cells, separation of metals by electric
bufotenine. [3-(2-dimethylaminoethyl)-5-indo- current, spectroscopic techniques (with Kirchhoff),
lol]. C12H16N2O. and production of light metals by electrical decom-
Properties: Colorless prisms. Insoluble in water; sol- position of their molten chlorides. He also discov-
uble in alcohol, dilute acids and alkalies; slightly ered two elements, rubidium and cesium.
soluble in ether.
Derivation: From toads and toadstools; also made buoyancy balance. Balance, made of silica,
synthetically. capable of extreme accuracy.
Hazard: A hallucinogenic agent. Use: To determine the density of gases.
Use: Medicine (experimental).
See hallucinogen. buprofezine.
CAS: 69327-76-0. mf: C16H23N3OS.
Hazard: Moderately toxic by ingestion. Low toxicity
builder detergent. A substance that increases by skin contact.
the effectiveness of a soap or synthetic detergent by Use: Agricultural chemical.
acting as a softener and a sequestering and buffering
agent. Phosphate-silicate formulations, once widely buquinolate.
used, have been restricted for environmental rea- CAS: 5486-03-3. mf: C20H27NO5.
sons. They have largely been replaced by EDTA or Properties: Crystals. Mp: 288291.
zeolites, sometimes combined with nitrolotriacetic Use: Drug (veterinary); food additive.
acid. Certain starch derivatives can be used as build-
ers. burette. A liquid-measuring device used exten-
See zeolite. sively in chemical laboratories. It is a vertical glass
tube, open at the top, supported on a bracket, and
bulan. (2-nitro-1,1-bis(p-chlorophenyl)butane). equipped with scale graduation marks and a hand-
CAS: 76-20-0. C16H15Cl2NO2. operated stopcock at or near the bottom. The liquid
Hazard: A toxic chlorinated nitrogenous compound to be dispensed is flowed in at the open end and can
used as an insecticide. When mixed with Prolan, the then be withdrawn in measured amounts by operat-
product is called Dilan. ing the stopcock.
See Prolan; Dilan.
Burgundy pitch. A resin obtained from Nor-
bulk density. See density. way spruce or European silver fir. Other types, e.g.,
that from various species of pines, are also offered
bulking agent. Chemically inert material used under this name. Characterized by extreme tac-
for increasing volume. kiness, soluble in acetone and alcohol. Used to some
extent in surgeons tape and various special adhe-
sive compositions.
bullion. Bulk precious metals as produced at refi-
neries, or gold-silver alloy produced in refining. burlap. A coarse, loose-woven fabric made from
jute or similar fiber, used in low-cost laminated
bunamiodyl. [3(3-butyrylamino-2,4,6-tri-iodo- composites; as liner or backing in upholstery, car-
phenyl)-2-ethyl sodium acrylate]. pets, etc.; and as a bagging material. It is often
C3H7CONHC6HI3CH:C(C2H5)COONa. impregnated with hot-melt adhesive.
Use: Medicine (radiopaque contrast medium, diag-
nostic aid). burnable poison. A neutron absorber (poison)
such as boron that when incorporated in the fuel or
buna rubbers. German vulcanizable synthetic fuel cladding of a nuclear reactor, gradually burns
rubbers from butadiene with sodium as a catalyst. up (is changed into nonabsorbing material) under
See rubber. neutron irradiation. This process compensates for
BURNT LIME 190

the loss of reactivity that occurs as fuel is consumed hibitors often used are di-n-butylamine or phenyl--
and fission-product poisons accumulate and keeps naphthylamine. Storage is usually under pressure or
the overall characteristics of the reactor nearly con- in insulated tanks <35F (<1.67C).
stant during use. Use: Synthetic elastomers (styrene-butadiene, poly-
butadiene, neoprene, nitriles), ABS resins, chemical
burnt lime. See calcium oxide. intermediate.

burnt sienna. See iron oxide red. butadiene-acrylonitrile copolymer. See ni-
trile rubber.
burnt umber. See umber.
butadiyne. See diacetylene.
burr mill. See attrition mill.
butaldehyde. See butyraldehyde.
Burton Water Salts [Home Brewery].
TM for an additive containing papain. butanal. See butyraldehyde.
Use: In brewing to prevent chill haze.
butane. (n-butane).
Busan [Buckman]. TM for a liquid bacteri- CAS: 106-97-8. CH3CH2CH2CH3.
cide, fungicide, and preservative. Properties: Colorless gas; natural-gas odor. Bp
Use: For leather processing. 0.5C, fp 138.3C, condensing pressure approxi-
mately 30 lb at 32.5C, d (liquid at 0C) 0.599, d
bushy stunt virus. A viral protein present in (vapor at 0C (air = 1)) 2.07, critical temp 153.2C,
tomato-plant infections. critical press (absolute) 525 psi, heating value (25C)
Properties: Mw 7,600,000, pH 4.1. 3266 Btu/cu ft, sp vol (21.1C), 6.4 cu ft/lb, flash p
See virus. 76F (60C), autoign temp 761F (405C). Very solu-
ble in water; soluble in alcohol and chloroform.
Butacite [Du Pont]. TM for polyvinyl buty- Extremely stable, has no corrosive action on metals,
ral resin, available as soft, pliable sheeting in 750-ft does not react with moisture. An asphyxiant gas.
rolls, 1084 inches wide. Derivation: A by-product in petroleum refining or
See polyvinyl acetal; resins. gasoline manufacture.
Grade: Research 99.99 mole %, pure 99 mole %,
technical 95 mole %, also available in various mix-
1,3-butadiene. (vinylethylene; erythrene; bivi-
tures with isobutane, propane, pentanes, etc.
nyl; divinyl).
Hazard: Highly flammable, dangerous fire and ex-
CAS: 106-99-0. H2C:CHHC:CH2.
plosion risk. Explosive limits in air 1.98.5%. TLV:
800 ppm. Narcotic in high concentration.
Use: Organic synthesis, raw material for synthetic
rubber and high-octane liquid fuels, fuel for house-
hold and many industrial purposes, manufacture of
ethylene, solvent, refrigerant, standby and enricher
Properties: Colorless gas; mild aromatic odor. Easi- gas, propellant in aerosols, pure grades used in calib-
ly liquefied. Bp 4.41C, d 0.6211 (liquid at 20C), fp rating instruments, food additive.
108.9C, flash p 105F (76C), specific volume 6.9 Note: Butane in liquid form may be stored both
cu ft/lb (700F), autoign temp 780F (414C), vap press above and below ground. Besides storage in lique-
17.65 psi (0C). Soluble in alcohol and ether; insolu- fied form under its vapor pressure at normal atmo-
ble in water. The material polymerizes readily, par- spheric temperatures, refrigerated liquid storage at
ticularly if oxygen is present, and the commercial atmospheric pressure may be used. Such systems are
material contains an inhibitor to prevent spontane- closed and insulated, and the liquid petroleum gas
ous polymerization during shipment or storage. vapor is circulated through pumps and compressors
Derivation: (1) Catalytic dehydrogenation of bu- to serve as the refrigerant for the system. Butane
tenes or butane; (2) oxidative dehydrogenation of may be stored in pits in the earth capped by metal
butenes. domes and in underground chambers (Compressed
Method of purification: Extractive distillation in the Gas Association). The foregoing also applies to pro-
presence of furfural, absorption in aqueous cuprous pane.
ammonium acetate, or use of acetonitrile.
Grade: Technical (98.0%), CP (99.0%), instrument butanedial. See succinaldehyde.
(99.4%), research (99.8%).
Hazard: A confirmed human carcinogen. Irritant in 1,4-butanedicarboxylic acid. See adipic
high concentration. TLV: 10 ppm. Highly flamma- acid.
ble gas or liquid, explosive limits in air 211%. May
form explosive peroxides on exposure to air. Must butanedioic anhydride. See succinic anhy-
be kept inhibited during storage and shipment. In- dride.
 191 cis-BUTENE-2

1,3-butanediol. See 1,3-butylene glycol. Use: Food additive.

1,4-butanediol. See 1,4-butylene glycol. 1-butanol. See n-butyl alcohol.

2,3-butanediol. See 2,3-butylene glycol.
2-butanol acetate. See sec-butyl acetate.
butanediolamine. See 2-amino-2-methyl-1,3-
propanediol. 2-butanone. See methyl ethyl ketone.

butanedione. See diacetyl. butanoyl chloride. See butyroyl chloride.

2,3-butanedione oxime thiosemicarbazone. Butazate [Uniroyal]. TM for zinc dibutyldi-

CH3C(NOH)C(CH3)N2HCSNH2. A test reagent thiocarbamate.
for manganese in very dilute solution made from
dimethylglyoxime and thiosemicarbazide.
Butazolidin [Novartis]. TM for phenylbu-
tazone.
butane dioxime. See dimethylglyoxime.

butanediperoxoic acid di-tert-butyl ester. butea frondosa, flower petals, alcoholic

CAS: 16580-04-4. mf: C12H22O6. extract. See butea mono-spra (lam.) kuntze,
Hazard: Low toxicity by ingestion. flower extract.

butanenitrile. See butyronitrile. butea mono-spra (lam.) kuntze, flower

extract.
1-butanethiol. (n-butyl mercaptan). CAS: 93333-82-5.
CAS: 109-79-5. C4H9SH. Hazard: Moderately toxic. A reproductive hazard.
Properties: Colorless liquid; strong, obnoxious Use: Reproductive effector.
odor. D 0.8412 (20/4C), refr index 1.4427 (20C),
flash p 35F (1.67C), bp 97.2101.7C. Slightly solu- 2-butenal. See crotonaldehyde.
ble in water; very soluble in alcohol and ether.
Grade: 95%.
Hazard: Toxic by inhalation. Flammable, dangerous
Butenandt, Adolf. (19031995). A German
biochemist who won a Nobel Prize with Ruzicka in
fire risk. TLV: 0.5 ppm.
1939. His work involved insecticides for plants and
Use: Intermediate, solvent.
hormones. He received his doctorate at the Universi-
ty of Marburg, Germany. He received a multitide of
2-butanethiol. (sec-butyl mercaptan).
honorary degrees and awards.
C2H5CH(SH)CH3.
Properties: Colorless liquid; obnoxious odor. Boil-
ing range 7389C, d 0.8288 (20/4C), refr index butene-1. (ethylethylene; -butylene).
1.4363 (20C), flash p 10F (23.3C). CAS: 25167-67-3. CH2:CHCH2CH3.
Grade: 95%. Properties: A colorless liquefied petroleum gas. Bp
Hazard: Toxic by inhalation. Flammable, dangerous 6.3C, d 0.5951 (20/4C), fp approximately 185C,
fire risk. specific volume 6.7 cu ft/lb (70F), flash p 110F
(79C), autoign temp approx 700F (371C). Soluble
1,2,4-butanetriol. HOCH2CH2OCH2CH2OH. in most organic solvents; insoluble in water.
Properties: Almost colorless; odorless liquid. Hy- Derivation: (1) Gases containing appreciable con-
groscopic, bp 312C (extrapolated), d 1.184, refr tent of butene-1, along with other butene and butane
index 1.473, flash p 332F (166C). Miscible with hydrocarbons, are obtained by fractional distillation
water and ethanol. Combustible. of refinery gas. (2) Can be produced directly from
Derivation: Reaction of 2-butyne-1,4-diol with wa- ethylene.
ter, followed by reduction. Grade: Technical 95%, CP 99.0%, research 99.4%.
Grade: Technical, nitration. Hazard: Asphyxiant gas. Highly flammable, flam-
Use: Intermediate for alkyd resins and explosives, mable limits in air 1.69.3% by volume. Dangerous
cellulose plasticizer, emulsifier for cosmetics, inks, fire and explosion risk.
finishes, paper, cork, textiles. Use: Polymer and alkylate gasoline; polybutenes;
butadiene; intermediate for C4 and C5 aldehydes,
butanoic acid. See butyric acid. alcohols, and other derivatives; production of male-
ic anhydride by catalytic oxidation.
butan-3-one-2-yl butyrate. mf: C8H14O3.
Properties: White to slightly yellow liquid; red berry cis-butene-2. (dimethylethylene; -butylene;
odor. D: 0.9720.992, refr index: 1.4081.429. Sol also called the high-boiling butene-2).
in alc, propylene glycol, most oils; insol in water. CH3HC:CHCH3.
trans-BUTENE-2 192

3-buten-2-one. See vinyl methyl ketone.

butesin. See n-butyl-p-aminobenzoate.

Properties: A clorless liquefied petroleum gas. Bp
3.7C, d 0.6213 (10/4C), fp 139C, specific volume butethal. (5-butyl-5-ethylbarbituric acid).
6.7 cu ft/lb (21.1C), flash p 100F (72C), autoign C10H16N2O3.
temp 615F (323C). Soluble in most organic sol- Properties: White crystals or powder; odorless; bit-
vents; insoluble in water. ter taste. Mp 124127C. Fairly soluble in alcohol or
Derivation: Gases containing appreciable content of ether; practically insoluble in water.
cis-butene-2, along with other butene and butane Hazard: May cause addiction.
hydrocarbons, are obtained by fractional distillation Use: Medicine (hypnotic).
of refinery gas. See barbiturate.
Grade: Technical 95%, CP 99%, research 99.8%.
Hazard: Asphyxiant gas. Highly flammable. Flam- butethamine hydrochloride. [2-(isobuty-
mable limits in air 1.89.7% by volume. Dangerous lamino)ethyl-p-aminobenzoate hydrochloride].
fire and explosion risk. NH2C6H4COOCH2CH2NHCH2CH(CH3)2HCl.
Use: Solvent, cross-linking agent, polymerization of Properties: Whitecrystals or crystalline powder;
gasoline, butadiene synthesis, synthesis of C4 and C5 odorless; bitter taste and local anesthetizing effects
derivatives. on tongue. Mp 192196C, pH (1% solution) approx-
imately 4.7, stable in air. Soluble in water; slightly
trans-butene-2. (dimethylethylene; -butyl- soluble in alcohol and chloroform; very slightly
ene; also called the low-boiling butene-2). soluble in benzene; practically insoluble in ether
CH3HC:CHCH3. Grade: NF.
Use: Medicine (local anesthetic).

buthalitone sodium. See sodium buthalital.

Properties: A colorless liquified petroleum gas. Bp l-buthionine sulfoximine.

0.88C, fp 105.8C, d 0.6042 (20/4C), specific vol- CAS: 83730-53-4. mf: C8H18N2O3S.
ume 6.7 cu ft/lb (21.1C), flash p 100F (72C), Hazard: A reproductive hazard.
autoign temp 615F (324C). Soluble in organic sol-
vents; insoluble in water. butonate. (CH3O)2P(O)CH(CCl3)OOCC3H7.
Derivation: Gases containing appreciable content of (generic name for o,o-dimethyl-2,2,2,-trichloro-
trans-butene-2, along with other butene and butane 1-n-butyryloxyethyl phosphonate).
hydrocarbons, are obtained by fractional distillation Properties: Colorless, somewhat oily liquid; slight
of refinery gas. ester odor. D 1.3742, refr index 1.4707, bp 129C, wt/
Grade: Technical 95%, CP 99.0%, research 99.9%. gal 11.4 Miscible with most organic solvents; stable
Hazard: Asphyxiant gas. Highly flammable. Flam- in neutral or acid aqueous solution; unstable in aque-
mable limits in air 1.89% by volume. Dangerous ous alkali. lb.
fire and explosion risk. Hazard: Restrict use, toxic, cholinesterase inhibitor.
Use: See cis-butene-2. Use: Insecticide.

trans-butenedioic acid. See fumaric acid. butopyronoxyl. (butylmesityl oxide oxalate;

n-butyl-3,4-dihydro-2,2-dimethyl-4-oxo-1,2H-py-
ran-6-carboxylate).
2-butene-1,3-diol. HOCH2CH:CHCH2OH. CAS: 532-34-3. C12H18O4
Properties: Almost colorless; odorless liquid. Fp Properties: Yellow to pale reddish-brown liquid;
range 4.07.0C, bp range 232235C, d 1.0671.074, aromatic odor. Reasonably stable in air. Slowly af-
refr index 1.4761.478 (25C), flash p 263F (128C). fected by light. D 1.0521.060 (25/25C); refr index
Miscible with water, ethanol, and acetone; sparingly 1.47451.4755 (25C); distilling range 256270C.
soluble in benzene. Technical butenediol is predom- Insoluble in water; miscible with alcohol, chloro-
inantly the cis isomer. Combustible. form, ether, glacial acetic acid.
Derivation: Reduction of 2-butyne-1,4-diol, by Derivation: Condensation of mesityl oxide and dibu-
high-pressure synthesis from acetylene and formal- tyl oxalate in the presence of sodium ethoxide.
dehyde. Grade: Technical.
Hazard: Primary skin irritant. Hazard: Toxic by ingestion. May cause liver
Use: Intermediate for alkyd resins, plasticizers, ny- damage.
lon, pharmaceuticals; cross-linking agent for syn- Use: Insect repellent.
thetic resins; fungicides.
p-tert-butoxycarbonyloxystyrene monomer.
butenoic acid. See crotonic acid. CAS: 87188-51-0. mf: C13H16O3.
 193 n-BUTYL ACETATE

Hazard: Moderately toxic by skin contact. A mild -butoxy--thiocyanodiethyl ether. [2-(2-

skin irritant. butoxyethoxy)ethyl thiocyanate].
CH3(CH2)3OCH2OCH2CH2SCN.
2-butoxyethanol. See ethylene glycol mono- Hazard: Toxic by ingestion and skin absorption.
butyl ether. Skin irritant.
Use: Insecticide.
2-(2-butoxyethoxy)ethyl thiocyanate. See
-butoxy--thiocyanodiethyl ether. butoxytriglycol. (triethylene glycol monobu-
tyl ether).
1-butoxyethoxy-2-propanol. CAS: 143-22-6. C4H9O(C2H4O)3H.
CH3CH2OCH2OC2H4OC4H9. Properties: Liquid. D 1.0021 (20/20C), bp (decom-
Properties: Colorless liquid, d 0.9310 (20/20C), bp poses), fp 47.6C, flash p 290F (143C). Miscible
230.3C, fp 90C, soluble in water, wt/gal 7.8 lb, with water. Combustible.
flash p 250F (121C). Combustible. Use: Plasticizer, intermediate.
Use: Solvent, hydraulic-fluid components, antistall
additive for automotive fuels, plasticizer, interme- butter. (1) A colloidal system (emulsion) in
diate. which the continuous phase is composed of liquid
fat from fat globules disintegrated by mechanical
agitation and the dispersed phase is composed of
butoxyethyl laurate. See ethylene glycol
finely divided water droplets and undamaged fat
monobutyl ether laurate.
globules. (2) Outmoded term for hygroscopic metal-
lic chlorides of viscous consistency, e.g., butter of
butoxyethyl oleate. See ethylene glycol mo- zinc, etc.
nobutyl ether oleate.
buttercup yellow. See zinc yellow.
butoxyethyl stearate. See ethylene glycol
monobutyl ether stearate. butterfat. The oily portion of the milk of
mammals.
Butoxyne 497 [International Specialty]. Properties: Composition is largely glycerides of ole-
TM for hydroxyethyl esters of butynediol mix- ic, stearic, and palmitic acids, with smaller amounts
tures. of the glycerides of butyric, caproic, caprylic, and
Grade: 100% active. capric acids. D range 0.9100.914. Cows milk con-
Available forms: Liquid. tains approximately 4% butterfat.
Use: Nickel brightener in electroplating, copper pick- See milk.
ling inhibitor, corrosion inhibitor in aerosol cans.
butter starter distillate. See starter distil-
butoxypentachlorobenzene. late.
CAS: 90842-58-3. mf: C10H9Cl5O.
Hazard: Moderately toxic by ingestion and skin con- butter yellow. See dimethylaminoazobenzene.
tact. A severe skin irritant.
Butvar [Solutia]. TM for polyvinyl butyral
p-butoxyphenol. HOC6H4OC4H9. resins, with various hydroxy content, whose solu-
Properties: White to faint-yellow, crystalline pow- tions provide a range of viscosities.
der. Mp 6165C. Soluble in alcohol, acetone, ether, Use: For film clarity, flexibility, abrasion, and water
benzene, aqueous alkali; insoluble in water. Com- resistance; for use in primers, structural hot-metal
bustible. adhesives, inks, and waterproof coatings.
Grade: 93% pure.
Use: Synthesis. butyl. (1) The group C4H9; (2) butyl rubber.

butoxy polypropylene glycol. (generic n-butyl acetate.

name for polypropylene glycol monobutyl CAS: 123-86-4. CH3COOCH2CH2CH2CH2.
ether). CH3CH2O(CH2OCHCH3)nCH2OC4H9. Col- Properties: Colorless liquid; fruity odor. Vapor is
orless liquid. heavier than air, d 0.8826 at 20/20C, bp 126.3C, vap
Use: An insect repellent. press 8.7 mm Hg (20C), fp 75C, refr index 1.2951
(20C), wt/gal 7.35 lb (20C), flash p 98F (36.6C)
n-butoxypropanol. (TOC), autoign temp 790F (421C). Soluble in alco-
CAS: 63716-40-5. hol, ether, and hydrocarbons; slightly soluble in
Properties: Colorless liquid, d 0.8801 (20/20C), bp water.
170.2C, fp 80C (sets to glass), flash p 154F Derivation: Esterification and then distillation after
(67.7C). Soluble in water. Combustible. contact of butyl alcohol with acetic acid in the pres-
Use: Solvent for water-based enamels. ence of a catalyst such as sulfuric acid.
sec-BUTYL ACETATE 194

Hazard: Skin irritant, toxic. Flammable, moderate n-butyl acid phosphate. (n-butylphosphoric
fire risk. TLV: 150 ppm. acid; acid butyl phosphate).
CAS: 12788-93-1.
sec-butyl acetate. Properties: Water-white liquid. D 1.1201.125 (25/
CAS: 105-46-4. CH3COOCH(CH3)(C2H5). 4C), refr index 1.429 (25C), flash p 230F (110C)
Properties: Colorless liquid. Bp 112.2C, d 0.8905 at (COC). Soluble in alcohol, acetone, and toluene;
0/4C, 0.870 at 20/4C, refr index 1.389 (20C), wt/gal insoluble in water and petroleum naphtha. Combus-
7.21 lb, flash p 88F (31C) (OC). Miscible with alco- tible.
hol and ether; insoluble in water. Hazard: Strong irritant to skin and tissue.
Derivation: Esterification of sec-butyl alcohol. Use: Esterification catalyst and polymerizing agent,
Hazard: Flammable, dangerous fire risk. TLV: 200 curing catalyst and accelerator in resins and coat-
ppm. ings, special detergents.
Use: Solvent for nitrocellulose lacquers, thinners,
nail enamels, leather finishes. N-tert-butylacrylamide.
H2C:CHCONHC(CH3)3.
tert-butyl acetate. Properties: White, crystalline solid. Mp 128130C,
CAS: 540-88-5. CH3COOC(CH3)2. d 1.015 (30C). Soluble in methanol, ethanol, chloro-
Properties: Colorless liquid. Bp 96C, d 0.896 (20C). form, and acetone. Combustible.
Insoluble in water; soluble in alcohol and ether. Hazard: Toxic by ingestion and inhalation. Irritant to
Hazard: Flammable, moderate fire risk. TLV: 200 skin.
ppm. Use: Monomer, organic intermediate.
Use: Solvent, gasoline additive.
n-butyl acrylate.
butyl acetate dilution ratio. Measure of ap- CAS: 141-32-2. CH2:CHCOOC4H9.
proximate tolerance of nitrocellulose solutions for Properties: Colorless liquid. Fp 64C, boiling range
petroleum diluents. The higher the ratio, the better 145.7148.0C, polymerizes readily on heating, vap
the solvent. press (20C) 3.2 mm Hg, d 0.9015 (20/20C), wt/gal
7.5 lb (20C), flash p 120F (49C) (OC). Nearly insol-
butyl acetoacetate. uble in water. Flammable.
CAS: 591-60-6. CH3COCH2COOCH2CH2CH2CH3. Derivation: Reaction of acrylic acid or methyl acry-
Properties: Colorless liquid. D 0.9694 (20/20C), bp late with butanol.
213.9C, vap press 0.19 mm Hg (20C), flash p 185F Grade: Technical (inhibited).
(85C), wt/gal 8.1lb (20C). Insoluble in water; solu- Hazard: Moderate fire risk. TLV: 10 ppm.
ble in alcohol and ether. Combustible. Use: Intermediate in organic synthesis, polymers and
Grade: Technical. copolymers for solvent coatings, adhesives, paints,
Use: Intermediate in synthesis of metal derivatives, binders, emulsifiers.
dyestuffs, pharmaceuticals, flavoring. See acrylic resin.

butyl acetoxystearate. tert-butyl acrylate. CH2:CHCOOC(CH3)3.

CH3(CH2)5CH(CH3COO)(CH2)10COOC4H9. Properties: Liquid. Bp 120C, d 0.879 (25C), refr
Properties: See butyl acetyl ricinoleate. index 1.4080 (25C), flash p 66F (18.8C) (TOC).
Derivation: From castor oil, butylalcohol, and acetic Commercial grade contains 100 ppm hydroquinone
anhydride with hydrogenation. monomethyl ether as stabilizer.
Use: Plasticizer, textile oils, adhesives. Hazard: Toxic by ingestion and inhalation. Flamma-
ble, dangerous fire risk.
butyl acetylene. See 1-hexyne. Use: Monomer for acrylic resins.

butyl acetyl ricinoleate. C24H44O4. butyl acrylate-vinylidine chloride

Properties: Yellow, oily liquid; mild odor. D 0.940 copolymer. See vinylidene chloride-butyl
(20/20C), sapon number 125, fp indefinite, becomes acrylate copolymer.
cloudy at 32C, solidifies at 65C, flash p 230F
(110C) (OC), refr index 1.4614 (20C), Saybolt vis- n-butyl alcohol. (1-butanol; butyric alcohol).
cosity 123 sec at 100F, wt/gal 7.8 lb (20C), autoign CAS: 71-36-3. CH3(CH2)2CH2OH.
temp 725F (385C). Miscible with most organic sol- Properties: Colorless liquid; vinous odor. Bp
vents. Almost insoluble in water. Combustible. 117.7C, fp 89.0C, d (20/20C) 0.8109, wt/gal (20C)
Derivation: From castor oil, butanol, and acetic an- 6.76 lb, refr index 1.3993 (20C), flash p 95F (35C),
hydride. autoign temp 689F (365C). Soluble in water 7.7 wt
Grade: Technical. % (20C). Solution of water in n-butanol 20.1%.
Use: Plasticizer, emulsifier, lubricant, detergent, pro- Miscible with alcohol and ether.
tective coatings, special cleansing compounds, Derivation: (1) Hydrogenation of butyraldehyde,
quick-breaking emulsions. obtained in the Oxo process; (2) condensation of
 195 N-n-BUTYL

acetaldehyde to form crotonaldehyde, which is then Hazard: Skin irritant. Flammable, dangerous fire
hydrogenated (aldol condensation). risk. TLV: ceiling 5 ppm.
Hazard: Toxic on prolonged inhalation, irritant to Use: Intermediate for emulsifying agents, pharma-
eyes. Toxic when absorbed by skin. Flammable, ceuticals, insecticides, rubber chemicals, dyes, tan-
moderate fire risk. TLV: ceiling 50 ppm. ning agents.
Use: Preparation of esters, especially butyl acetate;
solvent for resins and coatings; plasticizers; dyeing sec-butylamine. (2-aminobutane).
assistant; hydraulic fluids; detergent formulations; CAS: 13952-84-6. CH3CHNH2C2H5.
dehydrating agent (by azeotropic distillation); inter- Properties: Colorless liquid; amine odor. D 0.725
mediate; butylated melamine resins; glycol (20C), boiling range 6368C, refr index 1.395
ethers; butyl acrylate. (20C), solidification point 104C, flash p 15F
(9.4C), wt/gal 6.0 lb (20C).
sec-butyl alcohol. (SBA; 2-butanol; methyle- Hazard: Flammable, dangerous fire risk.
thylcarbinol). Use: Fungicide.
CAS: 78-92-2. CH3CH2CH2OCH3.
Properties: Colorless liquid; strong odor. Bp 99.5C, tert-butylamine.
fp 114C, d 0.808 (20/4C), wt/gal 66.74 lb (20C), CAS: 75-64-9. (CH3)3CNH2.
refr index 1.3949 (25C), flash p 75F (23.8C) (CC), Properties: Colorless liquid. Bp 4446C, fp 72C, d
autoign temp 763F (406C). Moderately soluble in 0.700 (15C), refr index 1.3794 (18C), flash p approx
water; miscible with alcohol and ether. 50F (10C). Miscible with water; soluble in common
Derivation: Absorption of butene from cracking pe- organic solvents.
troleum or natural gas in sulfuric acid with subse- Grade: Technical.
quent hydrolysis by steam. Hazard: Skin irritant. Flammable, dangerous fire
Grade: Technical. risk.
Hazard: Toxic on prolonged inhalation, irritating to Use: Intermediate for rubber accelerators, insecti-
eyes and skin. Flammable, dangerous fire risk. TLV: cides, fungicides, dyestuffs, pharmaceuticals.
100 ppm.
Use: Preparation of methyl ethyl ketone, solvent, butyl-o-aminobenzoate. See butyl anthrani-
organic synthesis, paint removers, industrial late.
cleaners.
n-butyl-p-aminobenzoate.
tert-butyl alcohol. (2-methyl-2-propanol; tri- H2NC6H4COOC4H9.
methyl carbinol). Properties: White powder; odorless; tasteless. Mp
CAS: 75-65-0. (CH3)3COH. 5759C, bp 174C (8 mm Hg). Soluble in dilute
Properties: Colorless liquid or crystals; camphor acids, alcohol, chloroform, ether, and fatty oils; al-
odor. Fp 25.5C, bp 82.9C, d 0.779 (liquid 26C), refr most insoluble in water.
index 1.3878 (20C), flash p 52F (11.1C) (CC), aut- Grade: NF.
oign temp 892F (477C). Miscible with water, alco- Hazard: Toxic by ingestion.
hol, and ether. Use: Medicine (local anesthetic), treatment of burns,
Derivation: Absorption of isobutene from cracking ointments, UV absorber in suntan preparations.
petroleum or natural gas in sulfuric acid with subse-
quent hydrolysis by steam. N-n-butylaminoethanol. C4H9NHC2H4OH.
Grade: Technical. Properties: Liquid. D 0.880.99 (20/20C), distilla-
Hazard: Irritant to eyes and skin. Flammable, dan- tion range 192210C, wt/gal 7.4 lb, flash p 170F
gerous fire risk. TLV: 100 ppm. (76.6C). Combustible.
Use: Alcohol denaturant, solvent for pharmaceuti-
cals, dehydration agent, perfumery, chemical inter- tert-butylaminoethyl methacrylate.
mediate, paint removers, manufacture of methyl CH2:C(CH3)COOCH2CH2NHC(CH3)3.
methacrylate, octane booster in unleaded gasoline Properties: Liquid. Bp 100105C (12 mm Hg), d
(EPA approved). 0.914 (25C), wt/gal 7.61 lb, refr index 1.4440 (25C),
flash p 205F (96.1C) (COC). Combustible.
n-butyl aldehyde. See butyraldehyde. Use: Coatings, textile chemicals, dispersing agent for
nonaqueous systems, antistatic agent, stabilizer for
n-butylamine. (1-aminobutane). chlorinated polymers, ion-exchange resins, emulsi-
CAS: 109-73-9. C4H9NH2. fying agent, cationic precipitating agent.
Properties: Colorless, volatile liquid; amine odor.
Bp 77.1C, fp 49.1C, d 0.7385 (20/20C), wt/gal 6.2 N-n-butyl-3-amino-4-
lb (20C), refr index 1.401 (20C), flash p 30F (1.1C) methoxybenzenesulfonamide.
(OC). Miscible with water, alcohol, ether. CH3OC6H3(NH2)SO2NHC4H9.
Derivation: Reaction of butanol or butyl chloride Properties: Pink powder. Mp 96100C. Insoluble in
with ammonia. water; partially soluble in alcohol and acetone.
Grade: Technical. Use: An intermediate.
N-n-BUTYLANILINE 196

N-n-butylaniline. C6H5NHC4H9. Hazard: Toxic by ingestion.

Properties: Amber liquid; aniline odor. D 0.932 Use: Solvent for coating compositions, organic syn-
(20C), boiling range 236242C, refr index 1.534 thesis, plasticizer, surface-active agents.
(20C), flash p 225F (107C). Very soluble in alcohol
and ether; insoluble in water. Combustible. tert-butylbenzene. (2-methyl-2-phenylpro-
Use: Organic synthesis, dyes. pane).
CAS: 98-06-6. C6H5C(CH3)3.
butyl anthranilate. (butyl-o-aminobenzoate). Properties: Colorless liquid. Bp 169.1C, fp 57.8C,
C4H9OOCC6H4NH2. d 0.866 (20C), refr index 1.492 (20C), flash p 140F
Use: Flavoring. (60C) (OC). Combustible. Autoign temp 842F
(450C). Insoluble in water; soluble in alcohol.
butylated hydroxymethylphenol. mf: Grade: Technical, pure, research.
C15H24O2. Hazard: Toxic by ingestion.
Properties: White crystalline powder. Mp: Use: Organic synthesis, polymerization solvent,
140141. Sol in alc; insol in water, propylene polymer linking agent.
glycol.
Use: Food additive. butylbenzenesulfonamide. (n,n-butylbenzen-
esulfonamide). C6H5SO2NHC3H9.
2-tert-butylanthraquinone. C18H16O2. Properties: Liquid; pleasant odor; amber to straw
Properties: Yellow powder. Mp 102104C. Soluble color. D 1.148 (25/25C), refr index 1.5235 (25C), bp
in alcohol and acetone. Combustible. 189190C (4.5 mm Hg).
Grade: Technical (98%). Hazard: Toxic by ingestion.
Use: Organic synthesis. Use: Synthesis of dyes, pharmaceuticals, other or-
ganic chemicals, in resin manufacturing, as plasti-
butylated hydroxyanisole. (BHA). cizer for some synthetic polymers.
CAS: 25013-16-5. (CH3)3CC6H3OH(OCH3). A mix-
ture of 2- and 3-tert-4-methoxyphenol. butyl benzoate. (n-butyl benzoate).
Properties: White or slightly yellow, waxy solid C6H5COOC4H9.
having a faint characteristic odor. Melting range Properties: Colorless, oily liquid. D 1.00 (20C), bp
4863C. Not naturally water soluble but can be 247.3C, fp 22C, flash p 225F (107C) (OC). Insolu-
made so by special treatment. Freely soluble in alco- ble in water; miscible with alcohol or ether. Com-
hol and propylene glycol. Combustible. bustible.
Grade: FCC, water soluble. Grade: Technical.
Hazard: Toxic by ingestion. Use in foods restricted; Use: Solvent for cellulose ether, plasticizer, perfume
consult FDA regulations. ingredient, dyeing of textiles.
Use: Antioxidant for fats and oils; food packaging.

butylated hydroxytoluene. See 2,6-di-tert- N-tert-butyl-2-benzothiazolesulfenamide.

butyl-p-cresol. C6H4NCS(SNH)C4H9.
Properties: Light-buff powder or flakes (sometimes
(e)-1-t-butylazo-1-hydroxycyclopentane. colored blue). Mp 104C min, d 1.29 (25C). Soluble
CAS: 50265-78-6. mf: C9H18N2O. in most organic solvents. Combustible.
Hazard: Low toxicity by inhalation. Use: Rubber accelerator.

n-butylbenzene. (1-phenylbutane). di-n-butyl benzylphosphonate. See ben-

CAS: 104-51-8. C6H5C4H9. zylphosphonic acid dibutyl ester.
Properties: Colorless liquid. Bp 183.2C, fp 87.9C,
d 0.860 (20C), refr index 1.489 (20C), flash p 160F butylbenzyl phthalate. (BBP).
(71.1C) (OC), autoign temp 774F (412C). Combus- C4H9OOCC6H4COOC7H7.
tible Properties: Clear, oily liquid; slight odor. D
Grade: Technical, pure, research. 1.1131.121 (25/25C), flash p 390F (198C). Com-
Hazard: Toxic by ingestion. bustible.
Use: Organic synthesis, especially of insecticides. Grade: Technical.
Use: Plasticizer for polyvinyl and cellulosic resins,
sec-butylbenzene. (2-phenylbutane). organic intermediate.
CAS: 135-98-8. C6H5C(CH3)C2H5.
Properties: Colorless liquid. Bp 170.65C, vap press butylbenzyl sebacate.
15 mm Hg (60C), fp 75.68C, d 0.8618 (204C), wt/ C4H9OOC(CH2)8COOC7H7.
gal 7.2 lb (20C), refr index 1.4901 (20C), flash p Properties: Light-straw-colored liquid. Bp
145F (62.7C) (OC), autoign temp 784F (417C). 245285C (10 mm Hg), d 1.023 (25C), wt/gal 8.6 lb,
Combustible. flash p 395F (201C). Combustible.
Grade: Technical 95%, pure, research. Use: Plasticizer for resins.
 197 6-tert-BUTYL

butyl borate. See tributyl borate. butyl chloral hydrate. (trichlorobutyraldeh-

yde hydrate). CH3CHClCCl2CH(OH)2.
n-butyl bromide. (1-bromobutane). Properties: Colorless leaflets. D 1.693 (20/4C), mp
CAS: 109-65-9. C4H9Br. 78C. Slightly soluble in water, soluble in alcohol
Properties: Colorless liquid. D 1.279 (20/20C), bp and ether.
101.6C, fp 112.4C, flash p 75F (23.9C) (OC), aut- Derivation: Action of chlorine on paraldehyde.
oign temp 509F (265C). Insoluble in water; soluble Use: Medicine (hypnotic, anticonvulsant).
in alcohol and ether.
Grade: 99%. n-butyl chloride. (1-chlorobutane).
Hazard: Flammable, dangerous fire risk. CAS: 109-69-3. CH3CH2CH2CH2Cl or C4H9Cl.
Use: Alkylating agent. Properties: Colorless liquid. D 0.8875 (20/20C), bp
78.6C, wt/gal 7.35 lb (20C), refr index 2.4015
sec-butyl bromide. (2-bromobutane). (20C), vap press 80.1 mm Hg (20C), fp 122.8C,
CAS: 78-76-2. CH3CHBrCH2CH3. viscosity 0.0045 cP (20C), flash p 15F (9.4C)
Properties: Clear, colorless liquid; pleasant odor. Bp (OC), autoign temp 860F (460C). Insoluble in wa-
91.2C, fp 112C, d 1.2425 (25/25C), refr index ter; miscible with alcohol and ether.
1.43201.4344 (25C), flash p 70F (21.1C) (OC). Grade: NF, technical.
Soluble in alcohol and ether; insoluble in water. Hazard: Toxic on prolonged inhalation. Flammable,
Hazard: Narcotic in high concentration. Flammable, dangerous fire risk.
dangerous fire risk. Use: Organic synthesis (alkylating agent), solvent,
Use: Synthesis, alkylating agent. anthelmintic.

butyl butanoate. See n-butyl butyrate. sec-butyl chloride.

CAS: 78-86-4. CH3CHClCH2CH.
Properties: Colorless liquid. Bp 68C, d 0.875 (20/
n-butyl butyrate. (butyl butanoate).
4C), flash p 32F (0C), refr index 1.39. Miscible with
CAS: 109-21-7. CH3(CH2)2COOC4H9.
alcohol and ether; sparingly soluble in water.
Properties: Colorless liquid. D 0.8721 (20/20C), refr
Hazard: Flammable, dangerous fire risk.
index 1.4059 (20C), fp 91.5C, bp 165.7C (736 mm
Use: Organic synthesis.
Hg), flash p 128F (53.5C) (OC). Insoluble in water;
soluble in alcohol and ether. Flammable.
Grade: FCC. tert-butyl chloroacetate.
Hazard: Irritant and narcotic. Moderate fire risk. CAS: 107-59-5. mf: C6H11ClO2.
Use: Flavoring. Hazard: A poison by ingestion. Moderately toxic by
inhalation skin contact. Severe skin and moderate
eye irritant.
n-butyl carbinol. See n-amyl alcohol, pri-
mary.
tert-butylchlorodimethylsilane.
CAS: 18162-48-6. mf: C6H15ClSi.
sec-butyl carbinol. See 2-methyl-1-butanol. Hazard: Moderately toxic.
butyl Carbitol [Dow]. TM for diethylene butyl(4-chlorophenyl)methyl 3-
glycol monobutyl ether. pyridinylcarbonimidodithioate.
CAS: 34763-20-7. mf: C17H19ClN2S2.
butyl Carbitol acetate [Dow]. TM for Hazard: Moderately toxic by ingestion.
diethylene glycol monobutyl ether acetate. Use: Agricultural chemical.

p-tert-butylcatechol. (4-tert-butyl-1,2-dihy- tert-butyl chromate. (chromic acid di-t-butyl

droxybenzene). (CH3)3CC6H3(OH)2. ester).
Properties: Colorless crystals. Mp 5657C, d 1.049 CAS: 1189-85-1. [(CH3)3CO]2CrO3.
(60/25C), bp 285C, flash p 265F (129C). Combusti- Properties: Liquid. Mp 5 to 0C.
ble. Soluble in ether, alcohol, acetone; slightly solu- Hazard: TLV: ceiling 0.1 mg(CrO3)/m3. Toxic by
ble in water at 80C. skin absorption. A very powerful oxidizer and dan-
Hazard: Toxic by ingestion and skin absorption. gerous fire hazard.
Use: Polymerization inhibitor for styrene-butadiene
and other olefins. butyl citrate. See tributyl citrate.

butyl Cellosolve [Dow]. TM for ethylene 6-tert-butyl-m-cresol. (MBMC; 6-tert-butyl-

glycol monobutyl ether. 3-methylphenol). (CH3)3CC6H3(OH)CH3.
Properties: Clear liquid. Solidifies slightly below
butyl Cellosolve acetate [Dow]. TM for room temperature, fp 23.1C, bp 244C, d 0.922
ethylene glycol monobutyl ether acetate. (80C), flash p 116F (47C). Soluble in organic sol-
BUTYL CROTONATE 198

vents and aqueous potassium hydroxide. Flam- 5-tert-butyl-3-(2,4-dichloro-5-

mable. propargyloxyphenyl)-1,3,4-oxadiazol-
Hazard: Irritant to skin. Moderate fire risk. 2(3h)-one.
Use: Germicide, disinfectant, synthesis of antioxi- CAS: 39807-15-3. mf: C15H14Cl2N2O3.
dants and rubber-processing chemicals, additives to Hazard: A reproductive hazard.
lubricating oils, synthetic resins, perfumes (fixa-
tive). n-butyl diethanolamine.
C4H9N(CH2CH2OH)2.
butyl crotonate. CH3CH:CHCOOC4H9. Properties: Liquid; very light-straw color; faint
Properties: Water-white liquid; persistent odor. D amine odor. D 0.97 (20C), bp 272C,, wt/gal 18.08 lb
0.9037 (20/20C), bp 180.5C, wt/gal 7.52 lb (20C). (20C), flash p 245F (118C). Combustible.
Soluble in alcohol and ether; insoluble in water. Use: Organic synthesis.
Combustible.
tert-butyl diethanolamine.
butylcyclohexyl phthalate. C4H9N(CH2CH2OH)2.
C4H9OOCC6H4COOC6H11. Properties: Liquid, similar to normal compound.
Properties: Clear liquid; very mild odor. D 1.078, Use: Organic synthesis, epoxy curing agent, catalyst
saponification number 369, acidity (as phthalic for polyester resins, inhibitor for printing inks.
acid) 0.01 max. Miscible with most organic sol-
vents. Combustible. n-butyl diethyl malonate.
Use: Plasticizer for polymers and elastomers, nitro- C4H9CH(COOC2H5)2.
cellulose lacquers. Properties: Colorless liquid with a fruity odor. D
0.9720.974 (25/25C), refr index 1.4201.422
butyldecyl phthalate. (25C). Soluble in alcohols, ketones, esters. Combus-
C4H9OOCC6H4COOC10H21. tible.
Properties: Clear, oily liquid. D 0.9770.987 (25/ Use: Intermediate.
25C). Combustible.
Use: Primary plasticizer for polyvinyl chloride and n-butyldiethyltin iodide.
copolymer resins. CAS: 17563-48-3. mf: C8H19ISn.
Hazard: A poison. TWA 0.1 mg(Sn)/m3; STEL 0.2
n-butyldiamylamine. C4H9N(C5H11)2. mg/m3 (skin)
Properties: Straw-colored liquid; amine odor. D
0.788 (20C), boiling range 229241C, flash p 200F butyl diglycol carbonate. (diethylene glycol
(93.3C). Combustible. bis(n-butylcarbonate)). (C4H9OCO2CH2)2O.
Properties: Colorless liquid of low volatility. D 1.07
n-butyldichlorarsine. C4H9AsCl2. (20/4C), boiling range 164166C (2 mm Hg), flash p
Properties: Oily liquid; somewhat agreeable odor. 372F (188C), Saybolt viscosity 21 cP (20C), refr
Bp 192194C. Decomposed by water. index 1.435 (20C), evaporation rate 0.59 mg/sq cm/
Hazard: Toxic by inhalation and ingestion. hour (100C). Insoluble in water (very stable to hy-
Use: Military poison. drolysis); widely soluble in organic solvents; com-
patible with many resins and plastics. Combustible.
tert-butyldichloroamine. Use: Plasticizer; high-boiling-point solvent and sof-
CAS: 2156-72-1. mf: C4H9Cl2N. tening agent; manufacture of pharmaceuticals and
Hazard: Moderately toxic by ingestion and skin con- lubricant compositions.
tact. Low toxicity by inhalation. A severe eye irri-
tant. butyl diglyme. See diethylene glycol dibutyl
ether.
butyldichlorophenoxyacetate. See 2,4-D.
4-tert-butyl-1,2-dihydroxybenzene. See
butyl(3,4-dichlorophenyl)methyl 3- p-tert-butylcatechol.
pyridinylcarbonimidodithioate.
CAS: 34763-43-4. mf: C17H18Cl2N2S2. butyldimethylamine.
Hazard: Moderately toxic by ingestion. CAS: 927-62-8. mf: C6H15N.
Use: Agricultural chemical. Hazard: Moderately toxic by ingestion. Low toxicity
by inhalation and skin contact. A moderate eye irri-
1-n-butyl-3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1- tant.
methylurea. (neburon).
Cl2C6H3NHCONCH3(C4H9). o-butyl s-((4-(1,1-dimethylethyl)phenyl)
Properties: White, crystalline solid. Mp 102C. Very methyl)-3-pyridinylcarbonimi-
low solubility in water and hydrocarbon solvents. dothioate.
Stable toward oxidation and moisture. CAS: 51308-64-6. mf: C21H28N2OS.
Use: Weed killer. Hazard: Moderately toxic by ingestion.
 199 BUTYL ETHER

Use: Agricultural chemical. bp 179182C, refr index 1.438 (20C), flash p 185F
(85C) (OC). Soluble in alcohol and ether; miscible
n-butyl-2,6-dimethyl-1-piperidine- with water. Combustible.
carboxamide. Derivation: From corn sugar by acid hydrolysis, also
CAS: 67626-66-8. mf: C12H24N2O. from fermentation of sugar by acid hydrolysis, also
Hazard: Moderately toxic by ingestion. A moderate from fermentation of sugar-beet molasses.
skin and eye irritant. Grade: 99%.
Use: Resins, solvent for dyes, intermediate, blending
butyl Dioxitol [Shell]. TM for diethylene agent.
glycol monobutyl ether.
1,2-butylene oxide. (1,2-epoxybutane).
4-butyl-1,2-diphenyl-3,5-pyrazolidinedione.
See phenylbutazone. CAS: 106-88-7. H2COCHCH2CH3.
Properties: Colorless liquid. D 0.8312 (20/20C), bp
butyl dodecanoate. See butyl laurate. 63C, sets to a glass below 150C, flash p approx 0F
(17C) (CC). Soluble in water; miscible with most
butylene. (butene). One of the liquefied petrole- organic solvents.
um gases butene-1, cis-butene-2,trans-butene-2, Grade: Approximately 97.5% purity.
and isobutene. Hazard: Toxic concentration of vapors occurs at
room temperature. Highly flammable, dangerous
butylene dimethacrylate. C12H18O4 fire risk.
Properties: Liquid. Bp 110C (3 mm Hg), d 1.011, Use: Intermediate for various polymers, stabilizer for
(25/15.6C), refr index 1.4502 (25C), flash p >150F chlorinated solvents.
(65C). Combustible.
Use: Monomer for resins. 2,3-butylene oxide. (2,3-epoxybutane).

1,3-butylene glycol. (1,3-butanediol). CH3HCOCHCH3. Two forms, cis and trans, are
HOCH2CH2CH(OH)CH3. Can exist in optical iso- known.
meric forms. Properties: cis: fp 80C, bp 59.7C (742 mm Hg), d
Properties: Practically colorless; viscous liquid. Hy- 0.8266 (25/4C). trans: fp 85C, bp 53.5C (742 mm
groscopic. D 1.0059 (20/20C), wt/agl 8.4 lb (20C), Hg), d 0.8010 (25/4C). Flash p approx 0F (17C).
bp 207.5C, vap press 0.06 mm Hg (20C), refr index Very soluble in ether, benzene, organic solvents;
1.4401 (20C), flash p 250F (121C) (COC), autoign decomposes in water.
temp 741F (393C). Completely soluble in water and Hazard: Toxic concentration of vapors occurs at
alcohol; slightly soluble in ether. Combustible. room temperature. Highly flammable, dangerous
Derivation: Reduction of aldol. fire risk.
Use: Polyesters, polyurethanes, surface-active Use: Intermediate.
agents, plasticizers, humectant, coupling agent, sol-
vent, food additive, flavoring. butyl epoxystearate. (butyl-9,10-epoxyoc-

1,4-butylene glycol. (1,4-butanediol; tetrame- tadecanoate). CH3(CH2)7CHOCH(CH2)7COOC4H9.
thylene glycol). Properties: Colorless liquid; mild, slightly fatty,
CAS: 110-63-4. HOCH2CH2CH2CH2OH. slightly fruity odor. D 0.910 (20C), wt/gal 7.59 lb.
Properties: Colorless, oily liquid. Bp 230C, mp 16C, Combustible.
d 1.020 (20/4C). Flash p >250F (>121C). Miscible Use: Plasticizer for low-temperature flexibility im-
with water; soluble in alcohol; slightly soluble in provement of vinyl resins.
ether. Combustible.
Derivation: From acetylene and formaldehyde by n-butylethanolamine. C4H9NHCH2CH2OH.
high-pressure synthesis. Properties: Colorless liquid; very faint amine odor.
Grade: Technical. D 0.892 (20C), boiling range 194204C, flash p
Hazard: Toxic by ingestion. 170F (76.6C). Combustible.
Use: Solvents, humectant, intermediate for plasticiz-
ers, pharmaceuticals, cross-linking agent in poly- t-butylethanolamine.
urethane elastomers, manufacture of tetrahydrofu- CAS: 4620-70-6. mf: C6H15NO.
ran, terephthalate plastics. Hazard: Moderately toxic by ingestion and skin con-
tact. A severe eye irritant.
2,3-butylene glycol. (2,3-dihydroxybutane;
2,3-butanediol; pseudobutylene glycol; sym-di- butyl ether. (n-dibutyl ether).
methylethylene glycol). CH3CH2OCH2OCH3. Can CAS: 142-96-1. C4H9OC4H9.
exist in optical isomeric forms. Properties: Colorless liquid; stable; mild ethereal
Properties: Nearly colorless, crystalline solid or liq- odor. D 0.7694 (20/20C), bp 142.2C, vap press 4.8
uid. Hygroscopic. D 1.045 (20/20C), mp 2327C, mm Hg (20C), flash p 77F (25C), fp 95.2C, latent
BUTYLETHYLACETALDEHYDE 200

heat of vaporization 67.8 cal/g at 140.9C, refr index D 1.055 (20/5C), bp 8384C (1 mm Hg), 118120C
1.3992 (20C), wt/gal 6.4 lb (20C), viscosity 0.0069 (25 mm Hg). Insoluble in water, soluble in alcohol
cP (20C), autoign temp 382F (194C). Miscible with and ether.
most common organic solvents; immiscible with
water. n-butyl glycidyl ether. (glycidylbutylether;
Grade: Technical, spectrophotometric. BGE).
Hazard: Toxic on prolonged inhalation. Flammable, CAS: 2426-08-6. C4H9OH2CHOCH2.
moderate fire risk. May form explosive peroxides, Properties: Clear, colorless liquid; irritating odor.
especially in anhydrous form. Bp 164C, vapor press 3.2 mm Hg (25C), vap d 3.78,
Use: Solvent for hydrocarbons, fatty materials; ex- d 0.908 (25/4C). Soluble in water.
tracting agent used especially for separating metals, Hazard: TLV: 25 ppm. A mild skin and eye irritant.
solvent purification, organic synthesis (reaction me-
dium). n-butyl glycol phthalate. See dibutoxyethyl
phthalate.
butylethylacetaldehyde. See 2-ethylhexal-
dehyde. tert-butyl hydroperoxide.
CAS: 75-91-2. (CH3)3COOH. A highly reactive per-
5-butyl-5-ethylbarbituric acid. See bu- oxy compound.
tethal. Properties: Water-white liquid. Fp 8C, decom-
poses at 75C, d 0.896 (20/4C), refr index 1.396
n-butyl ethyl ether. See ethyl-n-butyl ether. (25C) (90% pure), flash p (90%) 130F (54.4C).
Moderately soluble in water; very soluble in organic
butyl ethyl ketone. (3-heptanone). solvents and alkali-metal hydroxide solutions. Com-
CAS: 106-35-4. (C4H9)(C2H5)CCO. bustible.
Properties: Clear liquid, d 0.8198 (20/20C), bp Grade: 70%, 90% pure.
148C, fp 36.7C, refr index 1.4224 (20C), flash p Hazard: Moderate fire risk. Oxidizer.
115F, vap d 3.93. Use: Polymerization, oxidation, sulfonation catalyst,
Grade: Available as 20% solution in hexane. bleaching, deodorizing.
Hazard: Fumes are irritating. Flammable, dangerous
fire risk. Store solution under nitrogen. tert-butylhydroquinone. C6H3(OH)2C(CH3)3.
Use: Reactive chemical intermediate. Properties: Intermediate. Mp 125C. Insoluble in wa-
ter; soluble in alcohol, acetone, and ethyl acetate.
2-butyl-2-ethylpropanediol-1,3. See 2-eth-
yl-2-butylpropanediol-1,3. butylhydroxyoxostannane. See butyl stan-
noic acid.
tert-butylformamide. (CH3)3CNHCOH.
Properties: Colorless, high-boiling liquid. Soluble tert-butyl hypochlorite. (CH3)3COCl.
in water and common hydrocarbon solvents. Properties: Yellowish liquid.
Use: Solvent and in petroleum additives. Hazard: Toxic by ingestion and inhalation. May
explode at room temperature.
butyl formate. Use: Organic chlorinations, oxidation of alcohols to
CAS: 592-84-7. HCOOC4H9. ketones and sulfides to sulfoxides.
Properties: Colorless liquid. D 0.8850.9108, bp
107C, fp 90C, flash p 64F (17.7C) (CC), autoign 4,4-butylidenebis(6-tert-butyl-m-cresol).
temp 612F (322.5C). Miscible with alcohols, ethers, [(CH3)3CC6H2(OH)(CH3)]2CHC3H7.
oils, hydrocarbons; slightly soluble in water. Properties: White powder. Mp 209C (min), d 1.03
Grade: Technical. (25C).
Hazard: Narcotic and irritating in high concentra- Use: Antioxidant for rubber, dry or latex.
tion. Flammable, dangerous fire risk.
Use: Solvent for nitrocellulose, some types of cellu- n-butylisocyanate.
lose acetate, many cellulose ethers, many natural CAS: 111-36-4. C4H9NCO.
and synthetic resins, lacquers, perfumes, organic Properties: Colorless liquid. Bp 115C, d 0.88 (20/
synthesis (intermediate), flavoring. 4C).
Use: Intermediate for pesticides, herbicides, pharma-
n-butyl furfuryl ether. C4H9OCH2C4H3O. ceuticals.
Properties: Colorless liquid, turning dark on expo- Hazard: Strong irritant to eyes and skin.
sure to air. Extremely hygroscopic, unstable with
moisture. D 0.955 (10/0C), bp 189190C (765 mm butyl isodecyl phthalate.
Hg), refr index 1.4522 (20C). Properties: Clear liquid; mild odor; color (Hazen) 50
max. D 0.9 (20/20C), saponification number 310,
n-butyl furoate. C4H3OCO2C4H9. acidity (as phthalic acid) 0.01 max.
Properties: Colorless oil. Decomposes on standing. Use: Plasticizer for polyvinyls.
 201 n-BUTYL MYRISTATE

tert-butylisopropylbenzene hydroperoxide. n- and sec-butyl mercaptan. See 1-butane-

Properties: White crystals. thiol; 2-butanethiol.
Hazard: Dangerous fire risk. Reacts strongly with
reducing materials. Oxidizing agent. tert-butylmercaptan. Legal label name for 2-
methyl-2-butanethiol.
n-butyl lactate.
CAS: 138-22-7. CH3CH2OCOOC4H9. butyl mesityl oxide. See butopyronoxyl.
Properties: Water-white, stable liquid; mild odor. D
0.9740.984 (20/20C), flash p 168F (75.5C) (TOC), n-butyl methacrylate. (methacrylic acid, bu-
mp 43C, wt/gal 8.15 lb, bp 188C, refr index 1.4216 tyl ester).
(20C), vap press 0.4 mm Hg (20C), latent heat of CAS: 97-88-1. H2C:C(CH3)COOC4H9.
vaporization 77.4 cal/g (20C), autoign temp 720F Properties: Colorless liquid. Bp 163.5170.5C, fp
(382C). Miscible with many lacquer solvents, dilu- <75C, d 0.895 (25/25C), flash p 130F (54.4C)
ents, oils, slightly soluble in water, hydrolyzed in (OC), refr index 1.4220. Readily polymerized. In-
acids and alkalies. Combustible. soluble in water. Combustible.
Grade: Technical, 95% min. Derivation: Reaction of methacrylic acid or methyl
Hazard: Toxic. TLV: 5 ppm. methacrylate with butanol.
Use: Solvent for nitrocellulose, ethyl cellulose, oils, Grade: Technical (inhibited).
dyes, natural gums, many synthetic polymers, lac- Hazard: Toxic by ingestion. Moderate fire risk.
quers, varnishes, inks, stencil pastes, antiskinning Use: Monomer for resins, solvent coatings, adhe-
agent, chemical (intermediate), perfumes, dry-cle- sives, oil additives; emulsions for textiles, leather,
aning fluids, adhesives. and paper finishing.
See acrylic resin.
N-n-butyl lauramide. C11H23CONHC4H9. tert-butyl methacrylate.
Properties: White solid; lauric acid odor. Boiling H2C:C(CH3)COOC(CH3)3.
range 200225C (2 mm Hg), flash p 375F (190C). Properties: Colorless liquid. Bp 66C (57 mm Hg), d
Combustible. 0.877 (25C), refr index 1.4124 (24C), flash p 92F
(33.3C) (TOC).
butyl laurate. (butyl dodecanoate). Grade: Technical containing 100 ppm hydroquinone
C11H23COOC4H9. monomethyl ether as inhibitor.
Properties: Liquid. D 0.855 (25C), bp 130180C (5 Hazard: Toxic by ingestion. Flammable, dangerous
mm Hg), fp 10C. Insoluble in water. Combustible. fire risk.
Derivation: Alcoholysis of coconut oil with butyl Use: Monomer for resins.
alcohol followed by fractional distillation. See acrylic resin.
Use: Plasticizer, flavoring.
butyl methacrylate resins. See Elvacite
butyllithium. (n-butyllithium; sec-butyllithi- [Du Pont].
um; tert-butyllithium). CH3CH2CH2CH2Li;
CH3CHLiCH2CH3; (CH3)3CLi. tert-butyl-4-methoxyphenol. See butylated
Properties: Available usually in solution in one of hydroxyanisole.
the C5 to C7 hydrocarbons, in which it is quite stable.
sec-Butyllithium solution must be kept at or below sec-butyl-6-methyl-3-cyclohexene-1-
15.5C. Sold by percent butyllithium in the solution. carboxylate. See siglure.
Hazard: Irritant. Solid and solution highly flamma-
ble, ignites in moist air. p-tert-butyl--methylhydrocinnamaldehyde.
Use: Polymerization of isoprene and butadiene; in- (-methyl--(p-tert-butylphe-
termediate in preparation of lithium hydride; rocket nyl)propionaldehyde).
fuel component; metalating agent. (CH3)3CC6H4CH2CH(CH3)CHO.
Properties: Light-yellow liquid; strong floral odor.
D 0.9420.949 (25/25C), refr index 1.5031.510
n-butylmagnesium chloride. C4H9MgCl. (20C), flash p 204F (95.5C) (TCC). Soluble in 1-
Properties: Liquid. D 0.88. part 90% alcohol. Stable, nondiscoloring. Combus-
Derivation: From magnesium and butyl chloride. tible.
Grade: Available in solution in ethyl ether or in Grade: 93%, 85% purity.
tetrahydrofuran. Use: Perfume.
Hazard: Flammable, dangerous fire risk.
Use: Grignard reagent, as an alkylating agent. 6-tert-butyl-3-methylphenol. See 6-tert-bu-
tyl-m-cresol.
n-butylmelamine.
CAS: 5606-24-6. mf: C7H14N6. n-butyl myristate. CH3(CH2)12COOC4H9. The
Hazard: A poison. butyl ester of myristic acid.
n-BUTYL NITRATE 202

Properties: Water-white oily liquid. Saponification butylparaben. (n-butyl hydroxybenzoate).

number 193203, fp 17C, boiling range 167197C C11H14O3.
(5 mm Hg), d 0.8500.858 (25C). Insoluble in wa- Properties: Finely divided solid. Mp 68C. Soluble in
ter; soluble in acetone, castor oil, chloroform, meth- acetone, alcohol, and propylene glycol.
anol, mineral oil, toluene. Combustible. Available forms: Calcium and magnesium salts are
Derivation: Alcoholysis of coconut oil with butyl available.
alcohol followed by fractional distillation. Use: Pharmaceutical preservative, fungistat.
Use: Plasticizer, lubricant for textiles, paper stencils, See Parabens.
cosmetic preparations.
n-butyl pelargonate. (n-butyl nonanoate).
n-butyl nitrate. C4H9NO3. C4H9OOCC8H17.
Properties: Water-white liquid; ethereal odor. D Properties: Liquid with fruity odor. Combustible. D
1.103 (20C), bp 123C, flash p 97F (36C). Insoluble 0.865 (15.5/15.5C), bp 270C.
in water; soluble in alcohol and ether. Use: Flavors and perfumes, chemical intermediate.
Hazard: Flammable, moderate fire risk in contact
with reducing materials. Oxidizing agent, may ex- sec-butyl pelargonate.
plode from shock or heating. C2H5CH(CH3)OOCC8H17.
Properties: Liquid. D 0.8608 (20/4C), bp 123C (15
tert-butyl nitrite. (nitrous acid tert-butyl es- mm Hg), refr index 1.4220. Combustible. Shows
ter). (CH3)3CONO. optical activity.
Properties: Yellowish liquid; pleasant odor. D Use: Chemical intermediate.
0.867, bp 63C, refr index 1.36. Soluble in alcohol,
carbon disulfide, chloroform; slightly soluble in tert-butyl peracetate. See tert-butyl perox-
water. yacetate.
Derivation: Reaction of tert-butyl alcohol, sodium
nitrite, and sulfuric acid. tert-butyl perbenzoate. See tert-butyl perox-
Use: Jet fuel. ybenzoate.

butyl nonanoate. See butyl pelargonate. tert-butyl perisobutyrate. See tert-butyl

peroxyisobutyrate.
butyl octadecanoate. See n-butyl stearate.
tert-butyl permaleic acid. See tert-butyl
butyloctyl phthalate. peroxymaleic acid.
C4H9OOCC6H4COOC8H17.
Properties: Water-white liquid; mild characteristic tert-butyl peroxide. See di-tert-butyl per-
odor. D 0.9910.997 (20/20C), saponification num- oxide.
ber 298308. Miscible with most organic solvents.
Combustible. tert-butyl peroxyacetate. (tert-butyl perace-
Use: Plasticizer for vinyl resins. tate).
CAS: 107-71-1. (CH3)3COOOCCH3.
butyl oleate. Properties: Flash p <80F (<26.6C) (COC), d 0.923.
CAS: 142-77-8. Grade: Available as a 7276% solution in benzene.
CH3(CH2)7CH:CH(CH2)7COOC4H9. Hazard: Flammable, dangerous fire risk. Oxidizer.
Properties: Light-colored, oleaginous liquid; mild Use: Polymerization initiator for vinyl monomers,
odor. D 0.873 (20/20C), iodine value 76.8, fp manufacture of polyethylene and polystyrene.
opaque at 12C, solid at 26.4C, wt/gal 7.26 lb (20C),
boiling range 173227C (2 mm Hg), flash p 356F tert-butyl peroxybenzoate. (tert-butyl per-
(180C). Insoluble in water; miscible with alcohol, benzoate).
ether, vegetable and mineral oils. Combustible. CAS: 614-45-9. (CH3)3COOOCC6H5.
Derivation: Alcoholysis of olein or esterification of Properties: Colorless liquid; mild aromatic odor. D
oleic acid with butanol. 1.04 (25/25C), fp 8.5C, vap press 0.33 mm Hg
Use: Plasticizer (particularly for PVC), solvent, lu- (50C), flash p 200F (93.3C). Soluble in alcohols,
bricant, water-resisting agent, coating composi- esters, ethers, ketones; insoluble in water.
tions, polishes, waterproofing compounds. Grade: 98% min.
Hazard: Oxidizing material; do not store near com-
butyl Oxitol[Shell]. TM for ethylene glycol bustible materials.
monobutyl ether. Use: Polymerization initiator for polyethylene, poly-
Hazard: Slight irritant to skin and eyes. styrene, polyacrylates, and polyesters; chemical in-
Use: Solvent in various types of surface-coating for- termediate.
mulations to improve gloss and leveling, component
of hydraulic fluids, coupling agent in various types tert-butyl peroxy-2-ethylhexanoate. (tert-
of cleaning and cutting oils. butyl peroctoate). (CH3)3COOOCCH(C2H5)C4H9.
 203 1-(3-(4-tert

Properties: Colorless liquid; faint odor. D 0.895 (25/ Grade: Available as 75% soluble in mineral spirits.
25C), fp <30C, refr index 1.426 (25C), decom- Hazard: (Solution) Flammable, dangerous fire risk.
poses at 89C, flash p 190F (87.7C). Insoluble in Oxidizing agent. May explode on heating.
water; miscible with most organic solvents. Use: Polymerization initiator.
Hazard: Oxidizing material. Do not store near com-
bustibles. tert-butyl perphthalic acid. See tert-butyl
peroxyphthalic acid.
tert-butyl peroxyisobutyrate. (tert-butyl
perisobutyrate). o-sec-butylphenol.
CAS: 109-13-7. (CH3)3COOOCCH(CH3)CH3. CAS: 89-72-5. C2H5(CH3)CHC6H4OH.
Properties: Flash p <80F (<26.6C). Properties: A slightly volatile liquid. Mw 150.22, bp
Grade: Available as a 7275% solution in benzene. 226228C, flash p 225F, d 0.891. Insoluble in water;
Hazard: Flammable, dangerous fire risk. Oxidizing slightly soluble in alcohol, ether, and alkalies. Com-
agent. bustible.
Use: Polymerization catalyst. Hazard: TLV: 5 ppm. Skin and eye irritant.
Use: Chemical intermediate in preparation of resins,
tert-butylperoxyisopropyl carbonate. plasticizers, surface-active agents.
(BPIC). (CH3)3COOOCOCH(CH3)2.
Properties: Liquid. Fp 3C, d 0.945, refr index o-tert-butylphenol. (CH3)3CC6H4OH.
1.4050 (20C), flash p 112118F (4447C) (TOC). Properties: Light-yellow liquid. Fp 7C, d 0.982
Almost insoluble in water; miscible with hydrocar- (20C), bp 224C, flash p 230F (110C) (OC). Soluble
bons, esters, and ethers. Relatively stable under or- in isopentane, toluene, and ethanol; insoluble in
dinary conditions. Flammable. water. Combustible.
Grade: Technical (8.6% active oxygen). Hazard: Toxic by ingestion, moderate irritant to eyes
Hazard: Moderate fire risk. Oxidizing agent. and skin.
Use: Polymerization initiator, cross-linking agent. Use: Chemical intermediate for synthetic resins,
plasticizers, surface-active agents, perfumes, and
tert-butylperoxymaleic acid. (tert-butylper- other products. A permissible antioxidant for avia-
maleic acid). (CH3)3COOOCCH:CHCOOH. An tion gasoline (ASTM D910-64T).
unsaturated peroxide.
Properties: White crystals. Mp 114116C (decom- p-tert-butylphenol.
poses). Slightly soluble in water, cool 5% alkaline CAS: 98-54-4. (CH3)3CC6H4OH.
solution, and alcohols; moderately soluble in oxy- Properties: White crystals; distinctive odor. D (crys-
genated organic solvents and polyester monomers; tals) 1.03, d (molten) 0.908 (114/4C), bp 239C, mp
slightly soluble in naphtha, carbon tetrachloride, 100C. Insoluble in water, soluble in alcohol and
and chloroform; insoluble in benzene. ether. Combustible.
Grade: 95% pure. Derivation: Catalytic alkylation of phenol with
Hazard: Oxidizing agent. Do not store near combus- olefins.
tible materials. Hazard: Irritant to eyes and skin.
Use: Polymerization catalyst, bleaching, pharmaceu- Use: Plasticizer for cellulose acetate; intermediate
ticals. for antioxidants, special starches, oil-soluble pheno-
lic resins; pour-point depressors and emulsion
tert-butylperoxyphthalic acid. (tert-butyl- breakers for petroleum oils and some plastics; syn-
perphthalic acid). (CH3)3COOOCC6H4COOH. thetic lubricants; insecticides; industrial odorants;
Properties: White crystals. Mp 9699C. Insoluble in motor-oil additives.
water; soluble in cool 5% alkaline solutions and in
alcohols; moderately soluble in oxygenated organic n-butylphenyl acetate. C4H9OOCCH2C6H5.
solvents, chlorinated hydrocarbons and polyester Properties: Colorless liquid; rose-honey odor. D
monomers; slightly soluble in petroleum hydro- 0.9910.994 (25/25C), bp 135141C (18 mm Hg),
carbons. refr index 1.4881.490 (20C). Soluble in 2 volumes
Grade: 95% pure. 80% alcohol. Combustible. Made synthetically.
Hazard: Oxidizing agent. Do not store near combus- Grade: 98% min.
tible materials. Use: Perfumes, flavoring.
Use: Polymerization catalyst and oxidizing agent.
n-butylphenyl ether. C4H9OC6H5.
tert-butylperoxypivalate. Properties: Water-white liquid; aromatic odor. D
CAS: 927-07-1. (CH3)3COOOCC(CH3)3. 0.929 (20C), boiling range 202212C, flash p 180F
Properties: Colorless liquid. D 0.854 (25/25C). Soli- (82C). Combustible.
difies below 19C, refr index 1.410 (25C), decom- Hazard: Toxic by ingestion.
poses at 70C, flash p 155160F (6871C). Insoluble
in water and ethylene glycol; soluble in most organic 1-(3-(4-tert-butylphenyl)-2-methylpropyl)
solvents. piperidine. See fenpropidine.
4-tert-BUTYLPHENYL 204

4-tert-butylphenyl salicylate. butyl rubber. A copolymer of isobutylene

(CH3)3CC6H4OOCC6H4OH. (97%) and isoprene (3%). Polymerized below 95C
Properties: Off-white, odorless crystals. Mp with aluminum chloride catalyst.
6264C. Soluble in alcohol, ethyl acetate, toluene; Properties: D 0.92. Vulcanizates have tensile
insoluble in water. strength up to 2000 psi (unreinforced) and 3000 psi
Use: Light absorber, best at 29003300 A. (reinforced). Service temperatures range from 55
to +204C. Good abrasion resistance, excellent im-
p-tert-butylphenyl salicylate. permeability to gases, high dielectric constant, ex-
CAS: 87-18-3. mf: C17H18O3. cellent resistance to aging and sunlight, superior
Hazard: Moderately toxic by ingestion. shock-absorbing and vibration-damping qualities.
Use: Food additive. Resistance to oils and greases only fair. Will support
combustion.
Grade: Stabilized, latex, chlorine-containing elasto-
n-butylphosphoric acid. See n-butyl acid mer, low molecular weight (liquid).
phosphate. Use: Tire carcasses and linings, especially for trac-
tors and other outsize vehicles; electric wire insula-
n-butyl phthalate. See dibutyl phthalate. tion; encapsulating compounds; steam hose and oth-
er mechanical rubber goods; pond and reservoir
butylphthalylbutyl glycolate. sealant. Latex is used for paper coating, textile and
C4H9OOCC6H4COOCH2COOC4H9. leather finishing, adhesive formulations, air bags,
Properties: Colorless liquid; odorless liquid. D tire vulcanization, self-curing cements, pressure-
1.0931.103 (25/25C), bp 219C (5 mm Hg), solidi- sensitive adhesives, tire-cord dips, sealants.
fies below 35C, darkens on heating above 290C, See isobutylene-isoprene copolymer.
flash p 390F (199C) (OC). Insoluble in water. Ex-
tremely light stable. Combustible. butyl sebacate. See dibutyl sebacate.
Use: Plasticizer for polyvinyl chloride. FDA ap-
proved for use in vinyl food wrappings. butyl sorbate. C4H9OOCC5H7. An insect at-
tractant for the European chafer.
n-butyl phthalyl-n-butyl glycolate. See
Morflex 190 [Reilly]. n-butylstannic acid. [(C4H9)Sn(OH)3].
Properties: White, infusible, and insoluble free-
flowing powder. Exists as a polymer of undeter-
n-butyl propionate. mined chemical structure. Further dehydration re-
CAS: 590-01-2. C2H5CO2C4H9. sults in polymers with molecular weights of
Properties: Water-white liquid; applelike odor. D 10005000 that are soluble in organic solvents.
0.875 (20C), 0.874 (15.5C), wt/gal 7.3 lb, bp 146C Hazard: Toxic by ingestion and skin absorption.
(commercial grades boil over a range of 130150C TLV: 0.1 mg(Sn)/m3.
due to presence of butyl alcohol and esters), fp Use: Polymerization catalyst, antioxidant, and heat
89C, flash p 90F (32.2C), autoign temp 800F stabilizer for PVC (not approved by FDA for food
(426C). Soluble in alcohol and ether; miscible with containers), electrically conducting tin oxide coat-
all coal tar and petroleum distillates; very slightly ings, alkaline-earth-metal phosphates in fluorescent
soluble in water. light bulbs, intermediate for silicones.
Derivation: Esterification of propionic acid with bu-
tyl alcohol and sulfuric acid catalyst.
Grade: Technical (8590% to 95% ester content).
butyl stannoic acid.
CAS: 2273-43-0. mf: C4H10O2Sn.
Hazard: Skin and eye irritant. Flammable, moderate
Properties: White infusible solid. Sol in Me2CO.
fire risk.
Hazard: A poison. TWA 0.1 mg(Sn)/m3; STEL 0.2
Use: Solvent for nitrocellulose, retarder in lacquer
mg(Sn)/m3 (skin).
thinner, ingredient of perfumes, flavors.
butyl stearamide. C17H35CONHC4H9.
2-t-butylpyrimidine. See 2-(1,1-dimethyle- Properties: Light-straw-colored liquid. D 0.869 (20/
thyl)pyrimidine. 20C), boiling range 195200C (2 mm Hg), flash p
430F (221C), amide odor. Combustible.
butyl ricinoleate. C17H32(OH)COOC4H9. Use: Plasticizer and intermediate for the synthesis of
Properties: Yellow to colorless oleaginous liquid. D insecticides, surface-active agents, pharmaceuti-
0.916 (20/20C), bp approx 275C (13 mm Hg), flash cals, and textile assistants.
p 220F (104.4C), Saybolt viscosity 112 (100F), fp
indefinite, slightly opaque at 30C, very viscous at butyl stearate. (butyl octadecanoate).
50C, wt/gal 7.62 lb (20C). Soluble in alcohol and C17H35COOC4H9.
ether; insoluble in water. Combustible. Properties: Colorless, stable, oleaginous liquid;
Derivation: Castor oil and butyl alcohol. practically odorless, sometimes with faint fatty
Use: Plasticizer, lubricant. odor. D 0.8550.860 (25/25C), mp 19.520C,flash
 205 BUTYNEDIOL

p 320F (160C) (CC). Wt/gal 7.14 lb (20C), refr butyl titanate. See tetrabutyl titanate.
index 1.4430 (20C), bp 350C. Miscible with mineral
and vegetable oils; soluble in alcohol and ether; p-tert-butyltoluene. (1-methyl-4-tert-butylben-
insoluble in water. Combustible. zene).
Derivation: Alcoholysis of stearin or esterification CAS: 98-51-1. (CH3)3CC6H4CH3.
of stearic acid with butanol. Properties: Colorless liquid. D 0.8570.863 (20/
Grade: Technical, cosmetic, chemically pure. 20C), bp 192.8C. Insoluble in water. Combustible.
Use: Ingredient of polishes, special lubricants, and Grade: Technical.
coatings; lubricants for metals and in textile and Hazard: Toxic by inhalation, ingestion, and skin
molding industries; in wax polishes as dye solvent; absorption. TLV: 10 ppm.
plasticizer for laminated fiber products rubber hy- Use: Solvent, intermediate.
drochloride; chlorinated rubber and cable lacquers;
carbon paper and inks; emollient in cosmetic and n-butyltrichlorosilane. C4H9SiCl3.
pharmaceutical products; lipsticks; damp proofer Properties: Colorless liquid. Bp 142C, d 1.1608 (25/
for concrete; flavoring. 25C), refr index 1.4363 (25C), flash p 126F (52C)
(COC). Readily hydrolyzed with liberation of hy-
butyl sulfide. See di-tert-butyl sulfide. drogen chloride. Soluble in benzene, ether, heptane.
Derivation: Grignard reaction of silicon tetrachlo-
4-tert-butyl-o-thiocresol. (2-methyl-4-tert-bu- ride.
tylthiophenol). (CH3)3CC6H3(CH3)SH. Grade: Technical, 95%.
Properties: Colorless liquid; mild (nonmercaptan) Hazard: Corrosive to skin and tissue. Moderate fire
odor. D 0.983 (25C), fp 4C, bp 250C, refr index risk.
1.546 (25C). Insoluble in water; soluble in hydrocar- Use: Intermediate for silicones.
bons. Combustible.
Grade: Available as 98% pure, supplied under nitro- butyl trichloro stannane.
gen atmosphere, and as 55% solution in hydro- CAS: 1118-46-3. mf: C4H9Cl3Sn.
carbon. Properties: Liquid. D: 0.85 @ 20/4, bp: 93 @ 10
Use: Peptizer for rubbers, polymer modifier, lubri- mm.
cating-oil additive. Hazard: Moderately toxic by ingestion. A severe
skin and eye irritant. TWA 0.1 mg(Sn)/m3; STEL 0.2
4-tert-butylthiophenol. (CH3)3CC6H4SH. mg(Sn)/m3 (skin).
Properties: Colorless liquid; mild (nonmercaptan)
odor. D 0.986 (25C), fp 11C, bp 238C, refr index
1.546 (25C). Insoluble in water; soluble in hydro-
N-n-butylurea.
CAS: 592-31-4. C4H9HNCONH2.
carbons.
Properties: White solid; odorless. Decomposes on
Grade: 98%, supplied under nitrogen atmosphere.
heating, mp 96C. Soluble in water, alcohol, and
Use: Lubricating-oil additives, polymer modifiers,
ether.
antioxidants, dyes.

(butylthio)trioctylstannane. n-butyl vinyl ether. See vinyl-n-butyl ether.

CAS: 70303-47-8. mf: C28H60SSn.
Hazard: A poison. TWA 0.1 mg(Sn)/m3; STEL 0.2 1-butyne. See ethylacetylene.
mg/m3 (skin)
Use: Drug. 2-butyne. See crotonylene.

(butylthio)tripropylstannane. See tripro- butynediol.

pyl(butylthio)stannane. CAS: 110-65-6. HOCH2C:CCH2OH.
Properties: White, orthorhombic crystals. Mp 58C,
n-butyltin trichloride. C4H9SnCl3. bp 238C, refr index 1.450 (25C). Soluble in water,
Properties: Colorless liquid. Fumes in contact with aqueous acids, alcohol, and acetone; insoluble in
air. D 1.71 (25/4C), bp 102C (12 mm Hg), refr index ether and benzene. Combustible.
1.5190 (25C). Soluble in organic solvents; sparingly Derivation: High-pressure synthesis from acetylene
soluble in water with partial hydrolysis. and formaldehyde.
Hazard: Toxic by ingestion, strong irritant to skin. Grade: Crystalline solid, 97%, aqueous soluble 35%.
Avoid exposure to liquids or vapors. TLV: 0.1 Hazard: Toxic by ingestion. May explode on con-
mg(Sn)/m3. tamination with mercury salts, strong acids, and
Use: Intermediate, catalyst, stabilizer. alkaline earth hydroxides and halides at high tem-
peratures.
n-butyltin tris(dibutyldithiocarbamate). Use: Intermediate, corrosion inhibitor, electroplating
CAS: 73927-88-5. mf: C31H63N3S6Sn. brightener, defoliant, polymerization accelerator,
Hazard: A poison. TWA 0.1 mg(Sn)/m3; STEL 0.2 stabilizer for chlorinated hydrocarbons, cosolvent
mg(Sn)/m3 (skin). for paint and varnish removal.
3-BUTYN-1-OL 206

3-butyn-1-ol. (-ethynyl ethanol). Grade: Technical, 98%.

HC:CCH2CH2OH. Use: Manufacture of butyrates, drugs, and tanning
Properties: Water-white liquid; characteristic odor. agents.
D 0.9257 (20/4C), refr index 1.4409 (20C), bp
128.9C, fp 63.6C. Combustible. butyrin. See glyceryl tributyrate.
Use: Preparation of perfume bases, acetylenic esters,
plastics, plasticizers, pharmaceuticals, wetting butyrolactam. See 2-pyrrolidone.
agents, medicinals, and organic synthesis.
butyrolactone. (-butyrolactone).
1,1-(2-butynylene)dipyrrolidine CAS: 96-48-0. OCH2CH2CH2CO.
dihydrochloride. See tremorine dichloroh-
ydrate.

butyraldehyde. (butaldehyde; n-butanal; n-

butylaldehyde; butyric aldehyde).
CAS: 123-72-8. CH3(CH2)2CHO. Properties: Colorless liquid; pleasant odor. Bp
Properties: Water-white liquid; characteristic pun- 204C, fp 44C, d 1.144, flash p 209F (98.3C) (OC).
gent aldehyde odor. D 0.8048 (20/20C), bp 75.7C, Miscible with water, alcohol, and ether. Combus-
vap press 91.5 mm Hg (20C), flash p 20F (6.6C), tible.
wt/gal 6.7 lb (20C), coefficient of expansion Derivation: High-pressure synthesis from acetylene
0.00114 (20C), fp 99C, viscosity 0.043 cP (20C), and formaldehyde.
autoign temp 446F (230C). Slightly soluble in wa- Grade: Technical.
ter; soluble in alcohol and ether. Hazard: Toxic by ingestion.
Derivation: (1) Oxo process; (2) dehydrogenating Use: Intermediate for synthesis of butyric acid com-
butanol vapors over a catalyst, the butyraldehyde pounds, polyvinylpyrrolidone, methionine, solvent
being separated by distillation; (3) partial reduction for acrylate and styrene polymers, ingredient of
of crotonaldehyde. paint removers and textile assistants.
Grade: Technical (93% min).
Hazard: Flammable, dangerous fire risk. butyrone. See dipropyl ketone.
Use: Plasticizers, rubber accelerators, solvents, high
polymers. butyronitrile. (propyl cyanide; butanenitrile).
CAS: 109-74-0. CH3(CH2)2CN.
butyric acid. (n-butyric acid; butanoic acid; Properties: Colorless liquid. D 0.796 (15C), fp
ethylacetic acid; propylformic acid). 112.6C, bp 116117C, flash p 79F (26.1C) (OC).
CAS: 107-92-6. CH3CH2CH2COOH. Slightly soluble in water; soluble in alcohol and
Properties: Colorless liquid; penetrating and obnox- ether.
ious odor. Refr index 1.3981 (20C), d 0.9583 (20/ Hazard: Flammable, dangerous fire risk.
4C), fp 5.0 to 8C, bp 163.5C (757 mm Hg) and Use: Basic material in industrial, chemical, and phar-
75C (25 mm Hg), vap press 0.84 mm Hg (20C), maceutical intermediates and products; poultry
autoign temp 846F (452C). Miscible with water, medicines.
alcohol, and ether. Combustible.
Derivation: Occurs as glyceride in animal milk fats. butyroyl chloride. (butyryl chloride; buta-
Produced as a by-product in hydrocarbon synthesis, noyl chloride). C3H7COCl.
by oxidation of butyraldehyde, and by butyric fer- Properties: Colorless liquid; pungent acid chloride
mentation of molasses or starch. odor. Reacts with alcohol and water; miscible with
Grade: 90%, 95%, 99%, edible, synthetic, reagent, ether. Fp 89C, distillation range 100110C, d
technical, FCC. 1.028 (15C), refr index 1.4121 (20C).
Hazard: Strong irritant to skin and tissue. Hazard: Toxic by ingestion and inhalation, strong
Use: Synthesis of butyrate ester perfume and flavor irritant to tissue.
ingredients, pharmaceuticals, deliming agent, disin- Use: Organic synthesis.
fectants, emulsifying agents, sweetening gasolines.
butyryl chloride. See butyroyl chloride.
butyric alcohol. See n-butyl alcohol.
10-butyryldithranol.
butyric aldehyde. See butyraldehyde. CAS: 75464-11-8. mf: C18H16O4.
Hazard: A poison by ingestion. A mild skin irritant.
butyric anhydride.
CAS: 106-31-0. (CH3CH2CH2CO)2O. n-butyryltri-n-hexyl citrate. See Citroflex
Properties: Water-white liquid. Hydrolyzes to bu- B-6 [Reilly].
tyric acid. D 0.9681 (20/20C), fp 75C, bp 199.5C,
vap press 0.3 mm Hg (20C), flash p 190F (87.7C), BVE. Abbreviation for butyl vinyl ether.
wt/gal 8.1 lb (20C). Combustible. See vinyl-n-butyl ether.
 207 BZ

B-X-A [Uniroyal]. TM for a diarylamine- Use: Food packaging, sporting goods, wire and cable,
ketone-aldehyde reaction product. building construction and automotive. More recent
Properties: Brown powder. D 1.10, melting range uses are extrusion laminations, in extrusion coat-
8595C. Store in a cool place. Soluble in acetone, ings, and as adhesive films and webs for thermal
benzene, and ethylene dichloride; insoluble in water laminating and other new uses not related to pack-
and gasoline. aging.
Use: Antioxidant for rubber and nylon.

Bynel [DuPont]. TM for resins developed as BZ. A nonlethal gas that causes temporary disabil-
coextrudable adhesives for multilayer packaging ity. It is a derivative of lysergic acid.
structures.