BUILDING DIGITAL COLLECTIONS FOR UG/PG

QUESTION PAPERS: WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE

TO BHARATHIDASAN UNIVERSITY INSTITUTIONAL
REPOSITORY

A PROJECT REPORT SUBMITTED TO THE PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF

THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE AWARD OF
MASTER DEGREE
IN

LIBRARY AND INFORMATION SCIENCE

By
P.SURENDAR
(Reg. No: P13MLISLE4)

SUPERVISOR
Dr.R.BALASUBRAMANI

DEPARTMENT OF LIBRARY & INFORMATION SCIENCE

BHARATHIDASAN UNIVERSITY
TIRUCHIRAPPALLI 620 024, INDIA.
2014
 DECLARATION

I hereby declare that the project, BUILDING DIGITAL

COLLECTIONS FOR UG/PG QUESTION PAPERS: WITH SPECIAL

REFERENCE TO BHARATHIDASAN UNIVERSITY INSTITUTIONAL

REPOSITORY which is being submitted in partial fulfillment of the

course requirements leading to the award of Master of Library and

Information Science, is the result of the work carried out by me under

the guidance and supervision of Dr.R.BALASUBRAMANI

I further declare that this project has not been previously prepared

and submitted to any other institution/university for any degree/

diploma by me or any other person.

Place : Trichy

Date : (SURENDAR.P)
 CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the Project entitled BUILDING DIGITAL

COLLECTIONS FOR UG/PG QUESTION PAPERS: WITH SPECIAL

REFERENCE TO BHARATHIDASAN UNIVERSITY INSTITUTIONAL

REPOSITORY submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for

the award of the Master degree in Library and Information Science,

Bharathidasan University, is a record of bonafide Project work carried

out by P.SURENDAR under my supervision and guidance and that no

part of this work has been submitted for the award of any other degree

or diploma.

Dr.S.SRINIVASARAGAVAN
Dr.R.BALASUBRAMANI
Professor & HOD, DLIS
Supervisor & Guide, DLIS
Bharathidasan University
Bharathidasan University
Tiruchirappalli 620 024
Tiruchirappalli-620 024
Tamilnadu, India
Tamilnadu, India.
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I am very glad to express my sincere gratitude to Dr. S. Srinivasa

Ragavan, Head & Librarian, Department of Library & Information Science,

Bharathidasan University Library, for his guidance and encouragement

throughout my project.

I am very much thankful to Assistant Librarians Dr .M. Surulinathi,

C. Ranganathan, Dr. R. Balasubramani and Dr. B. Jeyapragash and Dr. N.

Amsaveni, Assistant Professor and Library Assistants Dr. B.Neelakandan,

A.Rajendran, Dr. C. Kokila, Dr. P.Jayanthi and other Library staff and

M. Phil. Scholar and Juniors for helping me as a resource person and providing

me their valuable suggestions and Building the collection.

And finally, I thank to my parents, my brothers, Classmates and friends

for their suggestions and great support to complete the project successfully.

Place : Trichy
Date :
(SURENDAR.P)

4
 CONTENTS

S. NO NAME OF THE CHAPTERS PAGE NO

1 INTRODUCTION 01

2 REVIEW OF LITERATURE 19

3 RESEARCH DESIGN 33

4 OVERVIEW OF DSPACE 38
DIGITAL COLLECTIONS OF U.G./PG QUESTION
5 PAPER AT BHARATHIDASAN UNIVERSITY 46
LIBRARY

6 CONCLUSION 62

BIBLIOGRAPHIES 63

5
 CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

Library is moving away from traditional library towards the creation and

maintenance of a digital library. Information contents that were confined to

traditional formats like books, journals, maps, Questions, News paper clippings,

Sound recordings are getting increasingly available in diverse digital formats.

New formats being the core elements of digital collection have emerged such as

multimedia, hypertext, dynamic pages, interactive video, etc. Each format poses

distinct challenges for its preservation and access. Capturing, Digitization,

Storing, indexing, preserving, and redistributing content with ease of use and

web-based user interface are some of the core challenges of any digital library

that are being faced by the library professionals.

A digital library is a library in which collections are stored in digital

formats (as opposed to print, microform, or other media) and accessible via

computers. The digital content may be stored locally, or accessed remotely via

computer networks. A digital library is a type of information retrieval system. In

the context of the DELOS, a Network of Excellence on Digital Libraries, and

DL.org, a Coordination Action on Digital Library Interoperability, Best Practices

and Modeling Foundations, Digital Library researchers and practitioners and

software developer produced .

The advent of the modern Information Technology has facilitated in the

6
electronic storage and transmission of recorded knowledge. New challenges and

opportunities are emerging due to information explosion, financial crunch, and

price hike of the national and International journals, fluctuations in currency rate,

and integration of new information technologies and ever increasing user's

demand.

The new generation of users is also beginning to view the electronically

available information at the standard or preferred form. As the use of

electronically available information becomes an integral function of the libraries,

user can witness the chances in attitudes and the role of librarians evolving to

accommodate digital library for the future.

The purpose of creating digital collection of question bank available in

Bharathidasan University Library is to provide an online access and for long term

preservation. DSpace is intended as a base for extending repository functionality,

particularly to address long-term preservation concerns.

Institutional Repository: The concept

Institutional Repositories are proliferating, as they become an indispensable

component for information and knowledge sharing in the scholarly world. With

the increasing Institutional Repositories worldwide, a new phase is emerging

with the time solely as a place to store, organize and access content. An

institutional repository is not simply a fixed set of software and hardware but an

essential tool for intellectual life and scholarship of the institute where its

7
contents can be represented, documented and shared in digital form. The

institutional repository is a digital substitute for traditional bulk scholarly

publication venues.

Institutional Repository (IR) is a digital archive of intellectual product created

by the faculty, research staff, and students of an institution and accessible to end

users both within and outside of the institution, with few if any barriers to access

(Rajashekar, 2005, p.82). Institutional repositories hold documents of scholarly

materials that may provide first hand information on research findings of

researchers of the host institutions. They also increase access to scholarly

materials, as these are freely available to the scholars and peer groups. An

institutional repository may include full-text contents of journal articles,

conference papers, book chapters, monographs, research reports, project reports,

theses, dissertations, patents, presentations, computer programs, tutorials,

Academic repositories

Many academic libraries are actively involved in building institutional

repositories of the institution's books, papers, theses, and other works which can

be digitized or were 'born digital'. Many of these repositories are made available

to the general public with few restrictions, in accordance with the goals of open

access, in contrast to the publication of research in commercial journals, where

the publishers often limit access rights. Institutional, truly free, and corporate

repositories are sometimes referred to as digital libraries.

8
Digital archives

Physical archives differ from physical libraries in several ways.

Traditionally, archives are defined as: Containing primary sources of information

(typically letters and Papers directly produced by an individual or organization)

rather than the secondary sources found in a library (books, periodicals,

etc.).Having their contents organized in groups rather than individual items.

Having unique contents the technology used to create digital libraries is even

more revolutionary for archives since it breaks down the second and third of

these general rules. In other words, "digital archives" or "online archives" will

still generally contain primary sources, but they are likely to be described

individually rather than (or in addition to) in groups or collections. Further,

because they are digital their contents are easily reproducible and may indeed

have been reproduced from elsewhere. The Oxford Text Archive is generally

considered to be the oldest digital archive of academic physical primary source

materials.

The future

9
 Large scale digitization projects are underway at Google, the Million Book

Project, and Internet Archive. With continued improvements in book handling

and presentation technologies such as optical character recognition and eBooks,

and development of alternative depositories and business models, digital libraries

are rapidly growing in popularity. Just as libraries have ventured into audio and

video collections, so have digital libraries such as the Internet Archive. Google

Books project recently received a court victory on proceeding with their book-

scanning project that was halted by the Authors' guild. This helped open the road

for libraries to work with Google to better reach patrons who are accustomed to

digital information. One factor that gave Google an advantage is the librarys fair

use argument. According to Larry Lemmon, Director of Information

Management Technology at the nonprofit Corporation should be for National

Research Initiatives, "all the problems associated with digital libraries are

wrapped up in archiving." He goes on to state, "If in 100 years people can still

read your article, we'll have solved the problem." Daniel Acts, author of The

Webster Chronicle, proposes that "the future of libraries and of information

is digital.

" Peter Lyman and Hal Varian, information scientists at the University of

California, Berkeley, estimate that "the world's total yearly production of print,

10
film, optical, and magnetic content would require roughly 1.5 billion gigabytes of

storage." Therefore, they believe that "soon it will be technologically possible for

an average person to access virtually all recorded information.

Searching

Most digital libraries provide a search interface which allows resources to

be found. These resources are typically deep web (or invisible web) resources

since they frequently cannot be located by search engine crawlers. Some digital

libraries create special pages or sitemaps to allow search engines to find all their

resources. Digital libraries frequently use the Open Archives Initiative Protocol

for Metadata Harvesting (OAI-PMH) to expose their metadata to other digital

libraries, and search engines like Google Scholar, Yahoo! and Scirus can also use

OAI-PMH to find these deep web resources. There are two general strategies for

searching a federation of digital libraries: distributed searching, an searching

previously harvested metadata. Distributed searching typically involves a client

sending multiple search requests in parallel to a number of servers in the

federation. The results are gathered, duplicates are eliminated or clustered, and

the remaining items are sorted and presented back to the client. Protocols like

Z39.50 are frequently used in distributed searching. A benefit to this approach is

that the resource-intensive tasks of indexing and storage are left to the respective

servers in the federation. A drawback to this approach is that the search

mechanism is limited by the different indexing and ranking capabilities of each

11
database, making it difficult to assemble a combined result consisting of the most

relevant found items. Searching over previously harvested metadata involves

searching a locally stored index of information that has previously been collected

from the libraries in the federation. When a search is performed, the search

mechanism does not need to make connections with the digital libraries it is

searching - it already has a local representation of the information. This approach

requires the creation of an indexing and harvesting mechanism which operates

regularly, connecting to all the digital libraries and querying the whole collection

in order to discover new and updated resources. OAI-PMH is frequently used by

digital libraries for allowing metadata to be harvested. A benefit to this approach

is that the search mechanism has full control over indexing and ranking

algorithms, possibly allowing more consistent results. A drawback is that

harvesting and indexing systems are more resource-intensive and therefore

expensive.

Definition: Institutional Repositories

Since per the Oxford English Dictionary repository is a "vessel

receptacle, chamber in which things are or may be placed, deposited or

stored".

As per Wikipedia "A repository is a central place where data is stored

and mined. A repository can be a where multiple databases or files are located

12
 for distribution over a network or a repository can be a location that is

directly accessible to the user without having to travel across a network"

Features and Benefits of an Institutional Repository

Opening up outputs of the institution to a worldwide audience.

Maximizing the visibility and impact of these outputs as a result.

Showcasing the institution to interested constituencies prospective staff,

prospective students and other stakeholders.

Collecting and curating digital output.

Managing and measuring research and teaching activities

Providing a workspace for work-in-progress, and for collaborative or large-

scale projects

Enabling and encouraging interdisciplinary approaches to research

Facilitating the development and sharing of digital teaching materials and

aids

Supporting student Endeavours, providing access to theses and

dissertations and a location for the development of e-portfolios.

Digitization of Information

Digital information can be transmitted and received anywhere in the world

where the infrastructure to send and receive is in place. This new access

technology is not only expected seriously to alter the way libraries acquire and

disseminate information but also to preserve for future generations. Digitization

13
as a new emerging technology is an area in which preservationist have more

concerns. As ICT, is the part of the digital library activities, the digitization has

also been discussed slightly.

Digitization is quite simply the creation of a computerized representation of a

printed analog. There are many methods of digitizing and varied media to be

digitized. However, the main focus rests primarily on texts and images, as these

are the main objects in the digitization process; therefore, it refers to the

conversion of materials that were originally created in another format.

Technically, the process of digitization involves converting an analog image into

its corresponding numeric values1. In this context, some of the fundamental

issues like, scanning and image capture, necessary hardware and software

selection that are crucial for the process of digitization are briefly discussed in the

succeeding sections.

Frameworks

The formal reference models include the DELOS Digital Library

Reference Model (Agnostic, et al., 2006) and the Streams, Structures, Spaces,

Scenarios, Societies (5S) formal framework. The Reference Model for an Open

Archival Information System (OAIS) provides a framework to address digital

preservation

Construction and organization

See also Digital Collections Selection Criteria.

14
Software

There are a number of software packages for use in general digital

libraries, for notable ones see Digital library software. Institutional repository

software, which focuses primarily on ingest, preservation and access of locally

produced documents, particularly locally produced academic outputs, can be

found in Institutional repository software. This software may be proprietary, as is

the case with the Library of Congress which uses Dig board and CTS to manage

digital content.

Digitization

In the past few years, procedures for digitizing books at high speed and

comparatively low cost have improved considerably with the result that it is now

possible to digitize millions of books per year.

Google book-scanning project is also working with libraries to offer

digitize books pushing forward on the digitize book realm.

Advantages

The advantages of digital libraries as a means of easily and rapidly

accessing books, archives and images of various types are now widely recognized

by commercial interests and public bodies alike. Traditional libraries are limited

by storage space; digital libraries have the potential to store much more

information, simply because digital information requires very little physical space

to contain it. As such, the cost of maintaining a digital library can be much lower
15
than that of a traditional library. A physical library must spend large sums of

money paying for staff, book maintenance, rent, and additional books. Digital

libraries may reduce or, in some instances, do away with these fees. Both types of

library require cataloguing input to allow users to locate and retrieve material.

Digital libraries may be more willing to adopt innovations in technology

providing users with improvements in electronic and audio book technology as

well as presenting new forms of communication such as wikis and blogs;

conventional libraries may consider that providing online access to their OPAC

catalogue is sufficient. An important advantage to digital conversion is increased

accessibility to users. They also increase availability to individuals who may not

be traditional patrons of a library, due to geographic location or organizational

affiliation.

No physical boundary

The user of a digital library need not to go to the library physically; people

from all over the world can gain access to the same information, as long as an

Internet connection is available.

Round the clock availability

A Major advantage of digital libraries is that people can gain access 24/7

to the information.

Multiple accesses

16
The same resources can be used simultaneously by a number of institutions and

patrons. This may not be the case for copyrighted material: a library may have a

license for "lending out" only one copy at a time; this is achieved with a system

of digital rights management where a resource can become inaccessible after

expiration of the lending period or after the lender chooses to make it

inaccessible (equivalent to returning the resource).

Information retrieval

The user is able to use any search term (word, phrase, title, name, and

subject) to search the entire collection. Digital libraries can provide very user-

friendly interfaces, giving clickable access to its resources.

Preservation and conservation

Digitization is not a long-term preservation solution for physical collections,

but does succeed in providing access copies for materials that would

otherwise fall to degradation from repeated use. Digitized collections and

born-digital objects pose many preservation and conservation concerns that

analog materials do not. Please see the following "Problems" section of this

page for examples. Space whereas traditional libraries are limited by storage

space, digital libraries have the potential to store much more information,

simply because digital information requires very little physical space to

contain them and media storage technologies are more affordable than ever

before.

17
Added value

Certain characteristics of objects, primarily the quality of images, may be

improved. Digitization can enhance legibility and remove visible flaws such as

stains and discoloration.

Digital preservation

Main article: Digital preservation Digital preservation aims to ensure that digital

media and information systems are still interpretable into the indefinite future.

Each necessary component of this must be migrated, preserved or emulated.

Typically lower levels of systems (disks for example) are emulated, bit-streams

(the actual files stored in the disks)are preserved and operating systems are

emulated as a virtual machine. Only where the meaning and content of digital

media and information systems are well understood is migration possible, as is

the case for office documents. However, at least one organization, the Wider Net

Project, has created an offline digital library, the granary, by reproducing

materials on a 4 TB hard drive. Instead of a bit-stream environment, the digital

library contains a built-in proxy server and search engine so the digital materials

can be accessed using an Internet browser. Also, the materials are not preserved

for the future.

The granary is intended for use in places or situations where Internet connectivity

is very slow, non-existent, unreliable, unsuitable or too expensive.

Institutional Repository Software:

18
 In the past, IBM issued Digital Library Software in 1991 to manage collection

of digital files. IBM groundbreaking technology grappled with key issue of

storage, maintenance, retrieval and display digital content. This was the first

effort towards the digital repository software and it showed path to other.

Institutional Repository Software: Open Source

There are number of software's available for creating/developing institutional

digitals repositories with readily available open source cord; here some brief

notes are given for some Open Repository Software;

DSpace:

DSpace (http://www.dspace.org) was developed jointly by the MIT library and

Hewlett-Packard (HP) Labs. DSpace modestly describes itself as a

groundbreaking digital repository system. It captures, stores, indexes, preserves

and redistributes an organizations research material formats.

DSpace supports institutional repositories and electronic records management.

DSpace is being popularly used worldwide to meet many digital archiving needs.

DSpace is a tool designed to allow institutions, such a libraries to collect, archive,

index, and disseminate the scholarly and intellectual efforts of a community.

Written with a combination of technologies by MIT, it is primarily used to

capture bibliographic information describing articles, papers, theses, and

dissertations. Once entered into the system, DSpace indexed the content and

provide a way to link to the originals. DSpace plays well with open standards

19
such as XML and OAIPMH. If a large number of institutions of higher education

where to capture their intellectual output using DSpace or some other similar

piece of software, then access to scholarly materials would be greatly increased

and readily available.

Eprints:

Eprints (http://www.eprints.org) is the original digital repository software

developed by the University of Southampton to manage an open archive. Eprints

was the Open Archives Initiative (OAI) Complaint repository software. It

typically supports collections of pre-prints and technical reports often subject

based in scope. Now this software is being used or implemented to manage

multidisciplinary institutional archives.

Fedora:

Fedora (Flexible Extensible Digital Object and Repository Architecture) is a

digital repository system developed jointly by Cornell University Information

Science and University of Virginia Library as project. The Fedora projects goal is

to provide open-source repository software and related services to serve as the

foundation for many different types of Information Management system. Fedora

is not a complete system such as DSpace and Eprints whereas it provides an

infrastructure upon which services can be developed. It also promotes the

buildings of customs tools to expose the repository in creative ways.

Greenstone:

20
 Greenstone (http://www.greenstone.org) is software for building and

distributing institutional repository collections. This software is produced by the

New Zealand Digital Library Project at University of Waikato and developed and

distributed in cooperation with UNESCO and the Human Info: An NGO. It has

been issued as Open-Source, multilingual software under the GNU General

Public License. Greenstone not only serves and harvests documents and

collections over OAI-PMH but also exports to or imports collections from METS

(Metadata Encoding and Transmission Standards).

Greenstone is a tool for creating and managing digital library collections.

Running on Windows as well as various flavors of UNIX, it provides the means

to easily create searchable and browsable interfaces to digital library collections

via the Web. It also enables implementers to save their collections to CDs. Thus

the digital library collections can be distributed to people with poor or not

Internet access. Greenstone knows how to create collections from standard file

formats such as HTML files, email messages, PDF documents, JPEG and GIF

images, Word documents, as well as plain text files. If the sets of files are well

structured, then Greenstone will create things like A-Z list of resources, and field

searchable interfaces. Greenstones look and feel can be customized through an

HTML-like template language

Digital Repository Software: Commercial

Spaced out from the above Open Source Software, some commercially

21
developed software also available for digital repository. The name of few is

mentioned herein below:

VITAL:

VITAL is an institutional repository solution designed for universities,

libraries, museums, archives and information centers. Built on Fedora, this

software is designed to simplify the development of digital object repositories

and to provide seamless online search and retrieval of information for

administrative staff, contributing faculty and end-users.

VITAL provides all types of institutions a way to broaden access to valuable

resources that were once only available at a single location and to a finite number

of patrons. By eliminating the traditional limitations information seekers

encounter, this technology grants access to materials for all authorized end-users,

from professional researchers to recreational learners.

CONTENTdm:

CONTENTdm is digital collection management software that allows for the

upload, description, management and access of digital collections. CONTENTdm

was originally conceived by CISO, the Center for Information Systems

Optimization, at the University of Washington in 1999. CONTENTdm is mostly

used by universities, libraries, archives, museums, government agencies and

historical societies.

STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM:

22
 In order to information accesses through electronic media have a lot of

impact on the libraries and library users. Almost all the librarians have been

facilitated to develop new strategy for administration the IT sector. This study

aims to Developing Digital Collection of PG Question Papers for Institutional

Repository of Bharathidasan University to establish a Digital library to satisfy the

end users.

CHAPTER- II

REVIEW OF LITERATURE

There have been number of Literature published related to the concept of

23
building institutional repositories. Among those, the interestingly referred

conceptual works done by each authors of the articles are described in the

followings,

Albu, C.N., Predescu, C.(2013) The rapidly increasing use of digital

content in research and in the dissemination of knowledge is a main characteristic

of modern science. Digital age help researchers disseminate their research

findings and improve their research impact offering them different channels and

options such as access to scientific and scholarly journals, publish in OA, use of

institutional repository. The aim of the paper is to discuss about OA movement,

the challenges and the opportunities offered by OA and digital repositories for

researchers and institutions. Also, the paper provide a summary of the experience

of Central Library of University POLITEHNICA of Bucharest concerning the

building of ROMDOC digital repository and the work done.

Hansson, J., Johannesson, K. (2013) This article reports on a study of

academic librarians' views of their work and possibilities regarding support for

researchers' publishing. Institutional repositories and Open Access are areas

being dealt with in particular. Methods used are highly qualitative; data was

gathered at two Swedish university libraries over a six month period through

focus group interview sessions and personal logs by informants. Findings

indicate that attitudes are often in collision with practicalities in the daily work in

libraries. Even though they have a high degree of knowledge and awareness of

24
scholarly publication patterns, librarians often feel insecure in the approach of

researchers. There is a felt redirection in the focus of academic librarianship,

from pedagogical information seeking tasks towards a more active publication

support, a change which also includes a regained prominence for new forms of

bibliographical work. Although there are some challenges, proactive attitudes

among librarians are felt as being important in developing further support for

researchers' publishing.

Seaman, D. (2011) examined what information needs are expressed by

humanities scholars that an institutional repository (IR) can address. It also asks

what concerns humanists have about IRs, and whether there is a repository model

other than an institutional one that better suits how they work. Humanists make

relatively low use of existing IRs, but this research indicates that an institutional

repository can offer services to humanities faculty that are desired by them,

especially the digitization, online storage, curation, and sharing of their research

materials and publications. If presented in terms that make sense to humanities

faculty, and designed consciously with their needs and concerns in mind, an IR

can be of real benefit to their teaching, scholarship, collaborations, and

publishing.

Jean, B. t., Soo Young, R., Yakel, E., and Markey, K. (2011) explained

study investigates the perceptions and experiences of a group of institutional

repository (IR) stakeholders seldom heard from: end-users. We interviewed

25
twenty IR end-users recruited through five IRs to discover how they characterize

the IR, how/why they use the IR, their credibility judgments in relation to the IR,

and their willingness to return to and/or recommend the IR. Despite our small

sample size, we were able to ascertain that IR end-users, although not yet loyal

IR devotees, recognize their value and unique nature. Our findings also revealed

several areas for improvement, such as lack of visibility and transparency.

Walsh, M. P. (2011) described the processes and workflows that transform

Machine-Readable Cataloging (MARC) records found in The Ohio States

University's library catalog into Dublin Core (DC) records for digital resources

batch loaded into the Knowledge Bank, The Ohio State University's institutional

repository. Two projects are described to illustrate the processes and workflows:

the open-access monographs of The Ohio State University Press and the

oral history collections of The Ohio State University Byrd Polar Research Center

Archival Program.

Shoeb, M.Z.H. (2010) described the procedure of setting up an

institutional repository (IR) at the Independent University, Bangladesh (IUB),

using open source software. IUB faculty and research scholars will be able to

publish their research output in the proposed IR and make it globally visible.

Thaker, U and Oza, N. (2010) explored the Institutional Repository as an

indispensable tool for knowledge management process. It also tries to reestablish

Dr. S.R. Ranganathans' philosophy of knowledge generation, evaluation and

26
utilization especially of nascent micro thoughts and its mechanism in

contemporary digital arena. The paper includes concepts, definitions and types of

knowledge and KM and IR. It provides criteria, structural design and functions of

IR including HRM and IR application Management. It emphasizes that IR can be

an effective tool for KM in higher learning institutes and universities with the

help of the latest IR software and its peripheral technology.

Cullen, R., and Chawner, B. (2010) investigated the development of

institutional repositories in New Zealand, exploring factors affecting the adoption

and success of institutional repositories from the perspective of the library

managers who established them, and from the perspective of the academic

community.

Needham, P., Shepherd, P. T. (2010) discussed the Publisher and

Institutional Repository Usage Statistics (PIRUS2) project. The project aims to

address issues surrounding the measurement of usage of scholarly articles that are

hosted on institutional and subject repositories. It hopes to set standards and

protocols for tracking, recording, and consolidating usage data consistent with the

Counting Online Usage of Networked Electronic Resources (COUNTER)

project, an international initiative for consistency in recording online usage

statistics. The article considers repositories' metadata usage.

Abrizah, A., Noorhidawati, A., and Kiran, K. (2010) discussed the

highlights the current state of open access repositories of Asian universities. It

27
describes their characteristics in terms of types, contents, disciplines, language,

technical and operational issues, and policy. The web performance of Asian

institutional repositories as reflected through global visibility and impact of the

repositories in Open Directory of Open Access Repository (OpenDOAR), is also

examined; as well as the performance of Asian top-ranked universities in the

archiving and sharing their research output through institutional repositories,

based on the Ranking Web of World Repositories.

Cocciolo, A. (2010) explained this article focused investigates if a Web 2.0

approach to designing an institutional repository can positively impact

community participation. To study this, two institutional repositories (one Web

2.0, the other not) are used within the same institution. Results indicate that the

use of a Web 2.0 approach significantly enhances community participation.

Arul Dhanakar, M., Nithyanandam, K. (2008) emphasized on Institutional

Repository which includes online locus for collecting, preserving, and

disseminating in digital form the intellectual output of an institution,

particularly a research institution. For a university, this would include material

such as research journal articles, before (pre prints) and after (post prints)

undergoing peer review, and digital versions of theses and dissertations, but it

might also include other digital assets generated by normal academic life, such as

administrative documents, Question papers, course notes, or learning objects.

Institutional repositories have become an indispensable component for

28
information and knowledge sharing in the scholar world.

Caccialupi, R., Calvi, L and Cassella, M. (2009) explained institutional

repositories, simple discovery and submission interfaces help increase documents

deposit as scholars have very little time to self-archive. So far, however, usability

evaluation of such interfaces has been limited. Institutional repository interface,

of DSpace installation of the Multimedia Production Centre (CPM) of the

University Milano-Bicocca.

Sharma, P.L (2008) briefed out about Repository, Institutional

Repository, their Benefits, and Essential Elements of IR. And Author has also

discussed about the softwares that are easily available to create and maintain an

institutional repositories i.e. Open Source software and Commercial digital

repository software. Further, briefed about IR and Libraries, Failure of IR also

discussed in brief.

Hyun Hee Kim and Yong Ho Kim (2008) explained to adapt to improve

the usability of institutional repository systems, and to establish a usability

evaluation framework, which could be used for heuristic evaluation or formal

usability testing of institutional repositories. The study seeks to establishes a

usability evaluation guideline based on a literature review.

Poornima N, Jayashree S and Indrani, V. (2007) explained the

working model of NAL's Institutional Repository. They discussed the technology

employed and methodology adopted in building an institutional repository.

29
Thecollection process of different data types, processing and depositing the same

to IR are also discussed in detail.

John C. Kelly (2007) has explained how an institutional repository can be

successfully created by university libraries with limited financial and

technological resources.

Joanna Barwick, (2007) discussed the experiences of setting up an

institutional repository at Loughborough University, focusing on some of the key

issues that it was necessary to consider, the choices made and the challenges

overcome.

Jonathan Bell, Stuart Lewis, (2006) discussed the relationship between

Deposit of electronic theses in institutional and archival repositories. Specifically

the paper considers the automated export of theses for deposit in the archival

repository in continuation of the existing arrangement in Wales for paper-based

theses.

Barbara Jenkins, Elizabeth Breakstone and Carol Hixson, (2005)

explained the development of institutional repositories has typically involved

administrative and technical staff from libraries and campuses, with little input

from reference librarians and subject specialists. Reference librarians have vital

roles to play in helping to recruit authors to submit their content to institutional

repositories, as well as in educating users to search such repositories effectively

30
and retrieve the scholarly content from them.

Anuradha, K. T. (2005) described an Institutional repositories (IR) are

digital collections that capture, collect, manage, disseminate, and preserve

scholarly work created by the constituent members in individual institutions.

They are born out of problems with the current scholarly communication model

developed by commercial publishers and vendors.

The establishment of IR in the developing countries ensures that their

national research becomes mainstream and contributes on an equal footing to the

global knowledge pool. This paper presents the results of an effort to develop an

IR of publications of the Indian Institute of Science (IISc), Bangalore, India.

Since self-archiving is extremely sporadic, this repository is compiled from

several identified, authentic sources by extracting metadata by constructing a

suitable search strategy.

Mircea, G. (2005) described the implementation and gradual growth of

OZone as a shared institutional repository. Started in the fall of 2003 as a project

of the Ontario Council of University Libraries (OCUL) trough the Scholars Portal

program, OZone is the implementation of DSpace as a multi-institutional

repository. This paper describes and underlines the features of the flexible and

powerful platform that helped us model the service, and delineates policies and

benefits provided by OZone.

Marianne A. Buehler and Adwoa Boateng (2005) explained paper share

31
the insights that the staff of the Rochester Institute of Technology (RIT) Libraries

(Wallace Library, RIT Archives, and the Cary Collection) gained into the role of

reference librarians in establishing and operating an institutional repository (IR).

Paul Genoni, (2004) explained the issue of content in repositories, and

suggests that librarians need to approach the task of content development by

applying some of the procedures and skills associated with collection

management within more traditional environments. It also considers the types of

content that might be suitable for institutional repositories, and notes that several

recent Australian reports have recommended the need for a more standardised

and regulated approach to the content of institutional repositories.

Robin Yeates, (2003) discussed the process of using the institutional

repository is the collective intellectual output of an institution recorded in a form

that can be preserved and exploited. This article briefly outlines the need for

repositories such as Dspace, their role, benefits and drawbacks. It concludes that

repositories are key to the ability of institutions to respond to future needs for

more dynamic cross-boundary communications services.

Baudoin, P., & Branschofsky, M. (2003) explained the article describes

MIT Libraries' experience implementing DSpace, a home-grown open source

digital institutional repository, which other institutions may want to introduce as

32
a service to their communities. MIT's introduction of DSpace as an operating

service illustrates the many political and organizational considerations that must

be addressed to establish and operate institutional repositories. In addition to

detailing some of the policies developed and organizational changes undertaken,

this article describes the kinds of questions future implementers of DSpace will

want to answer. It also outlines the impacts the service has had on the library, on

MIT, and on the perception of MIT Libraries within the Institute.

REFERENCE

33
 Albu, . N., & Predescu, C. (2013). New trends for information

dissemination: Open access and digital repository. Revista

Transilvania, (2), 23-27.

Hansson, J., & Johannesson, K. (2013). Librarians' views of academic

library support for scholarly publishing: An every-day perspective. Journal

of Academic Librarianship,

Seaman, D. (2011). Discovering the Information Needs of Humanists

When Planning an Institutional Repository. D-Lib Magazine, 17(3/4), 1

Jean, B. t., Soo Young, R., Yakel, E., & Markey, K. (2011). Unheard

Voices: Institutional Repository End-Users. College & Research Libraries,

72(1), 21-42.

Walsh, M. P. (2011). Repurposing MARC Metadata for an Institutional

Repository: Working with Special Collections and University Press

Monographs. Library Resources & Technical Services, 55(1), 33-44.

Shoeb, M.Z.H. (2010). Developing an institutional repository at a private

university in Bangladesh. IUB Library, Independent University, Dhaka,

Bangladesh.

Thaker, U., Oza, N. (2010). Institutional Repository: An Effective tool for

Knowledge Management. SRELS Journal of Information Management,

47(5), 507-516.

34
 Cullen, R., & Chawner, B. (2010). Institutional repositories: Assessing

their value to the academic community. Performance Measurement and

Metrics, 11(2), 131-147.

Needham, P., Shepherd, P. T. (2010). PIRUS2 (Publisher and

Institutional Repository Usage Statistics): Creating a Common Standard

for Measuring Online Usage of Individual Articles. Against the Grain,

22(4), 26-32.

Abrizah, A., Noorhidawati, A., Kiran, K. (2010). Global visibility of

asian universities' open access institutional repositories. Malaysian Journal

of Library and Information Science, 15(3), 53-73.

Cocciolo, A. (2010). Can web 2.0 enhance community participation in an

institutional repository? the case of pocket knowledge at teachers college,

columbia university. Journal of Academic Librarianship, 36(4), 304-312.

Arul Dhanakar, M., Nithyanandam, K. (2008). Role of Librarians in

Institutional Repositories, Planner 2008, 331-335.

Dr. Sharma, P.L (2008). Institutional Repositories: An Essential tool for

Information and knowledge Sharing, National Hydroelectric Power

Corporation Limited, Faridabad.

Hyun Hee Kim, Yong Ho Kim, (2008). "Usability study of digital

institutional repositories", Electronic Library, 26(6),863 881.

35
 Poornimai N, Jayashree S and Indrani V (2007). Institutional

Repository

at National Aerospace Laboratories: A Case Study, ICSD-2007, pp. 274-

284.

John C. Kelly (2007). Creating an institutional repository at a challenged

institution, OCLC Systems & Services, 23(2), 142-147.

Joanna Barwick, (2007). "Building an institutional repository at

Loughborough university: some experiences", Program: electronic library

and information systems, 41(2), pp.113 123.

Jonathan Bell, Stuart Lewis, (2006). "Using OAI-PMH and METS for

exporting metadata and digital objects between repositories",

Program:electronic library and information systems, 40(3), pp.268 276.

Barbara Jenkins, Elizabeth Breakstone, Carol Hixson, (2005).

"Content in, content out: the dual roles of the reference librarian in

institutional repositories", Reference Services Review, 33(3), pp.312 324.

Anuradha, K. T. (2005). Design and development of institutional

repositories: A case study. International Information & Library Review,

37(3), 169-178.

Mircea, G. (2005). OZone: A shared institutional repository service. New

Review of Information Networking, 11(2), 201-211.

Marianne A. Buehler, Adwoa Boateng, (2005). "The evolving impact of

36
 institutional repositories on reference librarians", Reference Services

Review, Vol. 33 Issue: 3, pp.291 300.

Paul Genoni, (2004). "Content in institutional repositories: a collection

management issue", Library Management, Vol. 25 Iss: 6/7, pp.300 306.

Robin Yeates, (2003). "Institutional repositories", VINE, Vol. 33 Iss: 2,

pp.96 101.

Baudoin, P., Branschofsky, M. (2003). Implementing an institutional

repository: The DSpace experience at MIT. Science and Technology

Libraries, 24(1-2), 31-45.

CHAPTER-II

37
 RESEARCH DESIGN

OBJECTIVIES

The design of the study concentrated on four main objectives of the

Developing Digital Collection of PG Question Papers for Institutional Repository

of Bharathidasan University.

To provide wide access to the Librarys Online Question Bank collections.

To Preserve Digital Intellectual Content for Present and Future use.

To scan and convert the entire printed P.G Question Papers in to the digital

format using Digital Scanner.

To save the valuable shelf space.

SCOPE

Developing Digital Collection of UG and PG Question Papers for outlines

our objectives for providing online access to digital versions subjects of question

bank during the period 2011-2013 in our collections available in Bharathidasan

University Library and defines our considerations when digitizing for public

access.

METHODOLOGY

The related question papers collected from control of examination section,

after that questions converted in to digital format with the help of Scanner (HP

38
Scanjet 2400 with inbuilt OCR Software). Moreover Building Collection used

Dspace Software. The following tools are used to our study.

Java SDK 1.4.2

Apache 2.0.54

Tomcat 5.0.28

Apache Ant 1.6.5

PostgreSQL 8.0.2

DSpace 1.4 alpha 1

Optical Character Recognition and HP Scanner

COLLECTIONS

Institutional repository of Bharathidasan University organized and

comprises of question banks of different communities/ department. As of new

record there have been 9521 collections in that 513 of the collection belongs to

Botony (64), chemistry (48), Computer Science(52), Zoology(30) Tamil(40),

Hotel Management(40), History(66), Electronics and Industrial

Electronics(32),Social work and Journalism (35), Commerce (40),Social work,

Sank, HRM (42),Journalism and music, and women studies (24) are uploaded

regarding to the project .

39
 The following are the tables that explains the total number of the

collections that uploaded for the project, Department wise classification of each

subject and its category and year wise classification of each subject.

D-Space Institutional Repository:

DSpace is an Institutional repository (Developed jointly by MIT and

Hewlett Packard). The Digital Preservation software based on the features Of

Long time Preservation and Metadata BDU Chosen DSpace which is designed

with a flexible storage and retrieval architecture adaptable to a multitude of data

formats and distinct research disciplines, known as "communities." Each

community has its own customized user portal that can use the community's own

practices. DSpace is intended as a base for extending repository functionality,

particularly to address long- term preservation concerns. The Dspace creates a

structured digital library including a very powerful search and retrieval engine.

Installing and Customizing DSpace

Installed the Dspace software on Windows Platform Using Live CD on

BDU Server.

Prerequisites:

The following software components to be installed before installing DSpace:

Java Development Kit (JDK).

40
 Apache Tomcat - the servlet container.

PostgreSQL - SQL-based database management system.

Apache Ant - tool for building programs.

ARCHIVING AND DISSEMINATION OF BDU DIGITAL REPOSITORY

Once the registers, the deposition process of Dspace has the following field.

Dspace Source (Question papers)

Core bibliographic Information (Title/Author/Language/Dept)

Abstract & References

Subjects

Additional Information (Copyright issues)

The options for "start a new submission "and "view accepted submission"

been created by the researcher through the opening screens of the Institutional

Repository developed for Bharathidasan University. The other user-friendly

screens are also developed. Sample data are entered in to the created institutional

repository design. The IR also been tested for its various functions through the

entered data.

41
 ANALYSIS OF DATA

S.NO DEPARTMENT TOTAL

1 Bachelor of Zoology 30

2 Bachelor of Computer science 52

3 Bachelor of Botany and Bio- 64

technology

4 Bachelor of chemistry 48

5 Bachelor of Electronics and 32

Industrial Electronics

6 Bachelor of Hotel management 40

7 Bachelor of Tamil 40

8 Bachelor of social work and 35

Journalism

9 Master of history 66

10 Master of commerce 40

11 Master of social work, Sank, HRM 42

12 Master of Journalism and music, 24

and women studies

Total 513

42
 CHAPTER IV

OVERVIEW OF DSPACE

INTRODUCTION

The Dspace is a joint project of the MIT Libraries and HP labs. Dspace is a

digital asset management system. It helps create, index and retrieve various forms

digital content. Dspace is adaptable to different community needs. Interoperability

between systems is built-in and it adheres to international standards for metadata

format. There are various reasons to choose this software Dspace is an open source

technology platform, which can be customized, or extend its capabilities. Dspace is

a service model for open access and/or digital archiving for perpetual access.

Dspace is a platform to build an Institutional Repository and the collections

are searchable and retrievable by the Web.

To make available institution-based scholarly material in digital formats and

the collections will be open and interoperable.

METADATA

DSpace uses a qualified Dublin Core metadata standard for describing items

intellectually (specifically, the Libraries Working Group Application Profile). Only

three fields are required: title, language, and submission date, all other fields are

optional.

43
 There are additional fields for document abstracts, keywords, and technical

metadata and rights metadata, among others. This metadata is displayed in the item

record in DSpace, and is indexed for browsing and searching the system (within a

collection, across collections, or across Communities). For the

Dissemination Information Packages (DIPs) of the OAIS framework, the system

currently exports metadata and digital material in a custom XML schema while we

work with the METS community to develop the necessary extension schemas for

the technical and rights metadata about arbitrary digital formats.

USER INTERFACE

DSpace's current user interface is web-based. There are several interfaces: one for

submitters and others involved in the submission process, one for end-users

looking for information, and one for system administrators. The end-user or public

interface supports search and retrieval of items by

browsing or searching the metadata (all fields for now, and specific fields in the

near future). Once an item is located in the system, retrieval is accomplished by

clicking a link that causes the archived material to be downloaded to the user's web

browser.

44
 "Web-native" formats (those which will display directly in a web browser or

with a plug-in) can be viewed immediately; others must be saved to the user's local

computer and viewed with a separate program that can interpret the file (e.g.,a

Microsoft Excel spreadsheet, an SAS dataset, or a CAD/CAM file).

Work Flow

DSpace is the first open source digital repository system to tackle the

complex problem of how to accommodate the differing submission workflows

needed for a multidisciplinary system. In other words, different DSpace

Communities, representing different schools, departments, research labs and

centers, have very different ideas of how material should be submitted to DSpace,

by whom, and with what restrictions. Who is allowed to deposit items? What type

of items will they deposit? Who else needs to review, enhance, or approve the

submission? To what collections can they deposit material? Who can see the items

once deposited? All of these issues are addressed by the Community

representatives, working together with the Libraries' DSpace user support staff, and

are then modeled in a workflow for each collection to enforce their decisions, the

system models "e-people" who have "roles" in the workflow of a particular

Community in the context of a given collection. Individuals from the Community

are registered with DSpace, and then assigned to appropriate roles.

45
TECHNOLOGY PLATFORM

DSpace was developed to be open source, and in such a way that institutions

and organizations with minimal resources could run it. The system is designed to

run on the UNIX platform, and comprises other open source middleware and tools,

and programs written by the DSpace team. All original code is in the Java

programming language. Other pieces of the technology stack include a relational

database management system

(PostgreSQL), a Web server and Java servlet engine (Apache and Tomcat, both

from the Apache Foundation), Jena (an RDF toolkit from HP Labs).

BENEFITS OF USING DSPACE

Getting your research results out quickly, to a worldwide audience.

Reaching a worldwide audience through exposure to search engines such as

Goggle.

Storing reusable teaching materials that you can use with course

management systems.

Archiving and distributing material you would currently put on your

personal website.

Storing examples of students projects (with the students permission)

Showcasing students theses (again with permission).

46
 Keeping track of your own publications/bibliography.

Having a persistent network identifier for your work that never changes or

breaks.

No more page charges for images. You can point to your images persistent

identifiers in your published articles.

Web-based interface makes it easy for a submitter to create an archival item

by depositing files. DSpace was designed to handle any format from simple

text documents to datasets and digital video.

Data files, also called bit streams, are organized together into related sets.

An item is an "archival atom" consisting of grouped, related content and

associated descriptions (metadata). An item's exposed metadata is indexed

for browsing and searching. Items are organized into collections of logically

related material.

A community is the highest level of the DSpace content hierarchy. They

correspond to parts of the organization such as departments, labs, research

centers or schools.

DSpaces modular architecture allows for creation of large, multidisciplinary

repositories that ultimately can be expanded across institutional boundaries.

47
 DSpace is committed to going beyond reliable file preservation to offer

functional preservation where files are kept accessible as technology

formats, media, and paradigms evolve over time for as many types of files as

possible.

The end-user interface supports browsing and searching the archives. Once

an item is located, Web-native formatted files can be displayed in a Web

browser while other formats can be downloaded and opened with a suitable

application program.

FEATURES OF DSPACE

INSTITUTIONAL REPOSITORY

DSpace is used to capture, store, index, preserve, and redistribute digital

content.

The content can be organized into categories and sub-categories. Access can

be controlled at a category, sub-category or individual item level.

All the content can be searched via a single interface.

ACCESS CONTROL

DSpace allows contributors to limit access to items in DSpace, at both the

collection and the individual item level.

48
STANDARDS COMPLIANCE

Dspace stores item meta data in the Dublin Core Metadata Schema. This

ensures data can be exchanged with other standards compliant system.

TYPE OF DIGITAL CONTENTS

DSpace accepts any type of digital content, including: Some examples of items

that DSpace can accommodate are: Documents such as articles, preprints, working

papers, technical reports, and conference papers.

Theses/Dissertations

Audio Files

Video Files

Datasets

Learning Objects (OCW)

Images

Technical Reports

Working Papers

Conference Papers

Preprints/Articles

Books

Text

49
PRESERVATION IN DSPACE

TWO LEVELS OF DIGITAL PRESERVATION

Bit preservation: ensures that a file remains exactly the same over time - not

a single bit is changed - while the physical media evolve around it.

Functional preservation: The file does change over time so that the material

continues to be immediately usable in the same way it was originally while

the digital formats (and physical media) evolves over time.

References:

1. 2. http://www.dspace.org last accessed on 15th May 2011

2. http://www.rsp.ac.uk/ last accessed on 16th April 2011

3. http://www..mit.edu/dspace last accessed on 17th May 2011

50
 CHAPTER V

DIGITAL COLLECTIONS OF U.G./P.G. QUESTION PAPER AT

BHARATHIDASAN UNIVERSITY LIBRARY

Bharathidasan University Library DSpace allows authors to submit their

digital documents from anywhere in the university campus. This is an advantage

over some of the DL software, where populating the Institutional repository with

content, is done on the server hosting the digital library by the DL administrator,

after receiving the digital documents from authors by e-mail or some other

mechanism. In other words, DSpace allows decentralized or distributed input,

rather than centralized input.

51
 Institutional repository normally will have a moderation policy either to

accept or reject any submitted digital document. Authors or otherwise called

submitters get an-mail informing the acceptance or rejection giving the reason. In

fact, D Space keeps the information on who submitted the document and who

approved the documents, when it was submitted etc.

Collection Building:

Login to My D space: Bulb Library. Click on Start a new Submission

52
Collections of Bharathidasan University Institutional Repository:

Audio Collection [57]

BDU Newsletter/Information Bulletin [6]

CD and DVD Collection [72]

Conference Publications [615]

Department Profile [8]

Department of Social Science [1]

E-Books [37]

Electronic Theses and Dissertations [364]

Journal Articles/Scholarly Publications [304]

Lecture Presentation [81]

News Clippings [773]

Photos [146]

Project Reports [74]

Question Bank [9520]

Syllabus [3]

53
 This step is similar to the create collection as described before

Here there is only one title of item. It is never published to anywhere and

item is Contained in one file Author is a repeatable field in D Space. User can

increase the number of boxes for entering name of other authors by clicking Add

More button. Similarly, the name of author can be removed by clicking Remove

This Author button.

54
Communities and Collections

55
 Start a New Collections starts a new submission. Communities and

Collections shows already submitted documents by the user. This is important to

avoid duplicate Collections by the user. See Your Subscription shows the

collection you subscribe. 1. Select the name of collection where user wants to

submit the document; in our case it is Test. The drop down menu shows all the

available collection. The list of the available collection depends on your digital

repository. Press Next to go to next step.

Fig. 2 Collection home page

56
Collection Note:

Users can always quit the submission process at any stage of submission, by

clicking Cancel/ Save button. This allows user either to abandon submission or

resume the submission at a later date. In the above screen the following chain

indicates the submission process. There are 7 steps. This chain appears at the top

of all the succeeding screens. The node in red indicates the current screen of the

seven screens.

57
 Here there is only one title of item. It is never published to anywhere and

item is contained in one file.Author is a repeatable field in D Space. User can

increase the number of boxes for entering name of other authors by clicking Add

More button. Similarly, the name of author can be removed by clicking Remove

This Author button.

Creating Metadata

Author is a repeatable field in D Space. User can increase the number of

boxes.For entering name of other authors by clicking Add More button.

Similarly, the name of author can be removed by clicking Remove This Author

button.

58
Creating Metadata.

Note:

Add more adds text boxes for data entry.

Title is mandatory field; the document must have a main title. Unless title

field.

Is filled D Space doesnt allow going to next step.

Type is repeatable field. Multiple selections can be done using Control or

Shift

Key of keyboard.

Select Next once users are done.

Submit; Describe This Item

Fig; 3 Describe the Item

59
Note:

a. Add More adds text boxes for data entry.

b. Title is mandatory field; the document must have a main title. Unless title field

is filled D Space doesnt allow going to next step.

c. 'Type is repeatable field. Multiple selections can be done using Control or Shift

Key of keyboard.

5. Select Next once users are done.

Upload the File Uploading file physically moves a copy of the file from your

machine to server.

60
 The process is same as attaching an attachment to users mail.

If the file is too big it is good to do checksum. Select Show checksum to

generate checksum by checksum program of D Space.

users can select Click here if this is the wrong format button if the format

ofFile is wrong and selects the right format. Simultaneously you can select Click

here if this is the wrong file to upload other file in case the uploaded file is wrong.

61
Submit; Verify Submission

Grand License

62
This completes the submission of your document

The item description for this searching becomes

63
 The Question Bank for this searching is seen as below

Browsing:

The Browsing methods of institutional Repository in Bharathidasan

University Library are different types. That is Browse by Subject; Browse by Title,

Browse by Author Search is given below.

64
Browsing Subject

Browsing Title

65
Browsing Issue Date

Browsing Author

66
 CHAPTER VI

CONCLUSION

Digital libraries are not going to replace the physical existence of document

completely but no doubt to meet the present demand, to satisfy the non local user

digitization must be introduced so that at least libraries becomes of hybrid nature.

The initial cost of digitization is high but experiment shows that ones digitization

is introduced then the cost to manage this collection will be cheaper than that of

any traditional library. Day by day the cost of digitization is decreasing, the online

publication is increasing, the need of user are shifting towards a different

environments its needless to say that after one or two years my library or your

library will go to be digitized so its the pick time to all informational and library

professional that they geared themselves to take the challenge. The possibility of

developing an interface in Indian language is demonstrated though this work. This

is the age of information explosion. It demands Institutional Librarians to organize

and provide right information to the right user at the right time. To fulfill this task

they build their Online Question Bank repositories. Many open source software are

available to build digital repositories. Dspace software is one of the open source

software. It can build Online Question Bank repository effectively.

67
BIBLIOGRAPHY

Albu, C. N., & Predescu, C. (2013). New trends for information

dissemination: Open access and digital repository. Revista Transilvania, (2),

23-27.

Hansson, J., & Johannesson, K. (2013). Librarians' views of academic

library support for scholarly publishing: An every-day perspective. Journal

of Academic Librarianship,

Seaman, D. (2011). Discovering the Information Needs of Humanists When

Planning an Institutional Repository. D-Lib Magazine, 17(3/4), 1

Jean, B. t., Soo Young, R., Yakel, E., & Markey, K. (2011). Unheard

Voices: Institutional Repository End-Users. College & Research Libraries,

72(1), 21-42.

Walsh, M. P. (2011). Repurposing MARC Metadata for an Institutional

Repository: Working with Special Collections and University Press

Monographs. Library Resources & Technical Services, 55(1), 33-44.

Shoeb, M.Z.H. (2010). Developing an institutional repository at a private

university in Bangladesh. IUB Library, Independent University, Dhaka,

Bangladesh.

68
 Thaker, U., Oza, N. (2010). Institutional Repository: An Effective tool for

Knowledge Management. SRELS Journal of Information Management,

47(5), 507-516.

Cullen, R., & Chawner, B. (2010). Institutional repositories: Assessing

their value to the academic community. Performance Measurement and

Metrics, 11(2), 131-147.

Needham, P., Shepherd, P. T. (2010). PIRUS2 (Publisher and Institutional

Repository Usage Statistics): Creating a Common Standard for Measuring

Online Usage of Individual Articles. Against the Grain, 22(4), 26-32.

Abrizah, A., Noorhidawati, A., Kiran, K. (2010). Global visibility of asian

universities' open access institutional repositories. Malaysian Journal of

Library and Information Science, 15(3), 53-73.

Cocciolo, A. (2010). Can web 2.0 enhance community participation in an

institutional repository? the case of pocket knowledge at teachers college,

columbia university. Journal of Academic Librarianship, 36(4), 304-312.

Arul Dhanakar, M., Nithyanandam, K. (2008). Role of Librarians in

Institutional Repositories, Planner 2008, 331-335.

Dr. Sharma, P.L (2008). Institutional Repositories: An Essential tool for

Information and knowledge Sharing, National Hydroelectric Power

Corporation Limited, Faridabad.

69
 Hyun Hee Kim, Yong Ho Kim, (2008). "Usability study of digital

institutional repositories", Electronic Library, 26(6),863 881.

Poornimai N, Jayashree S and Indrani V (2007). Institutional Repository

at National Aerospace Laboratories: A Case Study, ICSD-2007, pp. 274-

284.

John C. Kelly (2007). Creating an institutional repository at a challenged

institution, OCLC Systems & Services, 23(2), 142-147.

Joanna Barwick, (2007). "Building an institutional repository at

Loughborough university: some experiences", Program: electronic library

and information systems, 41(2), pp.113 123.

Jonathan Bell, Stuart Lewis, (2006). "Using OAI-PMH and METS for

exporting metadata and digital objects between repositories", Program:

electronic library and information systems, 40(3), pp.268 276.

Barbara Jenkins, Elizabeth Breakstone, Carol Hixson, (2005). "Content

in, content out: the dual roles of the reference librarian in institutional

repositories", Reference Services Review, 33(3), pp.312 324.

Anuradha, K. T. (2005). Design and development of institutional

repositories: A case study. International Information & Library Review,

37(3), 169-178.

70
 Mircea, G. (2005). OZone: A shared institutional repository service. New

Review of Information Networking, 11(2), 201-211.

Marianne A. Buehler, Adwoa Boateng, (2005). "The evolving impact of

institutional repositories on reference librarians", Reference Services Review,

Vol. 33 Issue: 3, pp.291 300.

Paul Genoni, (2004). "Content in institutional repositories: a collection

management issue", Library Management, Vol. 25 Iss: 6/7, pp.300 306.

Robin Yeates, (2003). "Institutional repositories", VINE, Vol. 33 Iss: 2,

pp.96 101.

Baudoin, P., Branschofsky, M. (2003). Implementing an institutional

repository: The DSpace experience at MIT. Science and Technology

Libraries, 24(1-2), 31-45.

*****

71