UNIT 1

MANUFACTURED BUILDING
MATERIALS
Classification of glass - Composition of glass, its properties and uses -
Various types of glass e.g. plate glass, figured glass, float glass (toughened
glass, laminated glass), tinted glass, reflective glass, wired glass, foam glass,
glass block, fiber glass, float glass, obscured glass etc - Decorative glass,
insulated glass ( sound, heat ) - properties and application in building
industry, glazing and energy conservation measure
STORY OF GLASS
DISCOVERY OF GLASS
Long before man discovered the secret of making glass, natural glass
occurred in the following ways:

• The extreme heat from volcanic eruptions fused rocks and sand into
a glass substance called obsidian, which one day would be shaped by
stone age man into such useful applications as knives, arrowheads,
beads, and bowls.

• The impact of meteorites on the earth's surface may have formed

tektites, a variety of small, rounded objects, dark brown to green in
color, composed of silicate glass.
WORLD HISTORY OF GLASS
Then about 50 B.C., glassmakers on the Syro-Palestinian coast, then
part of the Roman Empire, discovered that they could more easily
form objects by inflating a gob of glass on the end of a hollow tube.
GLASS CITY OF INDIA ??

INDIAN HISTORY OF GLASS

Firozabad is “Glass City of India “ started
production of glass back in 17th century
and is now famous for its bangle industry
 PROPERTIES OF GLASS
• Transparency: This property allows visual connection with the
outside world. Its transparency can be permanently altered by adding
admixtures to the initial batch mix.
•

U value: The U-value is the measure of how much heat is

transferred through the window. The lower the U-value the better the
insulation .
Strength: a brittle material but with the advent of science and
technology, certain laminates and admixtures can increase its modulus
of rupture( ability to resist deformation under load).
Greenhouse effect: The greenhouse effect refers to
circumstances where the short wavelengths of visible light from the sun
pass through glass and are absorbed, but the longer infrared re-
radiation from the heated objects are unable to pass through the glass.
This trapping leads to more heating and a higher resultant temperature.
• Workability: It can be blown, drawn or pressed. It
is possible to obtain glass with diversified
properties- clear, colorless, diffused and stained.

Recyclable: Glass is 100% recyclable, cullets

(Scraps of broken or waste glass gathered for re-
melting) are used as raw materials in glass
manufacture, as aggregates in concrete
construction etc.

Energy efficiency and acoustic control: Energy-

efficient glazing is the term used to describe the
double glazing or triple glazing use in modern
windows in homes. The air barrier also enhances
acoustic control.
 Main Types of Glass
Annealed glass
Toughened glass
Laminated glass
Coated glass
Mirrored glass
Patterned glass

http://www.glassforeurope.c
om/en/products/main-
types-of-glass.php
 Annealed Glass

Float glass that has

not been toughened
or heat strengthened

• Common glass used in windows.

• a process of slowly cooling glass to relieve internal
stresses after it is formed.
Where do you
come across
these ?
 Toughened or Tempered glass
• a safety glass
• processed by controlled thermal or chemical
treatments to increase its strength.
• Tempering puts the outer surfaces into compression
and the inner surfaces into tension.
• Strength & Safety Considerations
• Four to five times stronger than annealed glass
• Fragments into small, relatively harmless pieces,
reducing the likelihood of injury.
 Applications of toughened glass
• Automotive Glass
• Monitor Screens
• Construction - frameless
glass doors or sliding doors
• Commercial Uses - phone
booths, glass bus stops,
escalators, stairways, solar
panels
 Laminated glass
• Laminated glass is made of two or more layers of glass
with one or more "interlayers" of polymeric material
bonded between the glass layers.
• Laminated glass is produced using one of two
methods:
• Poly Vinyl Butyral (PVB) / Ethyl Vinyl Acetate (EVA) /
Polyurethane (PU) are.
• Cast in Place (CIP) laminated glass is made by pouring
a resin into the space between two sheets of glass that
are held parallel and very close to each other.
• Safety and security are the best known of these, so
rather than shattering on impact, laminated glass is
held together by the interlayer.
• Interlayer - colouring, sound dampening, resistance to
fire, ultraviolet filtering and other technologies that
can be embedded in or with the interlayer.
• Applications : automotive and transport industries,
building facades
Pyrex glass

Pyrex glass is highly heat resistant.

In ordinary glass, silica is the main
constituent. In pyrex glass some of
the silica is replaced by boron oxide.
Boron oxide expands very little when
heated, thus, pyrex glass does not
crack on strong heating.
Photochromic glass
 Coated Glass
Surface coatings can be
applied to glass to modify its
appearance and give it many
of the advanced
characteristics and functions
available in today's flat glass
products, such as
low maintenance
special reflection
Transmission
absorption properties
scratch resistance
corrosion resistance
 Mirrored glass
• To produce mirrored glass,
a metal coating is applied
to one side of the glass.
• Coating is generally made
of silver, aluminium, gold
or chrome.
• Mirrored glass is gaining a
more prominent place in
architecture, for important
functional reasons as well
as for the aesthetic effect.
Patterned Glass
• display a regular
pattern
• Interior design –
reduces the visual
transparency
 Extra clear glass
• a specific type of melted glass.
• Extra clear glass differs from other
types of glass by its basic raw
material composition is made with
a very low iron content in order to
minimize its sun reflection
properties.
• It is most particularly of use for
solar energy applications.
• Anti-reflective properties can be
further increased by applying a
special coating on the low-iron
glass.
• It can also be used in windows or
facades as it offers excellent
clarity, which allows occupants to
appreciate true colours and to
enjoy unimpaired views.
 Flat glass - Architecture
• Flat glass, sheet glass or plate
glass is a type of glass, initially
produced in plane form,
commonly used for
windows, glass doors,
transparent walls, and
windshields.
• For modern architectural and
automotive applications, the
flat glass is sometimes bent
after production of the
plane sheet.
 Glass in buildings:
characteristics and
functions
• Themal Insulation
• Solar Control
• Safety & Security
• Fire Resistance
• Noise Control
• Decorative
• Self cleaning
 Wired Glass
• It is manufactured primarily as a fire retardant,
with wire mesh inlaid in the glass to prevent it
from shattering and breaking out under stress
or when exposed to high temperatures.
 Foam glass
• A novel gassy material and is a kind of thermal
insulation, not flammable building material, in
which there are numerous closed tiny pores.
• Advantages about - light weight, high
strength, low thermal conductivity.
Obscure Glass
Glass block
Glass block
Low E Glass
 ASSIGNMENT
Due Next week

History of Glass – World and India

Methods / Process of Manufacturing – Past to present

Types of glass and their intended uses

Glass and its application in different climatic Zones

Glass in Architecture / Works of Architects

Innovative applications of Glass in Interiors

Is glass green!?