Design of a Laboratory Workplace: M405A for LBYMREI

Manufacturing Engineering and Management Engineering

Gokongwei College of Engineering
De La Salle University, Manila Philippines

In partial fulfillment of

the requirements for the course

ERGOLEC EG1

Submitted by:

Delfin, Anferli Elijah G.

Submitted to:

Mr. Oscar Unas

August 17, 2017

 A. ACTUAL WORKPLACE OF M405A

B. SYLLABUS
COLLEGE : Gokongwei College of Engineering
DEPARTMENT : Manufacturing Engineering & Management Department
COURSE CODE : LBYMREI CREDIT: 1 unit
COURSE TITLE : Digital Electronics for MEM Students (Laboratory)
PRE-REQUISITE : LBYMREH(S)/MEMDGTL(C)
CLASS DAYS AND CLASS TIME:
INSTRUCTOR : ROOM:

COURSE DESCRIPTION:
This laboratory course provides materials, strategies and analyses on how to interpret binary arithmetic
systems, implement these into digital circuit designs, and create simplified circuits for different
combinational and sequential circuits. The objective of this course is to provide concepts and steps on how
to convert arithmetic number systems to binary codes and implement these into digitally designed circuits.
It also aims to educate the students on how to create electronic circuits via digital design by utilizing the
different logic devices taught in this module. Digital design tools such as function representation and
minimization are introduced to further aid the students in simplifying their digital circuits. The course
unifies the topics on binary number systems, Boolean algebra and its properties, mixed logic operators,
logic representation, Karnaugh maps, advanced Reed-Muller transformation forms and programming logic
devices.

LEARNING OUTCOMES
On completion of the course, the student is expected to be able to do the following

ELGA/PEO STUDENT OUTCOMES LEARNING OUTCOME

Critical and SO-C: An ability to design, improve, LO1: Design, construct and present a
creative thinker innovate and to supervise systems or digital circuit whose output can
processes to meet desired needs within automate a manual process using
(PEO – 1, 2)
realistic constraints (Introduce) sound and safe engineering
techniques.

Reflective life –
SO-J: An ability to use the appropriate
long learner
technique, skills and tools necessary
(PEO – 1) for the practice of MEM (Introduce)

COURSE ASSESSMENT MATRIX

Student Outcomes
Learning
A B C D E F G H I J K
Outcomes
LO1 1 1
1 – Introduce 2 – Reinforce 3 – Emphasize

FINAL COURSE OUTPUT:

As evidence of attaining the above learning outcomes, the student is required to do and submit the following
during the indicated dates of the term.

LEARNING OUTCOME ASSESSMENT METHOD DUE DATE

 LO1 Digital System Prototype 13th week of the term

RUBRIC for LTSpice Simulation and Prototype

CRITERIA EXEMPLARY SATISFACTORY DEVELOPING BEGINNING RATING
4 3 2 1
Circuit Design CAD drawn CAD drawn Hand drawn No schematic
20% schematic schematic diagram. schematic diagram. Circuit
diagram. Exceeds Minimum correct diagram. behavior is not
functional functional Minimum correct demonstrated.
specification behavior. functional
behavior.
Circuit Fully functioning Fully functioning Fully functioning Circuit uses a
Fabrication circuit using a circuit using a circuit using a breadboard but
20% PCB breadboard with breadboard. not functioning
neat and clean up to
wiring. specifications.
Software Design See RUBRIC for See RUBRIC for See RUBRIC for See RUBRIC for
and Software Software Software Software
Implementation Component Component Component Component
30%
Project The presentation The presentation The presentation The presentation
Presentation was clear and was clear and was clear but just was clear but just
20% focused on focused on design, focused on two of focused on one
design, implementation the following: of the following:
implementation and functionality design, design,
and functionality of the project. implementation implementation
of the project. and function of and function of
Lessons learned the project. the project.
and
recommendations
for improvement
included.
Delivery The project was The project was The project was The project was
10% delivered on time. delivered within a within 2 weeks of more than 2
week of the due the due date. weeks overdue.
date.

OTHER REQUIREMENTS AND ASSESSMENTS:

Aside from the final output, the student will be assessed at other times during the term by the following:

 Laboratory Safety
 Practical Exercises
 Attendance
GRADING SYSTEM:
The student will be graded according to the following:
Lab Safety 10
Practical Exercises 40
Final project 50
--------------------------------------
Total 100 %
Passing 70 %

LEARNING PLAN:

LEARNING TOPIC WEEK LEARNING

NO.
OUTCOME ACTIVITIES

Introduction to Digital Systems 1-3 Demonstration, Class

Discussion,
Lab exercises
Number Systems

Binary State and Mixed Logic

Notation

AND, OR, NAND, NOR, INV,

XOR, EQV Logic

Laws of Boolean Algebra 4-6 Demonstration, Class

LO1 Discussion,
Lab exercises
Laws of XOR Algebra

Logic Function Representation

(SOP and POS)

Karnaugh Maps 7-9 Demonstration, Class

Discussion,
1. Single and multiple outputs
 2. Using entered variable Lab exercises
maps
3. XOR pattern minimization

Combinational Logic Devices 10-13 Demonstration, Class

Discussion,
1. Arithmetic
2. Non-arithmetic Lab exercises, Final
project

State Machine Design and Analysis

REFERENCES:
Santiago, A.P., Digital Electronics Laboratory Manual for MEM.

CLASS POLICIES:

Attendance. Students are expected to come to class diligently and on time. The maximum class
days that a student may be absent is 2.5 days. 2 occasions of tardiness constitute 1 absence from
class. Absence approved and sanctioned by the University shall not be counted against the student.
However, the student is nevertheless responsible and therefore not excused for missed class
activities, tests and other class requirements.

Written Output. All exams, projects, reports, papers and other written outputs must be submitted
on time or not later than the date and the time specified by the professor. Any requirement
submitted after the specified date and time shall no longer be received and accepted, and shall get
a grade of 0.0.

Respect and Decorum. The students are expected to observe proper decorum and shall give respect
to both his/her professor and classmates.

Cheating, Plagiarism and Acts of Dishonesty. Any form of dishonesty is extremely prohibited and
shall be severely dealt with by the University through the Discipline Office and the Student
Handbook.

Course Title (Code): Date Effective: Date Revised: Prepared by: Approved by:

Digital Electronics for

MEM Students 1st Term 08-24-2015 Mr. Renann
(Laboratory) AY 2015-2016 AY 2015-2016 Baldovino Mr. Marlon Musngi
(LBYMREI)
DESIGN OF A LABORATORY WORKPLACE

OBJECTIVE:

 To design a laboratory workplace that will evaluate all elements of physical task.
 To create an integrated environment that will meet the needs of the person in the workplace for
LBYMREI – Digital Electronics subject

EQUIPMENT NEEDED

 Measuring Device or Tape

 Lux Meter
 Bond paper
 Pen or pencil
 Camera

PROCEDURE:

1. Assess the lighting level of the assigned area qualitatively. Observe the following:
a. Adequate lighting
b. Suitability of lighting for the intended use of the workroom
c. Shadows and reflections on work surfaces
d. Glare arising from windows and lamps
e. Obstructions to natural light source e.g. windows, etc.
f. Cleanliness and maintenance of lighting fixtures
g. Flicker/flickering movement of light
h. Overall distribution of light in the entire workroom

2. Prepare a sketch of the room layout showing work stations/surfaces, windows, lighting
distribution/number, etc. Measure the dimensions of the room. State other features, e.g. partitions,
beams, etc.
3. Measure the lighting levels – general or supplementary. Note levels due to natural light coming from
windows.
 General area – divide the room into 1 sq. m. areas and readings taken at the center of each area.
 Specific workstations – place meter on the work surface of the table and record readings.
1. Interview the students who frequently use the classroom.
2. Take a photo of the student using the workstation
3. Qualitatively Assess the fit of the user to the workstation
4. Make a revised workstation design based from the result of the assessment

OUTCOME:

 After careful analysis, the following were found to be ergonomically accepted in the current
workstation design:
- Location of the Personal Computer of the Professor
- Windows
- Aircon
- Outlets
- Size of tables
- Size of board
 Assessment of the workplace found the following in need of improvement and/or redesign
- Chairs
 - Lighting for each workstation
- Surface of the table

A new workstation design was then proposed using ergonomic principles

C. ERGONOMIC ASSESSMENT OF CURRENT WORKSTATION DESIGN
 Anthropometry
As seen, chair is not proportional to the height of the table. The chair is not high
enough for the table. The height differences lead to unequal eye level of the user to the
monitor. In addition, the arms of the user are either extended or shorten when using the
computer. It leads to straining of wrist because of the uncomfortability in the positioning
of arms. Also, some chair does not have a back rest. Person using this chair can suffer
backpain especially when sitting too long using computer. Lastly, the table has rugged
surface between tiles. It is difficult to write when the tiles are rugged.

 Illumination
An adequate lighting is needed when performing experiment in laboratory
especially if it involves mounting components to the breadboard, determining the
Integrated Circuits to be used, designing electrical circuits, and troubleshooting the circuits
when performing the experiments.

 Musculoskeletal
Pain in the body may be develop due to lack of support of some equipment.
Equipment should support some part of the body such as back, wrist, neck, arms, eyes, etc.
especially when working for long time.
Based on the assessment by the researcher, two principles were violated from the principles of
universal design. First, the design of the workplace is not flexible for use. Adjustable chair is recommended
for users who are vertically challenged. It is to prevent over extending of arms when performing task while
sitting. Next, the design of the equipment should require less effort. The chairs and stools should not require
the user to exert much effort when working. A proper designed equipment based on the anthropometric
data should be used. It is to provide comfortability leading to maximizing the efficiency of the student.
 Four principles were violated in general principle of workstation design. First, the usability of the
equipment in the laboratory. The equipment specifically the chairs and the tables were created without
considering the human stature dimensions. Second, comfort of the user of the laboratory was neglected.
There is little to no back and elbow support from the chairs that are currently used in the laboratory. As for
the stools, there are literally no back and elbow support. Third, the reliability and durability of the equipment
were not checked. There is a table in the laboratory that if a user put an excessive weight onto it, it will flip
over. There are also chairs that seem to fail at any time. Using the NIOSH ergonomic turbine: General
Workstation design Principles several principles were violated. Most of the violations were due to the lack
of an ergonomic chair. First, the adjustability of the workstation. The tables and chairs in the laboratory or
the workstation are of fixed dimensions. Second, the chairs are not easily movable. Due to the large
dimension of the table in the workstation to reach for things that are used in the experiments like resistors,
multimeter and the like the user needs to stand to get it. Third, poorly designed chair. The chairs are not
ergonomic, it did not consider the anthropometry of the users of the laboratory. The chairs also did not
provide any back support for the users leaving them to feel some pain or strain after doing long laboratory
experiments. Generally, the workstation has followed the minimum requirements for illumination.
However, according to the responses of the users, they had minor difficulty in doing fine visual work such
as looking on the marking or the labels of the electric components.
After analysis and evaluation of room M405A the researcher found good and bad components of the
current workstation design. The researcher noted that location of the teacher’s personal computer as well
as the location and sizing of the board can be considered ergonomic. Moreover, the locations for the
windows, and air conditioning units are acceptable as they do not impede the productivity or the activities
that are being done in the classroom.

D. REVISED WORKSTATION DESIGN

a. Top View
 b. Proposed Ergonomic Chair

c. Proposed Worktable Design

Discussion
The ideal desk height means ideal work surface height is dependent upon your height, the tasks you
perform, and the equipment and tools you use. You should be able to maintain a forearm-to-upper arm
angle between 70 degrees and 135 degrees. Most people prefer a slightly higher surface for handwriting
and a slightly lower surface for keying. Computer touch-typists doing intensive data entry prefer lower
desks, often below elbow height. Hunt-and-peck typists are those who have to see the keyboard to use it
and those working with computer graphics prefer higher desks. If your task requires some upper arm force,
your work surface should be below elbow height. For fine motor tasks involving hands and eyes the surface
should be higher. Most work surfaces are a standard 28" to 30", which is a good sitting height for most
people between 5'8" and 5'10" tall who use conventional task chair. If you are taller or shorter, be prepared
to change your work surface height. If you use a saddle seat or perch, the work surface must be quite a bit
higher.
Postural variety is important for maintaining good health. Whenever possible, vary your work
postures between sitting and standing. An adjustable sit-stand desk can provide instant height
accommodation for different task demands and in shared workstation environments. If you have enough
space, you can set up both sitting and standing work surfaces within your work area. When purchasing
desks for groups of workers of varying heights, we recommend the following desk height adjustment
ranges:

Analysis:

The ergonomic chair allows flexible use and minimizes the physical effort on the person. It allows
the person to move about the workstation without the need to stand up to reach for things on the
workstation. It provides a comfortable use for the students in the laboratory and should fit to students with
different sizes. It prevents MSD’s by providing preventive measures on lower back pain through the back
rest and should pains by means of the arm rest. As previously stated in the NIOSH assessment adding the
ergonomic chair addresses the issue on adjustability, ease of sitting and standing musculoskeletal support
and reachability around the workstation. Addition of lamps helps the person for their visual task. It reduces
the risk of having an eye fatigue since vision is easier for doing tasks such as soldering and breadboard
connections. In addition, it reduces human error. The person can easily see the task that he/she is doing.
It is easier for the user to move the additional light source around the table without fearing of hitting any
things on the active working area. The person will have a clear view on the activity in the laboratory.

In general, it is important to work in a workspace that the user is comfortable. The person can easily
identify the components to be used, can see the electrical designs, can mount the components in exact
position and deliver the task faster. Since, the ergonomic chair, additional lighting, and flat surface was
improved in the design. The overall efficiency of the student is affected. These cases should be considered
to have an optimal solution to the problem.

Conclusion:

In conclusion, an ergonomic workstation design for M405A as a laboratory for LBYMREI – Digital
Electronics and Circuitry Laboratory has been proposed. The revised design of the laboratory addresses
the issues of the current workstation design. Major revisions or improvements were made in the equipment.
The workspace and the positioning of the table was not changed. Laboratory in M405 is ergonomic in terms
of space except for some of the equipment inside the room.
Recommendation:

The suggested improvement on chairs, tables and lighting should be added. Some of the equipment should
be adjustable so that it can cater to person with various sizes. Also, anthropometric data of MEM students
should be gathered so that future additional equipment and renovation should be based on the data. When
designing, several principles should be followed especially applied for the specific laboratory to be used.

References:
http://www.backdesigns.com/Desk-and-work-surface-height.aspx
http://www.washington.edu/doit/universal-design-process-principles-and-applications
McCauley-Bush, P. (2012). Ergonomics: foundational principles, applications, and technologies. Boca
Raton: CRC Press/Taylor & Francis.