BLOOD IS MADE UP OF:

Blood A. Plasma

- Blood is the fluid of life, transporting oxygen Plasma is the liquid component of blood consisting of
from the lungs to the body tissues and carbon around half of the total blood volume.
dioxide from the body tissues to the lungs.
- Blood is the fluid of growth, transporting Plasma itself is around 90% water, with the 10%
nourishment from digestion and hormones remainder which includes proteins, minerals, waste
from glands throughout the body. products, clotting factors, hormones, and
- Blood is the fluid of health, transporting immunoglobins.
disease fighting. Without plasma, blood cells would have no medium
Major Functions Of Blood to travel on s they moved through the body.

1. Oxygen from lungs to the body cells Plasma also performs a number of other useful
2. Carbon dioxide from the body cells to the functions in the body.
lungs 90-92% water & 8-10% solid
3. Nutrients from the GI tract to the body cells
4. Nitrogenous waste from the body cells to the Nutrients
kidneys
Waste product metabolism
5. Hormones from the glands to the body cells
6. Maintenance of normal body pH – blood Inorganic acids
proteins (albumin) and bicarbonate
7. Maintenance of circulatory/interstitial fluid – Enzymes
electrolytes and blood proteins (albumin) B. Cellular Elements
8. Maintenance of temperature - 40-45% of the volume
Protection I. RBC (Erythrocytes)
- 4.5M to 5M per cu.mm
- Platelets and proteins “seal” vessel damage - Biconcave disks
- Protection from foreign materials & infections - Diameter: 6 to 5 micra
– leukocytes, antibodies, complement - Sp.Gr.: 1.09
proteins. - Solids: 95%
- Hemoglobin: 31-33%
GENERAL CHARACTERISTIC OF BLOOD
- Stroma protein: 0.5-1.0%
A. Volume II. WBC (Leukocytes)
- 6-8% or about 1/3 of the total body weight - 5,000 to 10,000 per cu.mm
- Higher for men than women III. Platelets (Thrombocytes)
- Typical volume in adult male is 5-6 liters - 200,000 to 400,000 per cu.mm
- Typical volume in adult female is 4-5 liters - Diameter: about 2.5 micra
- Typically, 8% of body weight
BLOOD CELLS
- Much more dense than pure water (3-4
times) - Are formed I the bone marrow. All blood cells
- Slightly warmer than body temperature arise from the same bone marrow stem cells.
100.4oF - Stem cells are immortal, meaning they never
B. Reaction die (at least not until you do)
- Slightly alkaline - Stem cells are also undifferentiated, meaning
- pH 7.4 to 7.45 they have not yet developed into a particular
C. Color cell type.
- Arterial blood: bright red due to the - Furthermore, stem cells are pluripotent,
abundance of oxyhemoglobin meaning they have the potential to become
- Venous blood: dull purplish red due to any type of blood cell.
predominance of reduced hemoglobin - These immortal undifferentiated, pluripotent
D. Specific Gravity stem cells give rise to erythrocytes,
- 1.045 to 1.075 leukocytes, and platelets.
E. Viscosity
- 4.4 to 4.7
THREE TYPES OF BLOOD CELLS Blood Clotting
1. Red Blood Cells (Erythrocytes) Is an important
- Shaped like slightly indented, flattened disks. mechanism to help the
- Contain the iron-rich protein hemoglobin
bod repair injured blood
- Blood gets its bright red color when
vessels
hemoglobin picks up oxygen in the lungs
- As the blood travels through the body, the The medical term for a
hemoglobin releases oxygen to the tissues
blood clot is a thrombus
- The body contains more RBCs than other type
(plural: thrombi)
of cell
- Each RBC has a life span of about 4 months When a thrombus is
- Each day, the body produces new RBCs to
formed as part of a
replace those that die or are lost from the
body
normal repair process
2. White Blood Cells (Leukocytes) of the body, there is
- Are a key part of the body’s system for little consequence.
defending itself against infection
- They can move in and out of the bloodstream
Unfortunately, there are times when a thrombus
to reach affected tissues will form when it is not needed, and this can have
- Blood contains far fewer WBCs than RBCs, potentially significant consequences.
although the body can increase WBC
production to fight infection
BLOOD TESTS
- There are several types of WBCs, and their - Blood tests are an essential diagnostic tool
life span vary from a few days to months
- Blood is made up of different kinds of cells
- New cells are constantly being formed in the
bone marrow
and contains other compounds, including
3. Platelets (Thrombocytes) various salts and certain proteins.
- Are tiny oval-shaped cells made in the bone - Blood tests reveal details about these blood
marrow cells and blood compounds, salt and
- They help in the clotting process proteins
- When a blood vessel breaks, platelets gather
in the area and help seal off the leak Complete Blood Count (CBC)
- Platelets survive only about 9 days in the
bloodstream and are constantly being - One of the most common blood tests
replaced by new cells - CBC is often done as part of a routine
checkup
Coagulation Time - Can help detect blood diseases and
- He time which the blood takes to clot after it disorders, such as anemia, infections,
has been shed clotting problems, blood cancers, and
- 2 to 6 mins (puncture of skin) immune system disorders
- Normal coagulation time is 20 minutes - This test measures many different parts of
- Prolonged coagulation time may be due to your blood
thromboplastin, prothrombin, and fibrinogen Hematocrit
- Hemophilia (one to several hours)
- A measure of how much space red blood
Bleeding Time cells take up in your blood
- Time required for a small cut to cease - A high hematocrit level might mean you are
bleeding dehydrated
- 1 to 3 minutes - A low hematocrit level might mean you
- Prolong bleeding time 90 minutes (acute have anemia
leukemia, aplastic anemia) - Abnormal hematocrit levels also may be a
sign of a blood or bone marrow disorder
Blood Chemistry Tests / Basic Metabolic Panel - Each blood type is further labeled as
positive or negative, which is a reference to
- The basic metabolic panel (BMP) is a group
the Rhesus factor of the blood
of tests that measures different chemicals
- People with the Rhesus factor, that is,
in the blood
people with the antigen present in their
- These tests usually are done on the fluid
blood, are Rh-positive.
(plasma) part of the blood
- So, a person who has a blood type of A and
- The tests can give doctors information
has the Rhesus factor is said to have A-
about your muscles (including the heart),
positive, or A+ Blood.
bones, and organs, such as the kidneys
- More than 85% of people are Rh-positive
and liver
- People without the Rhesus factor, that is
- The BMP includes blood glucose, calcium,
people that don’t have the antigen in their
and electrolyte tests, as well as blood tests
blood, are Rh-negative
that measure kidney function.
- Some of these tests require you to fast (not
east any food) before the test, and others If your blood type is:
don’t.
Type Donate to: Receive from:
- Your doctor will tell you how to prepare for
A+ A+ AB+ A+ A- O+ O-
the test(s) you are having
B+ B+ AB+ B+ B- O+ O-
Blood Test to Assess Heart Disease Risk AB+ AB+ EVERYONE
O+ O+ A+ B+ AB+ O+ O-
- A lipoprotein panel is a blood test that can A- A+ A- AB+ AB- A- O-
help show whether you’re at risk for B- B+ B- AB+ AB- B- O-
coronary heart disease (CHD) AB- AB+ AB- A- B- AB- O-
- This test looks at substances in your blood O- EVERYONE O-
that carry cholesterol
- Most people will need to fast for 9 to 12
hours before lipoprotein panel Out of 100 donors….

The ABO Blood Group System 84 donors are Rh+ 16 donors are Rh-
38 are O+ 7 are O-
There are four major blood groups determined by 34 are A+ 6 are A+
the presence or absence of two antigens – A and 9 are B+ 2 are B-
B – on the surface of red blood cells: 3 are AB+ 1 is AB-
- Group A: has only the A antigen on red
cells (and B antibody in the plasma)
- Group B: has only the B antigen on red
COMMON BLOOD DISORDERS
cells (and A antibody in the plasma)
- Group AB: has both A and B antigens on Thrombocytopenia
red cells (but neither A nor B antibody in
- Or a lower than normal number of platelets
the plasma)
- Usually diagnosed because a person has
- Group O: has neither A nor B antigens on
abnormal bruising or bleeding
red cells (but both A and B antibody are in
- Thrombocytopenia can happen when
the plasma)
someone takes certain drugs or develops
RH Blood Group System (Rhesus Factor) infections or leukemia or when the body
uses up too many platelets
- An antigen, or more specifically a protein,
- Idiopathic thrombocytopenia purpura (ITP)
that exists on the surface of red blood cells.
is a condition in which the immune system
- There are four general categories of blood:
attacks and destroys platelets
A, B, O, and AB.
Sepsis Thalassemia
- Also known as gram-negative bacteremia - A group of fatal genetic blood disorders
and gram-positive bacteremia - The WHO recognizes Thalassemia as the
- An overwhelming and life-threatening most prevalent inherited genetic blood
bacterial infection of the blood and body disorder in the world
organs caused by bacteria that has entered
Thrombosis
body tissue, most often through a wound or
incision, that leads to the formation of pus, - When the platelets try to patch up an injury
and/or to the spread of the sepsis bacteria within a small blood vessel and completely
throughout the blood stream plug it up instead
- It is often causes by organisms that are - This plug obstructs the normal flow of blood
resistant to most standard antibiotics and and can result in a heart attack or stroke.
more often than not, is found in people with
a weakened immune system Hemophilia

Sickle Cell Disease - Also spelled as haemophilia

- A genetic blood disease that causes the
- A hereditary blood disease resulting from a blood to be unable to form a firm clot
single amino acid mutation of the red blood normally and quickly
cells
- A blood condition of anemia Hemochromatosis
- People with sickle cell disease have red - Most often hereditary blood disorder that
blood cells that contain mostly hemoglobin causes blood tissue to absorb and sore too
Sm an abnormal type of hemoglobin much iron
- Sometimes these RBCs become crescent - Hemochromatosis is not “caught”
shaped “sickle shaped” and have difficulty - The disease (which is actually many
passing through small blood vessels. diseases) has also been known to develop
- There is currently no universal cure for as a result of dietary iron intake in sufficient
blood borne sickle cell disease quantity
Leukemia - Its worst effects are preventable, by early
diagnosis and treatment, but, if the patient
- Are cancers of the cells that produce WBCs is not found in time, it is crippling and
- These cancers include acute myeloid potentially fatal.
leukemia (AML), chronic myeloid leukemia
(CML), acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL), Lymphatic Filariasis
and chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). - A debilitating blood disease caused by
- The most common types of leukemia nematode worms of the genera Wucheria
affecting kids are ALL and AML and Brugia
- In the past 25 years, scientists have made - Larval worms circulate in the bloodstream
great advances in treating several types of of infected persons, and adult worms live in
childhood leukemia, most notably certain the lymphatic vessels
types of ALL. - Lymphatic filariasis is not life threatening,
Polycythemia Vera but it does cause extreme discomfort,
swelling of the limbs and genitals, damage
- With this blood disorder, patients not only to the kidneys and lymphatic system,
have more red cells, that is, hematocrits impairment of the body’s ability to fight
can also double in some cases, but there is infection and general malaise
also a slow, steady buildup of white cells
and platelets
Neutropenia Blood Cholesterol
- Occurs when there aren’t enough of a - An important attribute in deciding a
certain type of WBC to protect the body person’s risk of getting coronary heart
against bacterial infections disease
- People who take certain chemotherapy - When you have too much cholesterol in
drugs to treat cancer may develop your blood, the excess builds up on the
neutropenia walls of the arteries that carry blood to the
heart
HIV/AIDS
- This build up is called “atherosclerosis” or
- A blood-borne disease of the human “hardening of the arteries”
immune system that is characterized - It narrows the arteries and can slow down
cytologically especially by a reduction in the or block blood flow to the hear
numbers of CD4-bearing helper T cells, to - With less blood, the heart gets less oxygen
20% or less of normal, rendering the - With not enough oxygen to the heart, there
subject highly vulnerable to life-threatening may be chest pain, heart attack or even
conditions, such as pneumonia. death
- Cholesterol buildup is the most common
Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) cause of heart disease, and it happens so
- A virus that attacks certain types of WBCs slowly that you are not even aware of it
(lymphocytes) that work to fight infections - The higher your blood cholesterol, the
- Infection with the virus can result in AIDS greater your chance of this build-up
(acquired immunodeficiency syndrome), Anemia
leaving the body prone to infections and
certain other diseases - A common blood disorder condition that is
- Newborns can become infected with the caused by an acquired or inhered
virus from their infected mothers while in abnormality of RBCs to provide adequate
the uterus, during birth, or from oxygen supplied to body tissues
breastfeeding, although HIV infection of the - Anemia may, in some cases, be a
fetus and newborn is usually preventable manifestation of a non-hematologic
with proper medical treatment of the mother disorder
during pregnancy and delivery - The condition may be due to decreased
- Teens and adults can get HIV from sex with number of RBCs, decreased amount of
an infected person or from sharing substance in RBCs which transports
contaminated needles used for injecting oxygen hemoglobin, or decreased volume
drugs or tattoo ink of RBCs
- There are several diseases properly known
High Blood Pressure as Anemia
- The most common risk factor for heart and
kidney diseases and stroke
- High blood pressure, or hypertension, is
defined in an adult as a systolic pressure
(top number) of 140 mm Hg or high and/or
a diastolic pressure (bottom number) of 90
mm Hg or higher
- Blood pressure is measured and noted in
millimeters of mercury (mm Hg)