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RAILWAY RESERVATION
SYSTEM
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CONTENTS
1.INTRODUCTION
2.PROPOSED SYSTEM
3.SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT LIFE CYCLE
4.SOURCE CODE
5.TESTING
WHITE BOX TESTING
BLACK BOX TESTING
6.CODE COMPLETENESS EVALUATION
7.DATA FLOW DIAGRAM
8.ADVANTAGES OF THE SYSTEM
9.HARDWARE/SOFTWARE REQUIREMENTS
10. BIBLIOGRAPHY
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INTRODUCTION
This project introduces railway reservation
system . It explains how reservation is being
done in Indian Railways . The step by step
procedure is explained . This project is
developed in c ++ language . Allmost all the
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header files have been used in this project.
Proper comments have been given at desired
locations to make the project user friendly.
Various functions and structures are used to
make a complete use of this language.
Thos project is
well versed with the programming . Railway
reservation can easily accompanied with the
help of this.
PROPOSED SYSTEM
Today one cannot afford to rely on the fallible
human beings of be really wants to stand
against today’s merciless competition where
not to wise saying “to err is human” no longer
valid, it’s outdated to rationalize your
mistake. So, to keep pace with time, to bring
about the best result without malfunctioning
and greater efficiency so to replace the
unending heaps of flies with a much
sophisticated hard disk of the computer. One
has to use the data management software.
Software has been an ascent in atomization
various organizations. Many software products
working are now in markets, which have
helped in making the organizations work easier
and efficiently. Data management initially had
to maintain a lot of ledgers and a lot of paper
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work has to be done but now software product
on this organization has made their work faster
and easier. Now only this software has to be
loaded on the computer and work can be done.
This prevents a lot of time and money. The
work becomes fully automated and any
information regarding the organization can be
obtained by clicking the button. Moreover, now
it’s an age of computers of and automating
such an organization gives the better look.
SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT LIFE CYCLE
The systems development life cycle is a project
management technique that divides complex
projects into smaller, more easily managed
segments or phases. Segmenting projects
allows managers to verify the successful
completion of project phases before allocating
resources to subsequent phases.
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Software development
projects typically include initiation, planning,
design, development, testing, implementation,
and maintenance phases. However, the phases
may be divided differently depending on the
organization involved. For example, initial
project activities might be designated as
request, requirements-definition, and planning
phases, or initiation, concept-development,
and planning phases. End users of the system
under development should be involved in
reviewing the output of each phase to ensure
the system is being built to deliver the needed
functionality.
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PHASES OF SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT
LIFE CYCLE
Initiation Phase
The Initiation Phase begins when a business
sponsor identifies a need or an opportunity.
The purpose of the Initiation Phase is to:
Identify and validate an opportunity to
improve business accomplishments of the
organization or a deficiency related to a
business need.
Identify significant assumptions and
constraints on solutions to that need.
Recommend the exploration of alternative
concepts and methods to satisfy the need
including questioning the need for
technology, i.e., will a change in the
business process offer a solution?
Assure executive business and executive
technical sponsorship.
The Sponsor designates a Project Manager and
the business need is documented in a Concept
Proposal. The Concept Proposal includes
information about the business process and
the relationship to the Agency/Organization
Infrastructure and the Strategic Plan. A
successful Concept Proposal results in a
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Project Management Charter which outlines
the authority of the project manager to begin
the project.
Careful oversight is
required to ensure projects support strategic
business objectives and resources are
effectively implemented into an organization's
enterprise architecture. The initiation phase
begins when an opportunity to add, improve,
or correct a system is identified and formally
requested through the presentation of a
business case. The business case should, at a
minimum, describe a proposal’s purpose,
identify expected benefits, and explain how
the proposed system supports one of the
organization’s business strategies. The
business case should also identify alternative
solutions and detail as many informational,
functional, and network requirements as
possible.
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System Concept
Development Phase
The System Concept Development Phase
begins after a business need or opportunity is
validated by the Agency/Organization Program
Leadership and the Agency/Organization CIO.
The purpose of the System Concept
Development Phase is to:
Determine the feasibility and
appropriateness of the alternatives.
Identify system interfaces.
Identify basic functional and data
requirements to satisfy the business need.
Establish system boundaries, identify
goals, objectives, critical success factors,
and performance measures.
Evaluate costs and benefits of alternative
approaches to satisfy the basic functional
requirements
Assess project risks
Identify and initiate risk mitigation actions,
and
Develop high-level technical architecture,
process models, data models, and a
concept of operations.
This phase explores potential technical
solutions within the context of the business
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need. It may include several trade-off
decisions such as the decision to use COTS
software products as opposed to developing
custom software or reusing software
components, or the decision to use an
incremental delivery versus a complete, one-
time deployment. Construction of executable
prototypes is encouraged to evaluate
technology to support the business process.
The System Boundary Document serves
as an important reference document to support
the Information Technology Project Request
(ITPR) process. The ITPR must be approved by
the State CIO before the project can move
forward.
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PICTORIAL
REPRESENTATION OF
SDLC:-
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Planning Phase
The planning phase is the most critical step in
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completing development, acquisition, and
maintenance projects. Careful planning,
particularly in the early stages of a project, is
necessary to coordinate activities and manage
project risks effectively. The depth and
formality of project plans should be
commensurate with the characteristics and
risks of a given project.
Project plans refine
the information gathered during the initiation
phase by further identifying the specific
activities and resources required to complete a
project. A critical part of a project manager’s
job is to coordinate discussions between user,
audit, security, design, development, and
network personnel to identify and document as
many functional, security, and network
requirements as possible.
During this phase, a plan is
developed that documents the approach to be
used and includes a discussion of methods,
tools, tasks, resources, project schedules, and
user input. Personnel assignments, costs,
project schedule, and target dates are
established. A Project Management Plan is
created with components related to acquisition
planning, configuration management planning,
quality assurance planning, concept of
operations, system security, verification and
validation, and systems engineering
management planning.
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Requirements
Analysis Phase
This phase formally defines the detailed
functional user requirements using high-level
requirements identified in the Initiation,
System Concept, and Planning phases. It also
delineates the requirements in terms of data,
system performance, security, and
maintainability requirements for the system.
The requirements are defined in this phase to a
level of detail sufficient for systems design to
proceed. They need to be measurable,
testable, and relate to the business need or
opportunity identified in the Initiation Phase.
The requirements that will be used to
determine acceptance of the system are
captured in the Test and Evaluation Master
Plan.
The purposes of this phase are to:
Further define and refine the functional
and data requirements and document them
in the Requirements Document,
Complete business process reengineering
of the functions to be supported (i.e.,
verify what information drives the business
process, what information is generated,
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who generates it, where does the
information go, and who processes it),
Develop detailed data and process models
(system inputs, outputs, and the process.
Develop the test and evaluation
requirements that will be used to
determine acceptable system performance.
Design Phase
The design phase involves converting the
informational, functional, and network
requirements identified during the initiation
and planning phases into unified design
specifications that developers use to script
programs during the development phase.
Program designs are c onstructed in various
ways. Using a top-down approach, designers
first identify and link major program
components and interfaces, then expand
design layouts as they identify and link
smaller subsystems and connections. Using a
bottom-up approach, designers first identify
and link minor program components and
interfaces, then expand design layouts as
they identify and link larger systems and
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connections.
Contemporary design techniques
often use prototyping tools that build mock-up
designs of items such as application screens,
database layouts, and system architectures.
End users, designers, developers, database
managers, and network administrators should
review and refine the prototyped designs in an
iterative process until they agree on an
acceptable design. Audit, security, and quality
assurance personnel should be involved in the
review and approval process.
During this phase, the
system is designed to satisfy the functional
requirements identified in the previous phase.
Since problems in the design phase could be
very expensive to solve in the later stage of
the software development, a variety of
elements are considered in the design to
mitigate risk. These include:
Identifying potential risks and defining
mitigating design features.
Performing a security risk assessment.
Developing a conversion plan to migrate
current data to the new system.
Determining the operating environment.
Defining major subsystems and their inputs
and outputs.
Allocating processes to resources.
Preparing detailed logic specifications for
each software module.
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The result is a draft System Design Document
which captures the preliminary design for the
system. Everything requiring user input or
approval is documented and reviewed by the
user.
Once these documents have been approved by
the Agency CIO and Business Sponsor, the final
System Design Document is created to serve as
the Critical/Detailed Design for the system.
This document receives a rigorous review by
Agency technical and functional
representatives to ensure that it satisfies the
business requirements.
Concurrent with the development of the
system design, the Agency Project Manager
begins development of the Implementation
Plan, Operations and Maintenance Manual, and
the Training Plan.
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Development
Phase
The development phase involves converting
design specifications into executable
programs. Effective development standards
include requirements that programmers and
other project participants discuss design
specifications before programming begins. The
procedures help ensure programmers clearly
understand program designs and functional
requirements.
Programmers use various
techniques to develop computer programs. The
large transaction-oriented programs
associated with financial institutions have
traditionally been developed using procedural
programming techniques. Procedural
programming involves the line-by-line scripting
of logical instructions that are combined to
form a program.
Effective completion of the
previous stages is a key factor in the success
of the Development phase. The Development
phase consists of:
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Translating the detailed requirements and
design into system components.
Testing individual elements (units) for
usability.
Preparing for integration and testing of the
IT system.
Integration and
Test Phase
Subsystem integration, system, security, and
user acceptance testing is conducted during
the integration and test phase. The user, with
those responsible for quality assurance,
validates that the functional requirements, as
defined in the functional requirements
document, are satisfied by the developed or
modified system. OIT Security staff assess the
system security and issue a security
certification and accreditation prior to
installation/implementation. Multiple levels of
testing are performed, including:
Testing at the development facility by the
contractor and possibly supported by end
users
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Testing as a deployed system with end
users working together with contract
personnel
Operational testing by the end user alone
performing all functions.
Requirements are traced throughout testing, a
final Independent
Verification & Validation evaluation is
performed and all documentation is reviewed
and accepted prior to acceptance of the
system.
Implementation
Phase
This phase is initiated after the system has
been tested and accepted by the user. In this
phase, the system is installed to support the
intended business functions. System
performance is compared to performance
objectives established during the planning
phase. Implementation includes user
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notification, user training, installation of
hardware, installation of software onto
production computers, and integration of the
system into daily work processes.
This phase continues until the system is
operating in production in accordance with the
defined user requirements.
Operations and
Maintenance Phase
The system operation is ongoing. The system
is monitored for continued performance in
accordance with user requirements and needed
system modifications are incorporated.
Operations continue as long as the system can
be effectively adapted to respond to the
organization’s needs. When modifications or
changes are identified, the system may reenter
the planning phase. The purpose of this phase
is to:
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Operate, maintain, and enhance the
system.
Certify that the system can process
sensitive information.
Conduct periodic assessments of the
system to ensure the functional
requirements continue to be satisfied.
Determine when the system needs to be
modernized, replaced, or retired.
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Testing
Software Testing is an empirical investigation
conducted to provide stakeholders with
information about the quality of the product or
service under test[1] , with respect to the
context in which it is intended to operate.
Software Testing also provides an objective,
independent view of the software to allow the
business to appreciate and understand the
risks at implementation of the software. Test
techniques include, but are not limited to, the
process of executing a program or application
with the intent of finding software bugs. It can
also be stated as the process of validating and
verifying that a software
program/application/product meets the
business and technical requirements that
guided its design and development, so that it
works as expected and can be implemented
with the same characteristics.
Software Testing, depending on the testing
method employed, can be implemented at any
time in the development process, however the
most test effort is employed after the
requirements have been defined and coding
process has been completed.
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Testing methods
Software testing methods are traditionally
divided into black box testing and white box
testing. These two approaches are used to
describe the point of view that a test engineer
takes when designing test cases.
Black box testing
Black box testing treats the software as a
"black box," without any knowledge of internal
implementation. Black box testing methods
include: equivalence partitioning, boundary
value analysis, all-pairs testing, fuzz testing,
model-based testing, traceability matrix,
exploratory testing and specification-based
testing.
Specification-based testing
Specification-based testing aims to test the
functionality of software according to the
applicable requirements.[16] Thus, the tester
inputs data into, and only sees the output
from, the test object. This level of testing
usually requires thorough test cases to be
provided to the tester, who then can simply
verify that for a given input, the output value
(or behavior), either "is" or "is not" the same
as the expected value specified in the test
case.
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Specification-based
testing is necessary, but it is insufficient to
guard against certain risks
Advantages and
disadvantages
The black box tester has no "bonds" with the
code, and a tester's perception is very simple:
a code must have bugs. Using the principle,
"Ask and you shall receive," black box testers
find bugs where programmers don't. But, on
the other hand, black box testing has been
said to be "like a walk in a dark labyrinth
without a flashlight," because the tester
doesn't know how the software being tested
was actually constructed. That's why there are
situations when (1) a black box tester writes
many test cases to check something that can
be tested by only one test case, and/or (2)
some parts of the back end are not tested at
all.
Therefore, black box testing has the advantage
of "an unaffiliated opinion," on the one hand,
and the disadvantage of "blind exploring," on
the other.
White box testing
White box testing, by contrast to black box
testing, is when the tester has access to the
internal data structures and algorithms (and
the code that implement these)
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Types of white box testing :-
The following types of white box testing
exist:
api testing - Testing of the application
using Public and Private APIs.
code coverage - creating tests to
satisfy some criteria of code coverage.
For example, the test designer can
create tests to cause all statements in
the program to be executed at least
once.
fault injection methods.
mutation testing methods.
static testing - White box testing
includes all static testing.
Code completeness evaluation
White box testing methods can also be
used to evaluate the completeness of a
test suite that was created with black box
testing methods. This allows the software
team to examine parts of a system that are
rarely tested and ensures that the most
important function points have been
tested.[19]
Two common forms of code coverage are:
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function coverage, which reports on
functions executed
and statement coverage, which reports
on the number of lines executed to
complete the test.
They both return a coverage metric, measured
as a percentage
DATA FLOW DIAGRAM:-
New Customer
2. Maintain TRAIN
Customer DATABASE
Information
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Check for
available trains
2. Create AMOUNT
record
DFD FOR PAYMENT:-
CUSTOMER
PAYMEN ACCOUNT
T
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ACCOUNT
ADVANTAGES OF RAILWAY
RESERVATION SYSTEM
Now one can easily plan the journey
comfortably as the process is efficient and
fast with being easy to access.
Reservations can be made through the
Indian railways site or at the ample
reservation centers all over the country.
Also now there are authorized agencies
which provide reservation facility on
behalf of India railways and without
waiting in long line one can easily book a
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ticket. The booking is done through an E-
Ticket issue which have a PNR number of
which one has to take a print and just
have to show at the station.
It not only provide reservation but
cancellation can also be done through this
system at ease and one can use a credit
card to complete the process.
This being a big step in terms
of improvement in the railway system it is
widely accepted across the country.
HARDWARE REQUIREMENTS:
I. OPERATING SYSTEM :
Any
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II. PROCESSOR:
1.PENTIUM(ANY) OR AMD
ATHALON(3800+- 4200+ DUAL
CORE)
III. MOTHERBOARD:
1.845 OR 915,995 FOR PENTIUM
0R MSI K9MM-V VIA
K8M800+8237R PLUS CHIPSET
FOR AMD ATHALON
IV. RAM:512MB+
V. Hard disk:
Sata 40 gb or above
VI. CD/DVD r/w multi drive combo
VII. FLOPPY DRIVE 1.44 MB
VIII. MONITOR 14.1 or 15 -17 inch
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IX. Key board and mouse
X. Printer
SOFTWARE REQUIREMENTS:
I. office XP
II. Vb 6.0
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BIBLIOGRAPHY
These are the following links which assist me
at each and every step in compliting this
project , without them i was not be able to
finish this important project:-
1.www.wikipedia.com
2.www.answers.com
3.www.askme.com
4.www.esnips.com
Instead of these useful websites , following
books also help me:
1.OBJECT ORIENTED PROGRAMMING
BY E.BALAGURUSWAMI
2.OBJECT ORIENTED PROGRAMMING
BT ROBERT LAFORE
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