CHAPTER-1

INTRODUCTION

The automobile takes a great part in the development, since it plays one of the major key
in daily life. Forgetting to lift the side stand causes huge accidents in rural and urban
areas. Now a days the number of two wheelers are more than that of four wheelers, and
rate of accidents are more with two wheelers.

S.NO DURING THE REASON FOR THE % of accidents

YEAR ACCIDENT

1 2008-2015 Forgetting to lift the side stand 6%

2 2008-2015 Over speeding 48%

3 2008-2015 Disobeying traffic rules 36%

4 2008-2015 Other problems 10%

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In this project we are going to introduce a new technique to retract the side stand, while
the vehicle starts depending upon the force acting on the seat.

In the existing methods the complexity is more. The implementation electronic sensor
helps to reduce the complexity.

The earliest known kickstand was designed by Albert Berruyer in 1869, and since then
kickstands have been independently reinvented many times. It was mounted below the
handlebars, so was much longer than more recent designs. A shorter model was patented
by Eldon Henderson in 1926. In the 1930s, a "smaller, more convenient" kickstand was
developed by Joseph Paul Treen. In 1891, Pardon W, Tillinghast patented a design for a
stand which was mounted on the pedal, but folded up flat under the pedal when not in
use. Kickstands on bicycles fell out of fashion in the 1970s, as the bicycles became
lighter, and many riders were concerned about extra weight.

A side stand style kickstand is a single leg that simply flips out to one side, usually
the left side, and the bike then leans against it. Side stands can be mounted to the chain
stays right behind the bottom bracket or to a chain and seat stay near the rear hub. Side
stands mounted right behind the bottom bracket can be bolted on, either clamping the
chain stays, or to the bracket between them, or welded into place as an integral part of the
frame.

A center stand kickstand is a pair of legs or a bracket that flips straight down and lifts the
rear wheel off the ground when in use. Center stands can be mounted to the chain stays
right behind the bottom bracket or to the rear dropouts. Many motorcycles feature center
stands in addition to side stands. The center stand is advantageous because it takes most
of the motorcycle's weight off its tires for long-term parking, and it allows the user to
perform maintenance such as chain adjustments without the need for an external stand.
Center stands are found on most "standard" and "touring" motorcycles, but are omitted on
most high-performance sportbikes to save weight and increase ground clearance.
While not strictly a kickstand, the Flickstand is a small bracket that flips down from the
down tube and engages the front tire to prevent the front end from steering and tire from
rotating, and thus enabling the bike to be safely leaned against an object without danger
of the front end turning and the bike subsequently falling to the ground. These were made
by Rhode Gear Company in the 1970s and 1980s. While the Flickstand is no longer
made, a Velcro strap can be employed for similar success by strapping a brake lever to
lock the brake or strap the front wheel to the down tube.

Kickstands can be made of steel or cast aluminium. There may be a rubber cap on
the end.

Kickstands can lock in place, either up or down, by several means:

 A spring that is stretched when the kickstand is partway deployed and less
stretched when it is stowed or all the way deployed.
 A detent mechanism, which usually also employs its own spring.
 CHAPTER-2

LITERATURE REVIEW
 CHAPTER- 3

LITERATURE SURVEY

Every day around 140,000 people are injured on the world’s roads; more than 3000 die
and some 15,000 are disabled for life. Intra-country or regional differences in patterns of
injury by the road user type have significant implications for prevention policies. The
fatality and injuries in low and middle income (developing) countries and South East
Asian countries in particular is high compared to the high income countries. In India, it is
estimated that one accident takes place every 2 min.

Data from the National Crime Records Bureau indicates that deaths and injuries related
to road traffic accident has increased two and four fold respectively during the period of
1991–2005. Reportedly 98,254 persons were killed in 2005 on Indian roads. Road use
patterns in Indian cities are very different from those in cities in highly industrialized
countries. Pedestrians, two wheeler users, and bicyclists are considered as vulnerable
road users.

Two wheelers, motorized as well as nonmotorized vehicles are the main components of
Indian traffic. The occupants and riders of two wheeler vehicles are among the majority
to be affected in road traffic accidents. Two wheeler accidents have also been shown to
have maximum case fatality in accidents. The two wheeler users are directly exposed and
come in direct contact with the impacting vehicle or obstacle during a collision resulting
in severe injuries and fatality.

Hospitals, medical centres and institutions, police records, and insurance data are some
of the sources for data used globally with regard to road traffic injuries; the commonest
being the police and hospitals. Although two wheelers comprise a major share of Indian
traffic, there is paucity of literature on the pattern of two wheeler accidents.
A total of 1231 two wheeler traffic accidents involving 1076 motorized two wheeler
vehicles were recorded that resulted in injury to 1494 people during the five year period
extending from 2000 to 2004. There were no mass disasters involving two wheelers.
However, in 263 incidents there were two people involved

Whereas in 1968 incidents only one victim was injured. Two wheeler accidents were
responsible for 41.9% of the total accidents during the study period. There is considerable
morbidity and mortality due to two wheeler road traffic accidents. Among the fatalities
majority died at the spot. Hence first aid measures at the spot would be of great help.
 CHAPTER-4
DESCRIPTION OF EQUIPMENT

3.1 LOAD CELL

A load cell is an electronic device (transducer) that is used to convert a force into
an electrical signal. This conversion is indirect and happens in two stages. Through a
mechanical arrangement, the force being sensed deforms a strain gauge. The strain gauge
converts the deformation (strain) to electrical signals. A load cell usually consists of four
strain gauges in a Wheatstone bridge configuration. Load cells of one or two strain
gauges are also available. The electrical signal output is typically in the order of a few
millivolts and requires amplification by an instrumentation amplifier before it can be
used. The output of the transducer is plugged into an algorithm to calculate the force
applied to the transducer.

Although strain gauge load cells are the most common, there are other types of load cells
as well. In industrial applications, hydraulic (or hydrostatic) is probably the second most
common, and these are utilized to eliminate some problems with strain gauge load cell
devices. As an example, a hydraulic load cell is immune to transient voltages (lightning)
so might be a more effective device in outdoor environments.

Other types include piezo-electric load cells (useful for dynamic measurements of force),
and vibrating wire load cells, which are useful in geo mechanical applications due to low
amounts of drift.

Every load cell is subject to "ringing" when subjected to abrupt load changes. This stems
from the spring-like behavior of load cells. In order to measure the loads, they have to
deform. As such, a load cell of finite stiffness must have spring-like behavior, exhibiting
vibrations at its natural frequency. An oscillating data pattern can be the result of ringing.
Ringing can be suppressed in a limited fashion by passive means. Alternatively, a control
system can use an actuator to actively damp out the ringing of a load cell. This method
offers better performance at a cost of significant increase in complexity.

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3.2.DC MOTOR:

D.C.MOTOR PRINCIPLE:

A machine that converts direct current power into mechanical power is known as
D.C Motor. Its generation is based on the principle that when a current carrying
conductor is placed in a magnetic field, the conductor experiences a mechanical force.
The direction if this force is given by Fleming’s left hand rule.
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WORKING OF A DC MOTOR:

Consider a part of a multipolar dc motor as shown in fig 1. when the terminals of the
motor are connected to an external source of dc supply;

(i) The field magnets are excited developing alternate N and S poles.
(ii) The armature conductors carry currents. All conductors under N-pole carry
currents in one direction while all the conductors under S-pole carry currents in
the opposite direction.
Suppose the conductors under N-pole carry currents into the plane of paper and those
under S-pole carry current out of the plane of paper as shown in fig. Since each armature
conductor is carrying current and is placed in the magnetic field, mechanical force acts on
it. Applying Fleming’s left hand rule, it is clear that force on each conductor is tending to
rotate the armature in anticlockwise direction. All these forces add together to produce a
driving torque which sets the armature rotating.
 When the conductor moves from one side of the brush to the other, current in the
conductor is received and at the same time it comes under the influence of next pole
which is of opposite polarity. Consequently the direction of force on the conductor
remains same.

Figure 1 dc motor principle

SERIES MOTORS:

It is a variable speed motor i.e. speed is low at high torque and vice-versa.however, at
light or no load, the motor tends to attain dangerously high speed, and the motor has a
high starting torque. It is, therefore, used where large starting torque is required E, g in
elevators and electric traction.Where the load is subjected to heavy fluctuations and the
speed is automatically required to reduce at high torques and vice versa.

Industrial use: electric traction, cranes, elevators, air compressors, vacuum cleaners, hair
drier, sewing machines etc.
3.3 RELAY

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A relay is an electrically operated switch. Current flowing through the coil of the relay
creates a magnetic field which attracts a lever and changes the switch contacts. The coil
current can be on or off so relays have two switch positions and they are double throw
(changeover) switches. Relays allow one circuit to switch a second circuit which can be
completely separate from the first. For example a low voltage battery circuit can use a
relay to switch a 230V AC mains circuit. There is no electrical connection inside the
relay between the two circuits; the link is magnetic and mechanical.

The coil of a relay passes a relatively large current, typically 30mA for a 12V
relay, but it can be as much as 100mA for relays designed to operate from lower voltages.
Most ICs (chips) cannot provide this current and a transistor is usually used to amplify
the small IC current to the larger value required for the relay coil. The maximum output
current for the popular 555 timer IC is 200mA so these devices can supply relay coils
directly without amplification.
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Relays are usually SPDT or DPDT but they can have many more sets of switch
contacts, for example relays with 4 sets of changeover contacts are readily available.
Most relays are designed for PCB mounting but you can solder wires directly to the pins
providing you take care to avoid melting the plastic case of the relay. The animated
picture shows a working relay with its coil and switch contacts. You can see a lever on
the left being attracted by magnetism when the coil is switched on. This lever moves the
switch contacts. There is one set of contacts (SPDT) in the foreground and another
behind them, making the relay DPDT.

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The relay's switch connections are usually labeled COM, NC and NO:

 COM = Common, always connect to this, it is the moving part of the switch.
 NC = Normally Closed, COM is connected to this when the relay coil is off.
 NO = Normally Open, COM is connected to this when the relay coil is on.
3.4 LIMIT SWITCH

A mechanical limit switch interlocks a mechanical motion or position with

an electrical circuit. A good starting point for limit-switch selection is contact
arrangement. The most common limit switch is the single-pole contact block with one
NO and one NC set of contacts; however, limit switches are available with up to four
poles.

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Limit switches also are available with time-delayed contact transfer. This type is
useful in detecting jams that cause the limit switch to remain actuated beyond a
predetermined time interval.

Other limit switch contact arrangements include neutral-position and two-step.

Limit switches feature a neutral-position or center-off type transfers one set of contacts
with movement of the lever in one direction. Lever movement in the opposite direction
transfers the other set of contacts. Limit switches with a two-step arrangement, a small
movement of the lever transfers one set of contacts, and further lever movement in the
same direction transfers the other set of contacts.

Maintained-contact limit switches require a second definite reset motion. These

limit switches are primarily used with reciprocating actuators, or where position memory
or manual reset is required. Spring-return limit switches automatically reset when
actuating force is removed.

Centrifugal Limit switches: A centrifugal limit switch is actuated by speed only. Simple
types of centrifugal limit switches consist of speed-sensing units that mount directly on a
rotating shaft and a stationary-contact switch assembly. The basic control element is a
conical-spring steel disc that has centrifugal weights fastened to the outer edge of its
circular base. Fingers on the spring are attached to an insulating spool that rides free of
the shaft and actuates the movable switch contact. As the rotating sensing unit reaches
switching speed, the centrifugal force of the calibrated weights overcomes spring force,
resulting in an instantaneous axial displacement of the spring and the contact-actuating
spool.

The contacts switch at one speed as speed increases from zero to operating speed, and at
a lower speed as rotation slows from operating speed toward zero. The spring
decreasingly opposes centrifugal force as rotational speed increases from standstill until
the snap-over point is reached. Then, spring force adds to centrifugal force to axially snap
the spool and actuate the contacts. As rotational speed decreases from operating speed,
spring force overcomes the centrifugal force of the weights at a lower speed where
snapback begins.
 CHAPTER-5

DESIGN OF EQUIPMENT AND DRAWING

4.1 COMPONENTS

The automatic side stand for two wheeler is consists of the following components
to full fill the requirements of complete operation of the machine.

1. Motor
2. Limit switch
3. Relay
4. Control unit

DIMENSION OF 10 RPM MOTOR

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Motor specification

Rpm =10

Volt= 12

Watt = 6

Motor calculation

To find the rpm of the motor

Rpm = 120 x Frequency / No. of Poles

120 = standard

Frequency = .25

No. of Poles = 3

There fore

Rpm = 120 x Frequency / No. of Poles

= 120x .25 /3

= 10 rpm

To find the torque of the motor

P = 2x3.14xnxt/60

T = px60/2x3.14xnxt

T =6x60/2x3.14x10

T= 5.72 N-m

The shaft is made of MS and its allowable shear stress =2 MPa

Torque = 3.14 x fs x d ³ / 16

5.732x103= 3.14 x fs x 5 ³ / 16

Torque =X 10³ mm

Fs=3.14*1.7/16*5.732x103

Fs =1.912x103

SPRING CALCULATION

Spring diameter (D) = 12.52

Wire diameter (d) = 2 mm

Number of coils = 54

Length = 170 mm

OUTER DIA OF THE SPRING COIL

Do =D + d

= 12.52 + 2

Do =14.52 mm

INNER DIA OF THE SPRING COIL

Di = D- d

=12.52 - 2

Di =10.52 mm
SPRING STIFFNESS

K=Gd 4/8nD 3
G = shear modulus of material
d = wire diameter
D = spring diameter
n = number of coils.

E= Young's Modulus (2.1XE5 N/MM2)

v = Poisson's ratio. (0.313)

G=E/2(1+v ) =2.1XE 5 / 2(1+.313) =79.969XE 3 N/mm2

K=Gd 4/8nD 3

K = (79.969XE 3) X 16 / 8 X 54 X 9261

K = 0.319 N/mm

SPRING STIFFNESS, k = 0.319 N/mm

4.2 BLOCK DIAGRAM

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4.3 DRAWING FOR AUTOMATIC SIDE STAND

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 CHAPTER -6

WORKING PRINCIPLE

Here the limit switch ignition key slot and load cell are the major components used in this
project. When we sit on the vehicle and switch on the ignition key it will send signals to
the control unit. Then control unit will activate the dc motor to the side stand to retract
automatically. Here two limit switches has been used in both forward and reverse
direction of the side stand to control the limit. When the stand comes near the limit
switch the limit switch will sends signals to the control unit then the motor will turns off.

5.1 CIRCUIT DESCRIPTION:

This circuit is designed to control the load. The load may be motor or any other
load. The load is turned ON and OFF through relay. The relay ON and OFF is controlled
by the pair of switching transistors (BC 547). The relay is connected in the Q2 transistor
collector terminal. A Relay is nothing but electromagnetic switching device which
consists of three pins. They are Common, Normally close (NC) and Normally open (NO).

The relay common pin is connected to supply voltage. The normally open (NO)
pin connected to load. When high pulse signal is given to base of the Q1 transistors, the
transistor is conducting and shorts the collector and emitter terminal and zero signals is
given to base of the Q2 transistor. So the relay is turned OFF state.

When low pulse is given to base of transistor Q1 transistor, the transistor is

turned OFF. Now 12v is given to base of Q2 transistor so the transistor is conducting and
relay is turned ON. Hence the common terminal and NO terminal of relay are shorted.
Now load gets the supply voltage through relay.
 CHAPTER - 7

ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGE

ADVANTAGES

 Life Saving Device

 Easy installation
 Low cost
 Low power consumption
 Easy maintenance

DISADVANTAGE

It requires separate electric supply.

APPLICATION

 All motor cycles

 bicycles
 CHAPTER-8

LIST OF MATERIALS

8.1 FACTORS DETERMINING CHOICE OF MATERIALS

The various factors which determine the choice of material are discussed below.

1. Properties:
The material selected must posses the necessary properties for the proposed
application. The various requirements to be satisfied

could be weight, surface finish, rigidity, ability to withstand environmental attack

from chemicals, service life, reliability etc of the material.

The following four types of principle properties of materials decisively affect their
selection

a. Physical
b. Mechanical
c. From manufacturing point of view
d. Chemical
The various physical properties concerned are melting point, thermal

Conductivity, specific heat, coefficient of thermal expansion, specific gravity, electrical

conductivity, magnetic purposes etc.

The various Mechanical properties Concerned are strength in tensile,

Compressive shear, bending, torsional and buckling load, fatigue resistance, impact
resistance, elastic limit, endurance limit, and modulus of elasticity, hardness, wear
resistance and sliding properties.

The various properties concerned from the manufacturing point of view are,

 Cast ability
 Weld ability
 Surface properties
 Shrinkage
 Deep drawing etc.
2. Manufacturing case:

Sometimes the demand for lowest possible manufacturing cost or surface qualities
obtainable by the application of suitable coating substances may demand the use of
special materials.

3. Quality Required:

This generally affects the manufacturing process and ultimately the material. For
example, it would never be desirable to go casting of a less number of components which
can be fabricated much more economically by welding or hand forging the steel.

4. Availability of Material:

Some materials may be scarce or in short supply. It then becomes obligatory for
the designer to use some other material which though may not be a perfect substitute for
the material designed. the delivery of materials and the delivery date of product should
also be kept in mind.

5. Space consideration:

Sometimes high strength materials have to be selected because the forces involved are
high and space limitations are there.
 CHAPTER-9

CONCLUSION

The project carried out by us made an impressing mark in the field of automobile
industries. It is very useful for the two wheeler operators.

Project has been designed to perform the entire requirement task at the shortest time
available.

PARTICULARS EXISTING SIDE STANDS INVENTED SIDE STAND

MANUAL YES AUTOMATIC

HUMAN ERROR HIGH ELIMINATED

MAINTENANCE LOW HIGH

CUSTOMER AVERAGE GUARANTEED

SATISFACTION

COST LOW HIGH

RISK HIGH ELIMINATED

COMFORT COMFORTABLE HIGHLY COMFORTABLE

 CHAPTER - 10

REFERENCE
1.