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German Grammar 1

This document provides a summary of key aspects of German grammar covered in a German course, including nouns and gender, articles, cases, personal pronouns, verbs like sein and regular verbs, separable prefixes, command forms, and word order. It covers topics like declension of nouns and articles according to case and gender, conjugation of verbs in the present tense, placement of prefixes in separable verbs, and typical word order in statements, questions, and sentences with time expressions.

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Renan Abud
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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
2K views4 pages

German Grammar 1

This document provides a summary of key aspects of German grammar covered in a German course, including nouns and gender, articles, cases, personal pronouns, verbs like sein and regular verbs, separable prefixes, command forms, and word order. It covers topics like declension of nouns and articles according to case and gender, conjugation of verbs in the present tense, placement of prefixes in separable verbs, and typical word order in statements, questions, and sentences with time expressions.

Uploaded by

Renan Abud
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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German Grammar – Part 1

Note: This grammar reference is intended to be a summary of the German grammar covered in this course.
It does not and cannot include all rules, exceptions, and details of the language.

• Nouns and Gender


• Articles
• Case
• Personal Pronouns
• Sein (to be)
• Regular Verbs, Present tense
• Separable prefixes
• Command forms
• Word order

NOUNS AND GENDER

All nouns in German are spelled with a capital letter. German has three genders, as does
English (he, she, it). However, in German gender does not always logically correspond
to the sex of the noun. For example, the word‘girl’ (das Mädchen) is neuter whereas
‘person’ (die Person) is feminine.

ARTICLES

One clue to the gender of a noun is its article. Articles are words like a and the. In
German the article changes according to the gender and case of the noun it precedes.
The following table lists the forms of the definite article (der=the) and indefinite article
(ein =a).

Definite Articles (“der”-words)

Masculine Feminine Neuter Plural


Nominative der Mann die Frau das Buch die Leute
Accusative den Mann die Frau das Buch die Leute
Dative dem Mann der Frau dem Buch den Leuten
Genitive des Mannes der Frau des Buches der Leute
Indefinite Articles (“ein”-words)

Masculine Feminine Neuter


Nominative ein Mann eine Frau ein Buch keine Leute
Accusative einen Mann eine Frau ein Buch keine Leute
Dative einem Mann einer Frau einem Buch keiner Leute
Genitive eines Mannes einer Frau eines Buches keinen Leuten*
*kein = none. If preceding a noun, kein indicates that there are none of that item.
Kein and ein take the same endings.

CASE

German has four cases: 1. nominative, 2. accusative, 3. genitive and 4. dative. These
cases are indicated by inflections of the pronoun, or noun phrase.

1. The nominative is the neutral, uninflected subject case.


Mein Freund hat seinem Bruder die Hälfte des Kuchens gegeben.
–My friend gave his brother half of the cake.
Mutti liest mir die Geschichte Deutschlands.
–Mom is reading me the history of Germany.

2. The accusative case is used to denote a direct object.

Mein Freund hat seinem Bruder die Hälfte des Kuchens gegeben.
Mutti liest mir die Geschichte Deutschlands.

3. The dative case marks the indirect objects of transitive verbs.


Mein Freund hat seinem Bruder die Hälfte des Kuchens gegeben.
Mutti liest mir die Geschichte Deutschlands.

4. The genitive case is a formal way of expressing possession.

Mein Freund hat seinem Bruder die Hälfte des Kuchens gegeben.
Mutti liest mir die Geschichte Deutschlands.

PERSONAL PRONOUNS

The basic use of personal pronouns is similar to that of nouns. The subject pronouns are:
singular plural
ich, I wir, we
du, you ihr, you all
Sie, you (polite form)
er, he; sie, she; es, it sie, they
The polite pronoun, Sie, you, is both singular and plural. It is used to address elders,
strangers and anyone with whom you are not on a first-name basis. The formal Sie is
always capitalized. The familiar forms du and ihr are used to address friends, relatives,
colleagues, children and animals. The plural form ihr refers to more than one ‘du’ or a
mixed group of du’s and Sie’s. In letter writing, the familiar forms du and ihr are also
written with a capital.

Summary of personal pronouns:

Nominative ich du er sie es wir ihr Sie sie


Accusative mich dich ihn sie es uns euch Sie sie
Dative mir dir ihm ihr ihm uns euch Ihnen ihnen
Genitive meiner deiner seiner ihrer seiner unser euer Ihrer iherer

SEIN (TO BE)

The verb, ‘sein’ is conjugated as follows:

ich bin -I am wir sind -we are


du bist -you are ihr seid -ya’ll are
Sie sind -you (polite) are
er/sie/es ist –he/she/it is sie sind –they are

1) Ich bin 23 Jahre alt. -I am 23 years old. 2) Er ist zufrieden. -He is content.

REGULAR VERBS- PRESENT TENSE

Regular verbs in German are conjugated by finding the verb stem and adding one of the
following endings:
ich +stem +e wir +en
du +st ihr +t
Sie +en
er/sie/es +t sie +en

singen (to sing) machen (to make or do)


ich singe I sing ich mache I make
du singst you sing du machst you make
er/sie/es singt he/she/it sings er/sie/es macht he/she/it makes
wir singen we sing wir machen we make
ihr singt you all sing ihr macht you all make
sie singen they sing sie machen they make
Sie singen you (polite) sing Sie machen you (polite) make

*Note: In the presence of another verb in the present tense, sein is omitted. For example,
Ich laufe. =I run, I am running.
SEPARABLE PREFIXES

Some verbs in German have prefixes that separate when the verb is conjugated. Take for
example, the verb ‘aufstehen’ (to get up).

ich stehe auf –I get up wir stehen auf –we get up


du stehst auf –you get up ihr steht auf –ya’ll get up
Sie stehen auf –you (polite) get up
er/sie/es steht auf –he/she/it gets up sie stehen auf –they get up

When such a verb is used in context, the separable prefix goes to the end of the sentence
or clause.
i.e. Ich stehe schnell auf. –I get up quickly.
i.e. Er steht langsam auf, weil er so müde ist. -He gets up slowly because he’s so tired.

COMMAND FORMS

There are three different forms of command in German.


1. The Sie command (Kommen Sie!) –You (polite, sing. and pl.) come!
2. The du command (Komm!) –You come!
3. The ihr command (Kommt!) –You all come!

In the Sie command, the verb is conjugated in the plural and then followed by the subject
pronoun ‘Sie’. In du and ihr commands, the verbs are conjugated according to du and
ihr but omit the subject pronoun.

WORD ORDER

Word order in German is similar to that of English in declarative statements. (Subject-


Verb-Object). However, in questions, the order of the subject and verb is reversed (Verb-
Subject-Object). Thus, “Du lernst deutsch.” –You learn German.
becomes “Lernst du deutsch?” -Are you learning German?

The order of the subject and verb are also reversed when preceded by a time.
i.e. Ich fahre nach Berlin. –I am traveling to Berlin.
Heute nachmittag fahre ich nach Berlin. –I am traveling to Berlin this afternoon.

The position of nicht (-not) in a sentence varies, but generally follows:


1) the verb in a declarative statement (Ich kann nicht gehen. –I can’t come.)
2) the subject in a question (Wollen Sie nicht gehen?–Don’t you want to go?)
3) objects of the verb (Sie gibt ihm das Buch nicht. –She won’t give him the book.)
4) adverbs of specific time (Wir fahren heute nicht. –We’re not traveling today.)

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