German Tutorials Basic Phrases, Vocabulary and

Grammar

Note: Before heading to the tutorial I would Strictly recommend to download any
online dictionary which could easily translate the difficult German words
provided below so that you can understand them easily and learn quickly, if
you have one so that’s good if not then I’ll personally prefer BabelFish
dictionary which is free so you don’t need to buy it. The download link is
provided below:

Download BabelFish Translator

1. Basic Phrases

Guten Morgen Guten Tag Guten Abend

goot-en mor-gen goot-en tahk goot-en ah-bent
Good Morning Hello/Good Day Good Evening

Gute Nacht Tag / Hallo / Servus Auf Wiedersehen

goot-eh nakht tahk / hah-loh / sair-voohs owf vee-dair-zayn
Good Night Hi / Hello / Hi & Bye Goodbye
(Southern Germany & Austria)

Grüß dich / Grüß Gott! Tschüs / Tschau Gehen wir!

Hello! / Greetings! (Southern tchews / chow geh-en veer
Germany & Austria) Bye! Let's go!

Bis später Bis bald Bis morgen

biss shpay-ter biss bahlt biss mohr-gen
See you later See you soon See you tomorrow

Bitte Danke (schön / sehr) Bitte schön

bih-tuh dahn-kuh shurn/zair bih-tuh shurn
Please Thank you You're welcome

Es tut mir leid. Entschuldigen Sie

Verzeihung
ehs toot meer lite ehnt-shool-dih-gun zee
Pardon me
I'm sorry Excuse me

Wie geht es Ihnen? Wie geht's? (Sehr) Gut / So lala

vee gayt es ee-nen vee gayts zair goot / zo lahlah
How are you? (formal) How are you? (informal) (Very) Good / OK
Schlecht / Nicht Gut Es geht. Ja / Nein
shlekht / nisht goot ess gate yah / nine
Bad / Not good I'm ok. (informal) Yes / No

Wie heißt du?

Wie heißen Sie? Ich heiße...
vee hiesst doo
vee hie-ssen zee ikh hie-ssuh
What's your name?
What's your name? (formal) My name is... [I am called...]
(informal)

Es freut mich. Gleichfalls. Herr / Frau / Fräulein

froyt mikh glykh-fals hair / frow / froi-line
Pleased to meet you. Likewise. Mister / Misses / Miss

Woher kommen Sie? Woher kommst du?

Ich komme aus...
vo-hair koh-men zee vo-hair kohmst doo
ikh koh-muh ows...
Where are you from? Where are you from?
I'm from...
(formal) (informal)

Wo wohnst du?
Wo wohnen Sie? Ich wohne in...
vo vohnst doo
vo voh-nen zee ikh voh-nuh in
Where do you live?
Where do you live? (formal) I live in...
(informal)

Wie alt bist du?

Wie alt sind Sie? Ich bin ____ Jahre alt.
vee alt bisst doo
vee alt zint zee ikh bin ____ yaa-reh alt
How old are you?
How old are you? (formal) I am ____ years old.
(informal)

Sprechen Sie deutsch? Sprichst du englisch?

Ich spreche (kein)...
shpreck-en zee doytch shprikhst doo eng-lish
ikh shpreck-uh kine
Do you speak German? Do you speak English?
I (don't) speak...
(formal) (informal)

Verstehen Sie? / Verstehst

du?
Ich verstehe (nicht). Ich weiß (nicht).
fehr-shtay-en zee / fehr-
ikh fehr-shtay-eh nikht ikh vise nikht
shtayst doo
I (don't) understand. I (don't) know.
Do you understand?
(formal / informal)

Kannst du mir helfen?

Können Sie mir helfen? Natürlich / Gerne
kahnst doo meer hell-fen
ker-nen zee meer hell-fen nah-tewr-likh / gair-nuh
Can you help me?
Can you help me? (formal) Of course / Gladly
(informal)

Kann ich Ihnen helfen? Kann ich dir helfen? Wie bitte?
kahn ikh ee-nen hell-fen kahn ikh deer hell-fen vee bih-tuh
May I help you? (formal) May I help you? (informal) What? Pardon me?

Wie heißt ___ auf deutsch?

Wo ist / Wo sind... ? Es gibt...
vee heist ___ owf doytch
voh ist / voh zint ess geept
How do you say ___ in
Where is / Where are... ? There is / are...
German?

Was ist los? Das macht nichts. Das ist mir egal.
vahs ist lohs dass makht nikhts dass ist meer eh-gahl
What's the matter? It doesn't matter. I don't care.

Ich habe es vergessen.

Keine Angst! Jetzt muss ich gehen.
ikh hah-buh ess fehr-geh-
ky-nuh ahngst yetz mooss ikh geh-en
sen
Don't worry! I must go now.
I forgot.

Ich habe Hunger / Durst. Ich bin krank / müde. Ich habe Langeweile.
ikh hah-buh hoong-er / dirst ikh bin krahnk moo-duh ikh hah-buh lahn-guh-vy-luh
I'm hungry / thirsty. I'm sick / tired. I'm bored.

Ich möchte / Ich hätte

gern... Das gefällt mir. Prima / Toll / Super!
ikh merkh-tuh / ikh heh-tuh dahs geh-fehlt meer pree-mah / tohl / zoo-pair
gairn I like it. Great / Fantastic!
I'd like...

Gesundheit! Herzlichen Glückwunsch! Sei ruhig!

geh-soont-hyt herts-likh-en glewk-voonsh zy roo-hikh
Bless you! Congratulations! Be quiet! (informal)

Schauen Sie mal! / Schau

Willkommen! Viel Glück!
mal!
vil-koh-men feel glewk
show-en zee mal / show mal
Welcome! Good luck!
Look! (formal / informal)

Bitte schön? Was darf's sein?

Sonst noch etwas?
Yes? / What would you like What can I get you? / How
Anything else?
to order? can I help you?

Bitte schön.
Zahlen bitte! Stimmt so.
Here you go. (handing
The check, please! Keep the change.
something to someone)

Ich bin satt. Mir ist schlecht. Es tut mir weh.

I'm full. I feel sick. It hurts.

Ich liebe dich. Du fehlst mir. Alles ist in Ordnung.

ikh leeb-uh dikh
I miss you. (informal) Everything is fine.
I love you. (informal)

Wie wäre es mit ... ? Was für ein...? Nicht wahr?

How about...? What kind of (a)...? [general tag question]

Ich is not actually pronounced ikh, unless you are speaking a northern dialect of
German. If you are speaking a southern dialect, then it is more like ish. There is no
equivalent sound in English. In standard German, it is somewhere between ish and ikh.
Technically, it is a voiceless palatal fricative and its voiced counterpart is the y sound in
yes.

2. Pronunciation

German Vowels English Pronunciation

[i] viel meet, eat
[y] kühl ee rounded / long vowel
[ɪ] Tisch mitt, it
[ʏ] hübsch ih rounded / short vowel
[e] Tee mate, wait
[ø] schön ay rounded / long vowel
[ɛ] Bett met, wet
[œ] zwölf eh rounded / short vowel
[a] Mann mop, not
[ɑ] kam ah / longer vowel than [a]
[u] gut boot, suit
[ʊ] muss put, soot
[o] Sohn coat, goat
[ɔ] Stock caught, bought
[ə] bitte cut, what
[ɐ] Wetter uhr / also short vowel like [ə]

Highlighted vowels do not exist in English.

Notice that words spelled with ö and ü can be pronounced with a long or short vowel, so
determining the pronunciation based on the spelling is not possible. The other umlauted
letter, ä, is generally pronounced as [e], though it can be pronounced as [ɛ] in some
dialects. A general rule for pronunciation, however, states that the short vowels / ɪ ʏ ʊ ɛ
ɔ / must be followed by a consonant, whereas the long vowels / i y u e ø o / can occur at
the end of the syllable or word.

German Diphthongs English Pronunciation

[aɪ] ein, mein eye, buy, why
[aʊ] auf, kaufen cow, now, how
[ɔɪ] neu, Gebäude toy, boy, foil

German Consonants

There are a few German consonants that do not exist in English, and some consonant
combinations that are not common in English. Notice that the pronunciation of the
German r changes according to the location in the countries that speak German, i.e. [R] in
northern Germany and [r] in southern Germany, Austria and Switzerland.

Spelling IPA Sample words How to pronounce:

ch (with vowels e and Chemie, mich, Make yuh sound voiceless (no vibration
[ç]
i) nicht of vocal cords)
Buch, lachen, Make kuh sound a fricative (continuous
ch (with vowels a, o, u) [x]
kochen airflow)
Apfel, Pferd,
pf [pf] Pronounce together as one sound
Pfanne
Zeit, Zug,
z [ts] Pronounce together as one sound
Tanz
ja, Januar,
j [j] yuh
Junge
Quote, Quiz,
qu [kv] kv
Quitte
st / sp (at beginning of [ʃt] / Stadt,
sht / shp
syllable) [ʃp] sprechen
schenken,
sch [ʃ] sh
schlafen
Theater,
th [t] t
Thron
Vater,
v [f] f
verboten
w [v] Wasser, warm v
ß [s] Straße, groß s
s (before vowel) [z] Salz, seit, Sitz z
In addition, the sounds [b], [d], and [g] lose their voicing at the end of a syllable, so they
are pronounced as their voiceless counterparts [p], [t], and [k], respectively. However, the
spelling does not reflect the pronunciation.

Stress

Stress generally falls on the first syllable of the word, except in words borrowed from
other languages, where the stress falls on the last syllable (especially with French words.)

3. Alphabet

a ah j yoht s ess
b bay k kah t tay
c tsay l el u oo
d day m em v fow
e ay n en w vay
f eff o oh x eeks
g gay p pay y irp-se-lon
h hah q koo z tset
i ee r ehr

There is another letter in written German, ß (es-zet), pronounced like [s]. However, this
letter is only used after long vowels or diphthongs, and it is not used at all in Switzerland.

4. Nouns & Cases

All nouns have a gender in German, either masculine, feminine or neuter. There really
isn't a lot of logic to which nouns are which gender, so you must memorize the gender of
each noun.

1. Male persons or animals, the seasons, months, and days are all masculine, as are nouns
ending in -ant, -ast, -ich, -ig, -ismus, -ling, -or and -us.

2. Female persons or animals, and numerals are all feminine, as are nouns ending in -a,
-anz, -ei, -enz, -heit, -ie, -ik, -in, -keit, -schaft, -sion, -sis, -tät, -tion, -ung and -ur.
3. Young persons or animals, metals, chemical elements, letters of the alphabet, hotels,
restaurants, cinemas, continents, countries and provinces are all neuter, as are nouns that
end in -chen, -icht, -il, -it, -lein, -ma, -ment, -tel, -tum, and -um. Nouns referring to
things that end in -al, -an, -ar, -ät, -ent, -ett, -ier, -iv, -o and -on, as well as most words
with the prefix ge- and most nouns ending in -nis and -sal are also neuter.

All nouns in German are capitalized in writing.

All nouns (as well as pronouns and adjectives) have a case depending on what function
they serve in the sentence. These may seem strange, but remember that English uses
cases also; however, we would say direct object instead of accusative, or indirect object
instead of dative. Although these cases may make learning new words difficult, they
actually help with word order because the position of words in a sentence is not as fixed
in German as it is in English. And the reason for that is because words can occur in these
four cases:

Nominative subject of the sentence The girl is reading.

We see the
Accusative direct objects mountain.
I bought a gift.
We talk to the
guide.
Dative indirect objects
I gave my mom a
gift.
The book of the
indicates possession or
Genitive girl.
relationship
The dog's tail.

The nouns you look up in a dictionary will be in the nominative case.

5. Articles & Demonstratives

Definite Articles (The)

Masculine Feminine Neuter Plural
Nominative der (dare) die (dee) das (dahs) die
Accusative den (dane) die das die
Dative dem (dame) der dem den
Genitive des (dess) der des der
Indefinite Articles (A, An)
Masculine Feminine Neuter
Nom. ein (ine) eine (ine-uh) ein
 Acc. einen (ine-en) eine ein
Dat. einem (ine-em) einer(ine-er) einem
Gen. eines (ine-es) einer eines
Demonstratives (This, That, These, Those)
This / These That / Those
Masc. Fem. Neu. Pl. Masc. Fem. Neu. Pl.
Nom. dieser diese dieses diese der die das die
Acc. diesen diese dieses diese den die das die
Dat. diesem dieser diesem diesen dem der dem den
Gen. dieses dieser dieses dieser des der des der

Jener is an older word found in written German that was used to mean that or those, but
today in spoken German the definite articles are used. Dort or da may accompany the
definite articles for emphasis. Das is also a universal demonstrative and therefore shows
no agreement. Notice the last letter of each of the words above. They correspond to the
last letters of the words for the definite articles. Words that are formed this same way are
called der-words because they follow the pattern of the der-die-das declension. Other
der-words are: jeder-every, and welcher-which. Mancher (many) and solcher (such)
are also der-words, but they are used almost always in the plural.

6. Subject (Nominative) Pronouns

Subject Pronouns

ich I wir we
ikh veer

du you (familiar) ihr you (all)

doo eer

er, sie, es, man he, she, it, one sie, Sie they, you (formal)
air, zee, ess, mahn zee

Man can be translated as one, we, they or the people in general. When referring to nouns
as it, you use er for masculine nouns, sie for feminine nouns and es for neuter nouns.
However, the definite articles der, die and das can be substituted for er, sie and es to
show more emphasis.

7. To Be, to Have, & to Become

 Present tense of sein - to be (zine)
I am ich bin ikh bin we are wir sind veer zint
you are
du bist doo bihst you (plural) are ihr seid eer zide
(familiar)
air/zee/ess they/you (formal)
he/she/it is er/sie/es ist sie/Sie sind zee zint
isst are

Past tense of sein

veer vah-
I was ich war ikh var we were wir waren
ren
you were
du warst doo varst you (plural) were ihr wart eer vart
(familiar)
er/sie/es they/you (formal) sie/Sie zee vah-
he/she/it was air/zee/es var
war were waren ren

Present tense of haben - to have (hah-ben)

ich habe hah-buh wir haben hah-ben
du hast hahst ihr habt hahbt
er/sie/es hat haht sie/Sie haben hah-ben

Past tense of haben

ich hatte hah-tuh wir hatten hah-ten
du hattest hah-test ihr hattet hah-tet
er/sie/es hatte hah-tuh sie/Sie hatten hah-ten
Present tense of werden - to become (vair-den)
ich werde vair-duh wir werden vair-den
du wirst veerst ihr werdet vair-det
er/sie/es wird veert sie/Sie werden vair-den

Past tense of werden

ich wurde voor-duh wir wurden voor-den
du wurdest voor-dest ihr wurdet voor-det
er/sie/es wurde voor-duh sie/Sie wurden voor-den

Haben is frequently used in expressions that would normally take to be in English.

Ich habe Hunger. = I am hungry.
Ich hatte Durst. = I was thirsty.
Ich habe Langeweile. = I am bored.
Ich hatte Heimweh. = I was homesick.
Ich habe Angst. = I am afraid.

In everyday speech, the final -e on the ich conjugations can be dropped: ich hab' or hab'
ich

8. Useful Words

and und oont isn't it? nicht wahr? nikht vahr

but aber ah-ber too bad schade shah-duh
very sehr zair gladly gern gehrn
or oder oh-der immediately sofort zoh-fort
here hier here sure(ly) sicher(lich) zikh-er-likh
also auch owkh but, rather sondern zohn-dehrn
both beide by-duh finally schließlich shleess-likh
some etwas eht-vahss right! stimmt shtimt
only nur noor anyway überhaupt oo-ber-howpt
again wieder vee-der enough genug guh-nook
hopefully hoffentlich hoh-fent-likh exact(ly) genau guh-now
between zwischen zvish-en sometimes manchmal mahnch-mal
therefore deshalb des-halp always immer im-er
a lot, many viel(e) feel(uh) never nie nee
really wirklich veerk-lish often oft ohft
together zusammen tsoo-zah-men of course klar klahr
all alle ahl-luh perhaps vielleicht fee-likht
now jetzt yetst a little ein bisschen ine biss-khen
so also al-zoh a little ein wenig ine vay-nikh
another noch ein nohkh ine not at all gar nicht gar nikht
already schon shone not a bit kein bisschen kine biss-khen

Es gibt is commonly used to mean there is/are and it is always followed by the
accusative case.

9. Question Words

Whom
Who wer vehr wen vain
(acc.)
Whom
What was vahs wem vaim
(dat.)
 vah- How
Why warum wieso vee-zo
room come
Where
When wann vahn woher vo-hair
from
Where
Where wo voh wohin vo-hin
to
welche/- velsh-
How wie vee Which
r/-s uh/er/es

10. Numbers / Die Nummern

0 null nool
1 eins ines 1st erste
2 zwei tsvy 2nd zweite
3 drei dry 3rd dritte
4 vier feer 4th vierte
5 fünf fewnf 5th fünfte
6 sechs zecks 6th sechste
7 sieben zee-bun 7th siebte
8 acht ahkht 8th achte
9 neun noyn 9th neunte
10 zehn tsayn 10th zehnte
11 elf elf 11th elfte
12 zwölf tsvurlf 12th zwölfte
13 dreizehn dry-tsayn 13th dreizehnte
14 vierzehn feer-tsayn 14th vierzehnte
15 fünfzehn fewnf-tsayn 15th fünfzehnte
16 sechzehn zeck-tsayn 16th sechzehnte
17 siebzehn zeep-tsayn 17th siebzehnte
18 achtzehn ahkh-tsayn 18th achtzehnte
19 neunzehn noyn-tsayn 19th neunzehnte
20 zwanzig tsvahn-tsikh 20th zwanzigste
21 einundzwanzig ine-oont-tsvahn-tsikh 21st einundzwanzigste
22 zweiundzwanzig tsvy-oont-tsvahn-tsikh 22nd zweiundzwanzigste
23 dreiundzwanzig dry-oont-tsvahn-tsikh 23rd dreiundzwanzigste
24 vierundzwanzig feer-oont-tsvahn-tsikh 24th vierundzwanzigste
30 dreißig dry-sikh 30th dreißigste
40 vierzig feer-tsikh 40th vierzigste
 50 fünfzig fewnf-tsikh 50th fünfzigste
60 sechzig zekh-tsikh 60th sechzigste
70 siebzig zeep-tsikh 70th siebzigste
80 achtzig ahkh-tsikh 80th achtzigste
90 neunzig noyn-tsikh 90th neunzigste
100 (ein)hundert ine-hoon-duhrt
1,000 (ein)tausend ine-tow-zuhnt

Sometimes zwo (tsvoh) is used instead of zwei to avoid confusion with drei when talking
on the telephone. The use of commas and periods is switched in German, though a space
is commonly used to separate thousandths, i.e. 1,000 would be 1 000. When saying
telephone numbers, you can either say each number individually or group them in twos.
For years, you use the hundreds: 1972 is neunzehn hundert zweiundsiebzig; or the
thousands: 2005 is zwei tausend fünf.

Wann sind Sie geboren? When were you born?

Ich bin in 1982 geboren. I was born in 1982.

11. Days of the Week / Die Tage

Monday Montag mohn-tahk

Tuesday Dienstag deens-tahk
Wednesday Mittwoch mit-vock
Thursday Donnerstag don-ers-tahk
Friday Freitag fry-tahk
Saturday Samstag zahms-tahk
(N & E Germany) Sonnabend zon-nah-bent
Sunday Sonntag zon-tahk
day der Tag (-e) dehr tahk
morning der Morgen (-) mawr-gun
afternoon der Nachmittag (-e) nakh-mih-tahk
evening der Abend (-e) ah-bunt
night die Nacht (ä, -e) nahkt
today heute hoy-tuh
tomorrow morgen mawr-gun
tonight heute Abend hoy-tuh ah-bunt
yesterday gestern geh-stairn
last night gestern Abend geh-stairn ah-bunt
week die Woche (-n) voh-kuh
 weekend das Wochenende (-n) voh-ken-en-duh
daily täglich teh-glikh
weekly wöchentlich wer-khent-likh

To say on a certain day or the weekend, use am. Add an -s to the day to express "on
Mondays, Tuesdays, etc." All days, months and seasons are masculine so they all use the
same form of these words: jeden - every, nächsten - next, letzten - last (as in the last of
a series), vorigen - previous. In der Woche is the expression for "during the week" in
Northern and Eastern Germany, while unter der Woche is used in Southern Germany,
Austria and Switzerland.

12. Months of the Year / Die Monate

January Januar yah-noo-ahr

(Austria) Jänner yeh-ner
February Februar fay-broo-ahr
March März mehrts
April April ah-pril
May Mai my
June Juni yoo-nee
July Juli yoo-lee
August August ow-goost
September September zehp-tehm-ber
October Oktober ok-toh-ber
November November no-vehm-ber
December Dezember deh-tsem-ber
month der Monat (-e) moh-naht
year das Jahr (-e) yaar
monthly monatlich moh-naht-likh
yearly jährlich jehr-likh

To say in a certain month, use im.

Wann hast du Geburtstag? When is your birthday?

Mein Geburtstag ist im Mai. My birthday is in May.

13. Seasons / Die Jahreszeiten

 Winter der Winter dehr vin-ter
Spring der Frühling dehr frew-ling
Summer der Sommer dehr zom-mer
Autumn der Herbst dehr hehrpst

To say in the + a season, use im.

14. Directions / Die Richtungen

right rechts
left links
straight geradeaus
North der Norden
South der Süden
East der Osten
West der Westen

im Norden = in the North

nach Osten = to the East
aus Westen = from the West

15. Colors & Shapes / Die Farben & Die Formen

orange orange square das Viereck

pink rosa circle der Kreis
purple violett / lila triangle das Dreieck
blue blau rectangle das Rechteck
yellow gelb oval das Oval
red rot octagon das Achteck
black schwarz cube der Würfel
brown braun sphere die Kugel
gray grau cone der Kegel
white weiß cylinder der Zylinder
green grün
turquoise türkis
beige beige
silver silber
 gold gold

Because colors are adjectives, they must agree in gender and number with the noun they
describe if they are placed before the noun. However, not all adjectives agree, such as
colors ending in -a or -e; nor do they agree when they are used as predicate adjectives.
More about Adjectives in German III. To say that a color is light, put hell- before it, and
to say that a color is dark, put dunkel- before it.

Das Viereck ist braun. The square is brown.

Das Rechteck ist hellblau. The rectange is light blue.

16. Time / Die Zeit

What time is it? Wie spät ist es? vee shpayt isst ess
(It is) 2 AM Es ist zwei Uhr nachts ess ist tsvy oor nahkts
2 PM Es ist zwei Uhr nachmittags tsvy oor nahk-mih-tahks
6:20 Es ist sechs Uhr zwanzig zex oor tsvahn-tsikh
half past 3 Es ist halb vier hahlp feer
quarter past 4 Es ist Viertel nach vier feer-tel nahk feer
quarter to 5 Es ist Viertel vor fünf feer-tel for fewnf
10 past 11 Es ist zehn nach elf tsyan nahk elf
20 to 7 Es ist zwanzig vor sieben tsvahn-tsikh for zee-bun
noon Es ist nachmittag nakh-mih-tahk
midnight Es ist mitternacht mih-ter-nahk
in the morning morgens / früh mawr-guns / frew
in the evening abends aah-bunts
It's exactly... Es ist genau... ess ist guh-now
At 8. Um 8 Uhr. oom akht oor
early(ier) früh(er) frew(er)
late(r) spät(er) shpayt(er)

Official time, such as for bus and train schedules, always uses the 24 hour clock. Notice
that halb + number means half to, not half past, so you have to use the hour that comes
next.

17. Weather / Das Wetter

 How's the weather Wie ist das Wetter vie ist dahs vet-ter hoy-
today? heute? tuh
It's hot Es ist heiß ess isst hise
It's cold Es ist kalt ess isst kahlt
It's beautiful Es ist schön ess isst shern
It's bad Es ist schlecht ess isst shlehkt
It's clear Es ist klar ess isst klahr
It's icy Es ist eisig ess isst ise-ikh
It's warm Es ist warm ess isst varm
It's sunny Es ist sonnig ess isst zohn-ikh
It's windy Es ist windig ess isst vin-dikh
It's cloudy Es ist bewölkt ess isst beh-verlkt
It's hazy Es ist dunstig ess isst doons-tikh
It's muggy Es ist schwül ess isst schvool
It's humid Es ist feucht ess isst foikht
It's foggy Es ist nebelig ess isst neh-beh-likh
It's snowing Es schneit ess schnite
It's raining Es regnet ess rayg-net
It's freezing Es friert ess freert
Es sieht nach Regen es seet nahkh ray-gen
It looks like rain.
aus. ows
Das Wetter klärt sich dahs vett-er klairt sikh
The weather is clearing
auf. owf

18. Family / Die Familie

Parents die Eltern Relative der Verwandte (-n)

Mother die Mutter (ü) Man der Mann (ä, -er)
Father der Vater (ä) Sir / Mister der Herr (-en)
Woman / Ma'am /
Son der Sohn (ö, -e) die Frau (-en)
Mrs. / Ms.
Daughter die Tochter (ö) Husband der Ehemann (ä, -er)
Brother der Bruder (ü) Wife die Ehefrau (-en)
Sister die Schwester (-n) Boy der Junge (-n)
Grandparents die Großeltern Girl das Mädchen (-)
Grandfather der Großvater (ä) Grandpa der Opa (-s)
Grandmother die Großmutter (ü) Grandma die Oma (-s)
Grandchildren die Enkelkinder Dad der Vati
Grandson der Enkel (-) Mom die Mutti
Granddaughter die Enkelin (-nen) Friend (m) der Freund (-e)
Niece die Nichte (-n) Friend (f) die Freundin (-nen)
Partner / Significant
Nephew der Neffe (-n) der Partner (-)
Other (m)
Partner / Significant
Cousin (m) der Vetter (-n) die Partnerin (-nen)
Other (f)
Cousin (f) die Kusine (-n) Marital Status der Familienstand
Uncle der Onkel (-) Single ledig
Aunt die Tante (-n) Married verheiratet
Siblings die Geschwister Divorced geschieden
Baby das Baby (-s) Male männlich
Godfather der Pate (-n) Female weiblich
Godmother die Patin (-nen) Child das Kind (-er)
Step- der/die Stief- Toddler das Kleinkind (-er)
-in-law der/die Schwieger- Teenager der Teenager (-)
Brother-in-law der Schwager (ä) Adult der Erwachsene (-n)
die Schwägerin (-
Sister-in-law Twin der Zwilling (-e)
nen)

The letters in parentheses indicate the plural form of the noun. Notice that sometimes an
umlaut is placed over the main vowel of the word in the plural. For example, der Mann
is singular (the man) and die Männer is plural (the men). For step- and -in-law relations,
just add Stief- or Schwieger- before the main person, except in the case of brother-in-law
and sister-in-law noted above. The plurals follow the pattern for the main person, i.e. die
Schwiegermutter (singular) and die Schwiegermütter (plural)

19. To Know People & Facts

kennen - to know people wissen - to know facts

ich kenne ken-nuh wir kennen ken-nun ich weiß vise wir wissen vih-sun
du kennst kenst ihr kennt kent du weißt vist ihr wisst vihst
er/sie/es sie/Sie er/sie/es sie/Sie
kent ken-nun vise vih-sun
kennt kennen weiß wissen

Kennen is a regular, while wissen is irregular in the present tense.

You must use the subject pronouns (ich, du, er...); however, I will leave them out of future
conjugations.
20. Formation of Plural Nouns

Plural nouns in German are unpredictable, so it's best to memorize the plural form with
the singular. However, here are some rules that can help:

1. Feminine nouns usually add -n or -en. Nouns that end in -in (such as the female
equivalents of masculine nouns) add -nen.

eine Lampe zwei Lampen

eine Tür zwei Türen
eine Studentin zwei Studentinnen
eine Gabel zwei Gabeln

2. Masculine and neuter nouns usually add -e or -er. Many masculine plural nouns
ending in -e add an umlaut as well, but neuter plural nouns ending in -e don't. Plurals
that end in -er add an umlaut when the stem vowel is a, o , u or au.

Masculine Neuter
ein Rock zwei Röcke ein Heft zwei Hefte
ein Mann zwei Männer ein Buch zwei Bücher

3. Masculine and neuter singular nouns that end in -er either add an umlaut or change
nothing at all. Many nouns with a stem vowel of a, o, u or au add an umlaut. Masculine
and neuter singular nouns that end in -el also add nothing at all (with three exceptions:
Pantoffel, Stachel, Muskel).

Masculine Neuter
ein Bruder zwei Brüder ein Fenster zwei Fenster
ein Kegel zwei Kegel ein Mittel zwei Mittel

4. Nouns that end in a vowel other than an unstressed -e and nouns of foreign origin add
-s.

ein Hobby zwei Hobbys

ein Hotel zwei Hotels