DEVELOPING SKILLS L. G. ALEXANDER > on Concept lis JBy the same author Sixty Steps to Précis Poetry and Prose Appreciation Essay and Letter-writing A First Book in Comprehension, Précis and Composition “The Carters of Greenwood (Cineloops) Detectives from Scotland Yard (Longman Structural Readers, Stage 1) Car Thieves (Longman Structural Readers, Stoge 1) Worth A Fortune (Longman Structural Readers, Stage 2) April Fools’ Day (Longman Structural Readers, Stage 2) Question and Answer: Graded Aural/Oral Exercises Look, Listen and Learn: An Audio-Visual Course for Children For and Against Reading and Writing Eng! NEW CONCEPT ENGLIS Uniform with this Volume: First Things First: An Integrated Course for Beginners Practice and Progress: An Integrated Course for Pre-Intermediate Students Fluency in English: An Integrated Course for Advanced StudentsNEW CONCEPT ENGLISH DEVELOPING SKILLS An Integrated Course For Intermediate Students tL. G. ALEXANDER Mlustrations by Michael ffolkes, Graham and Gus LONGMANLongman Group Limited London ‘Associated companies, branches and representatives throughout the world. @©L.G. Alexander 1967 ‘ANI rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in 4 reirieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior permission af the Copyright owner. First published 1967 New impressian 1970 SBN 582 52331 1 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS We are indebted to the Cambridge Local Examinations’ Syndicate for permission to quote material from past examination papers. ‘Made and printed by offset in Great Britain oy William Clowes and Sans, Limited, London and BecclesCONTENTS TO THE TEACHER Language Learning and the Intermediate Student ABOUT THIS COURSE Basic Aims For Whom the Course is Intended How Much Knowledge has been Assumed ? Assumed Knowledge A Description of the Course HOW TO USE THIS COURSE Allocation of Time ‘Aural/Oral Procedure Comprehension Questions Extended Oral Exercises Activities Written Exercises Pre-Unit Tests Homework Additional Reading Material Additional Oral Practice Additional Written Practice Future Work Pre-Unit Test 1 UNIT ONE: Instructions to the Student 8 1 A Puma at Large—Word Order: Review 2 2 Thirteen Equals One—The Present: Continuous and Simple: Review 4% 3, An Unknown Goddess— The Simple Past: Review 6 4 The Double Life of Alfred Bloggs—Tihe Present Perfect: Simple and Continuous: Review B 5 The Facts— The Andefinite and Definite Articles: Review 20 6 Smash and Grab—The Past: Simple and Continuous: Review n 7 Crazy—The Comparison of Adjectives: Review 24 8 A Famous Monastery— Review of Tenses 26 9 A Trip to Mars—The Future: Review 2B 10 The Loss of the ‘Titanic’—The Past Perfect: Review 30 11 Not Guilty~-Jndirect Speech: Review 32 12 Life ona Desert Island—Conditsonals: Review 4 13. ‘It’s Only Me'—Must: Review 36 14 A Noble Gangster—Have: Review 38 15 Sixpence Worth of Trouble—Can: Review 40 16 Mary had a Little Lamb—The Gerund: Review a 17 The Greatest Bridge in the World—The Passive: Review 4418 Electric Currents in Modern Art— Prepositions: Review 19. A Very Dear Cat—Review of Tenses 20 Pioneer Pilots—Special Difficulties: Review Pre-Unit Test UNIT TWO: Instructions to the Student Note thet a number of patterns previously taught in Practice and Progress are reviewed in this Unit. a1 Daniel Mendoza a2 By Heart 23 One Man’s Meat is Another Man’s Poison 24 A Skeleton in the Cupboard a5 The ‘Cutty Sark’ 26 Wanted: a Large Biscuit Tin 27 Nothing to Seil and Nothing to Buy 28 A Pound too Dear 29 Funny or Not? 39 Nothing to Worry About ‘Who's Who UNIT THREE: Instructions to the student 41 Illusions of Pastoral Peace 42 Modern Cavemen 43. Fully Insured 44 Speed and Comfort 45. ‘The Power of the Press 46 Do It Yourself 47 Through the Earth’s Crust 4B The Silent Village 49° The Ideal Servant so New Year Resolutions 51 Automation 52 Mud is Mud 53. In the Public Interest 54 Instinct or Cleverness? 55 From the Earth: Greetings Passage 56 Passage §7 Passage 58 Passage 59 Passage 60 eo 8 BEVIBSRETS BELLE RRP SSSTo the Teacher Language Learning and the Intermediate Student When a student has completed a pre-intermediate course, he enters a period of consolidation and expansion. What has been learnt so far must be practised constantly. At the same time, the student must learn to come to terms with wider English. He will still have intensive practice in the four skills, under~ standing, speaking, reading and writing, but many of the exercises he will be doing will be less mechanical. At this level, there is less need for pattern control and contextualization. Now that the foundations have been laid, the student is in a position to cope with new sentence patterns as and when they occur. However, it is still necessary for the student to work from specially-written multi-purpose texts if he is to be trained systematically in speech and writing. Students working at this level often wish to sit for academic examinations like the Cambridge Lower Certificate. Now it is a curious paradox that formal examinations often hinder rather chan help a student to learn a language. How- ever, there should be no need to work at cross-purposes: it is quite possible for the student to go on learning a language and to prepare for an examination at the same time. It must be clearly understood that a format examination with its bias towards the written language will only exert a pernicious influence on Tanguage learning when it is regarded as an end in itself. When the teacher makes it his aim to get his class through an examination and no more, he will undoubtedly fail to teach the language properly. An examination must always be regarded as something secondary, a bye-product which the student will take in his stride. It must never be regarded as an end in itself. An intermediate course should not only enable a student to go on learning English systematically, but should, incidentally, enable him to pass an examination without special preparation.About this Course Basic Aims 1. To proyide a comprehensive course for adult or secondary students who have completed a pre-intermediate course. The course contains sufficient material for one academic year’s work. It is assumed that the student will receive about four hours’ instruction each week: i.e. four one-hour lessons on four separate ‘occasions, or two ‘double periods each consisting of two hours or ninety minutes. The student will receive most of his training in the classroom and will be required to doa certain amount of extra work in his own time. 2. To continue the student's training in the four skills: understanding, speaking, reading and writing—in that order. In this respect, the course sets out to do two things: to provide material which will be suitable for aural/oral practice and which can also be used to train the student systematically to write English. 3. To provide the student with a book which will enable him to use the language. 4. To provide the teacher with material which will enable him to conduct each lesson with a minimum of preparation. 5. To enable the teacher and the student to work entirely from a single volume without the need for additional ‘practice books’. 6. To enable students to sit for the Cambridge Lower Certificate examination at the end of the course if they wish to do so. This aim must be regarded 2s coincidental to the main purpose of training students in the four language skills. For Whom the Course is Intended This course should be found suitable for: 1. Adult or secondary students who have completed Practice and Progress: An Integrated Course for Pre-Intermediate Students, ot who have completed any other pre-intermediate course. 2. Schools and Language Institutes where ‘wastage’ caused by irregular atten dance and late starters is a problem. 3. Intermediate students who wish to study on their own, How Much Knowledge has been Assumed? ‘The material in Practice and Progress, the pre-intermediate course which precedes this one, has been designed to ‘overlap’ this course. Students who have completed it will have no difficulty whatever in continuing where they left off. Students who have learnt English from other courses and who now wish to continue their studies with this course should have a fair working knowledge of the items listed below. Assumed Knowledge Aural} Oral 1, The ability to understand short passages of English (narrative and descrip- tive) spoken at normal speed. 2. The ability to answer questions which require short or extended answers, viii3. The ability to ask questions to elicit short or extended answers 4. The ability to use orally a fair number of elementary sentence patterns. 5. The ability to reproduce orally the substance of a short passage of English after having heard it severai times and read it Reading 1. The ability to read a short passage of English (up to 200 words in length) aloud. The student should have a fair grasp of the rhythm of the language (stress and intonation) even if he is unable to pronounce unfamiliar words correctly. 2. The ability to read silently and understand works of fiction of the level of Longmans’ Structural Readers Series, Stage 6. The student's passive vocabulary range should be in the region of 2000 words (structural and lexical). Writing 1. Word Order The ability to write simple, compound and complex sentences. 2. Comprehension The ability to answer in writing simple questions on a passage of English. 3. Precis The ability to connect ideas from notes that have been provided so as to form a complete paragraph. 4. Composition The ability to write a short composition of about 150 words based on ideas that have been provided. 5. Letter-writing Knowledge of the lay-out of the personal letter. The ability to write a short letter based on ideas that have been provided Command of Language 1. Grammar (Key Structures) The course presupposes that the student has covered the elementary and pre- intermediate groundwork. It is clearly recognized, however, that further instruction and practice are required 2. Usage (Special Difficulties) The student should be familiar with a number of words that are often confused or misused and a limited number of idiomatic expressions. A Description of the Course General Arrangement of Material ‘This course is divided into three Units the first two of which are preceded by searching tests. Each Unit consists of twenty passages which become longer and more complex as the course progresses. Detailed instructions to the student, together with worked examples, precede each Unit. The passages are multi-purpose texts. Each passage will be used to train the student in the following: aural comprehension; oral practice; reading aloud; oral composition; extended oral exercises; dictation; comprehension; précis; composition; grammarInstructions and Worked Examples These precede each Unit and should be read very carefully. The successful completion of this course depends entirely on the student's ability to carry out the instructions given. Pre-unit Tests ‘A searching test, based on material already studied, precedes Units 1 and 2 This will make it possible for students to find their own level and enable them to begin at any point in the book. At the same time, the student who works through the course systematically from beginning to end is not expected to make too sudden a jump between Units, The tests should enable the teacher to assess how much the students have learnt. If they are found to be too long, they should be divided into manageable compartments. The Passages An attempt has been made to provide the student with passages which are as interesting and as varied in subject-matter as possible. Each passage will be used as the basis for aural/oral and written work. The approximate length of the passages in each Unit is as follows: Unit 1: 250 words. Unit 2: 350 words. Unit 3: 530 words. Oral Exercises Oral exercises are not included in the book itself and must be supplied by the teacher. They may be along the lines suggested in the section on Hom to Use This Course. Comprehension Questions The student will elicit specific information from each passage. Précis Work has been graded as follows: Unit 1: The students will be trained to write notes by means of comprehension questions on the passages. The students will answer the comprehension ques- tions in note form and then connect their notes to form a paragraph. Connecting words have not been provided. Units 2 & 3; The students will now be in a position to elicit specific information from each passage and write a précis on their own, Composition Work has been graded as follows: Unit 1: Alternating exercises. a Expanding sentences to form a paragraph of about 150 words. 4 Writing compositions in three paragraphs on set plans in which the ideas have been provided. About 200 words. Unit 2: Alternating exercises. a Expanding ideas to construct a plan. Writing a composition of about 250 words which is based on each plan. 6 Writing compositions in three or four paragraphs based on set plans in which ideas have been provided. About 250 words Unit 3; Writing compositions of about 300 words on topics suggested by the xpassages. The student will be required to construct his own plan and to provide his own ideas. Letter-writing Work has been graded as follows: Unit +: Writing letters based on ideas which have been provided. Units 2 © 3: Writing letters on set topics. Vocabulary Exercites Exercises in explaining words and phrases as they are used in the passages are given in all three Units. Key Structures and Special Difficulties All the exercises on Key Structures (Essential Grammar) and Special Difficulties (Osage) are derived from each passage. There are grammar exercises in Units 1 and 2 only. The exercises given are based largely on patterns which were fully explained in the pre-intermediate course Practice and Progress. Gross-references Cross-references have been included to enable the student to refer to material he has already learnt and to draw useful comparisons. Students who previously studied Practice and Progress are advised to refer to it when in difficulty. Jn the text, cross-references are in heavy type and are indicated in the following manner: 4.1 KS (=KEY STRUCTURE) These letters are followed by a page number and sometimes a paragraph reference: e.g. 1 KS 47b. The figure ‘1° indicates that the reference is to a section in the previous volume Practice and Progress. 4 KS (=KEY STRUCTURE) The omission of the figure ‘1’ indicates that the reference is to a section of the present volume. ¢ «SD (=SPECIAL DIFFICULTY) These letters are followed by a page number and sometimes a paragraph reference: e.g. 1 SD sac. The figure ‘1’ indicates that the reference is to a section in the previous volume Practice and Progress. 4 SD (=SPECIAL DIFFICULTY) The omission of the figure ‘1” indicates that the reference is to a section of the present volume. Multiple Choice Questions Multiple Choice Questions have been added to Units 2 and 3 to provide additional help for students who are specifically preparing for the Cambridge Lower Certifi- cate examination, In this form of comprehension exercise, the student is asked to select the correct answer from a number of suggested answers.How to Use this Course Allocation of Time Each lesson is laid out on facing pages and consists of a passage followed by exercises. If two lessons are completed each week, there will be enough material for one academic year (including the time spent on the instructions and pre-unit tests). Between ninety minutes and two hours should be spent on each lesson. The first half of the tesson (45-60 minutes’ work) should be devoted to aural/oral exercises; the second half, to written exercises. The aural/oral exercises will he conducted by the teacher and should be completed before the student goes on to the written exercises, ‘The aural/oral exercises may be conducted in the way outlined below. Aural/Oral Procedure Each lesson should begin with aural/oral practice which may be summarized as follows: istening (Books shut) 4 Listening and Understanding (Books open) ¢ Listening (Books shut) d Reading Aloud (Books open) Let us see how this works in practice a Listening (Books shut) Read the passage once at normal speed. The students should listen only and try to understand as much as they can at first hearing. b Listening and Understanding (Books open) Read the passage again stopping at convenient points to explain unfamiliar words and constructions. Rather than give direct explanations, try to elicit as much information as possible from the students. Where possible, explanations should be given entirely in English. Translation into the students’ mother- tongue should be used as a last resort and then only to translate lexical items, not patterns. It is extremely important to ensure that the students understand the text completely. They may read the text silently during this part of the lesson. © Listening (Books shut) The students now listen to the passage once more, They should be in a position to understand it completely. @ Reading Aloud (Books open) Individual students may now be asked to read small sections of the passage. It is important to train the students to read complete phrases, not word by word. The aural/oral procedure should take approximately twenty-five minutes. As the students progress, the teacher may simplify the procedure if he wishes so that more time can be devoted to the exercises that follow. Comprehension Questions Progressive patterns should be practised throughout the duration of the course ‘by means of oral comprehension questions on each passage. These questionsshould be asked immediately after the auraljoral procedure has been completed. The questions to be asked must be devised by the teacher. a The students should be asked a few mixed questions designed to elicit short or extended answers. These should be asked rapidly round the class. + The students should be given practice in asking questions about the passage. Extended Oral Exercises @ Oral Composition Individual students should be asked to give the substance of the passage in their own words. To enable them to do this, the teacher may write ‘key words’ on the blackboard. These will serve to remind the students of the subject-matter of the passage. b Practice in Speech Short talks (prepared or unprepared) lasting not more than five minutes may be given by the students on everyday subjects suggested by the passages (travel, careers, common experiences etc,). Activities The students should take part in class activities at the end of the first part of each lesson as often as time allows. The following activities are suggested: a Games Guessing games like ‘Twenty Questions’ are always popular with students and Jinguistically useful. The teacher is advised to consult ‘Language-Teaching Games and Contests’ by W. R. Lee. (O.U.P.) b Singing The teacher may train the class to sing well-known British and American songs. Any standard Song Book may be used. This completes the first half of the lesson and represents approximately one hour’s work. The student then proceeds to the written exercises which make up the second part of the lesson. Written Exercises A full explanation of the written exercises is given in the instructions to the student which precede each Unit. The teacher should spend a full lesson if necessary, working through each set of instructions and examples to ensure that the students fully understand how they are to work, A number of written exercises may be done in the classroom, while the teacher goes round the class. and helps individual students. Certain exercises may also be set as homework ‘or omitted completely at the discretion of the teacher. Dictation No ‘unseen’ dictations should be given. A few sentences taken from a passage the students have already studied may occasionally be dictated Pre-Unit Tests These should always be set before the students move on to a new Unit.Homework There is a high concentration of material for written exercises in each lesson some of which may be set as homework. Additional Reading Material It is essential for the students to read as much as possible in their own ti The books set for extra-curricular reading should be simplified and well wi their range. The following readers are suggested to accompany the Units in this book: Units 1 and 2: As many titles as possible from Longmans’ Simplified English Series. Unit 3: As many titles as possible from Longmans’ Bridge Series. Additional Oral Practice If additional oral practice is required, it may be obtained from the following: The Carters of Greenwood (cineloups) Intermediate Level, published by Longmans, Green and Co. Ltd. Question and Answer Chapters § and 6, published by Longmans, Green and Co. td. Additional Written Practice If additional practice in writing is required, the following books may be used to accompany the Units in this course: Précis Unit 1: A First Book in Comprehension, Précis and Composition Chapter 4, Passages 61-70. Unit 2: A First Book in Comprehension, Précis and Composition Chapter 4, Passages 71-80. Sixty Steps to Précis Part 1, Passages 1-10. Unit 3: Sixty Steps to Précis Bart 1, Passages 11-30. Compusition Units 1-3 : Essay and Letter Writing, Chapters 3 and 5. Units 1-3: Essay und Letter Writing, Chapter 4. Future Work If the student wishes to proceed further, he may go on to the following course which is designed to ‘overlap’ this one: Fluency in English: An Integrated Course for Advanced Students.IF YOU CAN DO THIS TEST GO ON TO UNIT 1 Key Structures A. Word Order. Rewrite these sentences using the joining words in brackets: 1, My hotel room overlooked a court-yard, There was a fountain. There were several + trees. (in mhick ... and) Uncle Charles looked everywhere for his glastes. He could not find them. (Though) During Christmas, there was extra work at the post-office. A great number of students were employed to help. (so much... . that) 1 don't want to see that film. It had poor reviews. (because) . Wages have gone up. Prices will rise. The cost of living will be higher than ever. (Nom that... and) The police searched everywhere. The missing boy could not be found. His dog could not be found. (Although . .. neither... nar) James Sullivan will give a lecture at the local library next week. His book on the ‘Antarctic was published recently. (hose) Fares have increased. The railway company is still losing money. The employees have demanded higher wages. (In spite of the fact that .. . because) 9. He gave me a fright. I knocked the teapot over. (such... that) 10. The climbers reached the top of the mountain. They spent the night there. (nor only... but... as mell) B, Composition. Write two paragraphs in about 150 words using the ideas given below: 1, Circus act—a man was walking on a tight-rope—rode a one-wheel bicycle—carried two others on his shoulders—the crowd clapped his performance. 2. The man returned to give a repeat performance—tight-rope again—he did a hand- stand on the one-wheel bicycle—lost his balance—the crowd gasped—the man grabbed the tight-rope—he was still holding on to the bicycle—climbed on again and rode to the other side. C. Verbs. a What happened? What has happened? What has been happening ? Give the correct form of the verbs in brackets: ‘The mummy of an Egyptian woman who (die) in Boo B.C. just (have) an operation. As there (be) strange marks on the X-ray plates taken of the mummy, doctors (try) to find out whether the woman (die) of a rare disease. The only way to do this (be) to operate. The operation, which (last) for over four hours, (prove) to be very difficult. ‘The doctors (remove) a section of the mummy and (send) it to a laboratory. They also (find) something which the X-ray plates not (show). The doctors not (decide) yet how the woman (die). They (fear) that the mummy would fall to pieces when they (cut) it open, but fortunately, this not (happen). The mummy successfully (survive) the operation. b What happened? What was happening? What used to happen? Give the correct form of the verbs in brackets. Use mould in place of used to where possible: I (travel) by air.a great deal when I (be) a boy. My parents (live) in South America and 1 (fly) there from Europe in the holidays. An air-hostess (take) charge of me and es oe = 2I never (have) an unpleasant experience. fam used to travelling by air and only on one occasion have | ever felt frightened. After taking off, we (lly) low over the city and slowly (gain) height, when the plane suddenly (turn) round and (fly) back to the airport. While we (wait) tu land, an air-hostess (tell) us to keep calm, and to get off the plane quietly as soon as it had touched down ¢ What will happen? Give the correct form af the verbs in brackets: Busmen have decided to go on strike neat week. The strike is due to begin on Tuesday. No.one knows how long it (last). The husmen have stated that the strike (continue) until gencral agreement (reach) about pay and working conditions. Most people believe that the strike (last) for a week. Many owners of private cars (offer) ‘free rides’ to people on their way to work. This (relieve) pressure on the trains to some extent. Meanwhile, a number of university students have volunteered to drive buses while the strike (last). All the young men are expert drivers, but before they (driye) any of the buses, they (have to) pass a special test. d What mill happen? What mill be happening? What will have been huppening ? Give the correct form of the. verbs in brackets: , T have just received a letter ftom my old school informing me that my former hexd- master, Mr Reginald Page, (retire) next week. Pupils of the school, old and new, (send) him a present to mark the occasion. All those who have contributed towards the gift (sign) their names in a large album which (send) to the headmaster’s home, We all (remember) Mr Page for his patience and understanding and for the kindly enconrage- ment he gave us when we went so unwillingly to school. A great many former pupils (attend) a farewell dinner in his honour next Thursday. It is a curious coincidence that the day before his retirement, Mr Page (teach) for a total of forty years. After he {retire) he (devote) himself to gardening. For him, this (be) an entirely new hobby. ¢ What happened? What had happened? What had been happening? Give the correct form of the verbs in brackets: As the man tried to swing the speed-boat round, the steering-wheel came away in his hands. He (wave) desperately to his companion who (water ski) for the last fifteen minutes. Both men hardly (have) time to tealize what was happening when they (throw) violently into the sea. The speed-boat (strike) a buoy, but it (continue) t move very quickly across the water. Both men just (begin) to swim towards the shore, when they (notice) with dismay that the speed-boat was moving in a circle. It now (come) towards them at tremendous speed. In less than a minute, it (roar) past them only a few fect away J Give the correct form of the verbs in brackets: t. Captain Scott (find) that Amundsen (reach) the South Pole before him. 2. We just (move) to a new house but we (be) dissatisFed with it. 4. When I (meet) him two weeks ago, he (tell) me that he just (return) from the south of France. 4. Many new records (set up) in the next Olympic Games. 5. He always (go) for a walk every morning before his illness. 6. By next June, I (study) English for three years. 7. While the two thieves (argue) someone (steal) their car. g Give the correct form of the verbs in brackets: ‘Though people have often laughed at stories told by seamen, it. . . now (know) that many ‘monsters’ which ... at times (sight) are simply strange fish. Occasionally, unusual creatures (wash) to the shore, but they... rarely (catch) out at sea. Some time ago, however, a peculiar-fish (catch) near Madagascar. A small fishing-boat (carry) miles out to sea by the powerful fish as it pulled on the line. When it. . . even-tually (bring) to shore, it (find) to be over thirteen feet long. The fish, which . .. since (send) to a museum where it (examine) by a scientist, (call) an oarfish. Such creatures arely (see) alive by man as they live at a depth of six hundred feet ‘4 Write a report of this conversation as it might appear in a newspaper “At the time the murder was committed, | was travelling on the 8.0 o'clock train to London,’ said the man. “Do you always catch such an early train?* asked the inspector “OF course 1 do,” answered the man. ‘I must be at work at 10.0 o'clock. My. employer will confirm chat I was chere on time.” “Would a larer train get you 10 work on time?” asked the inspector “I suppose it would, but I never catch a later train.” “At what time did you arrive at the station ?* ‘Ar ten to eight. | bought a paper and waited for the train” “*And you didn't notice anything unusual ?* “OF course not. itt Give the correct form of the verbs in brackets: 1. If they (not bring) to the surface soon they may lose their lives 2. If explosives are used, vibrations (cause) the roof of the mine to collapse 3. If there had not been a hard layer of rock beneath the soil, they (complete) the job in a few hours. J Give the correct form of the verbs in brackets: 1 tried to wake up my wife by (ring) the door-bell, but she was fast asleep, so T got a ladder from the shed in the garden, put it against the wall, and began (climb) towards the bedroom window. I was almost there when a sarcastic voice below said, “I don’t think the windows need (clean) ac cnis tise of the night.’ | looked down and nearly fell off the ladder when I saw a policeman. 1 immediately regretced (answer) in the way I did, but I said, ‘I enjoy (clean) windows at night.” ‘So do I,’ answered the policeman in the same tone. ‘Excuse my (interrupt) you. T hate (interrupt) a man when he’s busy (work), but would you mind (come) with me to the station?" “Well, I'd prefer (stay) bere," I said, You see, I've forgotten my key.” D. Other Verbs. @ Supply the correct form of have 10 or should in these sentences 1. P'm sorry I couldn't get here on time. I (. . . go) to the bank. 2. EC. . go) to the dentist yesterday but I forgot all about it. 3. We ( begin) work at 9 o'clock but we never do. + Write these sentences again using have with the verbs in italics 1. ‘I shall deliver the parcel,” said the shop-assistant. 2. Are you going ta c/ean this suit? 3. When will you dye this jacket? « Supply the correct form of can or able to in the following 1. ... you show me the way 10 the station please? 2. I gave him a few lessons and he... suon swim. 3. They . .. jump into the sea before the boat sank. 4. You... not leave this room until you get permission. E. Aand The. Pur in a(n) or the where necessary. After reading .. . article entitled ‘.. . Cigarette Smoking and Your Health’, 1 lit cigarette to calm my nerves. 1 smoked with... concentration and... pleasure as T 3was sure that this would be my last cigarette. For... whole week I did not smoke at all and during this time my wife suffered terribly. [ had all. . . usual symptoms of someone giving up...smoking: ... bad temper and... enormous appetite. My friends kept on offering me... . cigarettes and . .. cigars. They made no effort to hide their amusement whenever I produced . . . packet of .. . sweets from my pocket. F. Supply the missing words in the following Perhaps the. . . extraordinary building of the nineteenth century was The Crystal Palace which was built in Hyde Park for the Great Exhibition of 185. The Crystal Palace was different all other buildings . . . the world, for it was made of iron and glass. It was one of the. . . (big) buildings .. . all time and a... of people from countries came to see it. A great... goods were sent to the exhibition from various parts of the world. There was also a great... of machinery on display. G. Supply the missing words in these sentences: 1. There will be a dance tonight . .. che Green Park Hotet. 2. The players... our team are all... . red shirts 3. He returned... England. . . August roth. 4. Pl meet you... the corner .. Wednesday 5. L always feel tired . . . the end of the day. 6. As soon as he gor the taxi, he asked the driver to take him the station. 7. We'll go for a walk... the afternoon. 8, He's incapable . . . controlling the class 9. He is not interested . . . anything outside his work. to. I don't want to be involved . .. this unpleasant affair. 11. He failed . . his attempt to reach the top of the mountain 12, The surgeon decided to operate . . . the patient. 13. Lamm not satisfied. . your explanation. 14. I think someone is knocking . . . the door 15. His debts amount... £500. Special Difficulties @ Words Often Confused. Choose the correct words in the following sentences 1. You can divide this apple (among) (between) the two of you. 2. He arrived late as (usually) (usual). 3, Mr Simpson has been appointed (director) (headmaster) of the school. 4. What shall we do with this old (clothing) (clothes)? . Lalways wear out (clothes) (cloths) quickly. ). His instructions were not very (clear) (clean). You should wait until the road is (clear) (clean) before crossing. . Did you (wash) (wash up) your hands? I don't feet in the (mood) (temper) for a walk. . Whatever you do, don’t lose your (temper) (mood), This coffee is (too) (enough) hot for me to drink, . The questions were (fairly) (enough) difficult, but I managed to answer them. . He is (enough old) (old enough) to know what is right. You should use (petrol) (benzine) to get those stains off. FGETS S wer en b Write sentences using each of the following: 1, Get up, get over, get away, get out. 2, Keep off, keep out, keep in, keep up. 4Take in, take up, take off, take away. ; Make up, make for, make out, make up for Write sentences using the following 3 4- Run into, run out of, run away, run after, 5 1 8 eeeene Turn yellow. 2. Go sour. 3. Grow dark. 4. Fall ill. 5. Come true. 6. Get angry Complete the following sentences using so... J or neither... 1. She reads 2 lot and You shouldn't work so hard and . . You are mistaken and . . You will regret it and . Tom telephoned him yesterday and... . She hasn't been well andUnit 110 15, INSTRUCTIONS TO THE STUDENT Before you begin each exercise, read these instructions carefully Read them each time you begin a new piece. They are very important. How to Work—Comprehension and Précis Unit 1 contains twenty passages. You will be asked to write a summary of a part of each piece. In Unit 4 of Practice and Progress you were given the main points and asked to join them up. Connections were provided in the text. Now you will be expected to find the main points yaurself and supply your own connections. The Comprehension ques- tions which are given should be answered in note form. Your notes should be very brief. 2. Read the passage (wo or three times. Make sure you understand it. 2, Read the instructions which will tell you where your précis should begin and end, and exactly what you will have to do. 3. Read again the part of the passage you will have to summarize. 4. Answer each of the Comprehension questions in note form to get your points. 5. You will find brackets at the side of the questions. These show you how the answers might be joined to form sentences, but you will have to use your own joining words. You may ignore the brackets if you wish to join the points in your own way. 6. When joining your points, you may refer to the passage if necessary, but try to use ‘your omn mords as far as possible. Your answer should be in one paragraph 7. Read through your work and correct your mistakes. 8. Atthe end of your précis, write the number of words that you have used. Remember that words like ‘the’ ‘a’ etc. count as single words. Words which are joined by a hyphen (e.g. ‘living-room’) also count as single words. You may write fewer than 80 words, but you must not go over the word limit. Example Work through this example carefully and then try to do the exercises in Unit 1 in the same way. Silent Enemies Few countries will admit officially that they employ spies. However, from time to time, a spy is caught and the public sometimes gets a glimpse of what is going on behind the political scenes. Spies are rarely shot these days. They are fre- quently tried and imprisoned, If a spy is important enough, he is sometimes handed back to an enemy country in exchange for an equally important spy whom the enemy have caught. Few people have the opportunity to witness such exchanges, for they are carried out in secret. ‘One cold winter morning on December 17th last year, a small blue car stopped on a bridge in a provincial town in northern Germany. Three men dressed in heavy black coats got out and stood on the bridge. While they waited there, they kept on looking over the side. Fifteen minutes later, a motor-boat sailed past and drew up by the river-bank. Three men got out of the boat and looked up at the bridge. The men on the bridge silently walked down the stone steps leading to the river-bank. No words were spoken when they met the men from the boat. After a while, the motor-boat moved off and three men returned to the bridge. Now, only two of them were wearing black coats, The third was dressed in a lightgrey jacket. Anyone who had been watching the scene might not have realized that two master spies had been exchanged on that cold winter morning. Comprehension and Précis In not. more than 8 mords describe what happened on the morning of December 17th from the time a small blue car stopped on a bridge. Do not include anything that is fot in the last paragraph, Answer these questions in note form to get your points 1, Did the car stop of not? 2. How many men got out? 3. How were they dressed? 4 Where did they stand? 5. Where did they keep looking? 6. Did a motor-boat appear or not? | 3. Where did it stop? 8. Where did the men go? | 9. Why did they go to the river-bank? 10. Did the boat move off or not? tr, Who accompanied the men in black coats? | 12. How was he dressed? 13. Did they return to the bridge or not? 14. Had two master spies been exchanged or not? | A Possible Answer Points . Car stopped. ‘Three men got out. Black coats. Stood—bridge. Looked over side. Motor-boat appeared. . Stopped—tiver-bank. Men—down steps. Met boat, Boat moved off. 11. Man accompanied by others. 12, Grey jacket, 13, Returned—bridge. 14. Spies exchanged. ete oe oe ee Précis After the car stopped, three men in black coats got out and stood an the bridge. They kept looking over the side unii! a motor-boat appeared. When it stopped by the river bank, the men on the bridge silently climbed down the stone steps fo meet the men from the boat. As soon as the boat moved off, a man in a grey jacket accompanied by two men in black coats returned to the bridge. Two - :ster spies had been exchanged. {Bo words.) Vocabulary In this exercise, you will be asked to explain words and phrases. You may use a phrase to explain a word if necessary. Try to find another word to replace the word or phrase in the passage.Example Study the example below to und out how this is done Give another word or phrase to replace the following words as they are uscd in the passage: employ (I. 1); from time (o time (II. 1-2); gets a glimpse (I. 2); rarely (I. 3); frequently (il. 3-4); handed (1. s); witness (1. 6). A Possible Answer employ: provide work for. from time (o time: now and again. gets a glimpse of: is able to see briefly. rarely: seldom frequently : often. handed : given. witness: see. Composition Composition exercises are based on ideas suggested by each passage. You will be given two types of composition exercise: 1, You will be asked to expand a number of uncompleted sentences so that you write a paragraph of about 150 words. You are free to expand each sentence in any way you please providing that what you write fits in logically with the rest of the passage. 2. You will be given a full plan which contains notes for an essay in three paragraphs: an Introduction, Development, and Conclusion. You should write a composition of about 200 words based on these notes. You are quite free to add ideas of your own or ignore ideas that are to be found in the plan. Exampies Word through these examples carefully and then try to do the composition exercises in Unit 1 in the same way. 1. Composition Write an imaginary account of how one of the spies mentioned in the passage was caught. Expand the following into a paragraph of about 150 words. Colonel Hepworth had been employed... In time, he rose to the position of Soon after his appointment .. . No one suspected the Colonel until... . Even then, it was impossible to... because ... However, Hepworth was... The police noticed that he... and... One evening, they... and found him.. After Hepworth was it was learnt that... He had (54 words). A Possible Answer Colonel Hepworth had been employed i ste War Office for years. In time, he rose to the position of Chief Priuace Secretary t0 the Minister. Soon after his appointment, important people in the War Office began complaining that many State secrets had become Anuwn ta the enemy. No one suspected the Colonel until a stranger telephoned tke police and claimed that he had received large suns of money from Hepworth tv obtain information abuut airbases. Even then, it was impossible to mate any arrest because nothing could be proved agains: hm. However, Hepworth was matched closely. The police noticed that he ofien stayed behind in the evenings and mas ofien the last person to leave the War Office. One evening, they suddenly burst into his room and found him holding a pile of secret documents. After Hepworth was arrested, it was learnt that his read name mas Christopher Bulin. He had Become famous for his work as a spy during the war. (About 160 words.) to === == LhNow here is the same question with a different set of facts and different presentation: 2. Composition In about 200 words, write an imaginary account of how one of the spies mentioned in the passage was caught. Use the ideas given below. Do not write more than three paragraphs. Title : The Spy. Introduction ; Clerk—War Office—trusted. Development : Expensive cat—large sums of money to spend—flat—parties—money inherited’—police checked story—false—fat watched—visited by members of Uranian Embassy. Conclasion : Police entered flat—documents—transmitter—' clerk” confessed. A Possible Answer The Spy Andrew Whibley worked as a clerk in the War Office. Though he did not have an important position, he was trusted by everybody. One day, Whibley arrived at his office in a very expensive car. Although his salary was small, he appeared to have large sums of money to spend. He rented an expensive flat and gave parties for many of his friends. When he was asked how he had suddenly got so much money to spend, Whibley explained that he had inherited a large fortune from an aunt who had died a few months before. However, War Office officials were suspicious and they asked the police to check Whibley’s story. The police soon discovered that Whibley had not been telling the truth. They kept a close watch on his flat and noticed thac members of the Uranian Embassy often went there. The police entered Whibley’s flar when he was out and discovered copies of several secret documents and a radio transmitter which had been hidden inside a piano, After Whibley was arrested, he confessed that he had been receiving large sums of money from the Uranian Embassy to obtain official secrets, (About 200 words) Letter-writing Follow the instructions given under cach passage. Key Structures and Special Difficulties When you finish your letter-writing exercise, go on to the language exercises that follow. In this Unit, you will be given the opportunity to revise briefly each one of the Key Structures dealt with in Pracive and Progress. You may refer to Practice and Progress if you have forgotten anything. New Special Difficulties are introduced after the Key Structures. The work you do in grammar is based on material contained in the passages. Refer to the passages frequently. They will help you to understand the grammar and to do the exercises. n10 Ss a5 1 A Puma at Large Pumas are. large, cat-like animals which are found in America. When reports came into Landon Zoo that a wild puma had been spotted forty-five miles south of London, they were not taken seriously However, as the evidence began to accumulate, experts from the Zoo felt obliged to investigate, for the descrip- tions given by people who claimed to have seen the puma were extraordinarily similar. The hunt for the puma began in a small village where a woman picking blackberries saw ‘a large cat’ only five evidence began to accumulate yards away from her. It immediately ran away when she saw it, and experts confirmed that a puma will not attack a human being unless it is cornered. The seatch proved difficult, for the puma was often observed at one place in the, morning and at another place rwenty miles away in the evening. Wherever it went, it left behind it a trail of dead deer.and small animals like rabbits. Paw prints were seen in a number of places and puma fur was found clinging to bushes. Several people complained of ‘cat-like noises’ at night and a business- man on a fishing trip saw the puma up a tree. The experts were now fully convinced that the animal mas a puma, but where had it come from? As no pumas had been reported missing from any zoo in the country, this one must have been in the possession of a private collector and somehow managed 10 escape. The hunt went on for several weeks, but the puma was not caught. It is disturbing to think that a dangerous wild animal is still at large in the quiet countryside. Comprehension and Précis In not more than 80 words describe how experts came to the conclusion that the animal teen by many people really was a puma, Do not include anything that is not in the passage Answer these questions in note form to get your points: 1, What sort of reports were received by London Zoo? ] 2. Were the reports similar in nature or not? 3. Who saw ic first? 4- Did ir stay in one place, or did it move from place to place? | 5. What did it leave behind it? 6. Were paw-prints and puma fur found as well or not? 7. What was heard at night? 8. Was the animal seen up a tree oF not? 9. Were experts now sure that the animal really was 2 puma or not” iyVocabulary . Give another word or phrase to replace the following words as they are used in the passage: spotted (1. 4); accumulate (I. 7); obliged to (I. 8); claimed (1. 9); extraordinarily similar (Il. 10-11); immediately (I. 15); convinced (I. 24). Composition Describe the occasion when the woman picking blackberries saw the puma. Expand the following into a paragraph of about 150 words. Mrs Stone had spent the whole morning . . . It was nearly lunch time, so she decided =» She was just... when she heard a noise in. .. Then she saw an animal which . She knew it was nor a cat because ,,. The animal suddenly . .. and she thought it was going to... She dropped her basket and ... Hearing the sound, the animal after which, Mrs Stone . .. and ran all the way home. She told her neighbours that... but they did not believe her. She also telephoned the police but they... (86 words.) Letter-writing On a full page, show the exact position of each of the following: The address and date; the beginning of the letter; the Introduction; the Purpose; the Conclusion; the letter-ending; the signature; the postscript. Supply all necessary full stops and commas. Key Structures Simple, Compound and Complex Statements. (1 KS 186) Exercise Underline all the joining words in the passage. Note carefully how simple statemiants have been joined to make compound or complex statements, Special Difficulties Where had it come from? (1. 24) Instead of saying : It is better to say: About whom are you talking? Who(m) are you talking about? That is the film about which [ told ‘That is the film I told you about. Compare you. 1 SD 78. Exerases A. Complete these sentences by adding a suitable word to the end of each one: What are you looking... ? Where is your mother going . . .? Whom has the letter been sent... .? This is the house T was born What does your decision depend wy . Write these sentences again changing the position of the words in italics. Where possible, omit the words whom or which. He is the man about whom we have heard so much. ‘The shelf on which you put those books has collapsed. From whom did you receive a letter? This is the road by which we came Where is the pencil mith which you were playing ?2 Thirteen Equals One Our vicar is always raising money for one cause or another, but he has never managed to get enough money to have the church clock repaited. The big clock 5 which used to strike the hours day and night was damaged during the war and has been silent ever since. One night, however, our vicar woke up with a start: the clock was striking the to hours! Looking at his watch, he saw that it was one o'clock, but the bell struck thirteen times before it stopped. Armed with a torch, the vicar went up into the our vicar woke up with a star clock tower to see what was going on. In 15 the torchlight, he caught sight of a figure wbom he immediately recognized as Bill Wilkins, our local grocer. “Whatever are you doing up here Bill?” asked the vicar in surprise “I'm trying to repair the bell,’ answered Bill. ‘I've been coming up here night 20 after night for weeks now. You see, I was hoping to give you a surprise.” "You certainly did give me a surprise!” said the vicar. ‘You've probably woken up everyone in the village as well. Still, I'm glad the bell is working again.” “That's the trouble, vicar,” answered Bill. “It's working all right, but I'm 25 afraid that at one o'clock it will strike thirteen times and there's nothing I can do about it.” “We'll get used to that Bill,’ said the vicar. ‘Thirteen is not as good as one, but it’s better than nothing. Now let’s go downstairs and have a cup of tea.” Comprehension and Précis In not more than 80 mords describe what happened from the moment the vicar woke up. Do not include anything that is not in the passage. Answer these questions in note form to get your points 1. What woke the vicar up? 2. What was the time? | 3. How many times did the clock strike? ‘4. Where did the vicar go? 5. What did he take with him? ] 6. Whom did he see in the clock tower? 8 3 | °. . What did Bill Wilkins say he was trying to do? Had Bill Wilkins succeeded in repairing the clock or not? Was the vicar pleased or angry ? What did he offer the grocer? Vocabulary Give another word or phrase (o replace the following words as they are used in the passage: vaca (i 1). repaired (i, 4): damaged (1. 6); silent (1. 7); with a start (J. 9); comphe sags of (3. 15. — esComposition Write 2 composition of about 200 words using the ideas given below: Title : A Sticky Business. Introduction: A small village—the church clock suddenly stopped—no one could explain why. Developracnt : The vicar climbed into the clock tower—found that the clock had been invaded by bees—full of honey and wax. Concluston : A bee-keeper was called—removed the queen bee—the other bees followed the dock was cleaned—working again. Letter-writing Write six phrases which could be used to begin letters to friends. Key Structures What is happening? What always happens? (1 KS 188) Note that with the word almays we can sometimes say: ‘Our vicar is always raising money. (I. t) He is always getting into trouble. She is always writing letters. Exercise Underline the verbs in the passage that tell us what is happening now. Note how they have been used. Special Difficu'ties Phrases with In, Compare 1 SD 108, 200. Study these examples: “Whatever are you doing up here Bill" asked the vicar in surprise. (I. 18) Please write in ink, not in pencil. ‘We have a great deal in common. The swimmer seemed to be in diffcwlty, but he managed to reach the thore in the end. I didn’t feel well so 1 spent the day in bed. We have received fifty applications. in all. The thieves were disturbed and left mm a hurry. [can’t borrow any more money; I'm already im debt, Mary's in love with a sailor. There wasn't a person in sight He didn’t realize that he was in danger. ‘The little boy was in tears. Exercise Use a phrase with in in place of the words in italics, 1. Tleft home rery quickly so as not to miss the'train. 2. I suppose I shall finish this eventually. 3: In the early morning there was not a person 10 be seen. 4+ Shall T write with @ pen or with a pencil? 5. They haven't many interests hich they share. 6. Why is that little girl crying ? 45to 15 20 35 3 An Unknown Goddess Some time ago, an interesting discovery was made by archaeologists on the Aegean island of Kea. An American team ex- plored a temple which stands in an ancient city on the promontory of Ayia Irini, The city at one time must have been prosperous, for it enjoyed a high level of civilization. Houses—often three storeys high—were built of stone. They had large rooms with beautifully decor ated walls. The city was even equipped with a drainage system, for a great many clay pipes were found beneath the narrow streets, The temple which the archacologists explored was used as a place of worship from the fifteenth century 8.¢. until Roman times. In the most sacred room of the temple, clay fragments of fifteen statues were found. Each of these repre- sented a goddess and had, at one time, been painted. The body of one statue was found among remains dating from the fifteenth century a.c. Its missing head happened to be among remains of the fifth century p.c. This head must have been found in Classical times and carefully preserved. It was very old and precious even then, When the archacologists reconstructed the fragments, they were amazed to find that the goddess turned out to be a very modern-looking woman. She stood three feet high and her hands rested on her hips. She was wearing a full-length skirt which swept the ground. Despite her great age, she was very graceful indeed, but, so far, the archacologists have been unable to discover her identity. 2 very modern-looking oman Comprehension and Précis In not more than 80 words describe what archaeologists discovered in an ancient temple on the island of Kea. Do not include anything that is not in the last paragraph. ‘Answer these questions in note form to get your points 1. Where did the archaeologists find clay fragments ?] What did they represent? Had they once been painted or not? ‘Where was the body of one statue found? Where was its head found? Were the fragments reconstructed or not? How tall did the goddess turn out to be? Where did her hands rest? What was she wearing? 10. Is her identity known or not? Be eusneae Vocabulary Give another word or phrase to replace the following words as they are used in the passage: explored (Il. 3-4); ancient (I. 5); prosperous (I. 7); storeys (I. 9}; beneath (I. 13), fragments (I. 18); remains (1. 20). 16Composition Write an imaginary account of how the archacologists explored the sacred room of the ancient temple. Expand the following into a paragraph of about 150 words. After walking round the ancient city, the archaeologists... This temple -..On entering the sacred roam, the archatologists ... After this, workmen began digging and soon discovered ... They also found... The archaeologists carefully . .. They were astonished to find that ... The goddess was... She, . . Although the archaeolo- gists ... they were unable to find our her name. (52 words) Letter-writing Write six phrases which could be used to end letiers to friends. Key Structures What happened? (1 KS 190) Exercise Suppose that each of the following verbs were used to describe mhat happened yesterday What would be their correct form? Yesterday I... leave, lay, lie, choose, raise, rise, beat, bite, catch, hear, sing, think, show, run, lose, begin, fall, feel. Special Difficulties Words Often Misused and Confused a Happen. Study these examples: Its missing head hap pened to be among remains of the fifth century 8.c, (By chance.) (il. 20-21) 1 happened to find the ticket in my pocket. (By chance.) Jt happened that I found the ticket in my pocket. (By chance.) T couldn't find out what had Auppened. (What had taken place.) Exercises Complete the following making a sentence out of each She happened It happened . . Tell me what. . If you happen... Storey and Story. Study these examples Houses—often three storeys high—were built of stone. (lI. B-9) ¢ Worship and Warship. Study these examples: The temple . .. was used as a place of worship. (Il. 15-16) The Arethusa used to be a warship. ween Exercise Ute the words storey, story, worship, and warship in sentences of your own. 710 1s 4 The Double Life of Alfred Bloggs ‘These days, people who do manual work often receive far more money than clerks who work in offices. People who work in offices are frequently referred to as ‘white collar workers” for the simple reason that they usually wear a collar and tie to go to work. Such is human nature, that a great many people are often willing to sacrifice higher pay for the privilege of becoming white collar workers. This can give rise to curious situations, as it did in the case of Alfred Bloggs who worked as a dustman for the Ellesmere Corporation. When he got married, Alf was. too embarrassed to say anything to his wife about his job. He simply told her that he worked for the Corporation. Every morning, he left home dressed in a fine black suit. He then changed into overalls and spent the next eight hours as a dustman Before returning home at night, he took a shower and changed back inta his suit. Alf did this for over two years and his fellow dustmen kept his secret. Alf's wife has never discovered that she married 2 dustman and she never will, for AIE has just found another job. He will soon be working in an office as a junior clerk. He will be earning only half as much as he used to, but he feels that his rise in status is well worth the loss of money. From now on, he will wear a suit all day and others will call him ‘Mr Bloggs’, not ‘Alf? he then changed Comprehension and Précis In not more than 80 mords describe how Alfred Bloggs prevented his wife from finding out that he worked 2s a dustman, Do not include anything that is not in the last paragraph. Answer these questions in note form to get your points 1. What did Alfred Bloggs tell his wife when they got married >] How did he dress each morning before he left home? Did he change into overalls or not? | How did he spend the day? ‘What did he do before going home at night ? ] For how long did this last? j Did his fellow dustmen keep his secret or not? | Will his wife ever learn the truth? Where will her husband be working in future? ] Seu snees Vocabulary Give another word or phrase to replace the following words as they 2re used in the passage: receive (I. 2); sacrifice (1. 8); privilege (I. 9); curious (I. 11); embarrassed (J. 15): discovered (|. 21); status (I. 24) 18Composition Write a composition of about 200 words using the ideas given below. Do not write more than three paragraphs. Title: Nearly Caught. Introduction: Alf and three other dustmen were collecting rubbish-—ar1 Frost's house. Development: All's wife was visiting Mrs Frost at the time—AIf was just getting out of the dustcart—-saw his wife leaving Mrs Frost's house-—hid in dustcart—dustmen helped him—his wife talked to Mrs Frost on the doorstep Conclusion : The dustcart drove away just as Mrs Bloggs came towards it. ved at Mrs Letter-writing Write a letter of about 80 words to an acquaintance whom you do not know very well asking him 0 lend you a book you know he possesses. Supply a suitable Introduction and Conclusion. Use the following ideas to write your Purpose: ask for loan of book-~its title—why you want it—how long you will keep it—you will take good care of it. Key Structures What has happened? Whar has been happening? (1 KS 192) Exercises A. Find two verbs in the passage which tell us wwhas hus happened and note how they have been used. B. Write sentences using each of the following words or phrases: since last April: up till now; just; ever; yet. Special Difficulties Alf was too embarrassed to say anything to his wife. (Il. 14-15) Compare 1 SD 18, @ Study these examples: He explained the difficulty 10 me. 1 described the scene 10 my wife. He said nothing tu me about it Did you suggest this idea 1a him. I confided the secret 10 my sister. Exercises a Write sentences using the following combinations of words: 1. describe/film/aunt. 2, say/nothing/her. 3. explain/the position/me. 4. propose) idea/us. b Words Often Misused: Worth. Study these examples: His rise in status is well worth the loss of money, (Il. 23-24) That film is not worth seeing. Compare 1 KS 1662. Exercise Choose the correct words in the following: 1. (Is) (Does) it worth five pounds? 2. Is this worth (buying) (to buy)? 3+ Your car (does) (is) not worth £500. 4. T don’t think it is worth (to go) (going) to all that trouble.10 15 20 25 5 The Facts Editors of newspapers and magazines often go to extremes to provide their readers with unimportant facts and statis- tics, Last year a journalist had been instructed by a well-known magazine to write an article on the president's palace in a new African republic. When the article arrived, the editor read the first sentence and then refused co publish it The article began: ‘Hundreds of steps lead to the high wall which surrounds the president's palace.’ The editor at once sent the journalist a telegram instructing « .-t0 obtain these him to find out the exact number of steps important facts and the height of the walt ‘The journalist immediately set out to obtain these important facts, but he took a long time to send them. Meanwhile, the editor was getting impatient, for the magazine would soon go to press. He sent the journalist two urgent telegrams, but received no reply. He sent yet another telegram informing the journalist that if he did not reply soon he would be fired. When the journalist again failed to reply, the editor reluctantly pub- lished the article as it had originally been written. A week later, the editor at last received a telegram from the journalist. Not only had the poor man been arrested, but he had been sent to prison as well. However, he had at last been allowed to send a cable in which he informed the editor that he had been arrested while counting the 1084 steps leading to the rs foot wall which sur- rounded the president's palace. Comprehension and Précis In not more than 80 words describe what happened from the time the journalist set out to get the facts. Do not include anything that is not in the last paragraph. Answer these questions in note form to get your points: 1. Did the journalist immediately set out to get the facts after receiving instructions from his editor or not? ] Did he send them at once or not? Was the editor getting impatient or not? How many telegrams did the editor send? What did the editor threaten to do? Was the last telegram answered or not? Was the article omitted from the magazine, or was it printed in its original form? When did the journalist send a telegram? . Why had he been imprisoned ? ee Weneen Vocabulary Give another word or phrase to replace the following words as they are used in the passage: journalist (I. 4); instructed (I. 5); well-known (1. 5); publish (1. 9); surrounds (1. 11); fired (I. 21); reluctantly (I. 24). 2Composition Describe how the journalist was arrested and what happened afterwards. Expand the following into a paragraph of about 150 words The journalist counted the number of steps as he... On arriving outside the main gate, he... He chen. .. in order to measure the wall. While he was busy measuring. the wall, a policeman ... Though the journalist . .. , the policeman refused to believe him, He was arrested and sent to prison because the police thought that... When the journalist . .. he made things worse for himself. This proved to the police that... (69 words) Letter-writing Write a letter of about 80 words to a friend who.has recently got married. You read about the wedding in your local paper. Supply 2 suitable Introduction and Conclusion. Use the following ideas to write the Purpose: Surprise and pleasure at seeing news- paper report—glad to hear that he and his wife will be staying in your neighbourhood —hope to see them soon. Key Structures A, The and Some. (1 KS 196) Exercises ‘A. Underline the words a(n) and rhe in the passage and nore how they have been used, B. Write sentences using the following words and phrases 1, Hudson river. 2. information. 3. cinema, 4. industry. 5. flour and milk, 6, newspaper, Special Difficulties ‘Not only had the poor man been arrested . . . (II. 23-24) Study these pairs of sentences: I have never seen so many people. Never have I seen so many people. 1 had hardly finished speaking when the door opened. Hardly had I finished speaking when the door opened. (Compare 1 SD 98a) He little realizes the danger he is in Little does he realize the danger he is in. Exercise Write these sentences again beginning cach one with the words in itatics: 1, He has not only made this mistake before but he will make it again. 2. I realized what was happening only then. 3. [will never trust him again. 4. You seldom find traffic wardens who are kind and helpful,20 35 6 Smash and Grab The expensive shops in a famous arcade near Piccadilly were just opening. At this time of the morning, the arcade was almost empty. Mr Taylor, the owner of a jewel- lery shop was admiring a new window display. Two of his assistants had been working busily since 8 o clock and had only just finished. Diamond necklaces and rings had been beautifully arranged on a background of black velvet. After gazing at the display for several minutes, Mr Taylor went back into his shop. The silence was suddenly broken when a large car, with its headlights on and its horn blaring, roared down the arcade. It came to a stop outside the jeweller’s. One man stayed at the wheel while two others with black stockings over their faces jumped out and smashed the window of the shop with iron bars. While this was going on, Mr Taylor was upstairs: He and his staff began throwing furniture out of the window. Chairs and tables went flying into the arcade. One of the thieves was struck by a heavy statue, but he was too busy helping himself to diamonds to notice any pain. The raid was all over in three minutes, for the men scrambled back into the car and it moved off at a fantastic speed, Just as it was leaving, Mr Taylor rushed out and ran after, it throwing ashtrays and vases, but it was, impossible to stop the thieves. They had got away with thousands of pounds worth of diamonds ton busy to notice any pain Comprehension and Précis Write an account of the smash and grab raid in not more than 80 words. Do not include anything that is not in the last paragraph. Answer these questions in note form to get your points: 1. Did a large car enter an arcade near Piccadilly or not? ] 2, Where did it stop? 3. How many thieves got out of the car? 4- Did they smash the window or not? 5. Where was the owner of the shop? 6. What did he and his staff throw at the thieves? 7. Did they hit any of the thieves or not? 8. How long did the raid last? ] 9. Did the thieves drive away or not? 10, Did the owner run after the car or did he stay in the shop? 11, What did he throw at the car? 12, Did the thieves get away or were they caught? 13. What had they stolen? Vocabulary Give another word or phrase to replace the following words as they are used in the passage: expensive (I. 1); almost (1. 3); assistants (. 6); gazing (I. 11); several (1. 11); stayed (1. 17); smashed (. 18). aaComposition In not more than 200 words continue the above passage using the ideas given below. Do not write more than three paragraphs. Title: They Got Away. Introduction : The thieves? car joined the traffic—Mr Taylor took a taxi—followed the thieves’ car. Development : A mad chase through the streets—-the thieves’ car hit another car—did not scop—the police chased both taxi and thieves—Mr Taylor's taxi stopped at traffic lights—the thieves got away—the taxi-driver was stopped by the police—he had been speeding—Mr Taylor explained the situation. Conclusion: The thieves’ car was found ten minutes later—side street-- abandoned— the thieves escaped on foot. Letter-writing ‘Suppose that you had witnessed an incident similar to the one described in the passage. Write a letter of about Ro words to a friend describing what you saw. Supply a suitable Introduction and Conclusion. Use the following ideas to write the Purpose: Tuesday morning—busy street—a man smashed the window of an antique shop—chased by passers-by—you joined in—the man was caught. Key Structures What happened? What was happening? (1 KS 198) Exercises A. Underline the verbs in the passage which tell us whar happened and what was happening. Note how they have been used. B. Write sentences using the following words and phrases: just as; used t0; while. Special Difficulties Word Building. Study these sentences: It was possible to stop the thieves. It was impossible to stop the thieves. (Il. 24-25) Note how the opposite of ‘possible’ has been formed. We can add dis, or ir to certain words to make opposites. in, im, un, il Exercise Write these sentences again giving the correct opposites of the words in italics 1. He was extremely polite. T agree with you His handwriting is quite legible This report is accurate. Have you locked the door? Have you learnt these regular verbs? saree 2310 1S 20 25 7 Crazy Children often have far more sense than their elders. This simple truth was demonstrated rather dramatically during a civil defence exercise in a small town in Canada. Most of the inhabitants were asked to take part in the exercise during which they had to pretend that their city had been bombed. Air-raid warnings were sounded and thousands of people went into special air-raid shelters. Doctors and nurses remained above ground while police patrolled the streets in case anyone tried to leave the shelters 100 soon. The police did not have much to do because the citizens took the exercise seriously. They stayed underground for cwenty minutes and waited for the siren to sound again, On leaving the air-raid shelters, they saw that doctors and nurses were busy. A great many people had volunteered to act as casualties. Theatrical make-up and artificial blood had been used to make the injuries look realistic. A lot of people were lying ‘dead’ in the streets. The living helped to carry the dead and wounded to special stations. A child of six was brought in by two adults, The child was supposed to be dead. With theatrical make-up on his face, he looked as if he had died of shock. Some people were so moved by the sight that they began to cry. However, the child suddenly sat up and a doctor asked him co comment on his death The child looked around for 2 moment and said, ‘I think they're all crazy!" look realistic [L +40 make the injuries Comprehension and Précis In not more than So sords describe the scene after the people left the air-raid shelters. Do not include anything that is not in the last paragraph. Answer these questions in note form to get your points 1. Why were doctors and nurses busy during the civil defence exercise. Were there many ‘casualties’? | Did their injuries look realistic? Where did the living carry the dead and wounded ? j How many adults brought in a six-year old child? | What had the child ‘died’ of? Were some people moved by the sight or nor? | What did the child suddenly do? What did the doctor ask him? } 10. What was the child's opinion ? Se wucueun Vocabulary Give another word or phi ase to replace the following words as they are used in the passage: demo’ strated (1. 3), inhabitants (I. 5); pretend (1. 7); remained (1. 11); patrolled (1. 12); volunteered (I-19); artificial (L. 19). 4Composition Describe what happened when the air-raid warning sounded Expand the following into a paragraph of about 150 words. Early that morning, people were informed on the radio that .. . However, the air-raid warning took everyone by surprise because ... People immediately stopped whatever they were doing and... The streets were soon full of thousands of people who . Only one man objected to... A policeman tried to argue with him but... The man said that . .. and that the end of the world had come. The policeman and con- ducted him to a shelter. In a short time, the streets... The city was... and only the wailing of the siren could be heard. (go words) Letter-writing Write a letter of about 80 words to a friend thanking him for his hospitality. Supply a suitable Introduction and Conclusion. Use the following ideas to write the Purpose the pleasure of seeing your friend again—his kindness during your stay- -things about the visit you will remember for a long time—hope you can return this hospitality one day. Key Structures Children often have far more sense than their elders. (1 KS 200) Exercises ‘A. Note how the following have been used in the passage: more . .. than (I. 1}. most (1. 5); much (1. 14); a great many (I. 18); a Jot of (1. 20) B. Write sentences using the following words and phrases: interesting than; a little; a few; a great deal of. Special Difficulties Suppose, Study these examples: T suppose he must be ill. (I think that...) Suppose he’s not at home. What shall [ do then? (Let's assume...) He is supposed to arrive at six o'clock. (He ought to . . .) (Compare 1 KS 160b) ‘The child was supposed to be dead. (Il. 22-23) He was supposed to arrive last night He was supposed to have told me about it Exercise Supply the correct form of suppose in the following sentences 1. You. . . (go) to the doctor yesterday. 2... he fails to arrive. What will you do then? 3. He... (finish) ar 5 o'clock, bur he never does. 4. This is an easy question. I... you know the answer 5. Can you tell us what we are... to do? 2510 1s 20 25 8 A Famous Monastery The Great St Bernard Pass connects Switzerland to Italy. At 811g feet, it is the highest mountain pass in Europe. The famous monastery of St Bernard, which was founded in the eleventh cen- tury, lies about a mile away. For hun- dreds of years, St Bernard dogs have saved the lives of travellers crossing the dangerous Pass. These friendly dogs, which were first brought from Asia, were used as watch-dogs even in Roman times. Now that a tunnel has been built through the mountains, the Pass is less dangerous, but each year, the dogs are still sent out into the snow whenever a traveller is in difficulty. Despite the new tunnel, there are still a few people who rashly attempt to cross the Pass on foot. During the summer months, the monastery is very busy, for it is visited by thousands of people who cross the Pass in cars. As there are so many people about, the dogs have to be kept in a special enclosure. In winter, however, life at the monastery is quite different. The temperature drops to —3o" and very few people attempt to cross the Pass. The monks prefer winter to summer for they have more privacy. The dogs have greater freedom, too, for they are allowed to wander outside their enclosure. The only regular visitors to the monastery in winter are parties of skiers who go there at Christmas and Easter. ‘These young people, who love the peace of the mountains, always receive a warm welcome at St Bernard’s Monastery. These friendly dogs... Comprehension and Précis In not more than 80 words give an account of life at St Bernard's Monastery in summer and in winter, Do not include anything that is not in the last paragraph. Answer these questions in note form to get your points: 1, When is St Bernard's monastery visited by thousands of people ? ] How do these people cross the Pass? Why are the dogs kept in a special enclosure? } How low does the temperature drop in winter ? Are there few visitors then, or are there a great many? | Do the monks prefer the winter scason oF not? What are the dogs free to do in winter? ] What sort of people regularly visit the monastery in winter? Do they stay there the whole winter, or do they stay only at certain sine Are they warmly welcomed or not? Beousneey Vocabulary Give another word or phrase to replace the following words as they are used in the passage: famous (I, 4); founded ([. 5); lies (1. 6); now that (I. 12); rashly attempt (1.17); quite (I, 21); drops (1, 21). 26Composition In not more than 700 words, write an imaginary account of the way a traveller was, rescued on St Bernard's Pass in winter. Use the ideas given below. Do not write more than three paragraphs. Title : Rescue Introduction; A monk took two dogs out for exercise—the dogs were restless—a search party was organized. Development : The dogs led the monks through the snow—high winds the previous night—now heavy fog—temperature 20° below—they got near—heard cries—a man. was trapped under the snow—the dogs dragged him out—he was taken to the monastery on a sledge. Conslusion : The man was unconscious—recovered later—told them what had happened the previous night. Letter-writing Write a letter of about 80 words to a friend recommending a hotel in the Alps to him. Supply a suitable Introduction and Conclusion. Use the following ideas to write the Purpose: why you recommend it—you stayed there last year—fine views—healthy mountain air—comfortable—moderate prices—you intend to go this year as well. Key Structures Verb-torms: review. (1 KS 206) Exercises A. Underline the verbs in the passage which tells us what almays happens, what happened and what has happened. Nose how they have been used. B. Write sentences using the following words and phrases: ago; for six months; when; since 1948. Special! Difficulties ‘The dogs are still sent out into the snow whenever a traveller is in difficulty. (II. 14-16) Compare these pairs of sentences: He did what I asked him to do. He did whatever I asked him to do. Who told you that? Whoever told you that? Tl tell you when you make a mistake. Vl cell you whenever you make a mistake. Where has he gone? Wherever has he gone? ‘The word -ever is sometimes used in this way to give emphasis to words like who, which, and what. Exercise Supply the missing words in the following sentences: 1, Now that he’s grown up, he docs . . -ever he pleases. 2. .. ever I telephone, the line’s engaged. 3. . ever told you that, didn’t know what he was talking about. 2710 15 25 9 A Trip to Mars By now, a rocket will have set off on its 350 million mile trip to Mars and scien- fists must be waiting anxiously for the results, The rocket will be travelling for nine months before it reaches the planet. It contains a number of scientific instru- ments, including a television camera. Any pictures that are taken will have to travel for three weeks before they reach the earth, If the pictures are successful, they may solve 2 number of problems about Mars and provide information about the markings on its surface which, nearly 100 years ago, the astronomer, Schiaparelli, thought to be canals. It will be a long time before any landing on Mars can be attempted. This will only be possible when scientists have learnt a lot more about the atmosphere that surrounds the planet. IF a satellite can one day be put into orbit round Mars, scientists will be able to find ‘out a great deal. An interesting suggestion for measuring the atmosphere around Mars has been put forward. A rubber ball containing a radio transmitter could be dropped from # satellite so that it would fall towards the surface of the planet. The radio would signal the rate at which the ball was slowed down and scientists would be able to calculate how dense the atmosphere is. It may even be possible to drop a capsule containing scientific instruments on to the planet's surface. Only when a great deal more information has been obtained, will it be possible to plana manned trip to Mars. L rubber call could be dropped Comprehension and Précis In not more than 80 words describe how it will be possible for scientists to learn a great deal about Mars and about the atmosphere which surrounds it. Do not include anything that is not in the last paragraph. Answer these questions in note form to get your points 1. What must scientists learn about Mars before anyone attempts (0 go there >] What could be dropped from a satellite ? What would the ball contain? How would scientists be able to calculate the density of the atmosphere ? Tn what other way could information about Mars be obtained ? eter Vocabulary Give another word or phrase to replace the following words as they are used in the passage: travelling (I. 4); reaches (1. 5}; contains (L. 6); solve (I. 11); provide (I. 12), markings (1. 13); surface (J. 13); thought (I. 15). Composition Describe an imaginary trip to the moon. Expand the following into paragraph of about 150 words. 28Once the rocket had got beyond the earth’s atmosphere, the moon looked like a... ‘The astronauts, who had been specially trained for this difficult journey .. . After the rocket landed on the moon, the astronauts got out and... They were wearing heavy suits so that... The astronauts explored a. . . They collected . . . from the surface of the moon. The moon landscape was... It would be impossible for human beings to live there because. . . From this distance, the carth looked like. . . After the astronauts had ... the rocket began its long journey back to earth. (91 words) Letter-writing You borrowed a book from a friend but your baby tore some of the pages. Write a letter of about 80 words offering to replace it. Supply a suitable Introduction and Conclusion. Use the following ideas to write the Purpose: very sorry for what has happened—had Ieft book on low table—baby got hold of it—tore several pages—you have bought another book and are sending it Key Structures What will happen? Review: 1 KS 208, 210, Exercises A. Study the use in the passage of all the verbs which express the future, B. Give the correct form of the verbs in brackets. Do not refer to the passage until you finish the exercise. By now, a rocket (set off) on its 350 million mile trip to Mars. The rocket (travel) for nine months before it (reach) the planet. Any pictures that are taken (have to) travel for three weeks before they (reach) the earth. Special Difficulties Scientists must be waiting anxiously for the results. (Il, 2-4) Read these sentences: ¥ shall be waiting for you at the station. (1 KS 37) By this time tomorrow, the Astra will have been flying through space for seventeen hours, (1 KS 151) We can use the verbs can, could, may, might and must in the same way. Study these examples: Why are you wasting time? You could be finishing your work. My aunt may be coming here tomorrow. “Tom isn’t here. He must be working in the garden. We could have been flying to Spain now if we had bought tickets in time You may have been trying harder, but your work is still not good enough. I'm sorry I’m late. You must have been waiting a long time Exercise Supply the correct form of the verbs in brackets: 1. Jimmy's upstairs. He (must/do) his homework. 2. Jimmy was upstairs. He (must/do) his homework 3. Lwish it wasn't raining. We (could/play) tennis. 4 We (must/wait) for the bus for over an hour before it arrived 2910 15 35 10 The Loss of the ‘Titanic’ The great ship, Titanic, sailed for New York from Southampton on April roth, 1912. She was carrying 1316 passengers and a crew of 81. Even by modern standards, the 66,000 ton Titanic was a colossal ship. At that time, however, she was not only the largest ship that had ever been built, but was regarded as unsinkable, for she had sixteen water- tight compartments. Even if two of these were flooded, she would still be able to float. The tragic sinking of this great Rte liner will always be remembered, for she the icy waters of the went down on her first voyage with heavy North Atlaniwe loss of life TT Four days after setting out, while the Titanic was sailing across the icy waters of the North Atlantic, a huge iceberg was suddenly spotted by a look-out. Alter the alarm had been given, the great ship turned sharply to avoid a direct collision. The Titanic turned just in time, narrowly missing the immense wall of ice which rose over 100 feet out of the water beside her. Suddenly, there was a slight trembling sound from below, and the captain went down to see what had happened, The noise had been so faint that no one thought that the ship had been damaged. Below, the captain realized to his horror that the Titanic was sinking rapidly, for five of her sixtcen water- tight compartments had already been flooded! The order to abandon ship was given and hundreds of people plunged into the icy water. As there were not enough life-boats for everybody, 1500 lives were lost. Comprehension and Précis Write an account of the sinking of the Tisanic in not more than 80 words. Do not include anything that is not in the last paragraph Answer these questions in note form to get your points 1, Where was the Titanic sailing? ] What was seen by a look-out ? ‘When did the ship turn sharply? ] Did it sail alongside the iceberg, or did it collide with it? What was heard from below? ‘What did the captain do? Whar did he find? When did everyone jump overboard ? | Why were 1500 people drowned? Vocabulary Give another word or phrase to replace the following words as they are used in the passage: colossal (I, 6); regarded (1. 8); compartments (|. 10); flooded (i. 11); Moat (I. 12): avoid (I. 19); narrowly (I. 20). 30Composition In not more than 200 words write an imaginary account of what happened on the Titanic immediately after the order to abandon ship was given. Use the ideas given below. Do not write more than three paragraphs. Title: Abandon Ship. Introduction : Order to abandon ship unexpected—everybody unprepared. Development : Immediate effect—panic and confusion—people rushing in all directions —crew came up from below—tife-boats lowered—people jumped overboard—struggle to get into life-boats—ife-boats full Conclusion : Titanic sank rapidly—people in water—cries of despair—life-boats moved away Letter-writing Which of the following addresses is correct 19 Kingsley Ave 19 Kingsley Ave., 19 Kingsley Ave., Sandford Park, Sandford Park, Sandford Park, London, N.W.8, London, N.W.8, London, N.W.8, Enghnd. England. England August 2gth, 19 2gth Aug., 19—~ ‘Aug. 24th, 19— Key Structures What had happened? (1 KS 212) Exercises A. Underline the v bs in the passage which tell us what had happened. Note how they have been used. B. Give the correct form of the verbs in brackets. Do not refer to the passage until you finish the exercise. t. At that time, she was the largest ship that ever (build). 2. After the alarm (give), the great ship (turn) sharply to avoid a direct collision Special Difficulties Word Building. Study these sentences: He works hard. He is a hard worker. He plays the violin. He is a violinist. He is very careless. I have never seen such carelessness. Can you explain this? Can you give me an explanation? He has a responsible position. He has a lot of responsibility Note how new words can be formed by adding -er, ~ist, -ress, ~ion, -ity. Exercise Supply the missing words in the following sentences: 1. He studied physics at university. He isa p... 2. He works ina mine, He is a m 3. Pasteur did a great service 10. . . human). 4- He is trying to make a good . . . (impress). 5. His paintings have been admired for their . . . (original).10 15 25 je tr Not Guilty Going through the Customs is a tiresome business. The strangest thing about it is thar really honest people are often made to feel guilty, The hardened professional smuggler, on the other hand, is never troubled by such feelings, even if he has five hundred gold watches hidden in his suitease. When I returned from abroad recently, a particularly officious young Customs Officer clearly regarded me as a smuggler. “Have you anything to declare?’ he asked, looking me in the eye. ‘No,’ I answered confidently ‘Would you mind unlocking this suit- case please?” “Not at all," I answered. ‘The Officer went through the case with great care. All the things I had packed so carefully were soon in a dreadful mess. I felt sure I would never be able to close the case again. Suddenly, I saw the Official’s face light up. He had spotted 4 tiny bortle at the bottom of my case and he pounced on it with delight “Perfume, ch?’ he asked sarcastically. ‘You should have declared that. Perfume is not exempt from import duty. “But it isn’t perfume,’ I said. ‘Ir’s hair-oil.’ Then I added with a smile, ‘It’s a strange mixture I make myself.” As I expected, he did not believe me “Try it!” I said encouragingly. The Officer unscrewed the cap and put the bottle to his nostrils, He was greeted by an unpleasant smell which convinced him that 1 was telling the cruth A few minutes later, I was able to hurry away with precious chalk-marks on my baggage. often made to feel guilty Comprehension and Précis In not more than 80 words describe the experiences of the writer while he was going through the Customs. Do not include anything that is not in the passage. Answer these questions in note form to get your points 1. Did the writer have anything to declare or not? What did the Customs Officer make him do? | Did the Customs Officer search the case carefully or not? What did he find? | What did he think was in the bottle? What did the writer tell him the bottle contained ? | Who had made it? Did the Customs Officer believe him or not? What did the writer encourage the Officer to'do? What convinced the Officer that the writer was telling the truth? Dad cae Officer let the writer pass through the Customs or not ? Bie ouansunVocabulary Give another word or phrase to replace the following words as they are used in the passage: troubled (J. 6); clearly (I. 10); packed (J, 18); dreadful (1. 1c); cap (1. 28); nostrils (1. 28); convinced (1. 29). Composition Imagine that a man tries to smuggle something valuable through the Customs. Expand the following into a paragraph of about 150 wards. When the Customs Officer... the man said that he had nothing to declare. The Officer asked the man to . .. Although the case contained only... and... it was very heavy. This made the Officer suspicious, so he... The case was soon empty and when the Officer... he found that... The Officer examined the case carefully and saw that... He... and removed the bottom part of the case which contained . . . While the Officer was looking at... the man tried to... For a moment, the man disappeared among . . . but he was soon . .. and placed ynder arrest. (93 words) Letter-writing A friend has written to you asking you to lend him some money. Write a letter of about 80 words telling him you cannot afford to. Supply 2 suitable Introduction and Conclusion. Use the following ideas to write the Purpose: sorry you cannot help— have a great many expenses—you are in debt yourself—suggest someone who might help. Key Structures He said that... . He told me... He asked me... (¢ KS 214) Exercise Answer these questions : Lines 22-23 What did the Customs Officer tell the writer he should have done? Why did he tell the writer this? Lines 24-25 What did the writer tell the Customs Officer? Line 27 What did he tell the Customs Officer to do? Special Difficulties Capital Letters. Note how capital letters have been used in these sentences: The train came into the station. It arrived at 5 o'clock. George lives in Canada. He is Canadian. He is not an American. T'll see you on Tuesday, January 14th. Have you read "Great Expectations* ? Exercise ‘Write this paragraph again using full stops and capital letters where necessary because tim jones cannot speak french or german he never enjoys travelling abroad last march, however, he went to denmark and stayed in copenhagen he said he spent most of his time at the tivoli which is one of the biggest funfairs in the world at the tivoli you can enjoy yourself very much even if you don’t speak danish 310 15 a5 12 Life on a Desert Island Most of us have formed an unrealistic picture of life on a desert island. We sometimes imagine 2 desert island to be a sort of paradise where the sun always shines. Life there is simple and good. Ripe fruit falls from the trees and you never have to work. The other side of the picture is quite the opposite. Life on a desert island is wretched. You either starve to death or live like Robinson Crusoe, waiting for a boat which never comes. Perhaps there is an, element of truth in both these pictures, but few of us have had the opportunity to find out. Two men who recently spent five days ‘on a coral island wished they had stayed there longer. They were taking a badly damaged boat from the Virgin Islands to Miami to have it repaired, During the journey, their boat began to sink, They quickly loaded a small rubber dinghy with food, matches, and tins of beer and rowed for a few miles across the Caribbean until they arrived at a tiny coral island. There were hardly any trees on the island and there was no water, but this did not prove to be a problem. The men collected rain-water in the rubber dinghy. As they had brought 2 spear gun with them, they had plenty to eat. ‘They caught lobster and fish every day, and, as one of them put it ‘ate like Kings’. When a passing tanker rescued them five days later, both men were genuinely sorry that they had to leave. ate like Kings’ Comprehension and Précis In mot more than 8 words explain how the two men came to spend five days on 2 desert island and say what they did there. Do not include anything that is not in the last paragraph. Answer these questions to get your points: 1, Was the men’s boat damaged or not? ] a. Where were they taking it? What happened to it on the way? ‘What did the men load on to their rubber dinghy? Where did they row? Where did they arrive? Where did the men collect water during their stay there? How did they catch fish and lobster? Did they eat ‘like Kings’ for five days or not? Thaw were they rescued? Seep onee Vocabulary Give another word or phrase to replace the following words as they are used in the passage: picture (I, 2); wretched (J. 9); starve to death (I. 10); opportunity (I. 4); repaired (|. 18); loaded (1. 19); dinghy (I. 19). 34Composition Imagine spending two weeks on an uninhabited desert island. In not more than 200 words, describe what you did there, Use the ideas given below. Do not write more than three paragraphs. Title: Shipwrecked. Introduction: Shipwreck—everybody drowned—I clung to a plank—washed up on island. ° Development : Slept for a long time—woke up—hungry and thirsty—-explored island— uninhabited—found plenty of fruit—fresh-water spring—tried to hunt wild animals—- failed to catch anything—spent days swimming, lying in sun. Conclusion : Boat on horizon—signalled and shouted—rescued. Letter-wri ing In nat more than 60 words, write a suitable Purpose and Conclusion to follow this inwoductory paragraph: Dear Judy, We arrived here late last night and are staying at a charming little hotel by the sea. ‘The weather is perfect and I am sure we are going to enjoy our holiday. Key Structures If. (1 KS 216) Exercise Complete the following: 1. If you had told me earlier .. 2. If T were you 3. You will be disappointed if... 4- You would change your mind if Special Difficulties They wished they had stayed there longer. (ll. 16-17) Wish and If only. Study these examples: I wish you would do as you are told. If only the weather would change. I wish she could see me now. T wish I had more time to spare. 1only you would try a little harder! I wish I hadn’t said anything about it. If only we could have gone to the party! T wish you hadn’t spent so much money. Exercise Complete the following It was silly of me not to buy that dress. I wish I. You are raking a lot of noise. I wish you W's a pity John’s away. If only he He plays the piano so well. I wish I I never studied at all when I was at school. I wish I I'm sorry I mentioned it to him. I wish 1 eeeene 4513 ‘It’s Only Me’ After her husband had gone to work, Mrs Richards sent her children to school and went upstairs to her bedroom. She was too excited to do any housework that 5 morning, for in the evening she would be going to a fancy dress party with her husband. She intended to dress up as a ghost and as she had made her costume the night befote, she was impatient to try to icon. Though the costume consisted only of a sheet, it was very effective. After putting it on, Mrs Richards went down- stairs. She wanted to find out whether it would be comfortable to wear. 1g Just as Mrs Richards was entering the dining-room, there was a knock on the front door. She knew that it must be the baker. She had told him to come straight in if ever she failed to open the door and to leave the bread on the kitchen table. Not wanting to frighten the poor man, Mrs Richards quickly hid 20 in the small store-room under the stairs. She heard the front door open and heavy footsteps in the hall. Suddenly the door of the store-room was opened and a man entered. Mrs Richards realized thar it must be the man from the Electricity Board who had come to read the meter. She tried to explain the situation, saying ‘Ie’s only me', but it was too late. The man let out a cry and 25 jumped back several paces. When Mrs Richards walked towards him, he fled, slamming the door behind him. She tried the si Comprehension and Précis In no! more than 80 words describe what happened from the moment Mrs Richards entered the dining-room. Do not include anything that is noc in the last paragraph. Answer these questions in note form to get your points: 1. How was Mrs Richards dressed ? Where was she going when someone knocked at the door? Whom did she think ic was? | Where did she hide? Did she hear footsteps in the hall or not? | ‘Who suddenly opened the store-room door ? What did she say to him? Did he get a bad fright or not? Did she walk towards him or not? Did he fice or did he stay there? Did he slam the front door or nor? Foe xuaneuy Vocabulary Give another word or phrase to replace the following words as they arc used in the passage: intended (I. 7); impatient (1. 9); try it on ({1. 9-10); whether (1. ¢3); failed to (1. 1); fled (1. 25); slamming (1. 26). 36 assppesteazsrrsersrsamsazseEOEubaeeseeeeeeettstgttemeemmmmmmatinemermmmmmmessComposition Imagine that the man from the Electricity Board returned to Mrs Richard's house with 2 policeman. Mrs Richards was no longer dressed as a ghost. Expand the following into 2 paragraph of about 150 words. Mrs Richards immediately went upstairs and... She felt sorry for the poor man from . .. but at the same time, she was . . . Suddenly, there was a knock at the front door and Mrs Richards... The electricity man had returned, accompanied. . . so she... The man told Mrs Richards that... and that... Though Mrs Richards ‘explained that . . he refused to believe her. She told him to open the store-room door but he ...so she... White the electricity man and the policeman . .., Mrs Richards fetched... She showed it... and. (85 words) Letter-writing Put yourself in the position of the electricity man. Imagine you are writing a lercer of about 80 words to your mother describing your experience. Supply 2 suitable Intro- duction and Conclusion. Use the following ideas to write the Purpose: you got 3 terrible shock—house haunted—ghost under stairs—it ran after you—you fled—the story is really true. Key Structures Must. (1 KS 238) Exercises ‘A. Note how must has been used in lines 17 and 22. B. Write three pairs of sentences using the following: 1, must go and must be. 2. musta’! and needy’! 3, had to and ought Ic have Special Difficulties It would be comfortable to wear. (Il, 13-14) Instead of saying ; \ was sorry when I Icurnt that he had had an accident. We can say: | was sorry 10 learn that he had had an accident Study these examples: He was delighted in learn that his offer had been accepted. I was glad to hear that he had arrived. I was pleased in hear that you now feel better. He was anxious 10 leave early. Exercises A. Write these sentences again changing the form of the words in italics: 1. Iwas glad mhen J heard that she had gone away for ever. 2. He said he was sorry if he had upset me. 3. You will be sad mhen you hear what I have to tell you. B. Write sentences using the following: pleased to; proud to; delighted to: shocked to. 3710 15 20 25 14 A Noble Gangster There was a time when the owners of shops and businesses in Chicago had to pay large sums of money to gangsters if return for ‘protection’. If the money was not paid promptly, the gangsters would quickly put 2 man out of business by destroying his shop. Obtaining ‘protec- tion money’ is not a modern crime. As Jong ago as the fourteenth century, an Englishman, Sir John Hawkwood, made the remarkable discovery that people would rather pay large sums of money than have their life work destroyed by : gangsters. remarkable discovery Six hundred years ago, Sir “John Hawkwood arrived in Italy with a band of soldiers and settled near Florence: He soon made a name for himself and came to be known to the Italians as Giovanni Acuto, Whenever the Italian city-states were at war with each other, Hawkwood used to hire his soldiers to princes who were willing to pay the high price he demanded. In times of peace, when business was bad, Hawkwood and his men would march into a city-state and, after burning down a few farms, would offer to go away if protection money was paid to them. Hawkwood made large sums of money in this way. In spite of this, the Italians regarded him as a sort of hero. When he died at the age of eighty, the Florentines gave him a state funeral and had a picture painted which was dedicated to the memory of ‘the most valiant soldier and most notable leader, Signor Giovanni Haukodue’. Comprehension and Précis In not more than 89 words write an account of Sir John Hawkwood’s career from the time he arrived in Italy. Do not include anything that is nor in the last paragraph. Answer these questions in note form to get your points: 1. Where did Sir John Hawkwood settle six hundred years ago? | Whom did he hire soldiers to in times of war? Would he threaten to destroy a city-staze in times of peace or nor?) When would he spare a city-state? Did the Italians regard him as a hero in spite of this or not? j How old was he when he died ? | Who gave him a state funeral when he died? Did they have a picture painted or not? ‘What was it dedicated to? een) Vocabulary Give another word or phrase to replace the following words as they are used in the passage: sums (I. 3); promptly (L. 5); obtaining (1. 7); remarkable (I. 11); settled (1. 17); hire (I. 19); demanded (1. 20). 8Composition In not more than 200 words write an imaginary account of one of Sir John Hawkwood's exploits. Use the ideas given below. Do not write more than chree paragraphs. Title: Hawkwood Defeated. Introduction: News that Hawkwood and his men were approaching—panic—villagers prepared to defend farms. Development ; Farmers fought-poorly armed—many killed—Hawkwood destroyed farms—sent message to prince of city-state—-demanded money—refused—battle followed—Hawkwood invaded city—many buildings were destroyed~-people killed. Conclusion; Hawkwood was driven off—never attacked this city again—later became the prince's friend, Letter-writing You had agreed to give @ talk at your local library, but now find that you are unable to do so. Write a letter of about Bo words explaining why. Supply a suitable Intro- duction and Conclusion. Use the following ideas to write the Purpose: sorry for the inconvenience—you are being sent abroad by your firm—will be away for three weeks— hope to give a talk on a later occasion. Key Structures Have, (x KS 220) Exercises A. Note how have has been used in lines 13 and 25. B. Write sentences using have with the following: t.asmoke. 2. gota headache. 3. repaired. Special Difficulties People would rather pay large sums of money than . . . (I]. 11-13) Instead of saying : We can say I prefer to wait here. I would rather wait here. Or: I would sooner wait here. 1 prefer not to wait here I would rather not wait here. Or: I would sooner not wait here. In would be better if he I'd rather he waited here. waited here. It would be better if he Ud rather Ae didn't wait here. didn’t wait here. Exercise Give the correct form of the verbs in brackets 1, I'd rather (go) to the cinema. Td rathes he (leave) earlier P'd rather you not (speak) to him. Td rather not (speak) about it. I'd rather my father (settle) the account. She'd rather you not (tell) anyone about it. oneen 3915 Sixpence Worth of Trouble Children always appreciate smal gutts of money. Father, of course, provides regular supply’ of pocket-money, but uncles and aunts are always a source of extra income. With some children, small sums goa long way. If sixpencts are not exchanged for sweets, they rattle for | months inside money boxes. Only very thrifty children manage to Gill up a & to money-box. For most of them, sixpence Ss is 2 small price to pay for a satisfying bar of chocolate. My nephew, George, has a money-box but it is always empty. Very few of the The fre-brigade was called 85 sixpences } have given him have found their way there, I gave him sixpence yesterday and advised him to save it. Instead, he bought himself sixpence worth of trouble. On his way to the sweet shop, he dropped his sixpence and it rolled along the pavement and then disappeared down a drain, George took off 20 his jacket, rolled up his sleeves and pushed-his right arm through the drain cover. He could not find his sixpence anywhere, and what is more, he could not get his arm out. A crowd of people gathered round hima and a lady rubbed his arm with soap and buns, but George was firmly stuck. The fire-brigade was called and two firemen freed George using a special type of grease. George was 25 not too upset by his experience because the fady who owns the sweet shop heard about his troubles and cewarded him with a large box of chocolates, w Comprehension and Précis In not more than 80 word: describe George's experiences after his uncle gave him sixpence. Do not include anvching that is noc in the lasr paragraph, Answer these questions in note form to get your points: 1, Where was George going - 2, Where-did he lose his sixpence: Did he take his jacket off or not? Where did he put his arm? Did he find his sixpence, or did he fait co find ic? Could he get his arm out or not? Did a crowd of people gather round hitn or not? What did a lady try to do? Did she succeed or did she fail? ] How did firemen finally free George? . What did the owner of the sweet shop present him wich ?] Foe er epew Vocabulary Give another word or phrase to replace the following words as they are used in the passage: appreciate (I. 1); gifts (I. 1}; extra income (1. 5); ractle (. 7): price (J. 33); Sachered (1 22); was Brmmly stuck (1. 23). = SENSO ssComposition Suppose you were among the crowd of people that gathered round George. Write an imaginary account-of what happened. Expand the following into a paragraph of about 150 words. Twas walking along the street when I... | could hear people shouting and... On arriving at the scene, I... A lady carrying a large bar of soap and a saucepan full of water... She asked the boy if... Then she rubbed his arm with butter, but Meanwhile, someone had telephoned... The boy had begun to cry, but when At first, the firemen decided to... but they changed their minds and... The boy was soon free and though his arm hurt, he... (82 words) Letter-writing Write a letter of about 80 words to your eight-year-old nephew asking him what he would like you to buy him for his birthday. Supply a suitable Introduction and Conclusion. Use the following information to write the Purpose: you want to get him something he will really like—a few suggestions—-ask him to let you know whar he wants—you will send it by post so that it arrives on his birthday, Key Structures Can, (x KS 222) Exercises ‘A. Note how the following have been used in the passage? manage to (I. 9) and could not (I. 21). B, Write sentences using cach of the following 1, waS able to. 2. could. 3. managed to. Special Difficulties Only very thrifty children manage to fill up a money-box. (II. 8-10) Note the use of up in these sentences: We drove up to the farmhouse. The children ran up the garden path to greet their father. 1 didn’r like my composition so 1 tore it up. He has built up 2 large collection of stamps. Exercise Complete these sentences using the correct form of the following verbs: do, saye. ind, sail, wrap, button, go, eat. 1. If Lean... up enough money, I shall go abroad. 2. The steam-boat . .. up the river. 3. Te was very cold so 1... up my coat before going out 4... Up what is on your plate and I'll give you some more. 5. 1... up to a policeman and asked him the way to the station. 6 7 8 . He... the fish up in a piece of newspaper. . My watch has stopped because I forgot to... it up. . It takes children a long time to learn how to... . up their shoc-laces. 4a5 16 Mary had a Little Lamb Mary and her husband Dimitri lived in the tiny village of Perachora in southern Greece. One of Mary's prize possessions was 2 little white lamb which her husband had given her. She kept it tied to a tree in a field during the day and went to fetch it every evening. One evening, how- ever, the lamb was missing. The rope had been cut, so it was obvious that the lamb had been stolen. When Dimitri came in from the fields, his wife told him what had happened. Dimitri at once set out to find the thief. He knew it would not prove difficult in ‘almost white such a small village. After telling several of his friends about the theft, Dimitri found out that his neighbour, Aleko, had suddenly acquired a new lamb. Dimitri immediately went to Aleko’s house and angrily accused him of stealing the lamb. He told him he had better return it or he would call the police. Aleko denied taking it and led Dimitri into bis back-yard. It was true that he had just bought a lamb, he explained, bur Ais lamb was black. Ashamed of having acted so rashly, Dimitri apologized to Aleko for having accused him. While they were talking it began to rain and Dimitri stayed in Aleko's house until the rain stopped. When he went outside half an hour later, he was astonished to find that the little black lamb was almost white. Its wool, which had been dyed black, had been washed clean by the rain! Comprehension and Précis In not more than 80 words describe what happened from the time when Dimitri learnt that his wife's white lamb had been stolen, Do not include anything that if not in the last paragraph. Answer these questions in note form to get your points . What did Mary tell Dimitri when he came home?) What did Dimitri learn about his neighbour, Aleko? Where did Dimitri go? | What did he accuse Aleko of? Did Aleko show Dimitri his new lamb or not? J ‘What colour was it? ‘What did Dimitri do when he saw it was black? Why did Di tay in Aleko's house for half an hour? . Why did he get a surprise when he went outside? . Had the lamb been dyed or not? Soeuomeey Vocabulary Give another word or phrase to replace the following words as they are used in the passage: rarely (1. 1); considerable (Il. 2 3); wealthy (1. 4); worried (1, +1); stated (1. 15); changed her mind (1. 20); word (I. 23). 42Composition In not more than 200 words continue the above passage. Use the ideas given below. Do not write more than three paragraphs. Title: Not So Bi: Introduction: Dimitri took a close look at the lamb—surprised—it was white— recognized it as his own. Development : Angry scene—accusation—Aleko still denied theft—violent argument— finally Aleko admitted it—Dimitri called the police—Aleko was arrested—Dimitri took the lamb home. Conclusion : Excitement in the village—villagers were amused by the event—discussed it at great length for a long time. Letter-writing ‘The following events have prompted you to write letters. Write suitable Introductions of about 25 words each. 1. A prize you have won. 2. An examination you have passed Key Structures He accused him of stealing the lamb. (1 KS 224) Exercises A. Note the form of the verbs in italics: accused him of stealing (I. 18); Aleko denied taking it (Il. 19-20); ashamed of having acted . . . (1. 219; apologized for having accused (1. 22); it began to rain (1, 23). B. Write sentences using the following: 1, We continued... 2. Let's go... 3. This shirt needs... 4. Excuse my Special Difficulties He had better return it. (1. 19) Instead of saying : We can sa: It would be advisable for you to leave now, You had better leave now. Tt would not be advisable for you to telephone him. You had beter not telephone him. Exercise Rewrite the following sentences using had better in place of it mould be advisable 1. It would be advisable for us to have lunch. It would be advisable for her to renew her passport It would not be advisable for you to ask so many questions. It would not be advisable for us to stay any longer. It would be advisable for the children to get an early night. It would be advisable for me to consult my solicitor. 4310 15 35 17. The Greatest Bridge in the World Verrazano, an Italian about whom little 38 known, sailed into New York Harbour in 1524 and named it Angouléme. He described it as ‘a very agreeable situation located within two small hills in the midst of which flowed a great river,’ Though Verrazano is by no means considered to be a great explorer, his name will prob ably remain immortal, for on November 21st, 1964, the greatest bridge in the world was named after him. ‘The Verrazano Bridge, which was designed by Othmar Ammann, joins Sailed into New York Brooklyn to Staten Island. It has a span harbour in 1524 of 4260 feet. The bridge is so long that the shape of the earth had to be taken into account by its designer. Two great towers support four huge cables, The towers are built on immense underwater platforms made of steel and concrete ‘The platforms extend to a depth of over 100 feet under the sea. These alone took sixteen months to build. Above the surface of the water, the towers rise to a height of nearly 700 feet. They support the cables from which the bridge has been suspended. Each of the four cables contains 26,108 lengths of wire. It has been estimated that if the bridge were packed with cars, it would still only be carrying a third of its total capacity. However, size and strength are not the only important things about this bridge. Despite its immensity, it is both simple and elegant, fulfilling its designer's dream to create ‘an enormous object drawn as faintly as possible’. Comprehension and Précis Describe the Verrazano Bridge in not more than 80 words. Do not include anything that is nor in the last paragraph. Answer these questions in note form to get your points: 1, What is the name of the bridge which joins Brooklyn to Staten Island ‘| ‘What is its span? How many towers has it got? What do these towers support? | What are the towers built on? How far under the sea do the platforms go? | How far above the surface do the towers rise? ‘What is the bridge suspended from? | 9. How many lengths of wire does each of these cables contain? to. Is the bridge very strong or not? 11, Is it simple and elegant or not? ep eee ee Vocabulary Give another word or phrase to replace the following words as they are used in the passage: agreeable situation (J. 4); midst (I. 5); considered (J. 7); remain immortal (1.9); span (J. 14); taken into account (Il. 16-17); support (1. 17). “4Composition Describe any bridge you know well. Expand the following into a paragraph of about 150 words. The bridge I know best is called... It joins to. From far away it Jooks but when you get near. , It is made of... and supported by... which... If you stand on the bridge early in the morning, you can see.. At this time everything is quiet. During the day, however, .._I enjoy standing on the bridge ar night when In the darkness, you can see. . . In the stillness are the only sounds that can be heard. (77 words) Letter-writing A friend who is coming to visit you has written to you asking for detailed information on how to get to your house. Write a reply in about 80 words. Supply a suitable Introduction and Conclusion. Use the following information to write the Purpose: which train to catch—where to get off—which bus to catch and where—any familiar landmark— where to get off—which road to take—where your house is Key Structures The Verrazano bridge was designed by Othmar Ammann. (1 KS 226) Exercise Change the form of the verbs in these sentences. Omit the words in italics. Do not refer to the passage until you finish the exercise Verrazano is an Italian about whom me know little They do not consider Verrazano to be a great explorer They named the greatest bridge in the world after him He had to take into account the shape of the earth They have estimated that if the bridge were packed wi veope cars Special Difficulties He is by no means considered to be a great explorer. (Il. 7-8) Compare 1 SD 208 Instead of saying : 1 find that he is quite unsuitable for the job. We can say: U find him to be quite unsuitable for the job Exercise Write these sentences again changiug the form of the phrases in italics 1, [believed that he omned property abroad 2. The Minister declared that the treaty mas invalid, 3. Tknow that he is 2 person of high integrity 4 L guess that he is about twenty-seven years old 5. We estimated that this picture is worth at least £500. 4515 a5 18 Electric Currents in Modern Art Modern sculpture rarely surprises us any more. The idea that modern art can only be seen in museums is mistaken. Even people who take no interest in art cannot have failed to notice examples of modern sculpture on display in public places. Strange forms stand in gardens, and out side buildings and shops. We have got quite used to them. Some so-called ‘modern’ pieces have been on display for nearly fifty years. In spite of this, some people—in- cluding myself—were surprised by a recent exhibition of modern sculpture. The first thing I saw when I entered the art gallery was a notice which said: ‘Do not touch the exhibits. Some of them are dangerous!" The objects on display were pieces of moving sculpture. Oddly shaped forms that are suspended from the ceiling and move in response fo a gust of wind are quite familiar to every- body. These objects, however, were different. Lined up against the wall, there were long thin wires attached to metal spheres. The spheres had been magne- tized and attracted or repelled each other all the time. tn the centre of the hall, there were a number of tall structures which contained coloured lights. These lights flickered continuously like traffic lights which have gone mad. Sparks were emitted from small black boxes and red lamps flashed on and off angrily. It was rather like an exhibition of prehistoric electronic equipment. These pecu~ iar forms not only seemed designed to shock people emotionally, but to give them electric shocks as well! Comprehension and Précis In not more than 30 words describe what the writer saw from the moment he entered the art gallery, Do not include anything that is not in the last paragraph. Answer these questions in note form to get your points: 1, What did the writer see when he entered the art gallery? Why did it forbid people to touch the exhibits? What did the exhibition consist of? What did the writer see against the wall? | What did the spheres do? What did the tall structures in the centre of the hall contin?| What did the coloured lights do? What was emitted from black boxes? | 9. Did red lamps go on and off or not? pu ante Ny Vocabulary Give another word or phrase to replace the following words as they are used in the Passage: on display (I. 6); oddly (1. 18); suspended (J. 18); response (1. 19); familiar @. 19); attached (1. 21); flickered continuously (1. 24). 46Composition In not more than 200 words describe an exhibition of modern paintings (real or imaginary). Use the ideas given below. Do not write more than three paragraphs. Title : An Interesting Exhibition. Tatroduction: Work of many artists exhibited—great public interest—you went to the art gallery. Development : Description of some of the pictures on display—the picture you liked best—the strangest picture of them all. Conclusion; People’s comments overheard—your opinion of the paintings at the exhibition. Letter-writing Write a letter of about 80 words to a friend accepting an invitation to go with him to an exhibition. Supply suitable Introduction and Conclusion. Use the following information to write the Purposa: thank him for invitation—looking forward to meeting him again soon—particularly interested in the exhibition—why—where you will meet your friend: time and place: Key Structures KS 228. Exercise ‘Supply the missing words in the following sentences. Do not refer to the passage uncil you finish the exercise. 1. Even people whe take no interest... art cannot have failed to notice examples of modern sculpture . . . display in public places. 2. We have got quite used... them, 3. Oddly shaped forms that are suspended . .. the ceiling and move . . . response . a gust of wind are quite familiar . . . everybody. 4. There were long thin wires attached . .. metal spheres. Special Difficulties Spelling. Note the spelling of the words in italics: I'll pay the bill. He never pays his bills. He owns a donkey. 1 own two donkeys. You'll wake up the baby. Babies often cry. Will he try again? He never tries very hard. Exercise ‘Add £ or ics to the following words. Make any other necessary changes: lady, supply, valley, qualify, story, day, say, reply, marry, way, chimney, hurry, stay, enjoy, buy, body, bury, fry. “110 ts 25 1g A Very Dear Cat Kidnappers are rarely interested in animals, but they recently took consider- able interest in Mrs Eleanor Ramsay's cat. Mrs Eleanor Ramsay, a very wealthy ‘old lady, has shared a flat with her cat, Rastus, for a great many years. Rastus feads an orderly life. He usually takes a short walk in the evenings and is always home by seven o'clock. One evening, however, be failed to arrive. Mrs Ramsay got very worried, She looked everywhere for him but could not find him Three days after Rastus’ disappearance, Mrs Ramsay received an anonymous letter, The writer stated that Rastus was in safe hands and would he returned immediately if Mrs Ramsay paid a ransom of £1000. Mrs Ramsay was instructed to place the money in a cardboard box and to leave it outside her door. At first, she decided to go to the police, but fearing that she would never sce Rastus again —the letter had made that quite clear—she changed her mind. She drew £1000 from her bank and followed the kidnapper's instructions. The next morning, the box had disappeared but Mrs Ramsay was sure that the kidnapper would keep his word. Sure enough, Rastus arrived punctually at seven o'clock that evening. He looked very well, though he was rather thirsty, for he drank half a bottle of milk, The police were astounded when Mrs Ramsay told them what she had done. She explained that Rastus was very dear to her. Considering the amount she paid, he was dear in more ways than one! Rastus was in safe hands Comprehension and Précis In not more than 0 words describe how Mrs Ramsay's cat, Rastus, was returned to he Do not include anything that is not in the last paragraph. Answer these questions in note form to get your points 1, When did Mrs Ramsay receive an anonymous letter? j How much money did the kidnapper demand for the return of the cat | What would happen if she went to the police > she have to put the money? | she have to put the box? How much did she draw from the bank? Did she act on the kidnapper's instructions or not? Had the money disappeared the following morning or not? When did Rastus return to Mrs Ramsay? Vocabulary Give another word of phrase to replace the following words as they are used in the passage: carely (1); considerable (II. 2-3); wealthy (I. 4); worried (I. (1), stated (1. 15)5 changed het mind (I. 20); word (1. 23). 8Composition Describe how the kidnapper came to know that Mrs Ramsay was so fond of her cat and how he stole it. Expand the following into a paragraph of about 150 words. Ina bar one night, Mr X was talking to a workman who told him that... The work- man added that Mrs Ramsay... Every day, Mr X stood outside... As the cat... thar it had regular habits. He also found out as much as he could about Mrs Ramsay and learnt that... One evening, as the cat was leaving the block of flats . .. He took the cat to... During the next three days, he walked past Mrs Ramsay's flat on several occasions and noticed that . . . Now that he was sure he wrote... in which he (g8 words) Letter-writing Write a letter of about 80 words to a former schoolmaster telling him briefly what you have been doing since you left school. Supply a suitable Introduction and Conclusion. Use the following information to write your Purpose: further studies since leaving school—how you got your present job—whether you like it and why—what you hope to do in the furure. Key Structures Review of verb-forms. (1 KS 230) Exercise Underline all the verbs in the passage and note how they have becn used Special Difficulties ‘The Comma. Note how commas are used in the following sentences 1. After we had visited the market, we returned home. 2. Mr Griffiths, the Prime Minister, said that his party would win the next election 3. L bought pens, pencils, paper and a bottle of ink 4. It was raining heavily and I was sure no one would be at the race course. There were, however, hundreds of people there. 5. The small boat, which took eleven weeks to cross the Atlantic, arrived at Plymouth yesterday Exercise Insert commas where necessary in the following paragraph Before going home I went to the grocer’s. Bill Smith the man who always serves me was very busy. This however did not worry me. On the contrary it gave me the oppor- tunity (0 look round for several things 1 wanted. By the time my turn came I had already filled a basket with packets of biscuits tins of fruit bars of soap and two large ‘bags of flour. 4915 a5 20 Pioneer Pilots In 1908 Lord Northcliffe offered a prize of £1000 to the first man who would fly across the English Channel. Over a year passed before the first attempt was made. Gn July r9th, 1909, in the early morning, Hubert Latham took off from the French coast in his plane the ‘Antoinette IV*. He had travelled only seven miles across the Channel when his engine failed and he was forced to land on the sea. The ‘Antoinette’ floated on the water until Latham was picked up by a ship. Two days later, Louis Bleriot arrived the first person 10 greet near Calais with a plane called ‘No. XI". Bleriot had been making planes since 1905 and this was his latest model. A week before, he had complered a successful overland flight during which he covered twenty-six miles. Latham, however, did not give up easily. He, roo, arrived near Calais on the same day with 2 new Antoinette’. It looked as if there would be an exciting race across the Channel. Both planes were going to take off on July asth, but Latham failed to get up early enough. After making a short test flight at 4.15 a.m., Bleriot set off half an hour later. His great flight lasted thirty seven minutes: When he landed near Dover, the first person to greet him was a local policeman. Latham made another attempt a week later and got within half a mile of Dover, but he was unlucky again. His engine Giled and he landed on the sea for the second time. Comprehension and Précis In mot more than 80 words describe the attempts made by Bleriot and Latham to fly across the Channel from the time when they both arrived at Calais. Do not include anything that is not in the last paragraph. ‘Answer these questions in note form to get your points 1. On what date did Bleriot and Latham arrive at Calais? ] Did it look as if there would be a race or not? When would it take place? | Why did Latham not take part in the race? Did Bleriot make a short test flight before setting out or nor] How long did it take him to fly across the Channel ? Who greeted him when he arrived at Dover? How near to Dover did Latham fly the following week? ‘Why did he have to land on the sea for the second time? ery smeeE Vocabulary Give another word or phrase to replace the following words as they are used in the passage: forced to land (1. 10); picked up (I. 12); completed (I, 17); covered (1. 18); test (1. 22); set off (I. 22); failed (I. 26). seComposition Imagine yourself in Bleriot’s position. In not more than 200.words, write a first-person account of the flight across the Chatinel. Use the ideas given below. Do not write more than three paragraphs. Title : My Flight Across the Channel. Introduction ; Early morning—no sign of Latham—test flight—all well. Development : Started off—could no longer see ship following below—suddenly alone— worried about direction—sea and sky—high winds—engine very hot—it began to rain—rain cooled engine—land ahead. Conclusion : Flew in a citcle—looked for a place to land—on field—two minutes later: policeman: bonjour! Letter-writing Suppose that you are at this moment on board an aeroplane. Write a letter of about 80 words describing your impressions. Supply a suitable Introduction and Conclusion. Use the following ideas to write the Purpose: your feelings when the plane took off—- how you feel now—height and speed—the view from the window—when you will arrive at your destination, Special Difficulties Review SD 13-45. Exercises A. Complete the following sentences: What are you looking... (SD 13) We have received fifty applications . . . all. (SD 15) happened to. . . (SD 17) Ut happened . . . (SD 17) I suppose . . . (SD 25) He is supposed . . . (SD 25) I wish you... . (SD 35) T'd rather he... (SD 39) If Tcan save. .. enough money, I shall go abroad. (SD 41) . You had better... (SD 43) I find him to... (SD 4) Roe eu emaene q 1 B. Write sentences using the following words. (SD 19) explain/position/me; describe/film/aunt. C. Write these sentences again beginning cach one with the words in italics: (SD a1) 1. He has nut only made this mistake betore, but he will make it again. 2, [realized what was happening only then D. Write the opposites of these words: (SD 23) polite; agree; legible; accurate; locked; regular.IF YOU CAN DO THIS TEST GO ON TO UNIT 2 A. Composition 4 Describe the impressions of 2 man who returns to his home town after an absence of forty years. Expand the following into a paragraph of about 150 words: After an absence of forty years, the man returned to the town where. .. Now, as the train drew into the station, he remembered how, as a boy, he... The station itself had not changed, but when . . . he got a shock. The old church which used to . .. was now surrounded by... He noticed with dismay that new blocks of flats had . After ...., he went to his old neighbourhood. He was pleased to find that . . . Every- thing was exactly . . . Even the little shop where . .. He smiled with pleasure when he saw that... When... , he rapidly made his way to the house where... (100 wards) 5 In abour 200 words, describe how soldiers searched for a prisoner of war who, after escaping from his camp, had been hidden by a friendly villager. Do not write more than three paragraphs. Use the ideas given below: Soldiers coming—the prisoner hid on the roof—saw the soldiers arrive—they ques- tioned the villager—the villager pretended not to understand—the soldiers searched the house and fields—they got 2 ladder-—they climbed on to the roof—the prisoner climbed down a drain-pipe—through an open window—hid in a large wardrobe—the soldiers left. B. Key Structures ‘Verb-forms. 4 Supply the correct form of the verbs in brackets: Before (go) to bed, I set the alarm clock to ring at six in the morning because I wanted to get up early. It (seem) to me that I no sooner (go) to sleep than the alarm (ring). It (be) exactly 6 o'clock. After (spend) another ten minutes in bed, I (get) up and (dress). It (be) still dark when 1 (get) outside. There (be) no buses so I (hurry) to the station on foot. I (walk) for ten minutes when 1 (decide) to stop and have a cup of tea at a café which just (open). You can imagine my surprise when I (discover) that the time (be) only a quarter to six! The night before I (set) the alarm to ring an hour too soon! +} Give the correct form of the verbs in brackets: During the past hundred years, many wonderful cave paintings (discover). Early tists (use) simple materials and (draw) on rocks. One of the first discoveries (make) in 1879 in Aliamira. A young girl (walk) in a cave when she (stop) to light a candle. ‘As soon as she (do) so, she (see) strange animals on the walls. Since then, a great many more paintings (find). In one picture, some deer (hunt) by men. The men (shoot) arrows at them and the deer (run) away. Today, we (try) to understand these pictures, Nobody (think) that they are childish. From them we (learn) a great deal about early mane ¢ Give the correct form of the verbs in brackets: When the great new dam has been built it (supply) power for a third of the country’s requirements. The dam (take) ten years to build and the course of the river (change). At present, twenty thousand workers (employ) and by the time the dam (complete), (Cost) millions of pounds. As many people have had to leave their homes, the government (build) new villages for them. The great dam (improve) living standards. In future, farmers (produce) more than half the country's needs; new factaries (build) and the whole country (have) an adequate supply of electricity. 524 Give the correct form of the verbs in brackets. Supply speech marks and arrange the conversation into paragraphs: After the crash, two angry drivers got out of their cars... . you always (sleep) when you (drive)? (ask) the first driver sarcastically. You (be) on the wrong side of the road. you (mean) to tell me, (shout) the second driver, that you not (notice) that this road (repair)? Of course I (drive) on the wrong side of the road when you (hit) me. The other side (be) full of holes. . .. you not (see) the traffic sign ? Listen, (say) the first driver, . .. you ever (drive) a car before? I (drive) a car for twenty years. There (be) good driving schools for people like you. There they (teach) you lots of things— how (o drive a car for instance. Now you really (tell) me something, (answer) the second man angrily. I happen to be a driving instructor. ¢ Suppose you were writing a newspaper report of the above conversation. Complete «the following: After the crash, two angry drivers got out of their cars. The first driver asked sar- castically whether the ‘other man always... when he... He... on the wrong side of the road. Shouting angrily, the second driver asked the first one whether... He on the wrong side of the road when the first man... him because the other side .. full of holes. He asked him if he. .. The first driver then asked whether He said that he... There... he added, good driving schools for people like the other driver. There they... you Jots of things--how to drive a car for instance. Grateful for this information, the second man angrily informed the first one that he to bea driving instructor fit. ‘Complete the following sentences: 1. If... you might have been knocked down by a car 2. If... she will let you know. 3. If you were in my position, what 4g Other Verbs. Write sentences to bring out the difference in meaning between the following pairs: 1. mustn't and needn't. 2. had to and should have. 3. have to and should. 4. must be and must eat. 5. could and was able to. 6. could and managed to. = Complete the following On... he smiled with pleasure. Tam not looking ferward to Instead of... you should see a doctor. Don’t you think this room needs You should avoid 1 Aand The Supply a(n) or she where necessary in the following paragraph: editors of newspapers and... . magazines often go to extremes to provide their readers with . . . unimportant facts and . . . statistics. Last year . . . journalist had been instructed by... well-known magazine to write... article on... president's palace in new African republic. When article arrived, ... editor read . . . first sen- tence and then refused to publish it. ... article began ‘. .. hundreds of .. . steps lead to... high wall which surrounds . . . president's palace.’ . . . editor at once sent journalist .. . telegram instructing him to find out... exact number of... . steps and «height of... wall, weone J Supply the missing words in the following sentences. 1... § o'clock, 2 man... 2 small green car stopped... :4 Burton Road. Ile got -and walked... the front door of the house. He knocked... the door and waited. A few minutes later, the door opened and he went .. . the house. 33. T got tired }. [consulted my lawyer . . . the matter and ] shall act . Ic is impossible to prevent them . . . quarrelling . . . each other. . He is responding . . . treatment and will soon be cured . . . his illness. . Tried to reason .. . him, but he was very rude. .. me. . He might be good . . . his job bur you can't rely... hi . Tam sitting . .. the stuffy bar, so I decided to go outside and stand... deck. Just as 1 was going... the bar, a tall man came up...me. It was Tony ‘Adams, an old friend whom | had not seen... my student days. T was surprised to meet him . . . all these years. - A tall lady... black gloves . . . a long cigarette holder . . . one hand and a bag the other went. ...a small, expensive shop . . .a London arcade. She stayed .. the shop... hours and bought a large number of things. The assistant kept looking . . . his watch. It was a quarter to six and the shop should have shut... 5 o'clock, but he did not dare to ask her to leave. . Many people do not approve . . . blood-sports. . He was found guilty . .. murder and condemned . . . death. His it ever occurred . . . you that those twins are quite different . .. each other in many ways? his advice. king . . . looking ..”. a new job. . Special Difficulties Complete the following making a sentence out of each: $4 If he happens... Tt happens that . Not only... They were supposed . . ‘Whatever . You can come whenever . . - . Twas delighted .. |. We are proud |. L would sooner . . . He would rather not . Lwould rather she . You had bette I find ie... No one considers him to. . .Unit 2INSTRUCTIONS TO THE STUDENT In Unie 2 you will be given very little help to construct sentences in the various ex- tended exercises you will be doing. Comprehension has been introduced as a separate exercise and is not directly related to précis writing Before you begin each exercise, study these instructions carefully. Read them each time you begin a new piece. They are very important. How to Work—Précis Unit 2 contains twenty passages. You will be required to write a précis of a part of each passage. Previously you were helped to find the important points. Here you must find them entirely by yourself. You will have to make a list of points and a rough draft before you write the final version of your précis. 1. Read the passage carefully rwo or three times, Make sure you understand it 2. Read the instructions which will tell you where your Précis will begin and end and exactly what you will have to do. On the passage mark the places where you have to begin and end 3. Taking great care to carry out the instructions, write a list of points # nate form. These notes must be brief. Do not include any unnecessary information 4. When joining your points, you may refer to the passage if necessary, but try t0 use your own words as far as possible. Your answer should be in one paragraph 5. First connect your points co write a Rough Drafi of the précis. Du mot count the number of words until you have finished the Rough Draft 6. In the Rough Draft, it is likely that you will go well over the word limit. Correct youir Draft carefully, bringing the number of words down to the set limit. Remember that words like ‘the’, ‘a’ etc. count as single words. Words which are joined by a hyphen (c.g. ‘living-room’) also count as single words. You may write fewer than 80 words, but you must never write more 7. Write 2 Faie Copy of your précis stating at the end the exact number of words you have used. 8. Neatly cross out your Points and Rough Draft. Example Work through this example carefully and then try to do the exercises in Unit 2 in the same way. Christmas As Christmas approaches, excitement mounts to a pitch. There are presents to be bought, cards to be sent, and rooms to be decorated. Parents are faced with the difficult task of concealing presents from inquisitive young children. If the gifts are large, this is sometimes a real problem. On Christmas Eve, young children find the excitement-atmost unbearable. They are torn between the desire to go to bed early so that Santa Claus will bring their presents quickly, and the desire to stay up late in case they miss any of the fun. The desire for presents usually proves stronger. But though children go to bed early, they often lie awake for a long time, hoping to catch a glimpse of Father Christmas Last Christmas, my wife and I successfully managed to conceal a few large presents in the Store-room. I was dreading the moment when my son, Jimmy. 56would ask me where that new bicycle had come from, but forrunately ne did not sec it. On Christmas Eve, it took the children hours to get co sleep. 1t must have 15 been nearly midnight when my wife and I crept into their room and began filling stockings and pillow cases as quietly as we could, After this was done, I wheeled in the bicycle I had bought for Jimmy and left it beside the Christmas tree. We knew we would not get much sleep that night, for the children were sure to wake up early. At about five o'clock next morning, we were woken by loud 20 sounds coming frorn the children’s room. The children were blowing .oy trumpets, banging tin drums and shouting excitedly. Before I had time to stagger out of bed, young Jimmy came sailing into the room on his brand new bicycle, and his younger sister, Elizabeth, followed close behind pushing her new pram. Even the baby arrived. He crawled into the room dragging a large 25 balloon behind him. All of a sudden it burst. That woke us up completely. We jumped out of bed and began to play with the children. The day had really begun with a bang! Précis In not more than 80 words, describe what happened from the moment the writer and his wife crept into the children’s room to the time when they began to play with the children. Use your own words as far as possible. Do not include anything that is not in the last paragraph. A Possible Answer Points (What happened) 1, Christmas Eve—crept—children’s room. Filled stockings, pillow cases. Writer brought in bicycle. Left it beside Christmas tree. Early next morning woken by children. Jimmy rode—parents room. Sister followed—pram. Baby crawled—balloon, Te burst, Parents—out of bed Played with children. ZSo pu smeun Rough Draft (Joining the Points) After creeping into the children’s room. on Christmas Eve, the writer and his wife Filled stockings and pillow cases with presents ‘Then the writer wheeled in a bicycle which he left beside the Christmas tree. At about five o'clock next morning they were woken by loud sounds coming from the children's room. Suddenly, Jimmy rodé into his parent's bedroom on his new bicycle. His sister followed him pushing her new pram. Last of all came the baby holding a large balloon, When it burs, the writer and his wife jumped out of bed and began to pla with the children. (100 words) Fair Copy (Corrected Drait) After creeping into the children's room on Christmas Eve, the writer and his wife not only filled stockings and pillow cases with presents, but left a bicycle beside the Christ- mas tree. The children woke them up very early next morning. Jimmy rode imo bis 37parents’ bedroorn on his new bicycle, followed by his sister and the baby. When the balloon the baby was holding suddenly burst, the writer and his wife got up and began to play with the children. (80 words) Comprehension ‘These questions arc designed to find our if you have understood the passage. 1. After you have read a question, find the answer in the passage. 2. Write « short answer in one complete semence to tach question. Normally, part of the question must be included in your answer. 3. Use your own words as far at possible. 4: Work neatly. Number each question carefully. Example Study this example carefully before attempting the comprehension exercises in Unit 2. Comprehension Give short answers to these questions in your own words as far as possible. Use one complete sentence for each answer. @ Why are children corn between two desires on Christmas Eve ? 4 Why do children often lie awake on Christmas Eve? « Where did the writer and his wife conceal the large presents they had bought ? Possible Answers @ Children are torn between two desires on Christmas Eve because they want to go to bed early to get their presents from Santa Claus, but they also want to stay up late to see the fun & Children often lie awake on Christmas Eve because they hope to sce Father Christmas. © The writer and his wife hid the large presents they had bought in the store-roam. Vocabulary You will again he asked to explain words and phrases. Here it will not be necessary to replace 2 word or phrase with one of your own. You must simply explain each word or phrase as it has been used in rhe passage. Example Study the example below to hnd out how this is done. Vocabulary Explain the meanings of the following words and phrases as they are used in the passage: mounts (I. 1); task (I. 3); concealing presents (1. 3); inquisitive (1. 3); catch a glimpse of (1 9), dreading (1. 11); fortunately (I. 12). A Possible Answer mounts: rises task: job. concealing presents: hiding gifts. inquisitive. curious. catch a glimpse of: ee briefly dreading: atraid of. fortunately luckily 58Composition As in the previous Unis, Composition exercises are based on ideas suggested by cacn passage. You will be given two types of exercise: 1. You will be provided with notes which you will be asked to expand into a plan. Your plan must contain: a title; an introduction; a development; and a conclusion. When you have made our your plan, write a compasition of three or four paragraphs in about 250 words. 2. You will be provided with a plan which contains: a title; an introduction ; a develop ment; and a conclusion. You will write 2 composition of three or four paragraphs in about 250 words based on cach plan. You are quite free to add ideas of your own or to ignore ideas that are to be found in the plan. Examples Here are examples of the two types of composition exercise you will be given: 1. Innot more than 250 words, write an imaginary account of how the family described in the passage spent Christmas Day. Expand the ideas given below into a plan and provide a suitable title. Your com- position should be in four paragraphs. Tdeas; Early morning—played with children—breakfast—exchanged presents— church—home again—dinner prepared—guests arrived—excitement—more pre- sents—dinner—Christmas party—fun and games—afternoon—sat by fire—- everybody exhausted but happy. 2, In not more than 250 words, write an imaginary account of how the family described {in the passage spent Christmas Day. Use the ideas given below. Do not write more than four paragraphs. Title: Christmas Day, Introduction: Early morning—played with children—breakfast—exchanged presents —church. Development : Home again—dinner prepared—guests arrived—excitement—more presents—dinner—Christmas party—fun and games. Conclusion : Afternoon—sat by fire—everybody exhausted bur happy. Letter-writing Follow the instructions given under each passage. Key Structures and Special Difficulties When you finish the Letter-writing exercise go on to the language exercises that follow. In this Unie you will be given the opportunity to revise many of the Key Struc- tures and Special Difficulties you learnt in Practice and Progress. You should refer to Practice and Progress if you have forgotten anything. The work you do in grammar is based on material contained in the passages. Refer ta the passages frequently. They will help you to understand the grammar and to do the exercises. Muitiple Choice Questions This is a form of comprehension test in which you are asked to choose the correct answer srom a number of suggested answers. This exercise tests your ability to understand the ‘meaning of the passage you have read and also to recognize grammatical errors in English. 39a5 jo 21 Daniel Mendoza Boxing matches were very popular in England two hundred years ago. In those days, boxers fought with bare fists for prize money. Because of this, they were known as ‘prize-fighters'. However, box- ing was very crude, far there were no rules and a prize-fighter could be seriously injured or even killed during a match. One of the inost colourful figures in boxing history was Daniel Mendoza who was born in 1764. The use of gloves was not introduced until 1860 when the Marquis of Queensberry drew up the first set of rules. Though he was technically 2 prize-fighter, Mendoza did much to change crude prize-fighting into a sport, for he brought science to the game. In his day, Mendoza enjoyed tremendous popularity. He was adored by rich and poor alike. ‘Mendoza rose to fame swiftly after a boxing-match when he was only fourteen years old, This attracted the attention of Richard Humphries who was then the most eminent boxer in England. He offered to train Mendoza and his young pupil was quick to learn. In fact, Mendoza soon became so successfull that Humphries turned against him, The two men quarrelled bitterly and it was clear that the argument could only be settled by a fight. A match was held at Stilton where both men fought for an hour. The public bet a great deal of money on Mendoza, but he was defeated. Mendoza met Humphries in the ring on a later occasion and he lost for a second time. It was not until his third match in 1790 that he finally beat Humphries and became Champion of England. Mean- while, be founded a highly successful Academy and even Lord Byron became one of his pupils. He earned enormous sums of money and was paid as much as £100 for a single appearance. Despite this, he was so extravagant that he was always in debt. After he was defeated by a boxer called Gentleman Jackson, he was quickly forgotten. He was sent to prison for failing to pay his debts and died in poverty in 1836. ‘Comprchension Give short answers to these questions in your own words as far as possible, Use one complete sentence for each answer. a Why were boxers known as ‘prize-fighters’ two hundred years ago? 5 Why was boxing very crude in chose days? ¢ What was Mendoza's chief contribution to boxing? The two men quarrelled bitterly Vocabulary Explain the meanings of the following words and phrases as they are used in the passage: bate (I. 2); injured (1. 8); drew up (1. 13); erude (1. 16); enjoyed tremendous popularity (Il. 17-18); adored (1. 18); alike (1. 18). 60Précis In not more than 30 words write a brief account of Mendoza’s career from the time he quarrelicd with Humphries. Use your own words as far as possible. Do not inctude anything that is not in the last paragraph: Composition In not more than 250 words, write an imaginary account of the first fight between Mendoza and Humphries. Expand the ideas given below into a plan and provide a suitable title. Your composition should be in four paragraphs. Ideas: The quarrel—Mendoza and Humphries: bets from supporters—atmosphere just before the fight—the fight itself—Mendoza's defeat—effect on him and his supporters. Letter-writing On a full page, show the exact position of each of the following: ‘The address and date; the beginning of the letter; the Introduction; the Purpose; the Conclusion; the letter-ending; the signature; the postscript. Supply all necessary full stops and commas. Key Structures and Special Difficulties Exercises 1, Boxing matches were very popular in England two hundred years ago. (Il, 1-2.) Wrise two sentences using the words ago and befare. (1 KS 976) 2. a prize fighter could be seriously injured (II. 7-8). Write two sentences using could and was able to (1 KS 107¢) 3. The use of gloves was not introduced until 1860. (Il. 14-12). Write a sentence using the construction not . .. until. (1 KS 29d) 4 He was adored by rich and poor alike, (I. 18.) Note the use of by in this sentence. Write two sentences using by in the same way. (1 KS 89) 5. Mendoza rose to fame. (I. 19.) Write two sentences illustrating the use of rese and rajted. (1 SD 1320) 6. his young pupil was quick to learn (U1. 21-22). Write two sentences using the following: pleased 10 and sorry to (SD 37) 7. it was clear (II. 23-24). Write three sentences bringing out the different, meanings of the word clear. Write a sentence using the word clean. (1 SD 2eac) 8. He was sent (0 prison for fasling to pay his debts. (I. 33.) Note the form of the verb ithere. Write sentences using a verb after each of the following: afraid of; without; apologize for; congratulate on. (1 KS 51) Multiple Choice Questions 42 Choose the one answer (A, B, Cor D) which you think is correct in the following: Mendoza was sent 19 prison because A. he was extravagant; B_ he owed money and couldn't pay it; Che was often in debt; D_ he was defeated by Gentleman Jackson. 4 Choose the twa answers which you think are correct in the following: Mendoza's.. . to fame was noted by Richard Humphries. A rise Brose C raise D claim E rising 615 35 22 By Heart Some plays are so successful that they run for years on end. In many ways, this is unfortunate for the poor actors who are fequired to go on repeating the same lines night after night. One would expect them to know their parts by heart and never have cause to falter. Yet this is not always the case. ‘A famous actor in a highly successful play was once cast in the role of an aristocrat who had been imprisoned in the Bastille for twenty years. In the jast act, a gaoler would always come on to the stage with a letter which he would hand to the prisoner. Even though the noble was expected to read the letter at each performance, he always insisted that it should be written out in full. One night, the gaoler decided to play a joke on his colleague to find out if, after so many performances, he had managed to learn the contents of the letter by heart. The curtain went up on the final act of the play and revealed the’ aristocrat sitting alone behind bars in his dark cell. Just then, the gaoler appeared with the precious letter in his hands. He entered the cell and presented the letter to the aristocrat. But the copy he gave him had not been written out in full as usual. It was simply a blank sheet of paper. The gaoler looked on eagerly, anxious to see if his fellow-actor had at last learnt his lines. The noble stared ar the blank sheet of paper for a few seconds. Then, squinting his eyes, he said: “The light is dim. Read the letter to me.’ And he promptly handed the sheet of paper to the gaoler. Finding that he could not remember a word of the letter cither, the gaoler replied: ‘The light is indeed dim, sire. { must get my glasses." With this, he hurried off the stage. Much to the aristocrat's amusement, the gaoler returned a few moments later with a pair of glasses and the usual copy of the letter which he proceeded to read to the prisoner. Comprehension Give short answers to these questions in your own words as far as possible. Use one complete sentence for each answer. @ Why are actors in successful plays in many ways unfortunate? 4 In which act of the play was the aristocrat given a letter to read? ¢ Why did the gaoler decide to play a joke on the aristocrat ? Vocabulary Explain’ the meanings of the following words and phrases as they are used in the passage: run (2); om end (1, 2); are required (l 3-4); repeating (4); falter (1. 7) role (I. #0); hand (1. 15); i 62Précis In not more than 80 words describe what happened after the curtain want up on the final act of the play. Use your own words as far as possible. Do not include anything that is not in the last paragraph. Composition Write 4 composition of about 250 words using the ideas given below. Do not write more than four paragraphs. Title : Six Short Weeks, Introduction: A new play called ‘The World Tomorrow’ to be shown. Highly adver- tised—-public interest—cast of famous actors. Development : First night—play not well-received—supposed to be funny—nobody Jaughed—people walked out—bad reviews. Conclusion: The play van for six weeks-last performance—small audience—actors struggled through—the audience found the last line of the play very funny: Our six short weeks have hastened to their end.’ Even the actors laughed. Letter-writing ‘Write five sentences which could be used to begin a letter and five sentences which could be used to end one. Key Structures and Special Difficulties 1, Some plays are so successful that they run for years on end. (II. 1-2.) Write three sen- tences illustrating the use of so . .. shat; such. . .that;and sucha . . . that. (1 SD 92) 2, Inthe last act, a gooler would always come on to the stage. (ll. 12-14.) Which verb could be used in place of would here? Write two sentences illustrating the use of would and used to. (x KS 13¢ 3) 3. The noble was expected to read the letter at each performance. He always insisted that it should be written out in full. (I. 15-17.) Join these two sentences, then compare your answer with the sentence in the passage. (1 KS 127) 4 He always insisted that it should be written out in full. (I. 17.) Write sentences using the following: He suggested that. . . He insisted that... He demanded that... 1 KS 155) 5. He had managed to learn the contents of the letter by heart. (Il. 19-20.) Write two sentences showing how managed to can be used as the opposite of could not. (x KS 163 Exercise C) 6. He entered the cell. He presented the lettes (a the aristocrat. (J. 22-33.) Join these two sentences, then compare your answer with the sentence in the passage. (1 KS 71) 7. The noble stared at the blank sheet of paper. (Ut. 5-26.) Write sentences using the verbs throw at and point at (1 KS 87e) 8. Imust ger my glasses. (1.29.) Which verb can we use in place of must here? (x KS 452) Multiple Choice Questions 4 Choose the one answer (A, B, C or D) which you think is correct in the following: What did the aristocrat always expect 10 receive from the gaoler? A Ablank sheet of paper. B A pair of glasses. CC Alecter written out in full. D A letter not written out in full. § Choose the two answers which you think are correct in the following: The gacler ... get his glasses because the light was dim. A should B should have C had to D was obliged to E must23 One Man’s Meat is Another Man’s Poison People become quite illogical when they try to decide what can be eaten and whac cannot be eaten. If you lived in the Mediterranean, for instance, you would § consider octopus a great delicacy. You would not be able to understand why some people find it repulsive. On the other hand, your stomach would turn at the idea of frying potatoes in animal fat— 10 the normally accepted practice in many northern countries. The sad truth is that most of us have been brought up to eat certain foods and we stick to them all our ould consider octopus w lives. great delicacy 15 No creature has received more praise and abuse than the common garden snail. Cooked in wine, snails are a great luxury in various parts of the world. There are countless people, who ever since their early years, have learned to associate snails with food. My friend, Robert, lives in a country where snails are despised 20 As his flat is in a large town, he has no garden of his own. For years he has been asking me to collect snails from my garden and take ther to him. The idea never appealed to me very much, but one day, after a heavy shower, I happened to be walking in my garden when I noticed a huge number of snails wking 2 stroll on some of my prize plants. Acting on a sudden impulse, I collected 25 several dozen, put them in a paper bag, and took them to’ Robert. Robert was delighted to see me and equally pleased with my little gift. I left the bag in the hall and Robert and 1 went into the living-room where we talked for a couple of hours. I had forgotten all about the snails when Robert suddenly said that 1 cmueeevonny we uliniect. 67we 20 2 a 25 The ‘Cutty Sark’ One of the most famous sailing-ships of the nineteenth century, the Cutty Sark, can still be seen at Greenwich. She stands on dry land and is visited by thousands of people each year. She serves as an impressive reminder of the great ships of the past. Before they were re- placed by steam-ships, sailing vessels like the Cutty Sark were used to carry tea from China and wool from Australia. The Cutty Sark was one of the fastest sailing ships that has ever been built. The only other ship to match her was the Thermopylae. Both these ships set out from Shanghai on June 18th, 1872 on an exciting race to England. This race, which went on for exactly four months, was the last of its kind. It marked the end of the great tradition of ships with sails and the beginning of a new era. ‘The first of the two ships to reach Java after the race had begun was the Thermopylae, but on the Indian Ocean, the Cutty Sark took the lead. It seemed certain that she would be the first ship home, but during the race she had a lot of bad luck. In August, she was struck by a very heavy storm during which her rudder was torn away. The Cutty Sark rolled from side to side and it became impossible %0 steer her. A temporary rudder was made on board from spare planks and it was fitted with great difficulty. This greatly reduced the speed of the ship, for there was danger that if she travelled too quickly, this rudder would be torn away as well. Because of this, the Cutty Sark lost her lead. After crossing the equator, the captain called in at a port to have a new rudder fitted, ‘but by now the Thermopylae was over five hundred miles ahead. Though the new rudder was fitted at tremendous speed, it was impossible for the Cutty Sark to win. She arrived in England a week after the Thermopylae. Even this was remarkable, considering that she had had sa many delays. There is no doubt that if she had not lost her rudder she would have won the race easily. Comprehension Give short answers to these questions in your own words as far as possible. Use one complete sentence for each answer. a Where can the Cutty Sark be seen? 4 What sort of cargo-did ships like the Cutty Sark carry? ¢ How long did the race between the Cutty Sark and the Thermopylae lest? Vocabulary Explain the meanings of the following words and phrases as they are used in the passage: reminder (I. 6); match (I. 13); era (1. 18); struck (1. 22); steer (1. 24); temporary (1. 24); on board (i. 24). stPrécis Jn not more than 80 words write an account of the race between the Cutty Sark and the Thermopylae alter they set our from Shanghai. Use your own words as far as possible. Do not include anything that is not in the last paragraph. Composition In not more than 250 words write a composition entitled ‘Ships of the Past’. Expand the ideas given below into 2 plan. Teas; Ancient ships—oars—galley slaves-Viking ships—Eric the Red— oh30 27 Nothing to Sell and Nothing to Buy ‘It has been said that everyone lives by selling something. In the light of this statement, teachers live by selling know- ledge, philosophers by selling wisdom and priests by selling spiritual comfort. ‘Though it may be possible to measure the value of material goods in terms of money, it is extremely difficult to estimate the true value of the services which people perform for us. There are times when we would willingly give cverything we postess to save our lives, yet we might grudge paying a surgeon a high fee for offering us precisely this service. The conditions of society are such that skills have to be paid for in the same way that goods are paid for at a shop. Everyone has something to sell. ‘Tramps seem to be the only exception to this general rule. Beggars almost sell themselves as human beings to arouse the pity of passers-by. But real tramps are not beggars. They have nothing to sell and require nothing from others. In seeking independence, they do not sacrifice their human dignity. A tramp may ask you for money, but he will never ask you to feel sorry for him. He has deliberately chosen to jead the life he leads and is fully aware of the consequences. ‘He may never be sure where the next meal is coming from, but he is free from the thousands of anxieties which afflict other people. His few material possessions make it possible for him to-move from place to place with ease. By having to sleep in the open, he gets far closer to the world of nature than most of us ever do. He may hunt, beg, or steal occasionally to keep himself alive; he may even, in times of real need, do a little work; but he will never sacrifice his freedom. We often speak with contempt for tramps and put them in the same class as beggars, but how many of us can honestly say that we have not felt a little envious of their simple way of life and their freedom from care? Comprehension Give short answers to these questions in your own words as far as possible. Use one complete sentence for each answer. 4 Which of the two is it easier to estimate in terms of money: the value of material goods or the value of services? 5 How do beggars arouse the pity of passers-by? ¢ How do tramps differ from beggars? Vocabulary Explain the meanings of the following words and phrases as they are used in the passage: value (I. 7); estimave (I, 8); perform (I. 10); possess (I. 12); grudge (1. 13); precisely (I. 14): skills (1. 13). ”Précis In not more than 80 words give an sccount of a mamp’s way of life. Use your own words 4 far as possible. Do not include anything that is not in the last paragraph. Composition In not more than aso words write an answer to the above passage criticizing a tremp’s way of life. Expand the ideas given below into a plan and provide a suitable tide. Your composition should be in four paragraphs. Ideas: Tramps—free, but freedom paid for by others—selfish way of life—unwilling- ness to assume responsibility for others (home, children, work etc,)—lazy parasites on society—if we had the mentality of tramps, we would still be savages. Letter-writing Write a letter of about 100 words in three paragraphs to a relation who lives abroad. ‘Ask hiny whether it would be possible for you to get a job abroad for a few months to help to pay for a holiday you intend to have. Key Structures and Special Difficulties Exercises 1, Tt has beem said that .. (I. 1). Write two sentences using the following: He is said «+ At is said that... (1 KS 146b) 2. teachers live by selling knowledge (Ul. 3-4). Write sentences using the following words: information, news, work wnd luggage. («KS 1382) 3. There are times... (1. 10). Write sentences using the following: it mill be; thers was’, there has been. (1 SD 58) 4 we would willingly give everything we possess to save our lives (II. r0-12). Note the use of to here. Write sentences using the following: 10 as not 10; in order that my mother; so that. (1 SD 148) . skills have 10 be paid for (Il. 15-16). Write two sentences using the following: 10 be found; to be sold. (1 KS 89) 6. "He may never be sure where the next meal is coming fram. (I. 24.) Write these sentences again changing the position of the words in italics, Where possible omit the words whom and which. (SD 13) By whom was this book written? This is not the sort of book in which I am interested. 7. He has to sleep in the open, He gets far closer to the world nf nature than most of us ever do, (Wh. 26-27.) Join these two sentences then compare your answer with the sentence in the passage. (1 KS 1) Multiple Choice Questions ‘2 Choose the on¢ answer (A, B, C or D) which you think is correct in the following: What makes it possible for a tramp to move easily from one place ta another? A. The fact that he doesn’t own very many things: B_ The fact that he doesn't have to work; ©. The fact that he can always get a lift in a D_ The fact that he hasn't a fixed address. 4 Choose the two answers which you think are co:. tin the following. We mast admire tramps for their determination . . . lose their freedom. Anotta Btonot C rodon’t D toever E “ever to 7310 15 20 35 30 28 A Pound too Dear Small boats loaded with wares sped to the great liner as she was entering the har- bour. Before she had anchored, the men from the boats had climbed on board and the decks were soon covered with colour- ful rugs from Persia, silks from India, copper coffee pots, and beautiful hand- made silver-ware. It was difficult nor to be tempted. Many of the tourists on board had begun bargaining with the tradesmen, but I decided not to buy anything until I had disembarked Thad no sooner got off the ship than I was assailed by a man who wanted-to sell colourful rugs from Persia me a diamond ring. I had no intention of buying one, but I could not conceal the . fact that I was impressed by the size of the diamonds, Some of them were as big as marbles. The man went to great lengths to prove that the diamonds were real, As we were walking past a shop, he held a diamond firmly against the window and made a deep impression in the glass. It took me over half an hour to get rid of him. The next man to approach me was selling expensive pens and watches. I examined one of the pers closely. It certainly looked genuine. At the base of the gold cap, the words ‘made in the U.S.A.” had been neatly inscribed. The man said that the pen was worth £10, but as a special favour, he would let me have it for £8. I shook my head and held up a finger indicating that I was willing to Pay a pound. Gesticulating wildly, the man acted as if he found my offer out- rageous, but he eventually reduced the price to £3. Shrugging my shoulders, I began to walk away when, 2 moment later, he ran after me and thrust the pen into my hands. Though hé kept throwing up his arms in despair, he readily accepted the pound I gave him. I felt especially pleased with my wonderful bargain—until I got back to the ship. No matter how hard I tried, it was im- possible to fill this beautiful pen with ink and to this day it has never written a single word! Comprehension Give short answers to these questions in your own words as far as possible, Use one complete sentence for each answer © What happened as the great liner was entering the harbour? Why was the writer impressed by the size of the diamonds? ¢ What did the diamond-seller do to prove that his diamonds were real? Vocabulary Explain the meanings of the following words and phrases as they are used in the passage: loaded with wares (|. 1); liner (1. 2); rugs (1. 6); bargaining (1. 10); went to great lengths (1. 18); impression (1. 20); to get rid of him (Il, 20-21). 74Précis In not more than 80 words describe the writer's experiences after he had got rid of the diamond-seller. Use your own words as far as possible. Do not include anything that is not in the last paragraph. Composition In not more than 250 words write an imaginary account, mainly in dialogue form, of the scene that took place between the writer and the man who sold him the pen. Use the ideas given below. Title: The Bargain. Introduction : Man approached with pens and watches—held them up——writer showed interest. Development and Conclusion: Writer asked to see a pen—man handed him one— argument about the price—gradually reduced to {3—writer walked away—man followed-—made it clear that he was being robbed but accepted {. Writer pleased, but man disappeared quickly. Letter-writing You have heard that a friend of yours wishes to sell his tape-recorder. Write him 2 letter of about 100 words in three paragraphs. Express interest in the machine and ask him to tell you about its condition and how much he wants. Key Structures and Special Difficulties Exercises 1, Thad no sooner got off the ship than J... (0. 13). Join these pairs of sentences with no sooner .. . than, (1 SD 98a) 1 opened the door. The telephone began to ring. He finished his speech. Everyone began to clap. 2. Some of them were as big as marbles. (Il. 17-18.) Write two sentences illustrating the use of as... as and not ax... ax, (x KS 86a) 3. As we were walking past a shop . .. (1. 19). Complete the following sentences: (1 KS 35) While I was working in the garden . L was just going into the shop when 4: It took me over half an hour to get ris it takes and it has taken. (1 SD 300) 5. ‘made in the U.S.A.’ (I. 24). Write sentences using each of the following: made in, made by, made of and made from. (1 SD 320) 6. t0 this day it has never written a word (II. 33-34). Write two sentences using the pheases up rill now and so far. (1 KS 77) of him. (II. 20-21.) Write two sentences using Multiple Choice Questions Choose the two answers which you think are correct in each of the following: 1, It was impossible 10 fll the pen with ink... I tried very hard. A if B provided that C though D not only. even if 2, The man was very ... to accept the pound I gave him. A glad B reluctant C unwilling D pleased E sorry 7810 15 20 35 30 3s 29 Funny or Not? Whether we find a joke funny or not largely depends on where we have been brought up. The sense of humour is mysteriously bound up with national characteristics. A Frenchman, for in- stonce, might find it hard to laugh at a Russian joke. In the same way, a Russian might fail 10 see anything amusing in 2 joke which would make an Englishman laugh to tears. Most funny stories are based on comic situations. In spite of national differences, certain funny situations have a universal @ Russian might fail to see appeal. No matter where you live, you anything amusing would find it difficult not to laugh at, say, Charlie Chaplin’s early films. However, a new type of humour, which stems largely from America, has recently come into fashion. I is calted ‘sick humour’. Comedians base their jokes on tragic situations like violent death or serious accidents. Many people find this sort of joke dis- tasteful. The following example of ‘sick humour’ will enable you to judge for yourself. ‘A man who had broken his right leg was taken to hospital a few weeks before Christmas, From the moment he arrived there, he kept on pestering his doctor to tell him when he would be able to go home. He dreaded having to spend Christmas in hospital. Though the doctor did his best, the patient’s recovery was slow. On Christmas day, the man still had his right leg in plaster. He spent a miserable day in bed thinking of all the fun he was missing. The following day, however, the doctor consoled him by telling him that his chances of being able to leave hospital in time for New Year celebrations were good. The man took heart and, sure enough, on New Year's Eve he was able to hobble along to a party. To compensate for his unpleasant experiences in hospital, the man drank alittle more than was good for him. In the process, he enjoyed himself thoroughly and kept telling everybody haw much he hated hospitals. He was still mumbling something about hospitals at the end of the party when he slipped on a piece of ice and broke his left leg. Comprehension Give short answers to these questions in your own words as far as possible. Use one complete sentence for cach answer. a Why might a Frenchman find it hard to laugh at a Russian joke? 4 Why do people all over the world find Charlie Chaplin's early films amusing? ¢ Where did ‘sick humour’ originate? Vocabulary Explain the meanings of the following words and phrases as they are used in the passage: brought up (J. 3); mysterieusly bound up with (1. 4); make (I. g); universal appeal (Il. 13-14); stems (I. 17); come into fashion (II. 17-18); distasteful (Il. 19-20). 16Precis Relate the story told in the passage in nat mare than So words. Use your own words 15 far as possible. Do not include anything that is not in the last paragraph. Composition In not more than 250 words tell a funny story you know well. Make out « full plan and provide s suitable title, Your composition should be in three or four paragraphs. Letter-writing You cannot find your overcoat and think you may have left it at the house of a friend whom you visited recently. Write bim a letter of about foo words in three paragraphr asking him if you did in fact leave your overcoat at his house. Key Structures and Special Difficulties Exercises 1. depends on (1. 2). Which words normally follow these verbs: operate, differ, smell, encourage, lean, approye, delight, anffer, assuse, escape, intesested, concentrate, include. (1 KS 55) 2. A Frenchman... might find it hard to laugh at a Russion joke, (i. 5~7.) Note this pattern. Write similar sentences using the following: He found it ...; She com sidered it. .; He thought it . ..(x SD 208) 3. to lavgh at a Russian joke (11. 6-7). Write two sentences illustrating the difference between laugh and laugh at. (x SD 2042) 4. fail t0 see anything amusing (\. 8). Explain the meaning of amusing here. Write sen- ‘ences using the following words: amuse, enjoy, enterain. (t SD 1686) 5. A man had broken his right leg. He was taken to hospital a few weeks before Christmas, (iL 22-23.) Join these two sentences chen compare your answer with the sentence in the passage. (r SD 78) 6. he kept on pestering his doctor (1. 23). Write sentences using the following: keep off Beep up with, keep out. (1 SD 196) 7. on New Year's Eve he was able to hobble along to.a party (11. 30-31). Write two sentences using could and was able 10. (1 KS r07¢) Multiple Choice Questions a Choose the one answer (A, B,C or D) which you think is correct in the following: How did the man break his left leg? A. By drinking more than was good for him; B_ By not looking where he was going; €_ By accidentally treading on some ice and falling; D_ By slipping on the wet pavement. 4} Choose the two answers which you think are correct in each of the following: 1. On New Year's Eve the man felt .,. and was able 10 go t0 d party. A miserable B well C recovery D better E dreadful 2. When you have read the story you... judge for yourself. A could B will beable fo C were able to D will manage to E can 3. The doctor let him go 10 the party... he was well enough to leave hospital. A because B until C since D assoon E just 17w 1s 35 30 The Death of a Ghost For years, villagers believed that Endley farm was haunted. The farm was owned by two brothers, Joe and Bert Cox. They employed a few farm hands, but no one was willing to work there long. Every me a worker gave up his job, he rold the same story. Farm labourers said that they ‘ i always woke up to find that work had eS fl been done overnight. Hay had been cut | ils and cow sheds had been cleaned. A farm { \ worker, who stayed up all night, claimed S$ & to have seen a figure cutting corn in the oo moonlight. In time, it became an accepted fact that the Céx brothers employed a the ghost of Endley conscientious ghost that did most of their work for them. No one suspected that there might be someone else on the farm who had never been seen. This was indeed the case. A short time ago, villagers were astonished to learn that the ghost of Endley had died. Everyone went to the funeral, for the “ghost” was none other than Eric Cox, a third brother who was supposed to have died as a young man. After the funeral, Joe and Bert revealed a secret which they had kept for over forty years. Eric had been the eldest son of the family. He had been obliged to join the army during the first World War. As he hated army life, he decided to desert his regiment. When he learnt that he would be sent abroad, he returned to the farm and his father hid him until the end of the war. Fearing the authorities, Eric remained in hiding after the war as well. His father told everybody that Eric had been killed in action. The only other people who knew the secret were Joe and Bert. They did not even tell their wives. When their father died, they thought it their duty to keep Eric in hiding. All these years, Eric had lived in recluse. He used to sleep during the day and work at night, quite unaware of the fact that he had become the ghost of Endley. When he died, however, his brothers found it impossible to keep the secret any longer. Comprehension Give short answers to these questions in your own words as far as possible. Use one complete sentence for each answer. @ Why did farm hands frequently give up their jobs at Endley farm? + Who was the ghost of Endley? © Why was everybody surprised to learn that Eric Cox had just died ? Vocabulary Explain the meanings of the following words and phrases as they are used in the Passage: was willing (I. 5); labourers (1. 7); claimed (1. 11); an accepted fact (Il. 13-14); conscientious (1. 15); astonished (1. 19); revealed (I. 21). 8Précis Jn not more than 80 words write an account of the life of Eric Cox from the time he joined the army. Use your own words as far as possible. Do not include anything that is not in the last paragraph, Composition In not more than 250 words write an imaginary account of the night a farm worker saw a figure cutting corn, Write in the first person. Use the ideas given below. Do not write more than four paragraphs. Title: The Ghost of Endley. Introduction: I noticed that work had been done overnight. I decided to stay up all night—sat in barn, Development: 1 fell asleep—suddenly woke up—went to cow-thed—it had already been cleaned—went out to fields—saw a figure working—rushed back ta farmhouse— woke up others—we went out—no one there. Conclusion: Sure it was a ghost—decided nof to work at Endley farm any longer— told story to villagers. Letter-writing You have already written several letters (0 a friend but he has failed to answer them. Write a letter of about roo words in three paragraphs complaining that he has not written to you and asking him to give news of himself, Key Structures and Special Difficulties Exercises 1, Every time a worker gave up his job... (I 5-6). Explain the meaning of the verb gave up here. Write sentences using the following: give ir, give away and give.oncself up (1 SD 48a) 2. he told she same story (0. 6-7). Write sentences using say or tell with the following words: a lie, goodbye, the difference, so, the time. (x SD 164) 3: that did most of their work (11. 15-16). Write sentences using do or make with the following: a speech, his best, a favour, a mistake. (1 SD 10a) 4. The ‘ghost’ was none other than Eric Cox, a third brother who was supposed to have died as a young man. (Il. 20-21.) Write three sentences using the following: 1 sup- pose; He is supposed; He was supposed. (SD as) 5. After the funeeal, Joe and Bert revealed a secret. They had kept it for over forty years. GL 2122.) Join these two sentences then compare your answer with the sentence in the passage. (1 SD 78) 6. He used to-sleep during the day. (11. 30-31.) Write two sentences using: He used to work . ..; He was working ... (1 KS 83) Multiple Choice Questions ‘Choose the one answer (A, B, C or D) which you think is correct in the following: ‘No one learnt the secret about Eric because: A. his father had died; B_ he lived alone; everyone believed he was a ghost; D_ his brothers didn’t tell anyone they were hiding him. 7910 35 30 31 A Lovable Eccentric True eccentrics never deliberately set out to draw atcention to themselves. They disregard social conventions without being conscious that they are doing anything extraordinary. This invariably wins them the love and respect of others, for they add colour to the dull routine of everyday life. Up to the time of his death, Richard Golson was one of the most notable figures in our town. He was a shrewd and wealthy business-man, but the ordinary town-folk hardly knew anything about this side of his life. He was known to us all as Dickie and his eccentricity had become legendary long before he died. Dickie disliked snobs intensely, Though he owned a large car, he hardly ever preferring always to go on foot. Even when it was raining heavily, he refused to carry an umbrella. One day, he walked into an expensive shop after having been caught in a particularly heavy shower. He wanted ro buy a £300 fur coat for his wife, but he was in such a bedraggled condition that an assistant refused to serve him. Dickie left the shop without a word and returned carrying a large cloth bag. As it was extremely heavy, he dumped it on the counter. The assistant asked him to leave, but Dickie paid no attention to him and requested 0 see the manager. Recognizing who the customer was, the manager was most apologetic and reprimanded the assistant severely. When Dickie was given the fur coat, he presented the assistant with the cloth bag. It contained £300 in pennies. He insisted on the assistant’s counting the money before he left— 72,000 pennies in all! On another occasion, he invited a number of important critics to see his private collection of modern paintings. This exhibition received a great deal ot attention in the press, for though the pictures were supposed to be the work of famous artists, they had in fact been painted by Dickie. It rook him four years to stage this elaborate joke simply to prove that critics do not always know what they are talking about. add colour to the dull routine 7 Comprehension ‘Give short answers to these questions in your own words as far as possible. Use one eomplete sentence for each answer. a Why do eccentrics add colour to the dull routine of everyday life? b Why was Richard Colson one of the most notable figures of our town? # What did Colson set out to prove when he held an exhibition of modern painting? Vocabulary Explain the meanings of the following words and phrases as they are used in the passage: deliberately (1. 1); disregasd {2 3); conventions (1. 3); conscious (1. 4): mocsiaie figures (UI. 10-11); shrewd (1. 11); elaborate (I. 33). Bo TePrécis In not more than 80 words explain how Dickie bought 4 fur coas for his wife. Use your own words as far as possible. Do not include anything that is not in the last paragraph. ‘Composition Ip not more than 250 words write an actual or imaginary description of an eccentric person. Expand the ideas given below into a plan and provide suitable title. Your ‘composition should be in three or four paragraphs. Ideas: Appearance—dress—behaviour—home—vay he or she liver—strange actions (e.g. puts up strange notices to passers-by in his garden; stands for parlisment— gives speeches saying what he would do if he were Prime Minister——gets a few votes tc.) The way other people behave towards him. Letter-writing ‘An old friend of yours has just died, Write a letter of about 100 words in three para ‘graphs to his wife expressing your sympathy and asking if you can help her in any way. Key Structures and Special Difficulties Exercises 1. without being conscious (Il. 3-4). Write sentences using verbs after each of the follow- 3. He owned a large car. He hardly ever uscd it. He preferred always 10 g0 on foot. (Ul. 17~ 18.) Join these three sentences then compare your anawer with the sentence in the Passage. (1 KS 127) 3. he walked into ax xpensive shop (1. 19). Write two pairs of sentences illustrating the Sigierence between: into and out of; 4- Dickie paid no attention. (J. 24.) Write sentences using the following: pay attention, care and take care. (1 SD 44b) 5. Recognizing who the customer was. I. 25.) Write sentences completing the following: T don’t know who . shim why .. .; She asked if. 99) 6. He insisted om the assistant's counting the money. (I. 28.) Complete the following: ‘Would you mind my . . .; Fancy her .. . (1 KS 166b) 7. 72,000 pennies in all. (1. 29.) Write sentences using the following phrases in debt; in sight; in tears. (SD 13) Multiple Choice Questions 4 Choose the one answer (A, B, C or D) which you think is correct in the following: When did Dickie leave the shop for the second time? ‘A. As soon as he bought the fur coat; B Not until the assistant had counted the pennies; CC When he gave the assistant the cloth bag D After the manager had scolded the assistant. ‘+ Choose the two answers which you think are correct in each of the following: 1, A lot of people came 10 the exhibition because they . . . the pictures wert by famous artists. A knew B thought C hoped D believed E, had been told 2. He insisted... the money before he left. ‘A that the assistant should count B the assistant to count C to count D tw be counted E on the assistant’s counting3s 35 32 A Lost Ship ‘The salvage operation had been a com- plete failure. ‘The small ship, £ltor, which had been searching the Barents Sea for weeks, was on its way home. A radio message from the mainland had been received by the ship’s captain in- structing him to give up the search. The captain knew that another attempt would be made later, for the sunken ship he was trying to find had been carrying a precious cargo of gold bullion. Despite the message, the captain of the Elkor decided to try once more. The sea- tremendous excitement on board bed was scoured with powerful nets and there was tremendous excitement on board when a chest was raised from the bottom, Though the crew were at first under the impression that the lost ship had been found, the contents of the sea-chest proved them wrong. What they had in fact found was a ship which had been sunk many years before. The chest contained the personal belongings of a seaman, Alan Fielding. There were books, clothing and photographs, together with letters which the seaman had once received from his wife. The captain of the Elkor ordered his men to salvage as much as possible from the wreck. Nothing of value was found, but the numerous items which were brought to the surface proved to be of great interest. From a heavy gun that was raised, the captain realized that the ship must have been a cruiser. In another sea-chest, which contained the belongings of a ship’s officer, there was an unfinished letter which had been written on March 14th, 1943. The captain learnt from the letter that the name of the lost ship was the Karen. The most valuable find of all was the ship’s log book, parts of which it was still possible to read. From this the captain was able to piece together all the information that had come to light. The Karen had been iailing in a convoy to Russia when she was torpedoed by an enemy submarine. This was later confirmed by a naval official at the Ministry of Defence after the Elkor had returned home. All the items that were found were sent to the War Museum. Comprehension 4a Why did the captain of Elkor know that another attempt would be made later to find the sunken ship? bb What did the crew think when a sea-chest was raised from the bottom? Vocabulary Explain the meanings of the following words and phrases as they are used in the passage: instructing (II. 6-7); give up the search (. 7); precious (1. 11); tremendous (L 15); were at first under the impression (I. 17); wrong (I. 18). 82Précis In not more than 80 words describe how the items brought to the surface enabled the captain of Elkor ro identify the lost ship. Use your own words as far as possible. Bo nor include anything that is not in the last paragraph. Composition In not more than 250 words write the page of Karen's log book which was dated March 14th, 1943. Use the ideas given below. Do not write more than four paragraphs Title : The Last Day. Introduction: Journey has gone well so far—convoy successfully fought off an air attack—early morning—no ships lost. Developmen and Conclusion : 10 a.m. First anack by U-boat—ship ahead, the Dauntless sunk—men in sea—Karen picked up survivors—720 men—50 lives lost—crowded on doard—attack on U-boat—puts it out of action with depth charges. 3.15 p.m. (last ‘entsy}—secand U-boat attack . . Letter-writing In about 100 words write the unfinished letter referred to in the passage which was written on March 14th, 1943 by 2 ship's officer. Key Structures and Specia) Difficulties Exercises 1. which had been searching the Barents Sea (Ul, 3~4).W hhad been doing and had been working. (1 KS 153b) 2. received (\, 6). Write two sentences illustrating the difference between receive and take. (x SD 20) 3. The sea-bed was scoured with powerful neis. There was tremendous excitement on board. A chest was raised from the bottom. The crew were at first under the impression that the lost ship had been found. The contents of the sea-chest proved them wrong. (I). 13-18.) Express these ideas again in not more than two sentences. Compare your answer with the sentences in the passage. (1 KS 71 and 127) 4: the contents of the sea-chest (I. 18). How would the word contents be stressed in sentence? (x SD 226) 5. clothing (1. 21). Write three sentences using the following words: cloth, clothes, and clothing. (x SD 2028) 6. brought (1. 24). Write three sentences using the following words: bring, take, and fetch, (¢ SD Bob) 7. realized (\. 25). Write two sentences illustrating the difference between realize and understand, (x SD 52c) sentences using the following Multiple Choice Questions a Choose the one answer (A, B, C or D) which you think is correct in the following: The Karen failed to reach Russia: A 80 she returned home; B_ although she was travelling in convoy, C_ because there was a war; D_ because she was sunk by a submarine > Choose the two answers which you think are correct in the following: When he saw the heavy gun the captain knew the lost ship . . . a cruiser. A hadtobe B musthavebeen C shouldhavebeen D oughttobe E had been 8335 30 33 A Day to Remember We have all experienced days when every- thing goes wrong: A day may begin well enough, but suddenly everything seems to get out of control. What invariably happens is that a great number of things choose to go wrong at precisely the same moment. It is as if a single unimportant event set up a chain of reactions. Let us suppose that you are preparing a meal and keeping an eye on the baby at the same time. The telephone rings and this marks the prelude to an unforeseen series of catastrophes. While you are on the phone, the baby pulls the table-cloth off the table, smashing half your best crockery and cutting himself in the process. You hang up hurriedly and attend to baby, crockery, etc. Meanwhile, the meal gets burnt. As if this were not enough to reduce you to tears, your husband arrives, unexpectedly bringing three guests to dinner. ‘Things can go wrong on a big scale as a number of people recently discovered in Parramatta, a suburb of Sydney. During rush hour one evening two cars collided and both drivers began to argue. The woman immediately behind the two cars happened to be a learner. She suddenly got into a panic and stopped her car. This made the driver following her brake hard. His wife was sitting beside him holding a large cake, As she was thrown forward, the cake went right through the windscreen and landed on the road. Seeing a cake flying through the air, a lorry-driver who was drawing up alongside the car, pulled up all of a sudden. The lorry was loaded with empty beer bottles and bundreds of them slid off the back of the vehicle and on to the road. This led to yet another angry argument. Meanwhile, the traffic piled up behind. It took the police nearly an hour to get the traffic on the move again. In the meantime, the lorry- driver had to sweep up hundreds of broken bottles, Only two stray dogs benefited from all this confusion, for they greedily devoured what was left of the cake, It was just one of those days! just one of thove days! Comprehension Give short answess to these questions in your own words as far as possible, Use ane complete sentence for each answer. 4 What can mark the begifining of an unforeseen series of catastrophes while you are preparing a meal? > Why are your husbands guests not welcome? ¢ What began all the trouble in Parramatta recently ? Vocabulary Explain the meanings of the following words and phrases as they are used in the Passage: happens (1. 5); precisely (|. 6); preparing (1. 9); catastrophes (1. 13); smashing (L. 15); in the process (1, 16); reduce you to tears (I. 18). 84Précis In not more than 8 words describe what happened from the time when the learner driver stopped her car. Use your own words as far as possible. Do not include anything that is not in the last paragraph. Composition In not more than 250 words describe a sinilar ‘chain of reactions’. Expand the ideas given below into a plan and provide a suitable title. Your composition should be in three or four paragraphs. Ideas : Man loaded with parcels—looking for his car—saw one exactly like it—mistook it for his own—found his key with difficulry—tried to open the door-—key wouldn’t turn—farced the lock—broke the key—dropped the parcels—infuriated—deliberately broke the window of the car—the owner saw him—rushed towards him—called s policeman—the man arrested—tried to explain—was not believed. Letter-writing You have been trying to sell your car and an unknown person has written to you making an offer. Write a reply in about 100 words in three paragraphs accepting the offer and making arrangements for the sale. Key Structures and Special Difficulties Exercixes 1, We have all experienced days. . (J. 1). Write two sentences using the following: he experienced; a lot of experience. (x SD 842) 2. A day may begin well enough (Il 2-3). Write sentences using the following: good enough; enough money; fairly. (x SD 212a) 3. You are on the phone. The baby pulls the table-cloth off the table. He smashes half your, best crockery. He euts himself in the process. (II. 13-16.) Join these sentences together to make one sentence. Compare your answer with the sentence in the passage. (KS 127) 4» people recently discovered (\. 20). Write two sentences illustrating the difference between discover and invent. (1 SD 1320) 5. His wife was sitting beside him. (II. 24-25.) Write two sentences illustrating the dif- ference between besid: and besides. (x SD 48b) 6, @ lorry-driver who was drawing up alongside the car (1. 27). Explain the meaning of drawing-up in this sentence. Write sentences using dram back and draw off.(x SD 158) 7. the lorry-driver had to sweep up hundreds of broken bottles (\I. 31-32). Write two sentences illustrating the difference between had 10 take and should have taken. (1 KS 160b) Multiple Choice Questions 4 Choose the one answer (A, B, C or D) which you think is correct in the following: The lorry stopped suddenly : A. inorder not to hit the car in front; B_ inorder to draw up alongside the car; CT because the driver didn’t want to run over the dogs; D_ because the driver had seen a cake in the >} Choose the two answers which you think are correct in the following: An unforesces series of catastrophes ...the traffic jam. A ledto B caused C found D came from E did 8s,20 25 34 A Happy Discovery Antique shops exert a peculiar fascination ona great many people. The more expen sive kind of antique shop where rare objects are beautifully displayed in glass cases to keep them free from dust is usually a forbidding place. But no one has to muster up courage to enter a less pretentious antique shop. There is always hope that in its labyrinth of musty, dark, disordered rooms a real rarity will be found amongst the piles of assorted junk that litter the floors. No one discovers a rarity by chance. A ‘No one discovers a rarity truly dedicated searcher for art treasures by chance must have patience, and above all, the ability to recognize the worth of some- thing when he sees it. To do this, he must be at least as knowledgeable 3s the dealer. Like a scientist bent on making a discovery, he must cherish the hope that one day he will be amply rewarded. My old friend, Frank Halliday, is just such a person. He has often described to me how he picked up a masterpiece for a mere £5. One Saturday morning, Frank visited an antique shop in my neighbourhood. As he had never been there before, he found a great deal to interest him. The morning passed rapidly and Frank was about to leave when he noticed a large packing-case lying on the floor. ‘The dealer told him that it had just come in, but that he could not be bothered to open it, Frank begged him to do so and the dealer reluctantly prised it open. The contents were disappointing. Apart from an interesting-lovking carved dagger, the box was full of crockery, much of it broken. Frank gently lifted the crockery out of the box and suddenly noticed a miniature painting at the bottom of the packing-case. As its composition and line reminded him of an Italian painting he knew well, he decided to buy it. Glancing at it briefly, the dealer told him that it was worth £5. Frank could hardly conceal his excitement, for he knew that he had made a real discovery. The tiny painting proved to be an unknown masterpiece by ( orreggio and was worth thousands of pounds. Comprehension Give short answers to these questions in your own words as far as possible, Use one complete sentence for each answer. 2 What does a truly dedicated searcher hope to find in the less pretentious kind of antique shop ? 5 What qualities must 2 truly dedicated searcher possess? ¢ How much did Frank Halliday pay for his masterpiece ? Vocabulary Explain the meanings of the following words and phrases 2s they are used in the passage: rare objects (Il. 3-4); displayed (I. 4); piles (1. 11); assorted junk (1. 11); truly (1. 14); bent on (1. 18); amply (1. 19). 86Précis In not more than 80 words describe how Frank Halliday came to discover an unknown masterpiece. Use your own words as far a possible. Da not include anyching that is not in the last paragraph. Composition In not mare than 250 wards write a description, real or imaginary, of an antique shop. Use the ideas given below. Do not write more than four paragraphs. Title: An Antique Shop. Introduction : Appearance outside—window display—the sort of people it avtracts. Development : Inside—the dealer—his appearance and chsracter—the shop itself— how objects are displayed—a typical ecene during the day~description of customers. Conclusion: The pleasure of searching for unusual things. Letter-writing ‘You intend to spend your holidays in a country which has # very warm (or very cold) climate. Write 4 letter of about too words in three paragraphs to a friend asking him ‘to advise you about items of clothing you should take with you. Key Structures and Special Difficulties Exercises 1. when he sees it (J. 17). Write semtences using the following: rhe moment he arrives; until he comes; and before you leave. (x KS 150¢) 2, Explain the difference in the use of must be in these two sentences: ‘To do this, he must be at least as knowledgeable as she dealer. (I. 17.) You must be very tired after driving so many miles. (x KS 45) 3 Supply a(n) or the where necessary in the following. Do not refer to the passage until you finish the exercise: ‘One Saturday morning, . . . Frank visited . .. antique shop in my neighbourhood. As he had never been there before, he found . . . great deal to interest him. . morning passed rapidly and... Frank was about to leave when he noticed large packing-case lying on . .. floor... . dealer told him that it had just core in, but that he could not be bothered to open is... . Frank begged him to do so and dealer reluctantly prised it open... . contents were disappointing. Apart from - interesting-looking carved dagger, .. . box was full of... crockery, much of it broken. (Ul, 21-28.) (1 KS 23, 81, 138) 4. he noticed (1, 24). Write two sentences illustrating the difference between notice and remark. (1 SD 104) Multiple Choice Questions @ Choose the one answer (A, B, Cor D) which you think is correct in the following: Frank decided to buy the miniature because. ‘A. it was an Italian painting he knew well; B ironly cost £5; C he knew he had made a real discovery D_ it was similar to a painting he knew well. > Choose the ewo answers which you think are correct in the following: . an interesting-looking dogger, there wasn’! anything in the box. ‘A Except B Only C Apart from D Unless E Except for 8710 15 20 25 35 Justice Was Done ‘The word justice is usually associated with la — al courts of law. We might say that justice , has been done when a man’s innocence or é) guilt has been proved beyond doubt. Justice is part of the complex machinery of the law. Those who seek it, undertake as an arduous journey and can never be sure that they will find it. Judges, however aa wise or eminent, are human and can make ® mistakes. There are rare instances when justice i almost ceases to be an abstract concep- tion. Reward or punishment are meted the ery was repeated out quite independent of human inter several times ference. At such times, justice acts like 2 living force. When we use a phrase like “it serves him right’, we are, in part, admitting that a certain set of circumstances has enabled justice to act of its own accord. When a thief was caught on the premises of a large fur store one morning, the shop assistants must have found it impossible to resist the temptation to say ‘it serves him right’. The shop was an old-fashioned one with many large, disused fireplaces and tall, narrow chimneys. Towards midday, a girl heard a muffled cry coming from behind one of the walls, As the cry was repeated several times, she ran to tell the manager who promptly rang up the fire-brigade. The cry had certainly come from one of the chimneys, but as there were so many of them, the firemen could not be certain which one it was. They located the right chimney by tapping at the walls and listening for the man's cries. After chipping through a wall which was eighteen inches thick, they found that a man had been trapped in the-chimney. As it was extremely narrow, the man was unable to move, but the firemen were eventually able to free him by cutting a huge hole in the wall. The sorry-looking, blackened figure that emerged, at once admitted that he had tried to break into the shop during the night but had got stuck in the chimney. He had been there for nearly ten hours. Justice had been done even before the man was handed over to the police. Comprehension Give short answers'to these questions in your own words as far as possible. Use one complete sentence for each answer. @ What is the word justice usually associated with? 4 Why can those who seek justice never be sure that they will find it? ¢ When does justice seem to act like a living force? Vocabulary Explain the meanings of the following words and phrases as they are used in the Passage: seek (|. 6); arduous (I. 7); eminent (1. 9); instances (1, 13); ceases (I. 12); inde- pendent of (I. 14); of its-own accord (I. 18).Précis In not more than 80 words describe how the thief came to be discovered up the chimney and how he was freed. Use your own words as far as possible. Do mot include anything that is not in the last paragraph. ‘Composition In not more than 250 words write an imaginary account of the thiel’s experiences up to the time he was freed by firemen. Expand the ideas given below into a plan and provide a suitable title. Your composition should be in three or four paragraphs. Tdcas; Planning the theft—kept close watch on shop—noticed chimneys——one night climbed on to roof—chimnney seemed wide— went down—stuck —climbed up again— ‘went down another chinmney—again got stuck—could neither climb up nor down— shouted for help—everything dark and silent—frightencd—shouted next. morning— freed by firemen, Letter-writing You recently quarrelled with « friend, Write him « letter of agoct 100 words in three paragraphs apologizing for the incident and suggesting that you should bath meet soon, Key Structures and Special Difficuities: Exercises 1, We might say thas justice has been done .. . (Wt. 2-3). ‘Complete the following sentences: (1 KS 41) He says that... He wants to know if. .. ‘He believes that... 2. when a man's innocence or guilt has been proved beyond doubt (U1. 3-4). Write sentences using the following: The moment he hos arrived ...; Naw that you have finished .., (KS rgxe) 3. They chipped through o wall. 1: was eighteen inches thick. They found a man. He had been trapped in the chimney. (Il. 27-29.) Join these sentences together to make a single sentence. Compare your answer with the sentenee in the passage. (t KS 127) 4 they found that é man had been trapped in the chimney (Il, 2829). What is the plural of the follawing words: chimney, valley, baby, day. bobby, army. money, victory, turkey and storey. (SD 47) 5. Give the correct form of the verbs ir brackets. Do nor reter to the passage until you finish the exercise: The sorry-looking, blackened figure that emerged, at once (admit) that he (try) to break into the shop during the night but (get) stuck in the chimney. He (he) there for nearly ten hours, Justice (do) even before the man was handed over to the police. (Il. 31-34.) (1 KS 97) Multiple Choice Questions ‘Choose the two answers which you think are correct in each of the following: 1. Asthe chimney was extremely narrow, it wes impossible ... move. Aforto Bto C forhimto D for E inorder to a. The sorry-looking figure at once ... that he had iried 10 break in A denied B confessed C refused D said E told 89