Aircraft Design & System Engineering Elements ‐ AE1222‐II
DATA AND FORMULAE FOR AIRPLANE PRELIMINARY DESIGN
All units in SI unless stated otherwise. All angles in degrees, unless stated otherwise.
1. Atmosphere:
g0
h R
p p0 1 p0 101 kPa, T0 288 K, R 287 J/kg/K, g0 9.81 m/s2, 0.0065 K/m
T0
a0 340 m/s, 0 1.225 kg/m3
2. Fuselage design
n 6 single aisle
Number of seats abreast: nSA 0.45 npax naisles SA
6 nSA 12 twin aisle
1.08 for single aisle
1.17 for twin aisle
npax
Access doors, emergency exits: lcabin kcabin kcabin
nSA xx special value for specific
design given on data sheet
Required cargo vol.: VCC Vcargo (VLuggage VOS ) Available cargo vol.: VCC lcabin kCC ACC
Luggage vol.: VLuggage mLuggage Luggage typical Luggage 170 kg/m3
Cargo vol.: VCargo mCargo Cargo typical Cargo 160 kg/m3
VOS (nOS, lat AOS, lat nOS, ce AOS, ce )lcabin kOS typical: kOS 0.74 , nOS, lat 2 ,
0 for single‐aisle aircraft
AOS, lat 0.20 m2 , AOS, ce 0.24 m2 nOS, ce
1 for twin‐aisle aircraft
Fuselage outer diameter:
d f , inner 0.040 for small commercial airplanes
d f , outer d f , inner 0.050 for fighter and trainers
1.045 d
f ,inner 0.084 for transports and business jets
3. Propulsion System and Wing design:
3.1. Wing Planform
2S
Span: b SA root chord: cr tip chord: ct cr
1 b
1
Aircraft Design & System Engineering Elements ‐ AE1222‐II
1 for Mcruise 0.7
Sweep: cos c /4 M† , with M† 0.935 and Mdd Mcruise 0.03
0.75 M for Mcruise 0.7
dd
c 4 2 for low wing
Dihedral: 3 , taper ratio: 0.2 2 c 4
10 2 for high wing 180
cos M
3
†
Mdd cos c 2 0.115CˆL1.5 W
t c min , 0.18 with CˆL TO and qˆ 0.7 pMcr2
c2
cos
2
ˆ
qS
c2
3.2. Propeller + Engine:
0.18 0.40
PTO PTO
Turboshaft: Dengine 0.20 lengine 0.10
1000 N 1000 N
engine engine
wee 1.1Dengine hee 1.5Dengine lee lengine
0.30 0.10 0.55
P P P
Opp. Piston: wengine 0.17 TO hengine 0.30 TO lengine 0.06 TO
1000N 1000N 1000N
wee 1.2wengine hee hengine 0.2wengine lee lengine 0.1w engine
PTO
Propeller Design: Dp 0.55 4
1000N
3.3. Turbofan Engine:
TTO 1 T
m n =0.97, tf =0.75, G t 4 1.25 where 1350K Tt 4 1650K
N a0 5nG 1 tf 600
Ds a 3
0.05 1 0.1 0 0 Category Cl l
Di m 1
full fan cowling (B) 9.8 0.05 0.35
m
0.0050 partial fan cowling 7.8 0.10
0.21
0.12
0a0 (C) 0.3
Dh Di 1.65
1 Ds Di
2
m 1 0.2 1
ln C l l l f ln Dn Di 0.06lf 0.03 Def Dn 1 2
0a0 1 3
2
Aircraft Design & System Engineering Elements ‐ AE1222‐II
2
m
0.089 4.5
0a0
lg 1 ln Dg Def Deg 0.55Dg
0.067 m 5.8
0a0
Integration of Turbofan Engine with Wing:
y
2‐engined aircraft: 0.35 4‐engined aircraft: 0.4 and 0.7
b/2
xF xF
0.07 0.03cos 15 0.03 for 0.2 0.18
c c
vertical positioning: H c
0.04
xF
for 0.18
c
Integration of Turbofan Engine with Fuselage:
Transport aircraft: X h X apb 0.5ln X h X exit Dh
Business jets: X h X apb 0.5Dh X h X TE ,( y 0) 0.5Dh
4. Undercarriage and Empennage Design:
4.1. Loading Diagram and Wing Position
x MW x MW
XLEMAC XFCG c 1
c WCG MF c OEWCG MF
with wing group: MW M j , and fuselage group: MF Mi based on statistics
XCG
M X i i
with Mi for payload, fuel and OEW from Class I weight estimation
M i
4.2. Undercarriage Sizing and Disposition:
CS23 Business jets regional turboprops regional jets Large transports
Nmw 2 WTO 40,000 WTO 60,000 WTO 120,000 f WTO 210,000
Nnw 1 2 2 2 2
Description of Surface Max. allowable tire pressure, p [kPa]
Soft, loose desert sand 170‐240
Wet, boggy grass 210‐310
Hard desert sand 280‐410
Hard grass 310‐410
3
Aircraft Design & System Engineering Elements ‐ AE1222‐II
Paved surfaces: p 430lnLCN 680 [kPa] 10 LCN 100
Wheel sizing: Pmw 0.92WTO Nmw Pnw 0.08WTO Nnw
Graphs for tire dimensioning in inches (Note: 1 kg 10 N and 1 kg/cm2 100 kPa and
1 in 0.025 m ):
ln lm
Lateral tip‐over criterion: 55 , MLG track width: yMLG
l tan2
2
n
1
z2
4.3. Empennage Sizing and Disposition:
Vh
Xh XaftCG Sh Vv
X v X aftcg Sv
Sc S b
4