CHAPTER - II

THEORETICAL VIEW OF WOMEN INVESTORS

2.1 Introduction

2.2 Status of Women in India

2.3 Women and Savings

2.4 Investment Mantras for Women Investors

2.5 Factors Influencing Investment Decision

2.6 Challenges and Opportunities faced by Women Investors

2.7 Savings and Investment

2.8 Savings and Investment Pattern of Women Investor

2.9 Profile of Investment Schemes

2.10 Investment Pattern

2.11 Investor’s Preferences

2.12 Investors Behaviour

2.13 Individual Behaviour

2.14 Reason for Increasing Popularity of Investments

2.15 Importance of Investments

2.16 Investment Media

2.17 Trends and Pattern of Savings and Investment

2.18 Savings Behaviour in India

2.19 General Behaviour of Women Investors

2.20 Women are more Likely to Live Longer

2.21 Women are more Likely to have Dependents to Care For

2.22 Women are Less Likely to take Investment Risks

2.23 Unique Needs

2.24 Conclusion

17
 THEORETICAL VIEW OF WOMEN INVESTORS

2.1 INTRODUCTION

Men and women are born equal and both play an important role in the creation

and development of family in particular and society in general. In the traditional

family husband earns for the family and wife maintains it. Her role was mainly

confined to domestic works. She creates life, nurtures, guards and strengthens it. She

plays the role of wife, mother, sister, sister-in-law, daughter, daughter-in-law, grand-

daughter etc. She is the transmitter of tradition and the instrument by which the family

culture is preserved.

Women’s role which was confined to domestic areas has now switched over to

the other areas where she is competing with her male counterpart. This is due to the

education she is getting, the women centered policies, programmes of the government

and the job opportunities available to her in the wake of modernization, urbanization,

industrialization, liberalization, globalization etc. The opportunities available to

women paved the way for economic independence and their involvement in political

and social sphere has increased to a great extent.

There were times when the prime role of women was confined to her

household duties. But as times changed, the world realized that her potential was

meant to be explored in various fields. Today’s women is a hard taskmaster,

managing between a homely wife, a shrewd boss, a genuine companion, with such

ease and grace that is remarkably appreciable.

18
 The prosperity and growth of a nation is measured by the status and

development of its women as they not only constitute half of its population, but also

influence the growth of the remaining half of the population. Since time immemorial

women are known for juggling and balancing many roles at a time. The rural sector is

of utmost importance to the Indian economy, not only because of the income

generated and the employment potential of this sector but also because of the limit set

by this sector to the growth of other sectors. The upliftment of the rural economy

depends on the mobilization of savings and their transfer to the enterprising investors.

2.2 STATUS OF WOMEN IN INDIA

The status of women in India has been subject to many great changes over the

past few millennia. From equal status with men in ancient times through the low

points of the medieval period, to the promotion of equal rights by many reformers, the

history of women in India has been eventful. In modern India, women have adorned

high offices including that of the President, Prime minister, Speaker of Loksabha, etc.

In India, traditionally men have been the bread winners where as women

typically ran the household and saved for the rainy days. This was the scenario, till

women started working and took the command of financial matters. Today holds the

key to happiness; hence women should plan their finances and investment well.

Women have to save on a regular basis and smallest of the surplus income they like to

invest prudently. The role of women has changed from “Savers to Investors”. Most of

the working rural women have regular income because they work on the basis of

wages. Savings are seen as insurance against foreseeable future difficulties which are

completely unpredictable. Therefore women investors insure themselves against

19
future risks by saving in the form of various investments such as deposits, gold, lands,

and herds or by hoarding money.

A woman, if employed, she is the best asset of not only to her husband but also

to their entire family. Though money is a sole vital factor for a competent living, the

source of it is also equally much significant. Generally the source happens to be a job.

Hence, for a family man, his earnings alone are not copious for a happy life. Wife’s

employment, investment, in that sense, is a significant and inevitable source for a

better maintaining of a family.

The status and role of women is vacillating all over the world. Women’s

stepping out of the confines of the households multiplied their roles and

responsibilities. They have to shoulders their domestic responsibilities as well as say

themselves in the professional arena. But the balance between the two fronts is

guileful exercise. The tilt on any side to a state of conflict generated from the related

role. (Nilima S, 2005).

2.3 WOMEN AND SAVINGS

Saving schemes are very important for countries which are experiencing

deficiencies in economic growth. There is a need for saving mobilization which

means advocating the need for more and more savings to improve the economic

policies. It is human need to save. Savings are to keep something for the future, by

foregoing its consumption in the present day. A person earns with the objective of

being able to spend and fulfill various basic needs. Keynes paradox of thrift advocates

that individual savings are good for an economy. However, overall savings for an

20
economy are bad as they pull down the consumption, reducing down the national

income of the economy.

Savings is a habit specially embodied to woman. Even in the past when

women mainly depended on their income. They used to save to meet emergencies as

well as for future requirements. Many forces have contributed to the growth of the

newly emerging middle class working women in India. The socio-economic liberation

of Indian women has itself being a product of, and an instrument in the change in their

lives due to employment. A deep of vital change has taken place in the economic

condition and personal status of women in the recent past.

It is accepted fact now that women have to play a prominent role in the overall

economic development of our nation, as they constitute 50 per cent of the total

population, “when women move forward, the family moves, the village moves,”

claimed Jawaharlal Nehru. It is recognized through out the world that only when

women are in the mainstream of progress can economic and social development be

possible and meaningful.

Freedom depends on economic conditions more than other reasons. Now, the

present women, who is equally employed, through their education have knowledge

about various aspects of investment and as result they invest in various investment

avenues such as shares, debentures, mutual funds and bank deposits. Indian savings

market has been expanding over the period and there is a steady increase of household

savings.

21
2.4 INVESTMENT MANTRAS FOR WOMEN INVESTORS

Women are not as active as men when it comes to investing money. They

generally keep themselves away from taking investment decisions, they are well

known for spending money or keeping it idle, rather that investing it for earning more.

Even non working women are mostly dependent on their spouses for meeting their

day to day expenses. Though to some extend it is true that women are dependent on

their spouses for finance, they should also think about their future.

Women should start thinking and understanding the importance of money,

savings and its investment aspect to avoid critical situations at any stage of their lives.

They need to develop skills to plan for their financial needs. Generally women tend to

keep cash idle rather than investing it. They tend to think that this “idle cash” can be

easily used to meet expenses beauty parlours, jewellery etc.

However, as an exception few women invest in less risk avenues such as bank

deposits and post office schemes. They generally avoid risky options such as equities,

as they think that it is difficult to understand equity market trends, patterns and as they

volatile in nature.

2.5 FACTORS INFLUENCING INVESTMENT DECISION

Each and every person can be specially differentiated on various parameters.

Their investment decisions depend on various attributes. There are so many factors

which influence their investment decisions. Every one has their own requirements. So,

accordingly they take decisions.

22
 Personal investment is affected by the level of knowledge, an individual

investor possess about different investment instruments. The knowledge of the

relationship between risk and return along with the knowledge of industrial sectors,

economic indicators, companies performance analysis techniques, portfolio

management techniques etc., affect the investment decision of individuals.

The source of information regarding investment avenues also guides the

investment decisions. One of the most important factors affecting personal investment

is the availability of disposal funds. Apart from all these factors, invested money

should be convertible into cash in the hour of need and this is an important factor

which affects personal investment.

The success of every investment decision has become increasingly important

in recent times. Making sound investment decision requires both knowledge and skill.

Skill is needed to evaluate risk and return associated with an investment decision.

Knowledge is required regarding the complex investment alternatives available in the

economic environment.

2.6 CHALLENGES AND OPPORTUNITIES FACED BY WOMEN

INVESTORS

The challenges and opportunities faced by women today honors some women

of substance, puts forward some social issues and hopes to offer realistic means

towards creation of a gender unbiased society. Women today have scaled great

heights. They are impervious to the traditional beliefs of our society in a non-defiant

but affirming way. They know what they want. They are not apprehensive in

23
discovering their capacity and carving their own niche in these contemporary yet

conventional times. They know striding a fight balance between personal life and

career is challenge and they learnt to conquer it with grace of savings.

Swearing by the principles of equal opportunities as propagated by the

constitution itself, the role and contribution of women in society at large can never be

completely underlined, however it is articulated. It is imperative today that each

woman investors should understand the role what she plays in society. However, there

is a need to address certain challenges faced generally by women today.

2.7 SAVINGS AND INVESTMENT

Savings is the simple process of putting aside the earnings, usually in the form

of cash in hand or savings account or in the form of some highly liquid and safe

instruments such as government issued treasury bills. While, investment is spending

money or capital to purchase an asset that would generate secure and reasonable

returns, income or capital appreciation over a period of time. Saving is rather a

passive activity. It needs nothing more than putting aside a certain amount from what

we earn regularly as an income. Investment is much more active in nature. It involves

spending money usually from the savings to purchase a particular asset. Thus savings

is usually short term in nature but investment has much larger in time lasting up to

several decades. Savings is mostly done with banks or even at home in the form of

cash.

Savings and Investment are really parts of the same process in which

investment starts where saving ends or the process of savings is preliminary to the

24
process of investment. Savings can be considered as the base of foundation for the

investment. But it is also important to understand that investment is not the sole or

exclusive purpose of saving. Investment is a vehicle that is used for long term

financial objectives.

Investment is purely with an intention to use money or any other asset with a

hope to generate income in the future or a capital gain, and risk is a integral part of

every investment. Savings are funded, generally by either reducing the current

expenses or doing some extra work to have extra amount available for savings. People

save or invest money based factors, such as availability of funds, sources of the funds,

liquidity and risk and return trade. Future forecast is another critical reason that helps

in the decision of either saving or Investment. The level of savings in the economy

depends on a number of factors;

1. A higher interest rate will give a greater return on savings as banks offer

more favorable rates.

2. Poor return on investment in stocks and shares and other forms of

investment make savings comparably better.

3. Poor expectation for future economic growth, wages and job opportunities

will increase savings in preparation for better future.

2.8 SAVINGS AND INVESTMENT PATTERN OF WOMEN INVESTORS

In India the socio economic profile of the people changes dramatically. Today

people are not only spending on products and services, earlier considered a luxury but

are also looking at smarter ways of investing their money. This is mainly due to the

fact, that people today not only have a wider choice of investing in different saving

25
instruments, but are also more educated and aware about their choices. Women are

now moving beyond the traditional savings options of Fixed Deposits, Post office

savings to wider investment options in the form of Insurance, Mutual funds, Bonds,

Equities and even property.

Income minus expenditure is equal to Savings. In today’s rapidly changing

financial environment, it is critical that individuals not only protect and enhance their

current financial resources, but also prepare for future security and against lass of

income. This requires careful planning and prudent management of ones financial

assets.

Savings is a natural human activity because some large purchases cannot be

afforded immediately. Financial planning is the key and the first step towards

fulfilling ones dreams and aspirations. Good planning ensures financial security for

the family throughout life. An important component of a sound financial plan is not

only the inclusion of life insurance coverage in the plan. It is therefore unique needs

with qualified financial planning advisers who can assist in determining the right plan

and amount of coverage required.

Saving and Investment are two key macro variables with micro foundations,

which play a significant role in economic growth. Savings enable people to manage

emergencies, to smooth out peak income and expenditure to make investment in

homes, families and businesses and to provide for old age. Savings encourages

cohesion among women investors and serve as a reserve for repayment of loan from

financial institutions. Even though the women investors are poor, they contribute

26
some amount of money as savings on a regular basis. Most of the women investors

feel that savings is an important activity but the amount they save every month is not

uniform. Though some of the women investors are uneducated, they come to know

about various savings and investment avenues with the help of agents, family

members and friends. Regular savings and investment is valuable in developing an

informal rural financial system which can be a great benefit of women. Systematic

savings among women also helps to ensure good loan repayment rates.

The savings of women in investors provides the source of funds to make small

investments such as LIC schemes, Post office savings schemes, Bank Deposits, Chit

Fund, Mutual Funds are some of the key saving instrument. With the advent of the

investment options in the market, consumers are now exposed to an array of modern

and innovative products. For example, depending on the needs of the customers, life

insurers have introduced customized products in the market. Women investors also

prefer Insurance policy because they have to pay only small amount of money every

year and they prefer savings in post office because they can withdraw their amount at

times of necessity.

Women in India now participate in all activities such as education, politics,

media, art & culture, service sectors, science and technology, etc. More investment

improves lot of rural women which creates a “virtuous circle” of better education,

improved health and higher income and women need to be given the right to have

more control over productive assets like land, water and credit.

27
2.9 PROFILE OF INVESTMENT SCHEMES

Money occupies an important place in the modern economy for the efficient

and smooth functioning. In a modern economy, current money income represents the

remuneration of product services. The recipients of income spend the major part of it

on current consumption and save the rest representing a factor claim on the society.

Capital formation is the most crucial and strategic determinant of economic growth. It

implies the capacity to save and invest. India being a developing country requires

capital formation.

Though savings and investment objective can be achieved when individual

savings and investments have been properly planned promoted and channeled.

Investing is an activity that fascinated people from all walks of life regardless

of the occupational status, education and family background. Money and information

are the basis and major factor affecting investment decision. Various investment

opportunities are available for an individual to invest in the savings.

Investments have become a basic necessity for everyone. In our country there

is rapid growth in investment. More number of investors is investing their funds in

different types of investment opportunities. Investing wisely is a function of investor’s

specific needs and goals. Each investor has different objectives that need to be met

depending on age, income and attitude towards risk. Investors have to work out with

their investment profile to determine which investments are right for them and should

consider important factors such as a personal status, plans and constraints.

28
 Investment is the sacrifice of certain present value for the uncertain future

reward. Investment is the employment of funds with the aim of achieving additional

income or growth in value. Investments have the essential quality that involves

waiting for rewards. It involves the commitment of resources which have saved from

current consumption, the hope that some benefits will accrue in future. Investment is

classified into financial and economic terms.

Financial investment means allocation of monetary resources to assets that are

expected to yield some gain or positive return over a given period of time. These

assets range from safe investments to risky investments.

Economic investments have a rather precise meaning in the literature of

economic theory. It includes net additions to the capital; stock of society, by capital

stock of society is meant those goods which are used in the production of other goods.

The hand that rocks the cradle rules the world is a popular savings about

women. Saving is a habit specially embodied to women. Even in the past, when

women mainly depended on their spouse’s income, they used to save to meet

emergencies as well as for future activities. In those days women did not have any

awareness about various investment outlets. But as time passed, the scenario has

totally changed.

As per the recent International Labor Organization (ILO) report, the deepening

economic and job crisis across the globe is expected to increase the number of

unemployed women by up to 22 million in the year 2009. The global employment

29
trends (GET) report by ILO indicated that, of the 3 billion people employed around

the world in 2008, 1.2 billion were women (40.4%). It said that, in 2009, the global

unemployment rate for women could reach 7.4%, compared to 7% for men.

Financial independence is a very crucial thing for women in today`s world.

Women from different age groups should start investing from the early stages of their

lives to secure the future and for better lifestyle.

Going by the trend it is noticed that women have been more comfortable with

savings in bank accounts, storing money in lockers, or buying gold or bonds. Though

they are known for saving for a rainy day, they might not be smart in taking

investment decisions.

Women love to save on a regular basis and smallest of the surplus income they

like to invest prudently. Systematic Investment Plans (SIPs) in mutual funds is a big

hit amidst working women. This has enabled them build up a disciplined approach

towards investing. Here women are benefited from the power of compounding and

rupee cost averaging.

2.10 INVESTMENT PATTERN

It indicates the choice of preferences in their investment in different assets.

The women investors may prefer to invest their money in physical and financial

assets. This investment pattern may differ according to the investor’s demographics

and behavior. The investment pattern in the present study covers various investment

patterns of savings both in the form of physical and financial assets.

30
2.11 INVESTOR’S PREFERENCES

Women investor’s preferences are showing the willingness to invest in a

particular or a set of assets in the present situation. The Indian capital market has

proved a fertile ground for investors to make money. As a matter of fact, a great

public disenhancement with paper assets has begun during 1980s. Of late, the

investor’s preference seems to have shifted from equity to debt capital. The investor’s

preference may significantly differ according to their location. The rural and urban

background of the investors may lead to the investor’s preference among the various

choices.

2.12 INVESTORS BEHAVIOUR

The investor behaviour represents the financial behavior of the individual. As

a sign of dynamic financial system, innovations in financial technology is taking

place, increasing use of finance instruments and reliance on the financial institutions

by different investors is becoming wide and sophisticated. The clever investors have

widely diverse taste for different wealth forms. All investment offer in general

uncertain future returns and asset holders may be distinguished according to the

degree of utility or disutility they expect to receive from bearing risks. The investors

can be grouped into risk neutrals, risk averters and risk lowers. Each investor tries to

build good portfolio. A good portfolio is more than a long list of good stocks and
1
bonds .

1
Markowitz, Harry M, Portfolio selection: Efficient diversification of Investment, London, Yale
university press, second Edition 1970, p.4

31
2.13 INDIVIDUAL BEHAVIOUR

Risk may be defined as the chance that an investor will not achieve the

terminal amount necessary at time required. The investor must understand that they

cannot avoid risk and it is not possible to find a risk- free investment. Hence, he must

decide regarding the categories of risk to which they willing to expose their portfolio

and understand the return implications of that risk exposure. Risk is actually not a

question of objectivity for most people; it is subjective question. Individuals risk

tolerance is unique and subjective to change influenced by the investors wealth

position, health, family situation, age, temperament, etc. The Social Perception Scale

(SPS) and Behaviour Prediction Scale (BPS) are used to measure the individual

behaviour towards risk.

2.14 REASON FOR INCREASING POPULARITY OF INVESTMENTS

Investing has been an activity confined to the rich and business class in the

past. This can be attributed to the fact that availability of investable funds is a pre-

requisite to deployment of funds. But today, we find that investment has become a

household world and is very popular with people from all walks of life.

The following are the reasons for increasing the popularity of investment;

 Increasing working population, larger family incomes and consequent higher

savings. 

 Provisions of tax incentives in respect of investment in specified channels. 

32
2.15 IMPORTANCE OF INVESTMENTS

Investments are both important and useful in the context of present day

conditions. Some factors that have made investment decisions increasingly

importance such as;

 Longer life expectancy 

Many type of investment media or channels for making investment are

available. A sound investment programme can be constructed if the investor

familiarizes himself with the various alternative available investments. Investment

Medias are several kinds- some of the investments are simple and other represent

complex problems for analysis and investigation. Some investments are appropriate

for one type of investors and other may be suitable to another person.

Many alternative investments exist. These can be categorized in many ways.

The investment alternatives are given below:

I. Direct Investment Alternatives

II. Indirect Investment Alternatives

33
I. DIRECT INVESTMENT ALTERNATIVES

A. Fixed Principal Investment

1. Cash

2. Savings account

3. Savings Certificate

4. Government Bonds

5. Corporate Bonds and Debentures

6. Post office investment schemes

B. Variable Principal Securities

1. Equity shares

2. Convertible Debentures

C. Non Security Investment

1. Real Estate

2. Mortgages

3. Commodities

4. Business ventures

5. Art, Antiques and other valuables

II. INDIRECT INVESTMENT ALTERNATIVES

 Pension fund 

 Provident fund 

 Insurance 

 Investment companies 

 UTI and other funds 

34
 Normally a person is likely to spend more than there income while she is at the

initial stage of earning. The balance amount is generally borrowed. During the peak

earnings, she will repay what she has borrowed and save for their retirement, whereas

after retires, they spends more than their income, drawings on savings. When looking

at savings, we find that a series of economists have proposed savings as a model for

economic growth and prosperity in the region. Most economies, be it socialistic or

mixed economic systems, have observed a prime concern for high savings. Even with

capitalistic economies leaving US economy, which has negative savings, all strive for

a minimum level of savings. Savings provide a sustained

Investment is the paramount requirement to consolidate the growth process. In

agriculture, we enhance public and private investment in the infrastructure required to

support expansion, diversification and value addition. In the industrial sector, both

public sector and private sector will be allowed to space to grow and compete with

each other. Government will pay the leading role in proving and facilitating

investment in public goods. The capital market, banks, insurance companies, pension

funds and superannuation funds would have a crucial role in mobilizing and

disbursing the financial resources required to sustain high investment.

2.17 TRENDS AND PATTERN OF SAVINGS AND INVESTMENT

There has been a consistent increase in savings and investment rates in India

through the post- independence period, though with considerable fluctuations from

year to year. The Gross Domestic savings rate in Savings/ Investment sector increased

2
P.Chidambaram, Finance India, the quarterly journal of Indian institute of finance, Delhi, June 2005,
Vol.XIX No.1, p.8

35
from 6.2% in the early 1950s to 24.3% in the mid of 2000s. The private corporate sector

savings rate is increased from 0.9% in 1950s to 4.1% in 2004. The public sector savings

rate is increased from 1.8% in 1950s to 4.6% in 1985 and then declined to - 0.3 in 2004. It

reveals that there was a significant increase in the savings rate only in

3
private sector .

2.18 SAVINGS BEHAVIOR IN INDIA

The economic policy is of a crucial nature in understanding domestic savings

and investment behavior and the relationship between investment and growth. This is

particularly true for a country like India, where a highly interventionist government

has followed a complex set of economic policies in a wide variety of areas and sectors

since independence. During pre independence era in India, people spent most of their

income on consumption and only a small amount of income was left in the form of

savings. As a result the savings rate was very low, especially in the rural sector.

2.19 GENERAL BEHAVIOUR OF WOMEN INVESTORS

Gone are the days when men were deemed masters of moolah as recent studies

have proved that women are wiser investors than men. Different risk perception by

women and men generate different emotional responses, leading to different

investment behaviours. Recent and past research has shown that these psychological

differences inherently make women better investors. The first point to be noted here is

how women like to be in absolute control. This trait is observed not only at work but

also home. Women adore being in control of their environment at all costs. They

3
Finance India, June 2005, Vol.XIX No.2.

36
might take time in doing so but will achieve it somehow. Being in control denotes

order and women like order just as much.

The world of investment is full of apprehension, uncertainty and unfamiliarity.

These certainly do not project what women would want from any situation. In such

situations women behave in a very typical womanly fashion – they get anxious and

strained. But these negative outcomes instigate women to fare as better investors.

When they are unsure, they exercise caution and invest gingerly. To women, having a

safer investment at times is better than facing losses.

As a woman, and an investor, shaping of financial future is as important as the

many other roles they play in life. That's why taking control today is essential ni

realizing their dreams for tomorrow. Whether women are just beginning to develop

their investment strategy or are refining a current one, it's important to keep in mind

that they should build a financial legacy for long term. At various stages of your life,

you are faced with important investment and financial decisions. Your success in

making these decisions with the help of a sound investment strategy can have a major

impact on your income, net worth and, ultimately, quality of life in retirement.

Women today have more earning potential and more influence over financial

decisions than ever before. Women represent almost half of the workforce and many

businesses are owned or managed by women. Many women influence or control the

majority of all consumer purchase decisions and many of the investment decisions. As

a result, it is important for women to focus on finances now more than ever.

37
 Throughout their lives, as a woman, they will be faced with different financial

challenges than their male counterparts. If women are going to take control of their

financial future, it’s important that they recognize those differences and empower

themselves.

Earning money is only half the equation for achieving financial independence.

Effectively putting your money to work for you is equally important. Though the size

of household income matters, how to manage the money women have - to meet short-

term obligations as well as long-term goals -determines how they live today and in the

future. That's why taking control of their finances is so important. The challenges of

investing are unique for each individual. In addition, circumstances are frequently

different for women - and whatever choices you make will be better as a result of

greater knowledge of the underlying issues and your options.

2.20 WOMEN ARE MORE LIKELY TO LIVE LONGER

As a woman; the life expectancy is at an all time high. In fact, 90% of women

eventually end up living on their own. To help ensure that women will be able to

maintain their lifestyle, they should stay involved in investment decisions and

consider planning for the unexpected early on.

2.21 WOMEN ARE MORE LIKELY TO HAVE DEPENDENTS TO CARE

FOR

With a growing divorce rate, the number of single mothers is on the rise.

Providing for and raising a family, while also saving for college and retirement, can

38
be a daunting task. One way to help ensure that you have enough savings is to invest a

small amount regularly through a systematic investment plan.

2.22 WOMEN ARE LESS LIKELY TO TAKE INVESTMENT RISKS

For whatever reason; many women are less willing than men to take risks. Yet,

a certain degree of risk is necessary to build a well-diversified portfolio. By learning

all about investing, women can become more comfortable making investment

decisions that involve different levels of risk.

2.23 UNIQUE NEEDS

Virtually every investor faces special circumstances. Primary investment of an

individual and the unique risk profile that results from employment can play a big role

in determining a suitable investment portfolio for women. These unique needs often

center on a woman’s stage in the life cycle. Retirement, housing and children’s

education and many other factors demand for funds and investment policy will

depend in part on the proximity of this expenditure.

2.24 CONCLUSION

Since this research has been conducted on the women investors and a study of

their investment behavior, it becomes important to understand the different types of

investors. Women Investors have their own investing styles: some are risk takers by

nature, willing to gamble large amounts of money on highly speculative investments.

Others prefer the safety and security of cash in the bank even if it means that the

actual buying power of their money is slowly dwindling because of inflation. Most

people fall somewhere in between these extremes, and are willing to assume some

risk, with the expectation that they’ll be rewarded with higher returns.

39