Tips and

Tricks
ACTIVE DRY YEAST AND FERMENTATION
EXPLAINED TO BREWERS
 4
A precious tool for you We’re here
6
Yeast, what is it?
9
to help
How to rehydrate active dry yeast? There are some great things happening in the world of
fermented beverages. We are seeing young designers, small
distilleries, craft breweries, new wine estates... There are risks;
12 there is daring and some wonderful surprises. And as with any
What to be very careful about? kind of creative endeavor, there are also disappointments.
This is a virtuous model, even for the market’s biggest players
who are pushed to be even more inventive. This is why we want
15 to support the efforts of those who give it a try, maybe because
Yeast characteristics we share this taste for innovation and initiative.
This document, we designed it for you, brewers; to offer you
a tool to learn how dry yeast is produced, what essential
22
parameters will influence your fermentations, how the
Aromas, flavors and beer styles Fermentis yeast strains are characterized and give useful
technical tips to better manage yeast in your brewery.
24 We sincerely hope that it will be useful to you and will help you
create the beers you dream of.
Make your choice!
Tips and Tricks can be downloaded from our website,
as well as other practical tips and tools.
28
Glossary
30
Notes

FERMENTIS / TIPS AND TRICKS FERMENTIS / TIPS AND TRICKS

 A precious tool
for you

C
onstant innovation and creativity in brew- Fermentis is the supplier of choice for true
ing have made the success of the craft dried lager yeasts. Our different strains are
brewing industry. Brewing a large number available from recognized sources enabling
of beers in the same premises adds to the high quality lager production. A range of spe-
difficulty of yeast management, while beer qual- cialty ale yeasts has also been developed to
ity and consistency between batches are key produce ales with authentic flavor profiles
factors to exceed customers’ expectations. and a variety of specialty beers.

Dry yeast is a reliable answer and the choice Each Fermentis yeast has its own This diagram shows the most important steps fermentation conditions chosen by the brewer
of numerous craft brewers around the world characteristics; fermentation kinetics and in beer production and at which stage each will impact the final beer. All the elements
to achieve consistent fermentations from profile, attenuation rate, alcohol tolerance, ingredient enters the process. Yeast affects in the brewing recipe will influence the
batch to batch. Ready to pitch, their rehydra- flocculation, sedimentation, organoleptic fermentation and subsequent steps of beer final character and the final aromas of the
tion is a simple procedure and correct yeast expression… production. beer: the water composition, the minerals,
counts are achieved simply by pitching a known the malt bill, the choice of hops and the
weight of dry yeast. No propagation or in-house Better knowing our yeast range and better Yeast plays a key role in the release of hopping process.
laboratory input is needed. The consistency of understanding their characteristics will aromas; flavors and mouth feel com-
fermentations also adds the advantage of allow you to get the best out of them and pounds in the finished beer. A number of Keep in mind that the choices made prior
predictable fermentation output, which is to adapt your brewing and fermentation compounds will be released during fermen- fermentation can also influence how the
essential for good planning in a busy brewery. conditions to brew the beer you want. tation and as such the yeast strain and yeast reacts.

DRY YEAST MANUFACTURING KEY STEPS OF BREWING

LIQUOR
MALT HOP 1 HOP 2 YEAST 1 HOP 3 YEAST 2

4°C

Laboratory Fermentation Centrifugation Yeast cream Rotating Instant yeast Mashing Lautering Boiling Clarification Fermentation Maturation
storage vacuum filter drying
Refermentation

FERMENTIS / TIPS AND TRICKS FERMENTIS / TIPS AND TRICKS

 Yeast, what is it?
!
— LIVING CELLS Don’t mix-up
eukaryotes and

Yeast,
prokaryotes
Yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, is a unicellular fungi. They are
eukaryotes with a similar cell structure to plants and animals
including humans. In the presence of air, the yeasts breathe Prokaryotes are
and multiply abundantly. The sugar they feed on is transformed organisms that
into carbon dioxide and water. This phenomenon is accompanied multiply by division
and are constituted by
by an important release of energy which allows them to grow a circular chromosome
and multiply by budding. In the absence of air, sugar is largely

what is it
which is diffused
transformed into alcohol at the expense of the energy released. in the cytoplasm.

— SIMILAR TO A PRODUCTION FACILITY

Example: bacteria
Eukaryotes are
microorganisms
A yeast cell could be compared to a production facility on its own. of which genetic
To ferment correctly it needs to be supplied with the correct raw material is situated
materials to be able to produce the right compounds. in a specific organ
called the nucleus.
When a beer recipe contains 80 to 100% of malt, its nutritional Example: yeast cells,
quality is sufficient for the yeast health. animal cells…

?
The yeast will metabolize sugars, amino acids and nutrients from
the wort to produce ethanol, CO2, aromas and other compounds
that will bring the final flavors to the beer.

Yeast is a fungus capable of causing fermentation YEAST METABOLISM

of organic and animal matter. There are several species.
The best known is called Saccharomyces cerevisiae
(from the Latin “saccharo”: sugar, “myces”: mushroom Glucose Hexose Glucose
and “cerevisiae”: “brewery”). In common parlance, we usually Transporter HXK
ATP
Fructose Glucose-6-Phosphate
speaks of “brewer’s yeast” or “baker’s yeast”. Fructose PGI
ATP
HXK
Fructose-6-Phosphate
Plasma membrane PFK
ATP

Fructose 1,6-diphosphate

MICROSCOPIC PICTURE OF A YEAST CELL

FBA

Dihydroxyacetone Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate

phosphate TDH
1,3-diphosphoglycerate
Ethanol Ethanol NAD+
PGK ATP
NADH 3-phosphoglycerate
ADH
H+
PGM
acetaldehyde
2-phosphoglycerate
PDC ENO
phosphoenol pyruvate
CO2 CO2 PFK
x1,600 x6,400
pyruvate

Yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, is a unicellular fungi.

A Saccharomyces cerevisiae yeast cell measures between 5 and 50 μm.

FERMENTIS / TIPS AND TRICKS FERMENTIS / TIPS AND TRICKS

 Yeast, what is it?

How to
— THREE SUGARS INVOLVED
Sugars are supplied by the wort. Depending on the recipe
chosen for the malt bill, the quantity of sugars that can be
metabolized by the yeast will vary. The three main sugars of
interest for the yeast are glucose, maltose and maltotriose.

Glucose
Glucose is a monosaccharide; it is a single hexose and is the first
sugar to be assimilated by the yeast. Glucose is a basic building
block of the starch, which is a long ramified glucose chain. rehydrate
active dry yeast
Maltose
Maltose is a disaccharide (2 glucose units). All Fermentis brewing
yeasts were selected for their high maltopermease activity.
Maltopermease carries the maltose from the wort to the cytosol
through the cell’s membrane. Maltose is then hydrolyzed
into two glucoses by intracellular maltase.

Maltotriose
Maltotriose is a trisaccharide sugar (3 glucose units). Not all
yeasts are able to metabolize it. In theory, all bottom fermenting
yeasts can assimilate maltotriose. There are some top
fermenting yeasts that have this capacity too, like SafAle™ WB-06,
?
for example.

The result of a brew with high residual maltotriose levels Fermentis dry yeast looks like a compact sponge
will give beers with more roundness and mouthfeel, composed of micro balls tightened close together.
while beers with a high drinkability are those that contain
no or very little residual maltotriose. This sponge is ready to absorb the water. The yeast cells
need to recover the water they lost during the drying
to start fermenting. The membrane of the yeast cell
after drying contains circumvolutions, after its rehydration
it becomes perfectly smooth.

FROM DRY TO LIQUID

Dry yeast membrane Rehydrated membrane

FERMENTIS / TIPS AND TRICKS FERMENTIS / TIPS AND TRICKS

 How to rehydrate yeast? How to rehydrate yeast?

— TEMPERATURE MONITORING — WATER OR WORT?

- R ehydrate the dry yeast into yeast cream by sprinkling it in 10 times Fermentis yeast can be rehydrated with sterile water or sterile wort,
its own weight of sterile water or wort. but in both cases, sterility of the rehydration environment is fundamental.
- Gently stir and leave for 30 minutes. After a first hop addition and wort boiling for at least 15 minutes,
- Finally, pitch the resultant cream into the fermentation vessel. collect the volume required for rehydration and leave to cool
The rehydration step is done in a vessel outside the fermenter. The objective to the required temperature. Rehydrate the yeast for 30 minutes.
is to allow the yeast to recover all its functionalities before pitching. Pitch immediately into the tank after checking the temperature
of wort, in order to avoid foam.

ALE YEASTS LAGER YEASTS

Optimum rehydration Optimum rehydration
temperature
25-29°C
temperature
21-25°C Don’t forget your
(77-84°F) (69-77°F)
rehydration essentials
After rehydration bacterial contamination can develop in the slurry. Follow our
recommendations of maximum time between rehydration in sterile water
and pitching depending on the storage temperature of the rehydrated yeast.
1
RESPECT RECOMMENDED REHYDRATION TEMPERATURES
Stored at Stored at Stored at TO ASSURE THE YEAST MEMBRANE FLUIDITY
4°C (39°F) 20°C (68°F) 25°C (77°F)
pitch within pitch within pitch within
18H 6H 4H
2
WATER OR WORT, WHATEVER YOU CHOOSE
MAKE IT STERILE

DRY YEAST REHYDRATION

3
DO NOT USE CHLORINATED WATER IT WILL KILL THE YEAST
30 min

4
DO NOT USE DEMINERALIZED WATER

FERMENTIS / TIPS AND TRICKS FERMENTIS / TIPS AND TRICKS

 What to be very careful about?

— PITCHING RATE

What to be Pitching at the correct level will guarantee a rapid start in fermentation.
Using a low pitching rate will delay the start of the fermentation and increase
the risk of contamination.
Dry yeast adds the advantage of converting a dry yeast weight to accurately

very careful
know the number of viable cells pitched in the wort.

FERMENTIS YEAST DOSAGE

ALE YEASTS 50-80 g/hl (0.06-0.10 oz/gal)
Minimum of 6E09 viable cells/g
LAGER YEASTS* 80-120 g/hl (0.10-0.16 oz/gal)
*Values given are for fermentation between 12-15°C (53-59°F). The yeast dosage should be increased

about
at temperatures below 12°C (53°F), up to 200 to 300g/hl (0.26-0.40 oz/gal.) at 9°C (48°F).

— TEMPERATURES !
The recommended fermentation temperature range (refer to Be careful, it
product packaging or specification sheets) of each strain has starts right away!
to be respected. Fermentation starts
The higher the temperature is at the beginning of the fermentation, immediately, but the

? the faster the fermentation will start. Using higher temperatures

for your brew will increase the ester and diacetyl formation. Also
for the reduction of diacetyl it may be necessary at the end of
fermentation to allow the temperature to rise.
apparition of CO2 bubbles
and smell will only be
perceptible after 12
to 24 hours for ale yeasts
and 16 to 32 hours
Low temperature is required at the end of the fermentation for lager yeasts.
to achieve good yeast flocculation.

— EFFECT OF OXYGEN
Oxygen is required to assure a healthy cell multiplication. Oxygen should
only be added in the first eighteen hours of fermentation. Adding oxygen
later will increase aldehyde and diacetyl levels.

— YEAST RECYCLING
Reusing yeast from a previous batch requires dedicated tanks, specific
know-how and needs to be done in good hygienic conditions. Laboratory
equipment and staff is required to validate the quality of the cropped yeast
before pitching. As far as lager yeasts are concerned, we recommend
to limit their recycling to no more than 4 to 6 times.

FERMENTIS / TIPS AND TRICKS FERMENTIS / TIPS AND TRICKS

 Bottle and cask
conditioning
Yeast is used for refermentation in bottle or in cask.
If the primary objective of the method is to saturate Yeast
characteristics
the beer in CO2, doing a refermentation brings other
benefits to the beer. First, the presence of living yeast
in the bottle/cask will prevent the beer from oxidation
and increase its shelf life. It will also bring mouth feel
and roundness to the beer.

When selecting a yeast for refermentation some aspects

need to be considered
Its tolerance to higher alcohol levels
Its aroma development capabilities
Its sugar assimilation profiles
Its ability to settle and stick well to the bottom Fermentis led a yeast characterization study in collaboration
of the bottle/cask with a technical center* to compare the strains between
themselves in standard conditions. This study was done in EBC
After primary fermentation, yeast is often columns. Its purpose is to caracterize each strain regarding
exhausted and as such we do not recommend
to use cropped yeast to make a refermentation.
its fermentation kinetics and attenuation, its maltotriose
assimilation, its alcohol tolerance, its flocculation,
The sugar addition needs to be calculated depending its sedimentation and its aromatic profile.
on the desired carbonation of the finished beer.
Knowing that 2g of sugar give 1g of CO2 and assuming
there is no CO2 in the green beer, 10g of sugar per liter
will need to be added to saturate the beer at 5g of CO2/l.
If the green beer already contains 2g of CO2/l,
then 6g of sugar per liter have to be added.

*Study conducted in collaboration with Institut Meurice - Department of Brewing Sciences

and Fermentation Technology - Haute Ecole Lucia de Brouckère - Brussels, Belgium.

FERMENTIS / TIPS AND TRICKS FERMENTIS / TIPS AND TRICKS

 Yeast characteristics Yeast characteristics

— FERMENTATION KINETICS AND ATTENUATION

SafLager™ range SafAle™ range

13,5°P AT 12°C (53.6°F) FOR 48H THEN 14°C (57.2°F) 13,5°P, 20°C (68°F)
% %
100 100

90 90
Apparent attenuation in %

Apparent attenuation in %
80 80
70 70
60 60

50 50
40 40

30 30
20 20
10 10

0 0
5

15
10

20
0

10

15
Days Days

18°P AT 12°C (53.6°F) FOR 48H THEN 14°C (57.2°F) 18°P, 20°C (68°F)
% %
100 100

90 90

Apparent attenuation in %
Apparent attenuation in %

80 80
70 70
60 60

50 50
40 40

30 30
20 20
10 10

0 0
5

15
10

20
0

10

15
Days Days

SAFALE™ S-04 SAFALE™ S-33 SAFALE™ T-58

SAFALE™ BE-256 SAFALE™ K-97 SAFALE™ US-05
SAFLAGER™ W-34/70 SAFLAGER™ S-189 SAFLAGER ™ S-23 SAFALE™ WB-06

FERMENTIS / TIPS AND TRICKS FERMENTIS / TIPS AND TRICKS

 Yeast characteristics

Other SafAle™ yeast strains

This is our selection of hyper attenuating yeasts.
They present a high attenuation with low residual sugar content
and allow the production of different beer styles and flavors.

%
100

90
Apparent attenuation in %

80
70
60

50
40

30
20
10

0
0

10

15
Days
SAFALE™ BE-134 20°C/13,5°P SAFALE™ BE-134 25°C/13,5°P
SAFALE™ BE-134 30°C/13,5°P SAFALE™ WB-06 25°C/13,5°P

%
100

90
Apparent attenuation in %

80
70
60

50
40

30
20
10

0
0

10

15

Days
SAFALE™ HA-18 25°C/25°P SAFALE™ HA-18 30°C/25°P
SAFALE™ HA-18 25°C/30°P SAFALE™ HA-18 30°C/30°P

FERMENTIS / TIPS AND TRICKS FERMENTIS / TIPS AND TRICKS

 Yeast characteristics Yeast characteristics

— MALTOTRIOSE — ALCOHOL TOLERANCE IN % V/V

The table below shows the amount of remaining maltotriose in g/l
after fermentation for each strain. 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18

MALTOTRIOSE IN G/L
SAFALE™ S-04 10 Ale yeasts
SAFALE™ K-97 2
SafAle™ S-04
SAFALE™ US-05 3
SAFALE™ WB-06 0
SafAle™ K-97
SAFALE™ S-33 12 SafAle™ US-05
SAFALE™ T-58 11 SafAle™ WB-06
SAFALE™ BE-256 0
SafAle™ S-33
SAFALE™ BE-134 0
SAFALE™ HA-18 0
SafAle™ T-58
SAFLAGER™ S-23 4 SafAle™ BE-256
SAFLAGER™ S-189 2 SafAle™ BE-134
SAFLAGER™ W-34/70 2
SafAle™ HA-18

— FLOCCULATION Lager yeasts

Flocculation is the ability of yeast cells to form aggregates. If the yeast is not remaining
in the foam at the end of fermentation, a high flocculent yeast could settle down fast SafLager™ S-23
and give a clear beer with little cells in suspension. On the opposite, a low flocculent
yeast will settle down slowly and leave the beer hazy for a longer time. SafLager™ S-189

FLOCCULATION CLARIFICATION* SEDIMENTATION SafLager™ W-34/70

SAFALE™ S-04 + - Fast
SAFALE™ K-97 + + Slow
SAFALE™ US-05 Medium Bottle and cask conditioning
SAFALE™ WB-06
+/-
-
+/-
+ Slow
!
Ca++
SafAle™ F-2
SAFALE™ S-33 - - Medium
SAFALE™ T-58 Medium
A minimum concentration
- - of 100 mg/l of Ca++
SAFALE™ BE-256 + - Fast is required to allow good
flocculation.
SAFALE™ BE-134 - - Slow
SAFALE™ HA-18 - - Medium
SAFLAGER™ S-23 + - Fast
SAFLAGER™ S-189 + - Fast
SAFLAGER™ W-34/70 + - Fast
*Yeast in the foam at the end of fermentation.

FERMENTIS / TIPS AND TRICKS FERMENTIS / TIPS AND TRICKS

 Type of Organoleptic Suggested
Aromas, flavors beer characteristics yeast

and beer styles

Weissen Hazy, wheat base, phenolic, citrussy WB-06

Blanche Hazy, wheat base, refreshing, spicy WB-06,T-58, K-97

Lager beer, blond to golden, brilliant, refreshing,

Beer yeast is able to produce or contribute to body, mouth feel, Pils drinkable, slightly crispy, medium bitterness, highly W-34/70, S-189, S-23
flavor and many aromas which could typically be grouped into four categories: digestable, neutral, malty or gently fruity
neutral, fruity, floral and spicy. However, while the yeast strain itself
will obviously play a major role; the organoleptic characteristics exhibited Session Blond, light body, low alcohol, hoppy,
high drinkability BE-134, K-97, US-05
by a yeast strain will also largely depend on process parameters
Kölsch
(density, fermentation temperature, pitching rate…) and beer composition. Blond, palatable, low alcohol, low bitterness, K-97, US-05, S-04
Indeed, a yeast strain will not make a beer by itself but will contribute to gently fruity
the elaboration of it; based on the recipe (process parameters) and together
with the other raw materials; primarily water, malt and hops. IPA Blond to amber, dry and hoppy S-04, US-05

HA-18, US-05, BE-256,

As an example; SafAle™ WB-06 expression of banana flavor will significantly Triple Blond to amber, high alcohol, malty, fruity, full body,
roundness S-33, K-97
depend on pitching rate and fermentation temperature.

Adjacent table will list a number of beer styles with their flavor Saison Blond to amber, refreshing, very dry, low alcohol,
gently acidic and yeasty, hoppy, gently saturated BE-134, WB-06, T-58
characteristics and the recommended yeast strain(s) to achieve those.
Blond to amber, medium body and residual
Bitter sweetness balanced with high bitterness, S-33, S-04, US-05
hop character

Ales

Recommendations can be obtained from your distributor or from a Fermentis representative.

Blond to brown, medium alcohol content, fruity
(Pale/Amber/ (estery), more or less malty tastes & notes, nutty, S-04, BE-256, US-05
Brown) caramel

HA-18, S-33, S-04,

Double Amber - Brown/Dark, high alcohol, malty, fruity,
caramel, roundness BE-256

Scotch Amber to brown, full bodied, malty and lightly

hopped HA-18, S-33, S-04

HA-18, S-33, T-58,

Barley wine Amber - Brown, woody, slightly saturated,
maderized, stewed fruit BE-256, K-97

Mild to dark brown with red tint, roast malt flavor

Porter and aroma, sweet to bitter flavor, medium body, S-04, BE-256, US-05
fruity esters

Stout Dark, creamy, smooth body, chocolate, coffee,

roasted S-33, S-04

Imperial Dark, high alcohol, hot mouthfeel, chocolat, HA-18, T-58, BE-256,
Stout coffee, roasted US-05

FERMENTIS / TIPS AND TRICKS FERMENTIS / TIPS AND TRICKS

 Make your choice!

Make
— ALE OR LAGER?
Fermentis supplies 2 ranges of yeast strains.
You want to make a Lager beer? Ask for our 3 dedicated SafAle™
yeasts. An Ale? You can select amongst 9 strains.
BE-134 *
HA-18 *

your choice
US-05
SafLager™ S-04
K-97
* Newcomers in our range, two new yeast strains
S-23 S-33
have been partially included in this study.
The SafAle™ BE-134, ideal for Belgian- W-34/70 WB-06
Saison-style beers and the SafAle™ HA-18,
S-189 BE-256
recommended for the production of particularly
high attenuating beers even for very high gravity T-58
fermentation, such as “Barley Wine”.

!
— DRY OR FULL-BODIED BEERS?
This is our specific portfolio covering brewers needs. Find the right balance between APPARENT ATTENUATION
residual sugars and final
We offer you efficient and qualitative strains alcohol. Almost all of our yeast
% SafLager™ SafAle™
100
which will help you design the beer of your dreams. strains guarantee a fairly high
attenuation rate: between 80% 95
Let’s discover their main characteristics. and 90%. If you want to obtain 90
a beer with a high attenuation 85
and a low level of residual sugars,
80
SafAle™ BE-256 or SafAle™
BE-134 will be the obvious 75
choices. Likewise for high- 70
density beers, the SafAle™ HA-18
65
will allow a very high attenuation.
However, if you want to obtain 60
a high level of residual sugars,

W- -23
0
9
BE 8
34

5
04
97

WB 3
BE 6
56

8
/7
18
-1

-0

3
-0

T-5
-1

S-
K-
S-

-2
34
S

HA

US
S-
SafAle™ S-33 will fit perfectly.

CONDITIONS
This study has been set up to picture and compare the flavor and aroma characteristics
of our main commercial yeast strains. All have been tested in the same standard conditions,
with the lowest possible impact of other ingredients, i.e. in the most neutral conditions.
Wort: 100% 2 rows spring pils malt, 15°P / Bitterness: 25 BU with iso-alpha-acids
(end of boiling) / Pitching rate: 50 g ADY/hl / Fermentation: 23°C, @Atm. P.

FERMENTIS / TIPS AND TRICKS FERMENTIS / TIPS AND TRICKS

 Make your choice!

— RESIDUAL SUGARS
Looking for yeasts which leave some specific sugars behind? Baseline Flavor
SafAle™ S-33 will leave most of the maltotriose. Conversely, SafAle™ WB-06
and SafAle™ BE-256 consume almost all of it. & Aromas*
g/L SafLager™ SafAle™
16

14 CHOOSE YOUR FAVORITES!

SafLager™ Yeasts SafAle™ Yeasts

12

10

SP
TY

IC
UI
23

70

04

33

56

8
18

-0

-0

T-5
S-

4/

S-

K-

S-

-2

Y
US

WB
S-

FR
3

BE
W-

DP1-DP2 DP3 (Maltotriose) DP4 (Tetraose) DP5-DP7

(Glucose/Maltose) (Dextrins)

— ESTERS
Some specific SafAle™ strains develop a neutral profile, while other yeasts express
more fruity flavor – mainly SafAle™ BE-256 and SafAle™ WB-06.
Odor
units
SafLager™ SafAle™
7

3
N E U T R A L ***
2

* Sensory Analysis
0

in Standard Conditions
23

70

04

33

56

8
18

-0

-0

T-5
S-

4/

S-

K-

S-

-2
US

WB
S-

** Phenolic Flavors
3

BE
W-

*** Raw Material

Ethylhexanoate (Green Apple) Ethylacetate (Fruity/Solvent) Isoamylacetate (Banana)
Expression Facilitated

FERMENTIS / TIPS AND TRICKS FERMENTIS / TIPS AND TRICKS

A
Glossary F
Alcohol By Volume (v/v) Final specific gravity
The percentage of volume of alcohol per volume of beer. To calculate the approximate The specific gravity a beer has obtained when the fermentation is over.
volume content apply the following method:
Initial Gravity (°P)/2,5 = % Vol I
Alpha-Acid Content International Bitterness Unit (IBU)
Standard unit used to measure the concentration of bitter compounds in beer, i.e.
Measurement of the potential bitterness of hops, expressed by their percentage of isoalpha-acids and other related components in milligrams per liter.
alpha acids. Low: 2-6%; medium: 6-10%; high 10-14%; super > 14%.

Attenuation M
Measurement of the quantity of sugar in the wort that has been fermented
by the yeast into alcohol and carbon-dioxide gas. Malt
Barley steeped in water, germinated and dried in kilns. This process produces the
enzymes necessary to convert insoluble starches to soluble substances and sugars
C and gives the colour to the grain transferable to beer.

Color Mash - Mashing

There are two different analytical methods (SRM Standard Reference Method) and EBC Process of enzymatically extracting and converting malt solubles to wort, in an acid
(European Brewery Convention) to measure the color of wort and beer. SRM units are equivalent uric aqueous solution. In infusion mashing, the conversion goes through different
to Lovibond degrees and are used by ASBC (American Society of Brewing Chemists). phases: the acid rest, the protein rest, saccharification & the lauter rest.
EBC/1,97=SRM
O
D Original Gravity
Density Specific gravity of wort prior to fermentation. Original gravity is the measure of
the total amount of dissolved solids in the wort.
Measurement of the weight of a solution compared with the weight of an equal volume
of pure water.
P
Diacetyl Plato degrees
Is a fermentation by-product giving “butter” off flavor. It is dismantled in the end of
fermentation by the yeast. Its threshold is around 0.1 mg/l. Expresses a solution’s density in grams of sucrose per 100 grams of solution.
Plato degrees are measured at 20°C (68°F).
Dimethyl sulphide (DMS)
An important sulphur-carrying compound originating from malt. At low levels, S
Sparging
DMS adds a crisp character, at high levels it will add corn or cabbage flavors.

Spraying the filter cake with hot water to remove the remaining malt extract.
E
Esters W
Wort
Aromatic compounds generated by fermentation composed of an organic
acid and an alcohol. The main esters are: Ethyl Acetate - aroma and fruit odor -
Isoamyl Acetate - banana ester - and Ethyl Hexanoate. High fermentation Sweet wort is the mash extract. Bitter wort is the hopped sugar solution before pitching.
yeasts are preferred for their ability to produce mixtures of particular esters.

FERMENTIS / TIPS AND TRICKS FERMENTIS / TIPS AND TRICKS

Notes Notes

ta ct
Conus!

FERMENTIS / TIPS AND TRICKS FERMENTIS / TIPS AND TRICKS

 An expert in the art 
of fermentation
F
ermentis works with everyone in the world of beer, wine, spirits and other
fermented beverages. Its range of products and services covers almost all
professional requirements: from safeguarding production to expressing
sensory characteristics. Business Unit of the Lesaffre Group, global key player
in fermentation and yeast, Fermentis builds solutions and results upon its
talented experts, visionary R&D program, industrial expertise which meets
the highest international quality standards and a strong and coherent mar-
keting and communication strategy. Its mission? Become the obvious choice
for brewers, winemakers and all producers of fermented beverages, helping
them express their inventiveness and creativity.

www.fermentis.com