39

en on'kel, onk v ler, uncle. at synge (synger sang

en tante, r, aunt. sunget), to sing.
at tale (taler talte talt), to morsom, t, me, amusing,
speak, to talk. interesting (used in idio-
at gi (gir gav git), to give. matic expressions),
at ta (tar tok tat), to take. her, here,
at elske (elsker elsket el- hos, by; with.
sket), to love. ingen (n. g. intet; pi. ingen),
at bo (bor bodde bodd), to no; none.
dwell, reside, live.

READING.
Her Her bor jeg (10, 2, a) og vor
er mit hjem.
familie: min
min
far, mor og mine sjztekende. Vi bar
det godt hjemme. Der Iseser vi og synger og har det
morsomt (i. e., have a good time}. Vore bedsteforseldre
bor hos os. Det er morsomt at tale med dem.
Min onkel er fars bror. Mors bror er ogsaa vor on-
kel, og mors og fars sp'stre er vore tanter. Deres b0rn
er vore s^skendeb^rn. Vi har mange so'skendeb^rn,
baade faettere og kusiner.
Et barn elsker hjem, sine s^skende og sine for-
sit

seldre, og forseldrene elsker sine b0rn. En so'n eller en

datter som
ikke elsker sine forseldre, er ingen seta, er
ingen datter. Og forseldre som ikke elsker sine sinner
og d^tre, er ingen foraeldre.

COMPOSITION.
i. Iyou sang, he has sung, they have sung.
sing,
2. I
spoke with (med) him. He had not spoken with
them. 3. She lives with us. She is our cousin. 4. Did
you read his letter? No. Have you read it? 5. I
gave him a book, but he has not read it. 6. He gave
the book to his cousin (masc.). 7. He gave it to his
cousin (fern.). 8. She was writing a letter about her
school, her teacher, and her books. 9. My aunt is my
 40

mother's sister, but your aunt is your father's sister. 10.

Our uncle's children are our cousins; his son is our

cousin (masc.) and his daughter is our cousin (fern.).

LESSON VIII.
CONJUGATION STRONG AND WEAK.
25. Verbal stem. The verbal stem is the infinitive
minus the final unaccented e: Ices from at Icese; sfyriv
from at strive. In verbs which do not have this -e, the
stem and the infinitive are alike: bo from at bo (to
dwell) se from at se (to see).
;

26. Conjugations. There are two conjugations,

the strong and the
1. The strong conjugation forms its imperfect tense
by a change of the root vowel: skrive skrev; vaere
var; synge sang.
2. The weak conjugation forms its imperfect tense
by adding endings to the verbal stem.
For convenience, the verbs of this conjugation are classed
as follows:
Class I adds et for imp. tense, and et for perf.
participle: at elske elsket elsket.
Class II adds te for imp. tense, and t for perf.
participle: at laese laeste laest.

Class III adds dde for imp. tense, and dd for perf.
participle: at bo bodde bodd.

In vocabularies, weak verbs will be designated by these

class numbers; strong and irregular verbs will have imp.
tense and perf. part, given in full.

27. The present tense is formed by adding -r to

the infinitive : at elsfye elsfcer; at Icese Iceser; at bo

bor.
 41

There are a few exceptions. At vite (to know), pres.

tense 'vet; at vccre, present er ; at gj0re (to do), present
gj0r; at bare has both the regular barer and the irreg-
ular beer. The auxiliaries skal and vil are irregular
present tenses. (Other modal auxiliaries, 75).

INTERROGATIVE PRONOUNS.
28. Interrogative pronouns are : /ivem, hva d, hvil-
ken.
DECLENSION.
Singular.
 42

Hvilket brev er ditf Which letter is yours?

Hvilke brev er dine? Which letters are yeurs?
4. Hvem, hvad, and hvilken all have the possessive
hvis (whose). Hvis is used adjectively, but is not in-
flected: hvis bok, hvis brev; hvis bpker, hvis brev (pi.).

5. Hvad for en is also used as an interrogative

pronoun. The neuter is hvad for ett, and the plural
hvad for (no gen).
Ex. : Hvad for en bok er What book is this ?
dettef
Hvad for ett brev er dettef What letter is this?
Hvad for (nogen) bfiker What books are these?
er dettef
Note i. The demonstrative pronoun is not inflected for
agreement in the constructions given above.
Note 2. Hvilken is used in exclamations: Hvilken vakker
dag! What a fine day!
Note 3. Hvad for en (ett) is similarly used, but in an
abbreviated form: For en vakker dag! What a fine day!
Sometimes only for is used: For varme og vei! What (aw-
ful) heat and roads!
Note 4. Hvem is originally the objective form, but is now
used also in the nominative in the place of hvo, a form now
used only in solemn style.

29. A personal pronoun after a copula is usually

in the objective case. Third person may also be used
in the nominative.

Ex. : Det er mig. Er det dig? Det er ham (or /tan).

Ham (/tan) er det.
Note. There is a tendency among recent writers to use
only the nominative after the copula: Det er jeg. Er det du?
Det er ban.
VOCABULARY.
en handling [nn], er, act; et ver'bum, ver v ber; def.,
action. ver'bet, verb.
 43

tid, er, c. g., time, tense [d at faa fik faat [faatt],

often silent].
is to get.
prae'sens or nu'tid (nu, igaar', yesterday.
v
now), present tense. imorgen [ima ren], to-mor-
imperfek'tum or for 'tid (for, row.
v
before), imperfect (or past) imorges [ima res], this morn-
tense, ing.
at bruke, II, to use. ikveld [ikvell'], this evening.
at kalde [kalle], II, to call; meget, adv., very,
to name. en (with stress), one (nu-
at ut'trykke, II, to express. meral and indefinite pro-
at handle, I, to act. noun; the article is with-
at handle om, or at om- out stress),
handle, to treat of. anden [an], other; en ,
an-
sterk, r, strong. other.
svak, r, weak. av, of.

idag', to-day.

Note. Verbs with a double consonant like uttrykke

drop the last consonant along with final e to form the stem:
uttryk; to this stem the proper tense ending is added: ut-
trykte, uttrykt.

READING.
Idag har vi (10, 2, b) en ny lekse. Den er meget
lang, men imorgen faar vi en kort en (ind. pro.). Vi
liker korte lekser, men ikke lange. Leksen handler om
verbet. Et verbum er et ord i en saetning. Det uttryk-
ker handling. Verbet har mange tider. En av ver-
bets tider kalder vi prsesens eller nutid, en anden kal-
der vi imperfektum eller fortid.
Hvem har ikke laert leksen sin idag? Jeg har laert
min godt; jeg paa den baade
laeste igaar og imorges.
Min bror laerte ikke sin lekse til idag. Igaar laeste han
en ny bok som jeg har git ham.
Hvilken saetning eller hvilke saetninger er det som
du ikke har laest? Jeg har laest alle saetningerne. Hvil-
ket ord eller hvilke ord er det du ikke har laert ? Det er
verberne. Hvilke verber? Det er verbet at handle
 44

og verbet at brake. Verbet at handle har imperfektum

paa -et; verbet at bruke har imperfektum paa -te. Disse

er svake verber. Det sterke verbum at skrive har skrev
i
imperfektum.
COMPOSITION.
i. Whose book? Whose books? Whose letter?
Whose letters? 2. Which lesson have you studied for
today (lit., read to today) ? 3. Which word is it you
(sing.) have not learned in today's lesson (lit., the les-
son to today) ? _ 4. Which verbs have -et in past tense?
Which have -te in
5. Yesterday we
past tense?
learned (10, 2, b) many new words; which were they
(it) ? 6. Who is it? It is I (me) it is we (us). Is ;

it you (s., dig) ? Is it you (pi., dere) ? Which book

was it you were reading yesterday? 8. Now we have
studied many long lessons and learned many new words
and sentences.

LESSON IX.
NUMERALS.
30. Numerals are cardinal and ordinal.

1. Cardinal numbers tell how many: fern, five;

syv, seven.
2. Ordinal numbers give the position in a series:

femte, fifth ; syvende, seventh.

Cardinal. Ordinal.
1. en (n. g., ett; def. den 1
f^rste, iste.

ene).
"
2. to. anden 2 [an], 2den.
'

3. tre. tredje, sdje.

"
4. fire. fjerde [fjaere], 4de.
"
5. fern [fern]. femte, Ste.
 45

6. seks [seks]. den sjette, 6te.

"
7- syv. syvende, 7de.
"
8. otte. ottende, 8de.
"
9. ni. niende, 9de.
"
10. ti. tiende, lode.
"
11. elleve. ellevte [ellefte], lite.
"
12. tolv [toll]. tolvte [tollte], I2te.
"
13. tretten. trettende, I3de.
"
14. fjorten. fjortende, I4de.
"
15. femten. femtende, isde.
"
16. seksten [seisten]. sekstende, i6de.
"
17. sytten [sjzftten]. syttende, i7de.
:<
18. atten. attende, i8de.
"
19. nitten. nittende, igde.
'
20. ty've. tyvende, 2ode.
'
21. en og tyve (i. e., enogtyvende, 2ide.
one and twenty).
'
22. to og tyve (two and toogtyvende, 22de.
twenty).
'

30. tredive [tred'deve]. tredivte [tred'defte].

'

31. en og tredive. enogtredivte, 3ite.

'

40. firti [fjzfrti]. fir'tiende, 4ode.

50. fem'ti. fern 'tiende, sode.
'

60. seks'ti. sekstiende, 6ode.

'

70. syt'ti [s0tti]. syt' tiende, 7ode.

"
80. ot'ti. ot' tiende, Sode.
'

90. nit'ti. nit' tiende, gode.

100. hundrede.
'
101. hundrede og en. hundrede og f0rste,
loiste.
'
102. hundrede og to. hundrede og anden,
I02den.
200. to hundrede.
1000. (ett) tu'sen, eller
tus'ind(e).
loooooo. (en) million' (pi.

-er).
Notes. i. The ordinals are used as adjectives; hence they

may be preceded by the prepositive article (den, det, de).

2. Anden is declined: n. g. andet [ant or annet].
3. hundrede and tusen have no ordinals. In rare cases.
 46

hundrede is used as ordinal, but this should be avoided if

possible.
4. Pronominal use of numerals:
a. en, one; den ene, the one.
b. en anden, another; den anden, the other; det andet,
the other; de andre, the others,
c. for det f0rste, in the first place; for det andet, in
second place, etc.

5. Fractions are formed by adding del: en halvdel, en

tredjedel, en fjerdedel, etc.

VOCABULARY.
et aar, , year. alt'saa, then, consequently
en maaned, er, month. (a conj. used very freely,
en uke, r, week. often without the force of
en dag, e, day. a conjunction),
en time, r, hour. megen meget), much,
(n. g.,
et (en) minut', ter, min- kan, be able.
can; Kan is
ute. followed by infinitive with-
etsekund' [nn], er, second. out at. In the inverted
hver, t, every (each of two word order ( 10, 23), the
or more). subject comes between kan
fra, from. and the infinitive.

nogen [noen], ind. pro., at ta tok tat, to take.

some. saa, then, so, thus. Naar
saa, when. .then.
. .

READING.
Der
er aar, maaneder, uker og dage. Der er ogsaa
timer, minutter og sekunder. For det f0rste har vi
aaret. I et aar er der 12 maaneder. Saa har vi maane-
den. I en maaned er der 4 uker. I ett aar er der alt-

saa 12 X [gange] 4 uker, eller 48 uker. Men der er 52

uker i nogen dage over 4 uker i
et aar; altsaa er der
hver maaned. en uke er der 7 dage. Nogen maaneder
I

har 30 dage, andre har 31 dage. I den ene maaned,

februar, er der 28 dage men hvert f jerde aar har den 29.
;

De maaneder som har 31 dage er: den i , den 3 ,

 47

den 5 den 7
,
den 8 ,
den 10 , og den 12 ,
.

Hvilke maaneder er det som bar bare 30? (Designate

by ordinals). Hvilken maaned bar bare 28?
I en dag er der 24 timer, i en time er der 60 minut-

ter, og i et minut er der 60 sekunder. Der er altsaa

60X60 sekunder i en time, eller 3,600 sekunder. I en
dag er der altsaa 24 timer, eller 1,440 minutter, eller
86,400 sekunder. Nu
4 maaneder paa 30 dage
er der
hver, 7 maaneder paa 31 hver, og en maaned paa 28
dage. I ett aar er der altsaa 12 maaneder, 52 uker, 365
dage, 8,760 timer, 525,600 minutter, eller 31,536,000
sekunder.

COMPOSITION.
I. This (n. g.) is a long lesson and there is much in
it that new. 2. But when we have learned this (n. g.)
is

we can (saa kan vi) use it in other lessons. 3. We

have now had seven lessons this is the eighth. 4. There
;

are from ten to thirty new words to learn in each

lesson. 5. When we learn the words well we can
(10, 2, c) use them in sentences. 6. Now we are writ-
ing long sentences every day. 7. Some of the sentences
are long; they have from ten to fifteen words. 8. We
learn one lesson each day, or five lessons each week,
or twenty lessons each month. 9. How many seconds
are there in a minute? 10. How many minutes are
there in an hour? u. How many hours are there in a
day? 12. How many days are there in a year?
 48

LESSON X.
COMPOSITE WORDS.
31. Words are compounded very freely. A
noun prefixed to another noun often takes the pos-
sessive ending; an adjective prefixed often takes the
form of the weak declension.
1. Noun
noun: aar -j- tid
-J-
= aarstid, season.
2. Adjective -f- noun: styg -j- veir = styggeveir,
storm, bad weather.
3. Preposition -f- noun : i
-{-dag
= idag, to-day.
4. Preposition + verb : til -f- tale = tiltale, address.

5. Verb -f- noun: sove -f- veer else = sovevcerelse ,

bedroom.

32. When nouns are compounded, the last deter-

mines the gender:
Aar (n. g.) + tid (c. g.) = aarstid (c. g.) ;
sol (c. g.)

-f- skin (n. g.) = solskin (n. g.)

33. Pronunciation: Adjectives and adverbs end-

ing on ~ig have g silent: deilig deili.

VOCABULARY.
en aars'tid, er, season of en vind [nn], e, wind.
the year. veir [vaer], n. g., weather,
en sommer, somre, summer. sne, c. g., snow,
v
en vin'ter, vin tre, winter. regn [rein], n. g., rain,
1
en h0st, fall. at regne regnte regnet, to
en vaar, spring. rain.
en sol, e, sun. varme, c. g., heat,
en maane, r, moon. at skinne skinte skint
en stjerne, r, star. [sjinne, etc.], to shine,
en dag, e, day. at sne, III, to snow,
en nat, naet'ter, night. deilig, , e, fine, beautiful,
en storm, e(r), storm. delightful,
et lys, , light. varm, r, warm,
 49

kold [11], r, cold. ganske, indecl. adj. and adv.,

hel, r, whole. quite, entire(-ly).
saa'dan, t, ne, such. igjen', again,
styg, t, ge, bad; opposite laenge, adv., long.
of pretty. saa'ledes, thus,
som, (rel. pro.), who, which, at, sub. conj., that.

that; (conj.) as.

Notes. i. Names of seasons of the year and divisions of

time (except aar, minut, and sekund) are common gender.
2. The perfect participle (regnet) and the singular definite

of the noun (regnet) are spelled alike. The participle has

composite musical accent (see 6), the noun has single mu-
v
sical accent and t silent: regnet [rei net], rained; regnet

[rei'ne], the rain.

3. Names of the seasons often take the postpositive article
where English does not require the definite article. Observe
carefully such instances in the reading and composition that
follow.

READING.
Aaret har 4 aarstider. Disse kalder vi sommer, vin-
ter, h0st og vaar. Vaaren er den fjzfrste aarstid saa ;

kommer den varme sommer, saa hasten og den lange,

kolde vinter.
Sommeren meget varm, og vinteren kold; men
er
vaaren er og hasten ogsaa. Om vaaren regner
deilig,
det meget da regner det ofte hver dag. Om sommeren
;

regner det ikke saa meget. Men naar vinteren kom-

mer er det noget ganske andet (quite different) ;
da
har vi bare snestorm og styggeveir.
Om sommeren skinner solen varmt og godt. Da er
dagen lang og natten kort; men om vinteren skinner
ikke solen meget, og da er dagene korte og naetterne
lange og kolde. Solen gir os altsaa baade varme og
lys. Saaledes taler vi baade om solens lys og om solens
varme, eller om sollyset og solvarmen.
Om dagen skinner solen, og om natten skinner
 50

maanen og stjernerne. Vi sier at solen, maanen og

stjernerne skinner. Saaledes taler vi ogsaa om solskin,
maaneskin og stjcrneskin.
Min bror bar skrevet mig et langt brev. Han sier
at der hvor ban bor, bar de Det bar snedd lang
vinter. i

tid, saa (so that) nu er der megen sne. Det snedde den
dagen ban skrev ogsaa. "Men igaar", skrev ban,
"hadde vi deilig veir; solen skinte hele dagen."

COMPOSITION.
Note. Where a different idiom
is required in Norse, a

translation will be
given in parenthesis (), or a literal
equivalent will be given in brackets [].
i. Spring (def. art.) is the first season of the

year [the year's first

season], summer is the second, fall

the third and winter the fourth. 2. In spring and sum-

mer we often have rain. 3. Yesterday my sister
wrote a letter to our parents. 4. She wrote about the
snowstorm we had. She says that it has snowed
5.

every day this

week, and that there has been no [has
not been] sunshine for a long time (paa Isenge). 6. To-
day we have sunshine again. It is the first time (gang)
the sun has been shining [has shone] for a long time.
7. But today it shines beautifully on the new snow.

LESSON XL
RELATIVE PRONOUN.
34. The pronoun generally used is som
relative
(who, which, that). It refers to persons and things
of either number and either gender. When governed
by a preposition, the preposition must come last in the
sentence. When not used as a subject, som may be
omitted. The corresponding possessive is hvis.
 Ex.: i. Her er gutten som (who) skrev brevet.
2. Her er brevet som (which) Han skrev.
or, Her er brevet han skrev.
3. Her er pennen og blakket som (that) han skrev
med.
or, Her er pennen og blcekket han skrev med.
4. Her er gutten hvis brev vi har last.
As
in English, the interrogative pronouns hvem, hvilken,
hvad (who or whom, which, what) have come to be used
as relatives; but in Norse, the relative som is used so ex-
tensively that the use of the others is comparatively rare.
These, and the relative der, will be called attention to as
they occur. For discussion, see Appendix.

VOCABULARY.
Note. Names of the months are not capitalized.

et navn, (or e), name. halv [11], half,

januar', January. 6'ver, past,

februar', February. fm. (formiddag), A. M. (fore-
mars, March. noon).
april', April. cm. (eftermiddag), P. M. (af-
mai, May. ternoon).
v
ju'ni, June. e'gen, e'get, eg ne, own
ju'li, July. (one's own),
august', August. sidste [siss'te], last,
septem'ber, September. fra, or ifra', from.
okto'ber, October. at hete, het(te) hett, to
novem'ber, November. be called, have the name of.

decem'ber, December. f0r (adv. of time), before,

en klokke, r, clock. at mangle, I, to lack; to be
et kvarter', er, a quarter short of.

(of an hour). o. s. v., etc. (from og saa vi-

et tal, ,
number. dere, and so forth).

READING.
Vi har f0r Isert at der er 12 maaneder i et aar. I
denne lekse laerer vi at hver maaned har sit eget navn.
Den fjzfrste maaned i aaret heter januar, den anden heter
 52

februar, den tredje mars, den fjerde o. s. v. (Give

order and name of each.)
De to fjzfrste og den sidste er vintermaanederne.
Disse er aarets kolde maaneder, altsaa de maaneder i
hvilke (34, n) vi bar sne og storm. Saa kommer
vaarmaanederne, mars, april og mai. I mars maaned

(the month of ) liar vi ofte sne og regn april og- ;

i

saa. I mai er der meget solskin men det virkelige ;

(real) solskin kommer f0rst i

juni. Det er aarets deilige
solskinsmaaned.
Klokken sier os hvad tid det er paa dagen (time of
day). Der er tal paa den fra en til tolv. Den fjzfrste
time kalder vi klokken ett; den anden kalder vi klokken
to; den tredje, klokken tre; den fjerde o. s. v. Naar
klokken er tredive minutter over tolv, sier vi at den er
lialv ett; naar den er tredive minutter over ett, sier vi
at klokken er halv to, o. s. v. Femten minntter kalder
vi et kvarter; eller ogsaa bare et kvart. Naar altsaa
klokken er 12:15, kan vi si at den er ett kvart over
tolv, eller ett kvarter over tolv, eller femten minutter
over tolv.
Naar klokken er over halv tolv, kan vi enten gi
minuttallet (the no. of min.) over elleve, eller minuttal-
let over halv tolv, eller minuttalet som mangier paa tolv.

Saaledes kan kese 11:45 enten som (as) 45 min. over

vi

ii, eller 15 min. over halv tolv, eller vi kan si at

som
klokken mangier 15 min. paa 12. Vi kan ogsaa laese
det saaledes: klokken er 3 kvart over n, eller klokken
mangier ett kvart paa tolv.
COMPOSITION.
(Write Complete Answers.)
i.What time is it [how many is the clock] ?
2. What day of [in] the week is this? 3. Which day
of the month have we today? 4. What month is this?
 53

5- Which month of the year do we have now? 6. How

many days are there in this month? 7. What is the
next (naeste) month called? 8. How many days has
it? 9. How many days are there in it? 10. How
many days are there in that? n. Which months of the
year have 31 days? Which have only 30? 12. What
month has only 28? 13. Give the various ways in
which each may be read: 11 130, 2:30, 8:15, 10:45.

LESSON XII.

PRONOUNS OF ADDRESS.
Second person of the personal pronouns the
35.
pronoun of address has two forms: the familiar and
the polite.

a. Familiar: du din dig; de deres dere.

b. Polite: De Deres Dem (sing, and plural).

The polite form is the same as the third person plural,
but written with capitals (11).
The polite form may also be called the formal pronoun
of address, and the familiar may be called the informal or
the intimate pronoun of address. The best rule for when
to use the one or the other lies in these terms.

VOCABULARY.
Note. Names of the days of the week are not capitalized.

sjzm'dag, Sunday. en ven, ner, friend (man),

man'dag, Monday. en veninMe, r, friend
tirs'dag, Tuesday. (woman),
ons'dag, Wednesday. et prono'men, er, pro-
tors 'dag, Thursday. noun,
fre'dag, Friday. en hustru, er, wife.

10r'dag, Saturday. ental (en -(- tal), singular

en gud, er, god. number,
en gudin v de, r, goddess. flertal (flere, several; more
 54

than one, + tal), plural nemlig, namely; that is; viz.

number. liten, litet [lite], pi. smaa,
forfaedre (tpr -f~ faedre, fa- def. lille, small.

thers, ancestors), forefa- kommer av, is derived from,

thers; remote ancestors.

READING.
I leksen vi hadde igaar, laerte vi navnene paa maane-
derne i aaret. I denne lekse laerer vi hvad hver av ukens
dage heter.

Hver dag uken bar altsaa sit eget navn. Disse

i

navne er meget gamle. Det er nemlig vore forfaedre

som bar git dagene deres navne; og de navne som de
gav dem, bruker vi den dag idag. Nogen av disse navne
er gudenavne de kommer av navne paa vore forfaedres
;

guder. Onsdag kommer av navnet Odin (poss., Odins)

og ordet dag, altsaa Odins dag. Odin var nemlig en
av de store guder bine dage. Odin hadde en s0n som
i

bet Tor. Tor hadde ogsaa sin dag; den kalder vi tors-
dag. En anden av guderne, ogsaa en s^n av Odin, bet
Tyr. Av Tyr faar vi tirsdag. Der var en stor gud-
inde; bun var Odins hustru og bet Frigg. Av hendes
navn faar vi fredag. Den sidste dag i uken kalder vi
I0rdag; vore forfaedre kaldte den laugardagr (laugar,
poss. of laugr, bath). Saa er der de to f^rste dage igjen
(left). Mandag er maanedag, eller maanens dag; s0n-
dag er solens dag.
Vi bar nu flere lekser laest om pronomener.
i
Idag
bar vi ogsaa noget om et pronomen. Vi sier et pro-
nomen og pronomenet; i flertal heter det pronomener og
pronomenerne.
Naar sier vi du, og naar sier vi Def Vi sier du, dig,

din, de, dem og deres til b0rn, til vore s^skende, kusi-
ner, faettere, venner og veninder. Men der er mange
andre, som vi sier De til. Vi skriver De, Dem og Deres
 55

med stor D, men tredje persons pronomen skriver vi

med liten d.

COMPOSITION.
i. This is our twelfth lesson. 2. It deals with
(handler om) the names of the days of [in] the week.
3. This lesson also treats of (handler ogsaa om) a pro-
noun. 4. Each day has its own name. 5. Some
names are derived from the names of [on] gods and
goddesses. 6. One of these gods was called Thor, an-
other Tyr. 7. Tyr and Thor were Odin's sons. 8. Odin
had a wife whose name was Frigg. 9. She was a great
goddess; she is the mother of [to] several other gods.
10. The first day of the week has its name from the
word sun. n. The second day of the week gets its
name from the word moon. 12. We use the pro-
noun when we speak to our friends and to our
brothers and sisters. 13. But we often use the pro-
noun in speaking [when we speak] to others. 14.
Can you (pol.) tell (si) me where our lesson is for to-
day? 15. Can you (fam.} tell me what new verbs we
had yesterday? 16. Can you (fam. pi.) learn all of
(hele) the next lesson for tomorrow?

LESSON XIII.
PASSIVE VOICE.
36. formed by the use of at bli (to
Passive voice is

become). The
present infinitive and the present, past,
and future tenses are also formed by adding es or s to
the tense stem.
at bli to become
pres. : blir becomes
past: blev became
future: skal bli shall become
pres. perf. : er blit has (is) become
past perf.: var blit had (was) become
fut. perf.: skal vaere blit shall have become

Passive of at rose (to praise), II.

pres. inf.: at bli rost to be praised

pres. tense: blir rost is praised
past tense: blev rost was praised
future: skal bli rost shall be praised
pres. perf.: er blit rost has been praised
past perf.: var blit rost had been praised
fut. perf.: skal vaere blit rost shall have been praised

2. Passive of at rose.
a. With auxiliary, b. With endings,
pres. inf.: at bli rost at roses
pres. tense: blir rost roses
past tense: blev rost rostes
future : skal bli rost skal roses

I. The passive in -es is used to indicate the usual

or customary, hence this occurs only in the simple tenses
and the infinitive. When a verb in the passive expresses
an act occurring only once, the passive is formed by
means of the auxiliary.

i. Han rostes az> sin Iccrer. He was praised by his

teacher.
2. Han blev rost av sin He was praised by his
Icerer idag. teacher today.

2. At bli takes the tense auxiliary at vazre: er blit

kaldt, var blit kaldt, skal varc blit kaldt (not har blit,
hadde blit, etc.).

3. Comparison of at vcere, and to be:

a. Both are notional verbs meaning to exist: leg
tanker, derfor er jeg, I think, therefore I am.
b. Both are used as copula Boken er n\. The book :

is new.
c. But to be forms passive voice ( at bh, or the
 57

ending -es) ;
at vcere does not : He is praised, Han roses,
Han blir rost. praised, Han rostes,
He was Han blev
rost. He has been praised, Han er blit rost.
d. To be is used in the progressive tense: He is

praising, Han roser. He was writing, Han skrev.

Note. Passive forms with the endings are very com-

monly used with the expletive der as subject: Der spises tre
ganger om dagen. We (people) eat three times a day.

VOCABULARY.
en taller 'ken, er, platter. frugt, c. g., fruit.

en kniv, e(r), knife. suppe, c. g., soup.

v
en gaff el, gaf ler, fork. kj0t, n. g., meat.
en ske [sje], er, spoon. pote'ter (en potet', er),
en kop, per, cup. potatoes.
en skaal, e(r), saucer. kake, r, c. g., cake,
et glas, glass; tumbler.
, suk'ker, n. g., sugar,
en opvarter, e, waiter. sen'nep, c. g., mustard,
et bord [bor], ,
table. pepper, c. g., pepper,
et maaltid, er, meal. salt, n. g., salt.

mid'dag, c. g., noon; dinner. gr0nsaker (pi.), vegetables.

en af'ten, er, evening; af- syltet0i, n. g., preserves,
tensmat, supper. melk, c. g., milk.
en kveld [11], e(r), even- fl0te, c. g., cream,
ing; kveldsmat, supper. kaf'fe, c. g., coffee,

fro'kost, c. g., breakfast. te, c. g., tea.

diner [dine'], dinner. vand [nn], n. g., water,
souper [supe'], supper. at daekke, I, to cover, (at
dessert [dessaer'], dessert. daekke bordet, to set the
mat, c. g., food. table.)
f0de, c. g., food. at serve 're, II, to serve,
en ret, ter, dish. at spise, II, to eat; to dine,

br0d [br0], n. g., bread. at drikke drak drukket,

sm0r, n. g., butter. to drink,
sm0rbr0d or sm0rrebr0d, n. sent, late.
g., dish corresponding to at forsy'ne, II, to supply;
sandwich. to help,
ost, c. g., cheese nogen [noen], noget [noe],
is, ice (ices). nogen (pi.), any; some.