CAMBRIDGE es _ @ oFContentsime Getting to know you Reading 1 You are going to read an article about a very unusual woman. Some of the paragraphs have been taken out of the article. You must choose which paragraphs A-E fit into the numbered gaps. A great Little place to go batty Ginni Little loves bats so much that she happily keeps them in her home. Gill Todd met her. Judging by their loud purring, Natalic and Rupert are enjoying their evening ritual. While Ginni Little sits propped up in her fourposter bed watching television, Natalie, a natterer’s bat, and Rupert. a one-winged pipistrelle, are happily snuggled in her cleavage, occasionally peeping out to receive a gentle stroke and a few loving words from their mistress. and tree stumps in Mrs Little’s spare bedrooms. 7" [3] In Cornwall Mrs Little is known as the ‘Batwoman of Penzance’. As a nature-loving five-year-old They come from several sources — the RSPCA, the Cornwall she became fascinated by bats and their built-in radar systems ‘which I now know to be echo-location.’ PA ‘That was Batty, our foundress,’ she says. ‘She was bald and covered in scabs. It took several months to get her well and T taught her to fly by putting a duvet on the floor for the initial crash landings.’ Wildlife Trust (with whom Mrs Little shares charitable status), local bat groups and members of the public a The survival rate is impressive. Around half recover to be released back into the wild. Others like Rupert and Natalie, whose wings are irreparably damaged, spend their days as treasured pets, ‘hopping and gliding’ among tropical plants Caring for these sickest bats is an exhausting, full-time commitment. Because they are nocturnal creatures, Mrs Little can often be found in the early hours of the morning hand- feeding her sickest charges with vitamins — scrapings of raw liver and water on the tip of a paintbrush. Others are fed live mealworms or the occasional cricket. 4 GETTING TO KNOW YoUA The majority of patients — there are 35 in the house at the moment — have been mauled by cats. Others have Vocabu la ry been injured by cars or poisoned by pesticides or anti- Collocation woodworm teatments. Abandoned babies are also common. 1 Read the B Since Batty’s arrival Mrs Little has been fostermother continuation of to hundreds of sick, injured, and abandoned bats. the article about Most of the tiny creatures which arrive at the Cornwall Mrs Little. Use the Bat Hospital, set up in two spare bedrooms of her words in the box terraced home, are pipistrelles, Britain's smallest and commonest type of bat. Others include noctules, natterers, greater horseshoes and long-eared. to complete the article. C ‘Bats are such social creatures, they thrive on the accorded — amount ata time closed warmth and companionship of humans,’ says Mrs cutdown — declined deep-rooted — endangered Little. “The natural movement of the chest and the comfort of the heartbeat makes an ideal nesting place. I've also had bats which loved to nestle in my hair and : _ others that would hang on to my hoop carrings while SwOOpmiey _ tnty tragedy heaperout T went about my work.’ - gentle gently huge local mixture primal scary sociable D The sickest patients live in small glass cages which line Despite the fact that fifteen British bat species were the room. The more robust hang from bamboo qd). . protection status in 1981, they screens or behind pictures, an occasional scuffling sound being the only hint of their presence during daylight hours, At night the flyers emerge to circle and are still among the most (2) .... . of all creatures. The population has (3) by swoop around the room, building up their strength 66 per cent in the past ten years because af the use of prior to release. chemicals and the destruction of roosts as barns are conyerted, forests (4) .... . and mines E Eleven years ago her love affair with bats began in (5) earnest when she found a large cluster in a church while on a camping holiday in Wales. On her return These (6) (7). home, she contacted the local bat group and was (8 Gigatarey aisitien seearded given an abandoned baby bat to nurse back to health. with a (9). (10) -. Of fear, hatred and suspicion. ‘I can understand 2. Find descriptive words and phrases from the people's prejudice s Mrs Little, article to write under the headings below. When (11) sass ~esttoning Apple Blassom, you find examples of collocation, write the whole a badly-injured baby pipistrelle found hanging collocation rather than just the individual word. ons emul bottle:holder at a.(12) farm. ‘It’s probably duc to (13) .. Mrs Little fee Bats are mysterious, suddenly (14) out of the dark and disapp can be (15) .. But itisa (16) .... . that they are so misunderstood and are being killed in such (17). . numbers. They are like us in many ways. They're warm-blooded, make wonderful mothers, have one baby (18) ... and suckle their young. They also do an enormous (19) . of good — one pipistrelle can eat 3,000 midges in a night. In one area of Mexico they used bats to (20) .. malaria.’ fear, That attention ring just as quickly. 5Writing 1 Read through the following and write a description about yourself. a Think of something interesting or unusual that you do or would like to do. Think about how you would describe this to someone else. b How can your description be divided into different vocabulary areas as you did in Reading exercise 2? Make three or four headings and write words or phrases to go under each heading. ¢ Decide how many paragraphs you need for your description to be about 250 words long. What will you put in each paragraph? Make a plan. Write your first draft. Check it through or give it to another student to check. f Write your final draft. on Grammar Conditionals 1 Match the two halves of these sentences. If you go to Sydney, If the red light is flashing on your camera, If you wanted to get someone’s attention in a crowded room, If only youd got here earlier, If I were you, If you happen to see ‘Tom, If you want to watch the news, Should these symptomis persist, ONAUAWNA turn on the TV. it means the battery is low. Td buy the bigger suitcase. you would have seen the most amazing thing. would you tell him I’ve gone home? youll love the harbour and the Opera House. go and see your doctor. h what would you do? we menage 2 How else could you say this? Example: If you happen to be going into town, could you drop me off at the station? If you are going into town, could you drop me off at the station? a Should you require any further information, please do not hesitate to contact me. b Ifyou would turn to page ten of the report, you will find a summary of the proposal. ¢ Had it not been for the Marketing manager’s foresight, the company would have been in difficulties by now. d Open the window if it will make you feel cooler. e IfL happen to see Jane at the sports club, I'll ask her where she bought her racket. % STUDENT'S BOOK page 190 6 GETTI nol a Koh YanKeeping in touch Writing Informal letter 1 The underlined parts of this informal letter are written in inappropriate language. Rewrite the underlined parts in informal language so that they are appropriate to the style of the letter. the soul 1 coast? me is roy opinion that the further west S you go, the more beautiful it is. Those small towns on the coast are really gorgeous with thei brightiy-coloured, houses. and. friendly pubs. 8Please find. enclosed the Cte a we took when we were in Kinsale. | hope you like them. Please keep them as | have had these copies made for you ed. to my empleyment | am very “busy and do nob have a lot of free time bub my memories of my hole LOsupport me. | ty to study a little. English every day and do some exercises but. sometimes I do nok Nad that | have 9 to keep in touch and. who knows, perhaps we will meet sagan © on another holiday. KEEPING IN TOUCH 7Reading 1 In many newspapers and magazines you can find letters with questions from readers who have a problem. They write to an adviser at the newspaper or magazine. Here are two letters written to different publications. I’ve just added a CD burner to my PC hoping to create party-mix CDs. However, so far I’ve had only limited success. My compilations play perfectly in my PC CD player and my car, but not in my home stereo. What Id be 2 \ It’s most likely an issue with the CD media — that is, the 4 discs you’ve recorded on. Try a selection of other brands and grades, such as gold and platinum. If nothing works, there’s an off-chance your home stereo might need tweaking. Sometimes the laser reader gets a little out of whack, making it especially sensitive to imperfect discs. If this were the case, though, you’d probably find the odd scratched CD would cause problems too. Fixing it usually involves taking off the case and turning it’ either way. For more information on creating CDs, see the CDR FAQ at http://www.edrfaq.org : tet oe2 Read the question in A. If you analyse the content of this question, you will find it is organised in this way: © Description of the problem © Advice received to date + reason for rejection of some advice © Specific question 3 Read the question in B. It is organised in this way: © Description of what has been done and purpose © Description of result/problem © Question 4 Analyse the organisation of the answers to the questions in the same way by summarising each stage of the reply. ur ‘The replies from the newspapers are written in very different styles. How would you describe the style of Reply A and the style of Reply B? Give some examples of vocabulary and grammatical structures which exemplify the style of the reply. Grammar Prepositions 1 In question A of the Reading there are examples of verbs followed by certain prepositions, for example, attached to, depend on, and examples of prepositional phrases, for example, fo be of benefit. Complete these sentences with an appropriate preposition. a The rumours of a take-over have given rise ne .. widespread discontent among the workers. b There are three main candidates .. the running for the job. c The contaminated meat has been declared unfit ... human consumption, d We decided not to share a flat because her lifestyle is incompatible ... mine. e Members of the public were picked .... random in the street and Aue their views on the matter. f£ The charity is making every effort to keep pace .. the demand for food and shelter in the disaster area. g This equipment is particularly sensitive “ .. movement; even the slightest movement in the building will render it inoperable. h It was... deep regret that we left the village where we had lived all our lives. i terms of value for money, this is the best hi-fi you can get. j Jane seems to have got herself a terrible muddle with the figures. k The other football team seemed to be resigned ... losing and did not make mich effort in the second half. ... fairness to the organisers, it wasn’t their fault that the meeting was so poorly attended. m | don’t think this passport photo does justice . your good looks. n It’s difficult to decide ... . the best course of action in this complex situation. 1 o The family has run into financial problems and they have had to dispense ..... the services of the butler. oe STUDENT'S BOCK page 190 Wasson millaUiNigeee The real you Reading 1 You are going to read about Pippa Smith, who is a trainee solicitor. Read Pippa’s replies to the interviewer’s questions. Next to each number I—6 write the interviewer's question. | have wanted to be a lawyer for a long, long time, but | didn’t always think | would want to be a solicitor. Until my first year in university, | wanted to be a barrister, but even then | could see it is a very financially insecure occupation. As a solicitor, you are more stable because you're somebody's employee. | work in employment law. | get in at about 9.15 in the morning, but there isn’t really a typical pattern after that: | can never plan or structure my day because | work at the whim of the people in the department. 3 | do enjoy my job: it changes every cay and there is a great deal of interaction with the rest of the teem — which is anather good reason not to be a barrister. When our work involves employees who are subject to disciplinary action because of their conduct, things can get quite high-profile too, | Asa trainee, you don’t have complete control over specific cases and files. | have lots of responsibility, though ~ drafting letters, faxes and clauses, and amending contracts. There’s a lot of attending meetings, too. As a trainee you don’t contribute all that much at these but you do take word-for-word attendance notes, which can be a bit boring and is a nightmare because you can never get everything down. The money is enough to live on. I'm lucky, mind you, because | live at home and so | don’t have to pay rent. | have one major holiday a year and a few weekends away as well. | 6 i | enjoy working in London —| think you get high-quality clients \ and | like the after-work socialising mentelity, which | don't \ think exists everywhere — but I’m pretty sure it would be a \ struggle to afford to do the things | want to do if | had to pay for my own place here. 10 THE REAL YOUVocabulary 1 What is the difference between: a abarrister and a solicitor? b a teacher and a lecturer? ¢ a playwright and an author? d a film producer and a film director? e aconductor and a composer (of music)? f a police constable and a traffic warden? 2 Explain the phrase I work at the whim of the people in the department. Give two other examples of the use of whim in addition to to be at the whim of 3 There are many other phrases with the same pattern to be at the... of. Match phrases 1-6 to their definitions a-f. to be at the beck and call of someone to be at the mercy of someone to be at the discretion of someone to be at the peak of something to be at the forefront of something to be at the crossroads of something Auhwne a someone has complete power over you b to be at an important and uncertain stage ¢ to be in the most noticeable position d always willing and able to do whatever someone asks e it depends on the decision of someone f the highest, strongest or best position 4 Find two examples of words with the suffix ee in the interview. Give examples of other words with this suffix. It’s quite unusual for words in English to end with a double vowel. Give examples of words ending in 00. 5 The interview contains vocabulary connected with Pippa’s job as a solicitor. Extend your ‘legal’ vocabulary by naming: a five people you might see in a law court. D five types of crime. ¢ five types of punishment. 6 Explain the term mind you in paragraph 5. Grammar I wish, Vd rather, If only, It’s time 1 You are going to read some sentences about Joel’s work as a nurse. Rewrite each sentence starting with the words given to express Joel’s wishes and opinions. a Most people don’t have a healthy diet. I wish b [have to work shifts. T wish If only .. d I should have studied to be a doctor. If only e [dike to do some specialist training so that I could earn more money. It’s time .. f My superiors don’t support me. I wish g Ihope my son will find a le: Id rather h [ have too many patients to look after. If only i I should have moved to a smaller town last year; it’s a pity I didn’t. I wish j 1 think it’s better to go to work by bus because its less stressful than driving. Yd rather ... STUDENT'S BOOK page 190 THE REAL YO niAsking questions 2 These are a student’s replies to his teacher’s questions about himself. Write the questions. I’m from Barcelona in Spain. I Well, we live right in the centre so what I really like about living there is the fact that everything is right on my doorstep. If I want to go to. a film, meet friends in a café or whatever, it’s easy to get there. Of course, it’s busy, a bit noisy at times, but Tike that. I think Barcelona has a very special atmosphere. Some people say it’s the architecture, all} those Gaudi buildings and others say it’s the people. We're Catalans was born and brought up there. £ and quite a bit different from people in other parts of Spain. In my spare time I Ten r ; do as much sport as possible. It’s really important to me that I keep fit. I I've got a younger found when I was brother who's sill at studying a lot that it secondary school. Then was really relaxing there’s my mum, she’s a | to go out and play nurse but she only tennis or go works part time and swimming for an my dad works as a hour or so. After that lawyer in a big law it sort of cleared my firm. Everyone in my mind and I was family is always really refreshed ready to busy but I think that’s start revising again good. When we do get for my exams. together, for example at the weekends, we have lots to talk about because we've all been doing very different and interesting things. e What Id really like to do is get a job in an international company. I speak French as well as English and of course Spanish, so my ideal job | would be one where I can use all those languages. I don’t want them to go rusty. 12 THE REAL Y T graduated from university just a few months ago. I was studying Business Administration. So then I decided to do an English course and | to enter for the CAE exam because I think if ll | be really helpful to have an English language qualification when Pm job hunting.Acting on instructions English in Use Part 1 1 Read this article from a hi-fi magazine which gives instructions on how to buy a hi-fi. For questions 1-12, decide which word best fits each space. STOP, LOOK, LISTEN essential pre-purchase reading 7a(r ayo > The best judge of your ideal hi-fi is you yourself. Trust your ears. SO ON aUbwWH oa PrPEPrPEerererpp us | branch abilities eluded remote stay meaning terms grazed embody traps mail scoops DODD NDWDDOMOOD offshoot faculties avoided third hold significance concessions scraped cover hazards post occasions ananannnnann section D chain facilities D aptitudes evaded D dodged neutral D second attach D adhere sense D reason points D clauses defaced D scratched comprehend D comprise pitfalls D snares printed D standing snips D bargains ACTING ON INST naked an}Reading 1 A recipe is a set of instructions on how to 2 Read the recipe and group words under the prepare a dish. What do you call the two parts following headings: of the recipe? ways of preparing food | kitchen equipment Roasted Tomato Soup jr ta ne ie saucepan and — all cubes, then place ae i toss them to 14 ACTING ON INSTRUCTIONSWriting 1 Write a recipe for your favourite dish to send to an English-speaking friend. Use the same format as the recipe on page 14. Vocabulary Prefixes 1 In the tomato soup recipe there was an example of the prefix over in overnight. Over is often used with verbs to mean foo much, for example, overeat. But what does over mean in the word overnight? 2 What do these words, which contain the prefix over, mean? a overalls (plu. n.) b overarm (adj.) ¢ overboard (adj.) d overcast (adj.) e overleaf (adv.) £ overseas (adj. adv.) g oversight (n.) h overthrow (v.) i overtone (n.) j overture (n.) 3 In the tomato soup recipe there was also an example of the suffix en in blacken. En means make or become more. Use verbs with the suffix en to complete these sentences. Put the verbs into an appropriate tense. a They are going to ... the road as it has become too narrow for the volume of traffic which uses it. b We'll have to ... want to keep up with him. c The paper came off the parcel when the string that had been tied round it d We're all going to have to. our belts until your mother finds another job. e T'lhave to... ... this skirt; it’s too short to wear to work. f As you grow older your spine ... by about two centimetres. ... the sauce by adding . the pace if we g Youcan.. some flour. h. The bank loan has greatly ..... our financial position. i They say that travel . the mind. j She stood up and. her crumpled clothes. Irregular plurals 4 In the recipe there is an example of an irregular plural, halves, What is the plural of the following words? a leaf b child ¢ woman d person e€ series f fish g passer-by h analysis i criterion j stimulus Grammar can, could, may, might 1 Match each sentence to the use of the modal verb. ability request negative certainty permission order theoretical possibility a Ican speak four languages. . b That can’t be his brother. He looks nothing like him! ¢ Could I take another copy of the hotel list for a friend of mine? . d You can give Sarah a lift home while we clear up after the party... e¢ Could you pass me the dichonaey? f Can this software be loaded on to any computer? .. 2 Complete the sentences with an appropriate modal verb can, could, may or might. Remember to use the correct tense and negatives if necessary. a Carol ... .. eat the meal T'd cooked because she’s allergic to seafood. .. you use tinned tomatoes for this recipe? c He... .. gone on holiday; I’ve just seen him in the city centre. you help me with these boxes, please? e That woman ..... be his wife but as I’ve never seen her, I’m not sure. f My sister . ... be able to make it to the party but we’re not sure. g We've been waiting for an hour; you ‘s let us know you'd be late. h It. bea genuine diamond but it’s highly unlikely. oe UDENT’S BOOK page 191 ACTING ON INSTRUCTIONSGrammar Relative clauses 1 You saw this advertisement in The Times newspaper and you are interested in applying for a place on the course. You have written some notes in preparation for your letter of application. Rewrite the short sentences or notes into longer sentences using relative clauses. STUDENT'S BOOK page 192 Dear Sir Your reference: HWAOSO1 e 4 Lam writing to apply For the Heriot-Watt nce Learning MBA. Ed this course starts at any time. s oe Id like to start in September. : 2 5 ane returned From yy annual holiday then. \ 3 1 would tke to Follow tne course bascd in my home | \ country. ‘ | ai hy name oF country) | ral mu ae to the Intemet and good | \raries there. : | 4 [ graduated. From (supply name of university) “two | cays 000. t studied paitics and economcs there. | t have a BSc joint honours degree. |S At present 1 am working in a plastics companys wisbro. : : | ee in the sales and marketing department \ there. i son. | 6 You can dbtain a reference From Mr Lars: He 6 the Marketing manager. L have worked clsdy with him years. : Pease Find enclosed my CV and copes oF my cortficates and degree. + look Forward to receiving ynore the course scon. Yours Faithfully For the last two information about Dear Sir or Madam DINBURGH HERIOT. WATT UNIVERSITY You can stare the Heriot-Wate Distance Learning MBA from Edinburgh Business Schoo! at any time, wherever you are in the world, That means if you're ready for the challenge of a top-flight management degree, you could start next week. Edinburgh Business School provides one of the most straightforward and affordable routes co a high- calibre MBA, Our Heriot-Watt MBA is one of the world's largest, with more than 8,000 active students from over 140 countries. What makes us popular is our flexible structure, We assume no prior knowledge of subject areas. All you need to start your studies is an honours degree or a pass in any two of our core courses. From then on, you work through the course at your own pace. Our MBA is ready when you are This doesn't mean we compromise ‘on standards.As you would expect from one of Europe's leading business schools, the Heriot-Watt Distance Learning MBA isa demanding programme. Our faculty offers leading-edge expertise from around the world, combining an excellent teaching reputation with a truly international perspective. We're ready for you now, For a free information pack, please call us on the number below, quoting reference HWA0S5O1. Tel: +44 (0)1704 508301 Fax: +44 (0)1704 506723 email: hwattmba@ftknowledge.com FT KNOWLEDGE Slaidburn Crescent Southport PR9 9YF www.ftknowledge.com 16 DEAR SIR OR MADAMVocabulary Connotation 1 Advertisements always describe the product in the most glowing terms in an. attempt to sell it. Look at the advertisement for the Heriot-Watt MBA again and highlight all the positive words and expressions. 2 In English when we want to be diplomatic or tactful we often use a negative verb and a positive adjective instead of a negative adjective. For example, instead of saying, It was too easy, we can say, It wasn’t (very) challenging. Write these sentences in a more tactful way. a The course dates are too rigid. b The course is too expensive. ¢ The choice of subjects is too narrow. English in Use Part 1 d The pace of the course is too slow. e The standard is too low. 1 For questions 1-15, read the biography below and then decide which word on page 18 best fits each space. The exercise begins with an example (0). With 43 movies under his (0)... Antonio Banderas in 1995 was on his way to becoming America’s next “Latin lover’. His hs .... sexuality and European (2) .... Made this Spanish actor a fully-fledged Hollywood film star. Banderas was born on August 10, 1960, in Malaga, Spain. After seeing a performance of Hair at the age of 15, he said of acting, “I want to be part of this ritual; | want to do this forever.” In 1981 he (3)... ..0N a five-year acting stint with the Spanish national theatre in Madrid. There he was (4) ... ... by movie director Pedro Almodévar, who offered him roles in films. | In his first movie with Almodéver, Banderas played the first of several roles as a homosexual. Under Almodévar’s direction the young actor was able | to (5). his talent fully through | (©)... roles such as rapist, mental patient, and kidnapper. This experience (7)... .. Valuable for Banderas after he moved to Hollywood in 1989. There in 1992 he landed a role in The Mambo Kings, playing a young Cuban musician living in New York City. Although he spoke almost no English, Banderas was able to learn his (8) phonetically and later took intensive English courses, which helped him land the role of Tom Hanks’s lover in the box-office (9)... ... Philadelphia in 1993. Wanting to take the U.S. by (10)... Banderas then enjoyed a whirlwind acting spree. His movies include The House of the Spirits (1993), Interview with the Vampire (1994), Miami Rhapsody (1995), Desperado (1995), Assassins (1995), and Never Talk to Strangers (1995). Banderas (qu) .. to being ambitious but said that in Spain actors prove their success by making one film after another. Success for Banderas came al a (12) . His personal life recently became public when he fell in love with co-star Melanie Griffith from the film Two Much, Gossip (13) .. across the country were filled with news about the (14)... of his eight-year marriage to a Spanish actress. Banderas insisted that his marriage had been (15) .. for some time and said of Griffith, “I love this woman, and | want to make her happy - that is my only purpose.” AR SIR OR MADAM 170 A feet ® belt 1 A unhesitating B undoubting 2 A gift B artistry 3 A embarked B diverged 4 A discovered B founded 5 A voice B provide 6 A uncomfortable — B uncustomary 7 A realised B proved 8 A quotes B sentences 9 A premiere B masterpiece 30 A chance B surprise nA conceded B assented 12 A cost B penalty 13. A columns B articles 14 A breakaway B break-off 15 A shaken B unfaithful table undeniable mood undertook initiated exhibit unconventional made lines smash storm revealed fee features breakup weak vouvuvu0u00000N0NNNNTN sleeve unanswerable flair propelled starred express uncultured came parts hit attack acknowledged price editorials break-out unstable Writing Formal letter 1 You have been asked to proofread this letter from a hotel. The hotel has discovered on reading its guests’ questionnaires that a number of guests have been dissatisfied with various aspects of the service and facilities. In an attempt to reassure guests, the hotel management has decided to send out the following letter. However, there are some mistakes in it. Can you correct them? DEAR SIR OR MADAMReading 1 Read this article about text messaging. Some paragraphs have been taken out of the article. Find the missing paragraphs 1-9 by choosing from the options A-J on page 20. There is one extra paragraph. Virtually flirting with | love’ s new language IF you haven't joimed the text messaging movement, this is what you're missing. You are sitting on a bus rushing to meet a friend. You are late. So you get out your mobile and, to avoid an argument, or an. irritating “I'M ON THE BUS” call, you punch in “ILB 18” then press send. The rather tedious method of typing in letters using the mobile phone's tiny keypad also means the shorter the words, the less frustrating they are to type. The ‘endl has aso hlpad fo launch thousands of relationships as text messaging is so much less embarrassing than an awkward telephone call. There are no rules to text messaging, It is a vital, evolving language full of — phonetic abbreviations. The short, informal style of an e-mail is cut down even further by the mini- missives of a text message. We are composing a new chapter in our vocabulary, thereby opening up a new channel of playful, frank and 24-hour communication. Text messaging is not a minority sport for a handful of technically minded whizzkids - about one billion text messages are sent each month in the UK. To the uninitiated, texting seems a bizarre activity. In fact, the craze even caught the mobile phone companies completely off guard. If anybody tells you that they predicted the success of text messaging, don’t believe them. It was launched in January 1999 with only mild expectations, but now everyone is doing it. Dr expert at the University of East Ken Lodge, a linguisti Anglia, says: “Text messaging is fun and that’s. fine, but I'm worried about the effects it might have on a child's ability to read and write. There has already been a sharp decline in general literacy levels in university students in my lifetime. Not Lodge’s nervousness about text messaging and its detrimental everybody shares Dr influence on children. Jean Aitchison, professor of language and communication at Oxford University, thinks playing with language is entirely natural Tn text messages, many words come from shorthand created in email, such as FYI (for your information), IMO (in my opinion) and GAL (get a life). Aitchison says: ‘Everyone uses these new media so we are getting a lot of abbreviations being added into traditional letter writing use. One of the most ubiquitous uses of text messages is chatting up members of the opposite sex. While Shakespeare wrote sonnets about love, today’s suitors send a text message to declare their devotion. He says: ‘I first asked my girlfriend out with a text message. In fact, the first. month of our relationship survived only through text messages. I'd use up a £10 phone card every day just sending her text messages, some of them too rude to be repeated. When I finally asked her out I just wrote w%d U Ik 2 go 4a drink? SPEAK AFTER THE TONEA Marco Miranda, a 20-year-old head bartender from Fulham, London, is a practitioner of amorous texting. B Behind this electronic shorthand, a cultural revolution is brewing. In this language soup, what is happening to good old-fashioned English? C Why don’t you bother spelling out the words in full? Well, text messages, also known as SMS (short message service), cannot be more than 160 characters long. D Muslim leaders are texting to call their congregations to prayer, women wanting to conceive get texted with a reminder on their most fertile days of the month, and shops are texting with special offers on cut-price jeans. E It is especially popular among school- children who now almost all seem to have their own mobile phones and find this a particularly interesting way to develop the traditional pastime of passing notes in class F She says: ‘Every time a new medium comes along it has an effect on language. Over the past 20 or so years, language has changed very fast because of the way people use language with new technologies. But this doesn’t destroy the existing language, it adds to it and embellishes it’ G At roughly 10p a pop, sending a text message is also a lot cheaper than making a voice call. H ‘If today’s kids prefer to text message rather than learn to read and write, things won't improve. In the future, it might be that writing becomes even less important, just as it has done over the past 50 years as the telephone has become more prevalent.’ I ‘Mostly they are original but sometimes you get a clash of meanings. For example, take LOL which can mean both Laughing Out Loud and Lots Of Love. That could lead to some embarrassing misunderstandings.’ J It was introduced as a small, extra feature for mobile phone users, which was not designed to set the world on fire in the way that WAP (wireless application protocol) was, but failed to do. Grammar Phrasal verbs 1 Complete these sentences by adding the necessary preposition or particle. a Hurry up, Jim. Ring... .. | [need to make an important call and you’ve been on the phone for half an hour. b Sorry, P'm calling from the station and it’s very noisy here. Can you speak ... 2 ¢ I was just about to apologise for having forgotten to meet her after work when she hung....... d Just a sec, we're going into a tunnel. I’m breaking wl call you ... PIERS tO ROMER Pil yorandlipet somesmoreiand phone you sqeslalter, f Lovely to talk to you. Hang ... moment. I'll just pass you ... dad. He’d like a word before you hang g I’ve been trying to ring my uncle who’s working on a remote Pacific island but I can’t get .. h Yowd like to speak to the Managing Director? One moment, sir. I'll put you ...... Here are some more common phrasal verbs used in conversations. Put the verbs from the boxes in the right place in the dialogues. You may need to change the form of the verb. a givein hand in look up pad out read through Alex: Have you done your project yet? Nicky: Not quite. | still need to ... references in the library. ’'m planning to ais salts Monday. Is yours finished? Alex: Well, I finished it last maps But when I » this morning, I realised it’s a bit short and I need to al ..a bit. So; Pl probably .on Monday too. 20 SPEAK AFTER THE TONEseeoff stop off touch down ed” book into get in Paul: We .. .. Fiona at the airport yesterday She's off to Australia for a couple of months. Rose: Lucky her! Did she go on a direct flight? Paul: No, she .. Hong Konig for a couple of days on the way there. In fact her plane should just about now if it’s in on time. Rose: Well, I’ve been there several times and we've always on time. Has she got friends to stay with in Hong Kong? Paul: No, she .... ....a nice hotel. She'll be glad of a good sleep in a comfortable bed, Timagine. hand in close down take on set up be snowed under : How’s work these days? Di: Well, ... . but I suppose that’s better than having nothing to do. What about you? : Well, the company I’ve been working for ws Next month and I've got to find something else to do, Di: Oh dear. Poor you! Sam: Well, I was thinking of... my notice anyway. 'm ne of ... my own business. Di: That’s a great idea. If you ever need to ... extra staff, let me know! STUDENT'S BOOK page 192 Vocabulary 1 Choose one word from Box A and one from Box B in order to complete each of these sentences. Change the form of the verb if you need to. a It doesn’t matter whether you win the competition or not. The important thing is to on Holiday in Scotland last year. c I always’. ww the .. on Saturday mornings so I can Hie the rest of ‘the weekend free. d I thought that was Jo I saw over there but I must have . wt an Jo’s in France at the moment. e You'll never manage to learn this vocabulary unless you really AN. f The state of this batlicoom is disgusting. 1 would like to... an official to the hotel manager. .- great ... at the party last night. i When:she-was ti’ Treland lstiyear(Giovanniamade sure she ...... 2 EVELY, canst she could to speak English. i Could you possibly ..... g I think everyon ind get me some books from she libianywhileyoire inthe eltyeentee? j My grandpa usually ... ved in the afternoon. k Taek lied about his age because he thought that no- one would .. .. him . if they realised just how young he we 1 Now that you are 18, it is ue time that you a bit more .. {oF your own finances. AK AFTER THE TONE 21U\ihaea Running a successful business | Reading 1 Read the article. | eee | Dylan Evans finds business to be a jungle in _ Managing the Human Animal by Nigel Nicholson (or EP as itis known) has given the chatrering classes a lot to chatter about, but hasr much impact in the world of business. However, that may be about to change. Anew book by Nigel Nicholson, professor workin = as mete obstacles are: of organisational behaviour at the London of their greatest potential resources. - Business School, promises to transform EP "froma debating fopic into a practical tool for management, i According (© Nicholson, executives haye been misled by decades of utopian management education. They have be "encouraged to believe that they can r of tr ading 1 n0 | lie her placed in the conta of biology account okies nature, which stubbornly resists th visions imposed upon it. No wonder so ‘many great new management ideas fail as soon as they move from the ots SS pice to the boardroom. : The solution, argues i Nicholson, isto. construct a new approach to. ‘management based on EP, As the first truly scientifi d account of human nature, EP can teach ___ tepeated calls managers how to work in ra 4 rms of | ae ee , Nic olson than against it a Take the emotions, for example Alot previous management thinking ¢ thinkers since, emotions were seen as at best harmless luxuries and at worstouright in the crucible of business intaligence business university laboratory, i provides a firm sdentific basis or thisnew EP may not gettested ar all any more ‘rend in management thinking seeing unless ir is sed to shape policy a 22 RUNNING A SUCCESSFU OS2 Read the statements about the text and tick the correct column True, False or Don’t know. Writing Report 1 Write a report to the manager of a company you work in or have worked in. Recommend Nicholson’s book to him or her and, using information from the above article, explain why you think it might be a good idea for him or her to try out some of the ideas in the book. Write approximately 250 words. Grammar Cause and effect 1 Choose one of these subjects and use the language of cause and effect to write a paragraph about it. a Accurrent problem in your country — why has it arisen? b The causes of a war or other political conflict that you know about. ¢ The reasons why you chose your own field of study or line of work. Oo TUDENT'S BOOK page 193 4 RUNNING A SUCCESSFUL BUSINESS 23English in Use Part 1 1 For questions 1-15, read the text below and then decide which word best fits each space. The exercise ge with an example (0). NEREA DE CLIFFORD Nerea de Clifford, who has died aged 82, was e doughty champion of British cats and a (0)... B of The Cat Protection League which she | @s. .. Shortly after its foundation in 1927 ° | and served as president from the 1970s until the time | of her death. Among her many (2) ... .. to the welfare of cats — and to our knowledge of their ways — were the establishment of a sanctuary for them at New Malden, and the publication of such reports as What British Cats | Think About Television, in which she noted that ‘most cats (3)... an interest of some kind, though it is often of hostility; ‘a significant reaction .. | | She (8)... . an adoption scheme for which PROTECTION her ‘Homes Wanted’ list contained some notably frank character (9)... ‘a little fiend in feline form’; ‘willing to do light mouse-work and very good at it, non-union’; ‘a rough old (10) —and made a (11). “andsoon — of feeding London’s the display of excitement when any picture, especay cats at Christmas, a favourite repast apparently being fish of birds, moves quickly across the (4) and chips. She also plumbed the mysteries of why cats Nerea Elizabeth de Clifford was born in West ny (12) aaase .. ~ some because they have just ft in 1905, and as a young woman wes a distinguished murdered the Pekinese next door, others ‘for no good (5). ... of cats. During the Second World (13) .... . at all, | War she devoted herself to the rescue of cats, trapped De Clifford was also a much respected in the rubble of the biitz, and (6) .. to vigorous campaigns for free feline birth (2). (14)... (15) .. at cat shows around the country, and gave a series of lecture tours at schools on the and care of cats. 0 A post @®)pillar C staff D pole 1 A met B enrolled C joined D entered 2 A contributions B donations C gifts D dedications 3 A make B give C show D have 4 A screen B box C film D view 5 A farmer B grower C trainer D breeder 6 A therein B thereby C thereafter D therefore 7 A control B check C limitation D restriction 8 A made B ran C held D gave g A sketches B drawings C pictures D paintings 10 A drifter B ranger C rover D stray n A tule B point C round D custom 12 A snore B hum C purr D rumble 13. A purpose B use C reason D point 14 A judge B referee C arbitrator D umpire 15 A coaching B guidance C training D preparation 24 RUNNING A CCESSFUL BUSINESSUiN\inme:e Best thing since sliced bread English in Use Part 6 1 Read through the following text and then choose from the list A-N the best phrase given below to fill each of the spaces. Each correct phrase may only be used once. Some of the suggested answers do not fit at all. A Case of Mind over Matter © You're lying on your mat. It’s the last ten minutes of your yoga class, meditation time. ‘Imagine you're a fluffy white cloud,’ says the teacher. Your tummy rumbles — dinner soon, what to have? “The sky is clear and blue ...’ Pasta? Chips? Chips. ‘You're passing over a lake ...’ God, that woman's snoring. How can I think (1)... ? They say that yoga was brought to the West like an aeroplane without the wings — exercise (2) ... In fact, it's worse than that because in the East the sole purpose of yoga is as preparation for seated meditation. Over here, if you manage to find a form that includes meditation, such as hatha yoga, and a teacher who is capable of leading you properly, you probably still won't be able to do it. You'll get distracted (3) Lused to think my failure to meditate was (4)... .. that goes tick-tick-tick from morning to night but apparently that’s just part of the Western psyche. ‘There’s something about our minds,’ says Nicola Temporal, (5) especially adapted for Western brains. ‘We want instant gratification and, if we don’t get it, we spiral off’ We're conditioned to control rather than accept, (6)... , and so the process of letting go and experiencing the moment, which is central to meditation, is hard for us. But meditation is particularly good for us. At its simplest, meditation is about relaxation, (7) , but it has deeper rewards as well. Advocates talk about knowing themselves better, (8) .. and intuitions, of being more at peace. Clear away some of the detritus and answers come more easily. ‘We live in our heads, which means we live (9)... , says Ms Temporal. ‘Meditation helps you access who you are, what you really want and (10)... ot and these things can help you live a more honest and more satisfying life.’ Fantastic, but how on earth do you do it? How do you even begin (11)... about having an over-active brain H to think rather than to feel A B and so we find it difficult | what your values are € by other people’s expectations J which can be hard for us to understand D how we can master yoga K which provides endless health benefits E of being more in touch with their instincts L who teaches meditation F or fall asleep M with her making that noise G to switch your head off N without the spiritual dimension BEST THING SINCE SLICED BREAD 25Grammar Reading Modals 1 Answer the questions by referring to the information . . in articles A-H dealing with innovations. 1 Look at the picture of the old man and his grandchildren. 1 Which three articles relate to health issues? “ - . an 2 Which two articles are about education? 1 Imagine that the grandfather is reminiscing 3 Whichvarticleigabour the US? about what he used to do when he was their age. Write three sentences that he might say using used to and would. 4 Which article is about sailing? 5 Which two artides compare Britain favourably with somewhere else? 6 Which article focuses on a positive change in British society? 7 Which two articles focus on a negative trend in society? 8 Which three articles have a clear political focus? 9 Which is the most recent article? 10 Which two articles are concerned with prizes? , Brand new start is best Way forward _ January: 13 2001 The concepts of innovation and marketing as key drivers of successfil businesses may be old hat to British executives but European Union policy-makers _ are just waking up to them, according to 2 Imagine that he is regretting some things that he did not do. Write two sentences expressing regret using should have. 3 Imagine that he is giving his grandchildren some advice. Write three pieces of advice that he hospital? Buy it on tick might give them using should and ought to WHE Se Sey RES abu | 4 Imagine that the children are offering to do two announced an investment of £3.1 billion to things for their grandfather. Make two possible Bulle 29 new fespttelevastonnightsaan the Labour heartlands must have jumped with offers using shall. joy. At last their hard-earned taxes and the 5 Imagine that the grandfather is requesting two impossibly large government surplus were things of the children. Make two requests Soing ints § decent, pipette OFNNS 3 renewal. Tangible fruits of the Prime using would. Minister's ‘accidental’ Breakfast With Frost | commitment to raise health spending co e STUDENT'S BOOK page 193 EU levels were at last being seen, were they not? .. 26 BEST THING SINCE SLICED BREA‘Innovation Explorer holds the advantage Janvary 07 2001 The pace in The Race, the non-stop, no-holds-barred rac the planet, has increased after a Barcelona and the places at the front of the six-boat fl constant state of flux. The leader at midday 110-foot catamaran Innovation Explore around a week ago from tareina terday was the skippered by Loick Peyron and Skip Novak. She was just off the Aftican coast at Dakar with 1.400 miles covered in six days, writes Bob Fisher. FEBRUARY O1 2001 RINGING THE CHANGES The new national breastfeeding line from the National Childbirth Trust winning awards. The line allows parents concerned about breastfeeding to gain information, support and “Januany23 2001 : NICHE MARKET Working ina specialist college of art and ~ design has frequently felt like membership of an endangered species. The predators have been the ¢ who have effected mergers and acquisitions under the banner of economies of scale. National funding methodologies have been prejudicial for small colleges. A matter of time February 22 2001 — Whether people are learning online or in classrooms, one thing is for sure, the internet revolution has made learning IT skills more essential than ever. Yet in the busy workplace, employees also find time for three years’ retraining in Britain’s leafy university campuses. Vocabulary have less time than ever, especially 10 © access to expert counsellors quickly © | and efficiently. A virtual call centre — {NCT) has proved so innovative it is | routes parents to their nearest local | expert using innovative technology | Provided by Opal | deployed by Mercury Energy. Telecom and © Alternative hero January 23 2001, Ancient Greece was not a good place to get sick. Standards of public sanitation might have been world-beating at the - time, and scientific understanding unrivalled but nowhere near the standards, say, of the most dilapidated and fetid of Victorian public hospitals. February 13 2007 INDUSTRY THAT STALKS THE US CORRIDORS OF POWER Washington teems with a thousand / industrial lobbyists. They cluster around the band of luxury offices and expensive restaurants which stretches from the White House to the Capitol building - a two-mile axis along which money and power are constantly traded 1 Read through the articles on innovations again. List any words that have either positive or negative associations. Mark them P or N as appropriate. BEST THING SINCE SLICED BREAD yiUi\gnmece You live and learn | Reading 1 Read the extract from a magazine article called A Change of Heart and answer the ea on page 29, choosing A, B, C or D. she nae seen the fee @ fast car, no cooking or cleaning) and having ; husband certainly was’ tpart of | Butthen... on the « day. awomal can traditionally pop the question, | Charlotte Higgins explains why sh did just that. Be _inever wanted “ wie Kee si suich a gran jose u-tu would! ey be surpr it was te say, though it ine it. For my voting e of those parts of preferences, ee and the capital that lie west of Hyde P as far as the cracll consciousness, es In the early days, it wes quite si lary sensible five-year- Later, things got more e angst ridden. limted and ‘hugely @ my straightforwardly unpleasant — teenage wey, | was truly horrified by _ almost everything my parents did. | In those days, | envisioned a future in which | did no cooking or cleaning — ‘(activities with which my mother seemed to be ceaselessly occupied) and Owned a fast car. Having a husband to — iron shirts for certainly wasn't a part of the plan. Men held you back. ('m afraid that to this day | can’t bear cleaning and cheered when | read Simone de Beauvoir's description in The Second — Sex: ‘Few tasks are more like the torture __ of Sisyphus than. housework with its less repetition: the clean becomes — : soiled, the soiled becomes clean, over: and over, day after day!) By the time | read The Second Sex | was at university. De Bea voir called marriage a women's ‘destiny’, but by my 20s | was even more sure that | would i reject that particular fate. At the place where | studi i, for every one woman student there were three men: | was 1 taught | byr men, The portraits in the dining hall were of _ prime ministers and kings: and great thinkers, and they were all men. Ii seemed absolutely clear to me that life was going tobea — t — fight against the dark forces of patriarchy and marriage was an outmoded patriarchal institution which, as we learnt from speakers at our women’s lunches in the crepuscular and odoriferous college bar, bred domestic violence and fostered rganised slavery. Furtnermore, laske t what exactly | was the point? What was the point of dressing up in white tulle (particularly when white can beso damaging | to: someone with hips the size of mine) and walking down the aisle on the atm of your father to be pr é Sacrificial lamb at the altar? ‘What was the point of all that consumption and crippling excess and top-hats-and-tails and patronising best men's speeches when the whole enterprise would, in an alarming number of cases, end in tears, disaster and divorce a few years down the line? What was the point when the best _ “jelationship. | know, | that of my brother and his partner of now nearly 20 years, menicd no institutional | carapace to bind | it? 28 YOU LIVE AND LEARNSC what happened? It goes without saying that Charlle and | love each other and want to grow old together Our commitment is already made. In a sense, there is no reason to get married at all. Which meant that | was taken eback when he first suggested it to me. (n fact, | pooh-poohed the idea. But then | began to think about itand to take on beard his arguments. T1e- examined | my objections. | began to suspect that by getting married, | woul lide’t actually, really, be endorsing (till less exposing myself to) Marital rape, domestic violence and female servitude, Once | began to think of marriage as a cssib choice out oF many possible choices, and not a destiny imposed on me, it didn’t seem quite so awful after all. Plus, even if cold-light-of-day statistics said that we had as much chance Of failing as making it work til! death us.do part, So what? Why. bother at all, if you refuse to try things you might fail at? Once | had chucked out the objections, | started to be able to see: certain advantages. That a wedding really needn't be a ghastly tribute / to self-satisfied coupledom, but could be a celebration of | partnership, friendship and family ties admittedly puting two sets of families anda bunch of our ‘friends in the same room. could be a huge disaster, but we'll go with it anyway). That we actuelly do, really do, have a strange — urge to tell everybody that we love each other and it might be nice to give our family and friends a good party while we're at it. tt sounds a bit Tory and possibly carnivorous and Kensingtonian to say this, but we want to do the ritual thing. We want to do'as our: forefathers did before us, in a place hallowed by time: As you will by now be grasping, | also started to think how immensely romentic it would be to get married. And | know. that romance isa pale ious literary invention, but soc It. So € getting married ina church near my. parents! home and doing everything | ‘properly’ ‘Well, mostly. everything. 1'm not going for white tulle, but green chiffon. | have not darkened the door of a single store's bridal department (in fact the word ‘bridal’ still makes : Me shudder). I'm not wearing a veil or having bridesmeids, but | shal be. making a speech. There won't be any wedding cake, or morning suits, or formal photographs, of a Daimler (my eldest brother is polishing up his 50s Citroén DX). f | shan’t de going up the aisle to the Wedding March but to something postmadern by my oldest friend, a composer. i certainly hope there won't be any pomposity or smugness. It's not exactly: revolut onary, ‘but it's a way of making it ours. Which is kind of what : we're hoping for in our martiage, too. NN uu Which of these is not true about Charlotte Higgins. A She is a vegetarian. B She does not like Kensington. C She went to university. D She supports the Tory Party. How did Charlotte Higgins use to feel about marriage? A She always wanted to get married. B She hated the idea of getting married C She wanted to marry a man like her brother. D She wanted to marry late in life. Why did she feel as she did about marriage? Which reason is not mentioned? A The example of her parents and other married couples. B Reading romantic novels. € Reading Simone de Beauvoir. D Her university experience. What did Charlotte want when she was a teenager? A To be like her mother. B To goto camp. C To bea single career woman. D To combine a career with marriage. Which of these statements do you think Charlotte’s female university friends would have agreed with? A Awoman’s place is in the home. B Women are oppressed by men. C Women have more influence than men. D Women have more choices than men do. Who first suggested marriage? A Charlotte. B Her parents. © Her boyfriend. D Her brother. Why are Charlotte and her boyfriend getting married in a church? A To please their family and friends. B The church is convenient for Charlotte’s home. C They have decided they want to do things ‘properly’. D They like the feeling of historical continuity. Which of these, according to the text, is normally part of a traditional wedding? A Wearing a veil. B A Citroén. C Green chiffon. D Music from a favourite composer. YOU LIVE AND LEARN 29Vocabulary 1 Find words and expressions from the text which match these meanings. Each paragraph contains two of the words and expressions. a_year with 366 days m formal men’s clothing b total change in attitude n later or direction 0 poured scorn on ¢ rainy p giving support to d insignificant q forced e to be honest r unromantic f without delay s discarded g category t desire h uncomplicatedly u_ made holy i made loud noises of v harmful approval w almost j dirty x entered k dark y getting married 1 encouraged Z annoying self-satisfaction 2 Complete this word-formation table with words from the text. The first line has been done for you as an example. Grammar Participle phrases 1 Rewrite these sentences from the text, using participle phrases. a I did it, unromantically, one drizzly Monday night outside the pub at closing time. I hadn’t planned it. It just sort of came out. b In that world, I was Circe, the all-powerful enchantress, and boys got turned into pigs, pronto. At the place where I studied, for every one woman student there were three men. 1 was taught by men. d Our commitment is already made. In a sense, there is no reason to get married at all. e But then J began to think about it and to take on board his arguments. J re-examined my objections. f Once I began to think of marriage as a possible choice out of many possible choices, and not a destiny imposed on me, it didn’t seem quite so awful after all. g Once I had chucked out the objections, I started to be able to see certain advantages. h [’m not going for white tulle, but green chiffon. I have not darkened the door of a single store’s bridal department. Oo Writing Report o “} STUDENT'S BOOK page 194 1 Charlotte Higgins’ ideas about marriage were affected both by her feminist studies and by her experiences of the world. We learn both through studying and through the experiences which life gives us. You have been asked to write a report on what you see as the most important things you have learnt over the last year. You should include information about what you have learnt academically and about what you have learnt by experience. You should conclude by commenting on the ways in which what you have learnt should help you in the future. Write approximately 250 words. 30 YOU LIVE AND LEARNI have a dream Reading 1 Read the article and answer the questions on page 32, choosing A, B, C or D. Thatcher ‘more inspirational than Blair’ By Jonathan Petre BARONESS THATCHER, the former Conservative prime minisier, is regarded as a more inspirational figure than the Pope, the Archbishop of Canterbury or Tony Blair, according fo a new survey, More than ten years after she was ousted from Downing Street, Lady Thatcher has been placed third in a list of influential people, eclipsing Winston Churchill, the wartime prime minister, and Bill Clinton, the American President. The findings, in a new Mori poll for BBC I's Heaven and Earth Show, a religious programme, will disconcert Labour strategists, who had hoped that Lady Thatcher’s grip on the public imagination had waned. They may, however, take satisfaction from the fact that, with a general election approaching, William Hague, the Conservative leader, failed to receive a single mention. Respondents were asked to choose their top two or three inspirational figures from a list or give an alternative of their own. Sixty-five per cent named Nelson Mandela, the former president of South Africa. Sir Richard Branson, the multi- millionaire businessman, was second, with 51 per cent. The poll was, however, conducted before Sir Richard lost his battle to take over the National Lottery from Camelot and before the worst of the disruption on the railways, including Branson’s Virgin trains. Lady Thatcher, who won her last general election in 1987, was next in line, with the backing of 28 per cent, Her support was double that of Mr Blair, who was fifth-equal with 14 per cent. Pope John Paul II came fourth on the list, having gained the backing of a fifth of the respondents, and just behind him was the Archbishop of Canterbury, Dr George Carey, who tied with Mr Blair for fifth place. The Churches will be disappointed, however, to see that Mother Teresa {two per cent) was pipped by Britney Spe the singer (six per cent). Jesus Christ managed to garner just one per cent, on a par with the likes of Winston Churchill, President Clinton, Mahatma Gandhi and Martin Luther King. Other names mentioned in the poll included Earl Spencer, the brother of the late Diana, Princess of Wales, Anita Roddick, the founder of the Body Shop, Albert Einstein. the physicist, Ken Livingstone. the London Mayor, and the Dalai Lama. Religion fared a little better when it came to influential publications. Newspapers came top, with more than two thirds support, but the Bible came in a strong second, with 46 per cent. Astonishingly, respondents rated the Highway Code in third place, above the generic ‘paperback novel’ (16 per cent) and the Koran (nine per cent). The magazine Hello! picked up eight per cent, providing further ammunition for critics who say that the country is “dumbing down’. Other publications which received at least one mention included the Winnie the Pooh adventures, the National Geographic magazine and Karl Marx’s Das Kapital. The poll was conducted among a representative sample of 999 people aged 15 or over between December 15 and 17. The 100th edition of the Heaven and Earth Show is broadcast this morning. | HAVE A DREAM 31 Who was the most popular of these figures? A Baroness Thatcher —B Tony Blair C Bill Clinton D Nelson Mandela 2 Whowas the most popular of these figures? A Pope John Paul Il B Richard Branson C William Hague D George Carey 3 Whowas the most popular of these figures? A Britney Spears B Martin Luther King © MahatmaGandhi _D Princess Diana's brother 4 Which of these publications was found to be most influential? A The Bible B Paperback novels C Newspapers D The Highway Code 5 Which of these publications was found to be most influential? A Hello! magazine B Winnie-the-Pooh C National Geographic magazine D Das Kapital 6 Who provided the answers on which this information is based? A Aselection of people who had their birthdays between ast” and 17" December B Aselection of men and women, aged from 15 upwards C Aselection of viewers of the Heaven and Earth programme D Aselection of BBC employees 7 Who was the survey carried out for? A The BBC B The Labour Party C The Church of England D The Conservative Party 8 What does the survey generally show? A That people find the Conservative Party more inspiring than the Labour Party B That people do not have very intellectual tastes with regard to their heroes and their reading matter C That people are less religious than they used to be D That people are not as inspired by religious figures and literature as religious organisations would have hoped Grammar Future forms 1 Look at these horoscopes. Underline all the different ways in which the writer refers to the future e.g. It is likely to be 2 What comments can you make about the way future concepts are expressed in English, based on the examples you underlined in exercise 1? STUDENT'S BOOK page 194 by It is likely to be a very good month to patch up differences with friends and loved ones. A very good financial opportunity is coming your way but it won't be obvious. You will have to stay on the ball or it will pass you by. Dreams this month are going to put the spotlight more on the problems of your day-to-day life than on anything else. Some flashes of insight will be gained from analysing them. Do not put off that special project, even though you are snowed under with work. You will save yourself a lot of hassles in the long run by Just doing it now. Your romantic situation is in a slump. Take time this month to try to brighten things up. The person you have a soft spot for is interested in you as well, ut if you back away from contact because you are shy, you will miss out on a golden opportunity. This would be sad because this could turn out to be a key relationship in your life. £ Being 2 good friend, you are on the point of offering your help to someone who is in a spot. Be careful doing this, it may land you in deep water too.A fellow employee is going to try to steal an idea from you, so be on your guard. c It does not look as if it is going to be a good month for you to be spending a lot of time off the beaten track. Try to steer clear of animals that are strange to you.Also, it might be a good idea to arm yourself against the attacks of colds and “flu. HAVE A DREAM It is on the cards that you may start a new project that has the potential to make you quite a bt of money, If this is what you want to do, then take the plunge. Your love life is looking much rosier this month. Are you interested in buying exercise equipment? Don’t rush into this decision. The odds are it will fall into disuse, Your love life could go off the rails if you let yourself be carried away by your instincts. The weather tends to give you the blues more than normal this month. But keep your chin up, things will get better and you'll manage to get outside and get that important project behind you. A colleague is going to do something that will put them in a sticky position. You should try to give them a hand even though you do not particularly care for that person. Sometime in the future when they return the kindness you will be glad you did. Your guardian angel will keep you from putting your foot in it at work this month, but does not seem to stop you from blotting your copybook at home! Don’t let it get you down too much, in time you will laugh about it all! Being a rock for a friend will be one of the best things you have done in quite a while. Make sure you protect your nearest and dearest from falling into the traps that you have fallen into yourself in the past.Vocabulary Metaphor and idiom 1 Look again at the horoscopes. List all the examples of language used in them in a metaphorical or idiomatic way. Explain what the words or expressions mean. English in Use Part 2 1 Complete the following text, using only one word in each space. AM in an American hotel at a conference for around 100 people from companies and organisations from all round the world. (0) . seat has a power outlet, high-speed web connection, microphone for questions and voting buttons for group participation. | can see 62 laptop computers scattered (1) axe .. the room. There are also a large number of PDAs (personal digital assistants), with only a minority of people using paper and pens. As (2) ... a5 | can tell (and | can only see the laptop screens, | have no idea (3) the PDA population are doing) (4) least twenty of the audience are busy doing their email, about ten are writing documents, a couple are doing complex graphics and the rest seem to be surfing (5)... The current speaker is using all the latest audio, visual, PC and net technology to give an overview of yet (6)... .. new business model. But this model is not novel and his delivery is monotonic and deadly boring, (7) .. | have walked to the back of the room for a cup of coffee along with several other people. In Europe, this speaker (8)... .. be wasting his time and the time of (0) else in the room. Not here in the United States: peoples are vaguely listening with one ear while getting (10) ...... ... with productive activities. At (11)... ...., the speaker trips over the punch line, receives a round of applause, no questions from the audience, unplugs and retires, having missed a golden opportunity. | walk back to (12) ..... seat and start writing these words as (15) .... Technology can aid conference speaking, but it’s still all in the delivery says Peter Cochrane next speaker sets up. | relax in the knowledge that | can continue working and thinking irrespective (14) .. ... the quality of the remaining presenters. As it (15)... .. out, the next presenters in the series are younger, more energetic, with more interesting things (16) . Say. All the laptop screens ere still up, but there is (17) keyboard and mouse activity. It looks as (18) .. more people are actually listening to the speaker. the rest of the audience, | keep listening and working. The availability on the net of some of the material from the speeches gives the audience another advantage of (20) .. able to annotate and record the content to hard drive in semi- real time. This conference venue and this way of working is almost unique on the planet, and, for me, it is (21)... of the most productive formats. Itis the most efficient with the delegates’ time, and technology (22) .... used to enhance the experience. What further innovation (23) ww [like to see? Well, a direct projector link to my laptop would be my ideal so | could capture the pictures and films from those speakers (like Me) (24)... never seem to Supply their material in advance. And if | (25)... the speaker? | think a boredom measure based (26) . .. keyboard and mouse activity, and applications open and activated, would Py savs .. really useful, if a (28) was .. depressing. ys weave)Reading 1 You are going to read an article about children using computer games. The opening sentence of each paragraph has been taken out. Complete the article by putting the sentences A-G into the numbered gaps 1-6. There is one extra opening sentence which does not fit in any of the gaps. Ne Read all about it | Fighting the comp uter brain invasion Computer games range from highly educational, creative, delightful ones such as Sim City, which is training a whole new generation of enlightened city planners, via games of skill such as ski, flight, skateboard and sailing simulations, to pretty disgustingly violent ones such as the Cannageddon series and Carpocalypse Now and Tomb Raider, arttully designed to lure teenagers and alarm parents. It always amazes me to hear the parents of a nine or ten-year-old saying Tle’s up playing computer games’. And when you ask which games he likes they do not know. Would these people, if asked who was babysitting, say ‘Oh, some guy from the park’? Wal with the supper. Encourage sharing with other children. Any game using two controllers is better than a lonely one. k past, discuss what the game is about while you get on Give warning, let a level be finished, but enforce it. a If you have a teenager who spends a lot of time online, you probably need the software that records every site visited, and lime spent; you may want one of the ‘filter’ programmes that cuts out dodgy sites. Unfortunately, these appear to do most caveman-simple things such ulling out anything with the word ‘sex’ in it, which can seriously rot your A-level biology student's research material and cause undue resentment. 3 This, dusing teenage years, can be a problem put it is always worth persevering with. If a parent or relative is around Jor enough time, slow to leap to judgement or hysteria, and willin to listen {leaning on the kitchen work-top while one of you has a late-night pizza, in the car, wherever) then important issues will eventually come up. If not, they won't. 50 is an alternative, sociable, physical pastimo. We all know that a healthy small child gets more fun out of a sociable kitchen than out of Purby, and relishes a rough-and-tumble game with Dad more than a television programme. We need to extend that common sense into older ages too. A Probably the best guarantee against damage or confusion is the normal communication you have with your child. B Enforce screen breaks for the sake of the eyes and nerves C When children get to the age for games consoles, try lo know what they are playing. D Indeed, personal happiness and reasonable self-esteem are the best weapons against any kind of computer brain Invasion. E As a parent, ensure that your children only use the computer for educational purposes. F As with television sets, keep the computer gaming area in one of the shared parts of the house. G It is self-evident that parental responsibility has to be applied to Web-surfing just as it must to every other kind of encounter. 34 READ ALL ABOUT IT2 Find words in the whole text which mean: a doing something in a clever and skilful way, esp. in getting what you want b cause (esp. a person) to do something, esp. something that they would not usually do, by being very attractive and difficult to refuse ¢ cause (a rule, law, etc.) to be obeyed, or to cause (a particular desired situation) to happen or be accepted, esp. when people are unwilling to accept it (of things) risky or unable to be depended on, or (of people) dishonest e toa level which is more than is necessary, acceptable or reasonable f trying to do or continue doing something in a determined way, despite difficulties g belief and confidence in your own ability and value h not very serious fighting a Vocabulary 1 Put the words from exercise 2 above into these sentences. a It isn’t always easy for the police to .. speed limits. b Ie 's difficult to find a way of spreading information about the disease without causing .. alarm, ¢ Two chairs at broken in the boys’ d In an attempt to if back travellers, the airline began a major advertising campaign in the American papers. e ‘T've just been offered some half-price tickets.’ “That sounds .. f The complinients she received after the presentation boosted her g His clothes were arranged to look stylishly h The education director is ... in his attempt to ehlitt additional funding for the school. ual, Grammar Direct and reported speech 1 In writing, use a variety of reporting verbs to introduce indirect speech instead of just say or tell. Underline the correct verb in the following sentences. If both are possible, underline them both. a b ¢ d e f g h He promised/suggested to phone me at 9 o'clock. Jane warned/threatened me not to touch her computer. I regretted/insisted that | should do it myself. She invited/recommended them to eat at the Japanese restaurant. He denied/offered to sell them to her on the black market. We agreed/asked to see the manager before the end of the month. She advised/recommended using the new software. I told/suggested her to take an earlier train. Match the reporting verbs (a—o) to the statements (1-15). Then write the direct speech sentence in indirect speech. The sentences are about the article Fighting the computer brain invasion. EXAMPLE: ‘Ldow't think you should let your children use the Internet freely. She advised me not to let my children use the Internet freely. L mage © 1 2 3 4 A We “That’s the only way can get my children to be quiet? ‘| wish we hadn't bought so many computer games’ ‘Tm grateful you gave my children some of your time? ‘I think it will take about three years to get really sophisticated filter systems for the Internet? “This is the last time Pm telling you; you really must switch off the computer now. ‘/m sorry | didn’t write down the phone messages when I was babysitting? “Yes, it’s true, some children play computer games for five hours a day’ “You should teach children through physical activities? ‘Don’t let your children lock themselves away in their bedroom? “You shouldn't have made James cry: ‘I don't think teachers should recommend computer games. “OK, you can use the computer for one hour’ ‘Don't worry, your children will grow out of this phase. ‘ell done, Chris! Youve solved the game in half the time it took me? m thank n warn i insist j object k regret 1 suggest e confirm f£ congratulate g estimate h explain agree apologise assure blame STUDENT'S « page 195 READ ALL ABOUT IT 35English in Use Part 3 1 In most of the lines of the following article about fashion, there is either a spelling or punctuation error. For each numbered line 1-17, write the correctly-spelled word or show the correct punctuation at the end of the line. Some lines are correct. Indicate these with a tick (W). The exercise begins with two examples (0) and (00). SHAPE OF FINS TO COME There’s something fishy going on in fashion. You could soon be stepping out decked in salmon and cod, reports Max Glaskin. o 00 1 oon AupWHN aaskbanS 2S 7 Snakeskin might be all the rage in the designer collections this spring, but it could soon be replaced by something even more scaley. Several scandinavian designers have just announced a new luxury fabric to rival the finest leathers, silks and furs. No longer will snakeskin, lizard and crocodile be the prefered hides of exotic materials, because there’s a new kid on the block: fish skin. The first fish-leather tannery in Sweden is now up and running, offering it’s unique products to the worlds top fashion houses in the hope that they will scale the heights of chic in the new millennium. Turning old fish into desireable dress material is not easy. It takes three days starting with a wash to remove most of the fat and dirt The scales are lifted and then the skin is pickled. ‘The way we get rid of the smell isa trade secret, says Bergholz, joint owner of Sea Skin Scandinavia. Yvonne Eriksson, of the Finnish design company Fero, meanwhile has been making skirts and jackets from fish leather, mostly, from turbot and Nile perch caught in Lake victoria. ‘It’s a great alternative to more traditional exotic skins,’ She says. ‘Fish leather gives a more elegant impression than traditional leather and it is at least as strong. El 7 ee Vol Oh meUNIT 12 English in Use Part 2 1 For questions 1-15, complete the following text by writing the missing words in the spaces. Use only one word for each space. The exercise begins with an example (0). WHAT IS A SHORT STORY? That might seem (0) (1) ... (2) long, perk rather less. novel, (4) Bt t shory when you read it is (6) before you actually write it is qt | Cas (7) ... 5 shat were more (8) .. be a silly question. We all know Ivs a well, it’s & up to 8,0! a short story ik .. heaven's sake. A story that is, more li ut somethir hat. Recognising a ing; reeognisir short. stories that to have been novels, stort seem to be | lything at all. | maller vi fa novel. | rk for the fram ory; itis fa miniatu that moment v of attitude to life (14) 6 in. some way: undergoes some change .a problem, exper’ 3 a. developinent y something but it is ae 37Reading 1 What sort of short story do you think each of these extracts comes from? a Once upon a time, upon a lily-pad in the middle of a sparkling pond, there lived a large green frog. b Acold chill ran down his spine as he heard a muffled sound in the undergrowth. ¢ Suddenly there was a brilliant burst of light. He could see almost nothing as he was brought into the craft. d There was an indiscernible something in the air, which suggested to him that the killer had returned to the scene of the crime. e To distract her from the conversation, as she reached for more dishes from the dining room table, I kissed her hand. Vea 2. This is a very short story, less than 150 words, The paragraphs are in the wrong order. Can you number them to show the correct order? 3 What do the following words refer to in this story? a shoot b crystal Pronunciation 1 Put these words in the correct column in the table. seated called talked cracked. voted saved avoided landed. mimed asked gulped trained loved /d/ Bie lal Waters 38 IN A NUTSHELLGrammar Past tenses and the present perfect 1 Put the verbs in brackets into a suitable past or present perfect form to complete the sentences. There is sometimes more than one correct answer. a As the clouds ... (scud) across the sky, (realise) for the first time what it (feel) like to be truly alone. .. (live) in the cottage she (had) a strange feeling of fear. .. (get) back to the spacecraft, the c When they captain ..... .. (lie) on the floor with a green liquid coming from his nostril d Aswe.. .. (never encounter) such terrain before, (be) the first time I (eat) eel and it was delicious. f We... ... (be) so exhausted as we ..... (climb) the rocky ascent for hours. g I can’t remember when | but his face ..... h When... i Is this the first time you .. is j | can’t show you the holiday panty they... (not develop) yet. Ik Les (see) him before (seem) familiar, . (you last hear) from Dr Jones? .. (visit) Rome? (not see) Jane for ages and then I (bump) into her twice last week. . (follow) the path for at least half an hour I He. before he sensed he m1I'm starving. I since dinner last night. (drive) to Oxford, Inspector, when this ... (take) place. a * (be) so much better since we Ei celapa ise (anybody see) my keys anywhere? (read) a ghost story when the storm (begin). (not have) anything to eat r The mist (reach) the peak. s The house was deserted; nothing ........ years and the roof . wes (fall) in. t We (live) a lie for so many years it .» (be) almost impossible to act like a normal oe (Lif) just a8 We occ person again. ° STUDENT'S BOOK page 195 (be) difficult to know how best to proceed. .~ (go) in the wrong direction. Vocabulary 1 Using exactly the right word is very important as it conveys the right message. Choose an appropriate word from the list to complete the sentences. You will have to put the verbs into an appropriate form and decide if the nouns should be singular or plural. blurb creak gasp gorge kiln nightcap smudge tinkle trickle peal rumble a The sweat ..... down his neck as he told the story. b The potter carefully checked the temperature of the ay .. before putting her latest creation in for its last ae c He gavea. of pain as we tried to move hn d The party was in full swing; I could hear the laughter coming fren tHe other room. e There was a distant .. of thunder as we descended into the valley. f We were so hungry we ourselves on shes wild berries. g Let’s just have a ... before we go ht The... .. on the back cover suggested it was just my type of novel. i Be careful the print doesn’t ; it’s just come out of the printer. j The floorboards as we made our way up the stairs. IN A NUTSHELL 39Leaf through a leaflet Grammar -ing forms 1 Complete this text about a tour guide using the verbs in the list. You will have to put the verbs into the correct form. interested in can’t help enjoy get used to give up imagine look forward to miss resent waste time To be a tour guide, you have to be the sort of additional tours they can do until the end of person who likes other people and you have the first week when they start getting a bit to be an extrovert. | can’t (1)... a bored. | (6).. envying them having any other sort of job now; | just love sometimes when | know I’ve got to go to the it. It’s true that sometimes you have to get office to do some paperwork. up really early to go to the airport to meet I'm (7)... .. going to Switzerland to holidaymakers. The only time | the head office at the end of the season. I’m @ getting up early is when going to do a management course there for | get to the airport only to discover that the a month and then I’Ill see what happens. The plane is two hours late! trouble is | want to get on in the company Vi QP ince .. seeing the holiday- but | don’t want to (8) ... .. working makers having a good time in the sun. Most directly with the holidaymakers. I’d of them really let their hoir down. When they (9) chatting to them. | wouldn‘t get to the resort they don’t (4) .. like to be stuck in an office all day long. Still unpacking and checking things out, it’s | suppose I’d soon (10)... ... earning straight to the beach for most of them. a lot more money! They‘re not (5)... ... hearing about 40 LEAF THROUGH A LEAFLET2 In English some verbs are always followed by the gerund and some verbs are always followed by the infinitive. Verbs taking the infinitive will be dealt with further in Unit 15. Decide whether these verbs are followed by the gerund or the infinitive. Put G after those followed by the gerund and | after those which take the infinitive. a admit i feel like b appear j afford © arrange k manage d can’t stand 1 postpone e consider m risk f decide n suggest g delay © would like h fancy oe + STUDENT'S BOOK page 197 Vocabulary 1 Complete these sentences with one of the words or phrases from the list. all-inclusive holiday hoards package holiday peak season tourist attractions tourist class local tourist information office tourist destination tourist track tourist trap a We were only able to afford seats in = ww. at the back of the aircraft. b Disneyworld is one of Florida’s major c Thi of the region. d It used to bea very pretty little village, but now it’s become a real .. will provide a free map ie Mediterranean each year. f£ We stayed in a small hotel, well off the g Stratford-upon-Avon is a popular h The beauty of our Was that once we got there, we didn’t spend a lot extra, i The travel agent offered us a really cheap ..». to Spain. The flight was good and we stayed in a big hotel by the sea. j Don’t go there in the 2 itll be hot and crowded. Speaking 1 In the Student’s Book you read about two types of linking. Look back at the Student’s Book if you need a reminder. Read through the following extract of spoken English and decide which words are linked with Type 1 linking, and if /j/ or /w/ needs to be inserted, Type 2 linking, r We were really A/ impressed wit! the Millennium, Dome Resand. we 5/ all walked. out talking abot all the // interesting things we'd seen on the day. There was more to do in a day than we could Fit into the nine and a half hours we were there, Though we gave i |..@ .good.shot. We'd been really worried | about the quences but luckily we didnt | experience any of that and we never | queued For more than fiFtzen minutes. | The grcat thing was the sheer sense of | space inside the Dome..We never, felt } | L cronded even with twenty Thousand | people there. LEAF THRO HALEAFLET 41Reading 1 Read this excerpt from a leaflet sent out by The Mystery and Thriller Club and answer these questions. What is the main purpose of the leaflet? What style is the leaflet written in? How has that style been achieved? Write the following words in their correct version: ma self, knowin’, sellin’, gotta, movin’, cos. e Explain the phrase, every inch a lady, till you see my record. THE MYSTERY AND - THRILLER CLUB Let me introduce ma self. I’m the queen of crime, every inch a lady, till you see my record. Some say there should be a law — against knowin’ the things I know. One thing I know — where to get a cheap thrill. And that’s where you come in. Johnny Apollo and Jimmy the Gent are onto me, they know I’ve got a stash of top sellin’ mystery and thriller books and I’ve gotta get rid of them fast. These guys are angels with dirty faces, the word is that it’s a fortune for them if they seal my lips about these books, and a bullet if they fail. So unless you help, itll be like St Valentine’s Massacre and I can kiss tomorrow goodbye. aos 2 Can you think of any other products which could be sold with such a definite style of advertising? LEAF THR Pd GH A LEAFLET f£ Explain the double meaning of ... I know — where to get a cheap thrill. g Paraphrase the word stash. h Explain the phrase, these guys are angels with dirty faces. i Explain the reference to St Valentine’s Massacre. j Explain the phrase, cos I'm part Ritz, part racket, We've Gao Be : Te ge _ dust choose five books from these pages for only 10p each and get these books movin’. _ Give me your fine details and I'll get them sent to you — direct. And hey, cos I’m part Ritz, part racket, 1’ll throw in a book for FREE. You give Johnny the Post £2.95 for : his trouble.CiNnmices Views from the platform Vocabulary 1 Match these phrases with talk 1-4 with their definitions a—d. You might like to use an English-English dictionary to help you with this section. a fighting talk pep talk pillow talk small talk mw a aconversation which people who love each other have when they are in bed together b you show by your speech that you are willing to fight if necessary ¢ short speech intended to encourage people to work harder or try to win a game or contest d social conversation about unimportant things, often between people who do not know each other well 2 Complete these phrasal verbs so that they match their definition. They may be two or three-part phrasal verbs. a talk to persuade (someone) to do (something) to persuade (someone) not to do (something) to discuss (something) to persuade (someone) to agree to speak to (someone) with words or ideas that are too simple, as if they cannot understand 3. What do these idioms using talk mean? a She can talk the hind legs off a donkey. b Even ata party they have to talk shop! ¢ Did you hear what happened to Anna yesterday — oh, talk of the devil, here she is. d We come from similar backgrounds, so we talk the same language. e The new statue in the park is the talk of the town. VIEWS FROMTHE PLATFORM 43Reading 1 Choose from the list AG the best phrase to fill each of the spaces in this, lecture. The exercise begins with an example (0). A These five senses often E Allof these complicated activities are B How we do this is F The next task is, One of the responses that we are all aware of is G Forthat there are D These five senses can't Sense and mnattivicy fie can see, hear, nell, tas (0) provide the al something painful, see or hear soné ger. If we touch ‘hing Erightening, smell or taste something unpleasant, evasive action is adviced! These senses are not enough. Wost of the changes or threats around us are not so obvious. () detect everyting that happens within oir bodies, or all of the many sagottant changes in the envivonnent. (2) re hundreds of other “hidden body senses" tat can operate even whan ve are asleep aid of which we are not avare. cells can detect the femerature within end ‘ide our bodies with reasonable accuracy ~ they can determine the levels of cxrygen ead carbon dioxide in the aix, in ou lungs, blood and tioaues, or the acidity of our bodies, and the anount of ‘fuel’ (20d stores! availeble ® changes in our heart sate. Tho heart must. pump blood arama the body to deliver essential oxygen and nutrients to ali che cells and tinaues in the body, and cenove potentially harmful waste products. 1c mist Desc continuously in each of us over a billion tines. The heart can respond, within 4 second, to a potential danger or a need within the ody. When we are about to Zun ox ju it starts beating faster even before we begin to use cur muscles, and it can adapt to training, stress and Long-tezn aects. aninals are like sophisticated computers. Willions of pisces of information tron sensors throughout the bady are relayed, processed and integrated, often within che brain. (4)., activating the appropriate responses - sometines in less than a second. (5) a essential to keep the internal of the body at the optimal level state for life. This was recognised by the scientist Claude Bernard over 100 years ago, when he coined the term intérieur milieu - to describe the requlated environment within the body. our bodies need to maintain this constant interior in order to function and sur © mow & fascinating story with many chapters 2. Analyse the lecture by answering these questions. a Write a key sentence for paragraph I which sums up the main point of the paragraph, 'b What would you say was the purpose of the second paragraph? to compare different senses to give an example 0 explain something in more detail to warn people about something What does paragraph 3 give us an example of d How would you describe the tone of the lecture? Bead PetiaGrammar Reading The passive 1 Read the following tips on how to write a speech and rank them putting 1 next to the most important and 7 next to the least important or least suitable. 1 Complete this text about how to give a good lecture by putting the verbs in brackets into the correct form of the passive. The following tips (1) ... called 100 Tips for Lecturers. They (2)... (aim) at people who have little or no experience of lecturing. It is the responsibility of all lecturers to ensure that no student (3). . (disadvantage) because of the poor quality of the lecturer’s performance. A great deal (4)... (write) on the subject, however the essentials can (5) (summarise) as follows. The first point of course is, know your subject. Make sure all possible research ©. .. (do). Secondly prepare your lecture thoroughly. Badly structured lectures are difficult to follow, Any handouts should (7) .... .» (write) | clearly. Make sure there are enough copies. Thirdly think about your style of presentation. A lecture can | @). .. (ruin) by the lecturer standing in front | of the OHT so that nothing on the screen can (9). .. (read). It may sound obvious but it is easy to forget these things when you are concentrating on so many things at once. Finally make sure the audience (10) .... (give) tasks to do or questions to answer so that they do not get bored. (adapt) from a book a Doadry run of your speech to check how much time it takes. b Do not decide on the style of your speech until you meet the audience. c Begin with a joke, a magic trick or something to grab the audience’s attention. d Organise your information into three to seven main points and prioritise them according to importance and effectiveness. e Delete any points which are not crucial if you are going to be short of time. f Always add facts, statistics, examples or 2 Complete these sentences using have/get + object/object pronoun + past other supporting participle. You will have to put have/get into an appropriate form. Choose materials to each point. from the verbs below and use each word once only. The first one has been 6 Wateaconclusianthat done as an example. leaves a lasting impression. | taeneae check copy cut dry-clean enlarge test redecorate 2 Add two more points which you think are very important. fo. get a My car’s making a terrible noise, .! b I can't read small print any more, 1 . c¢ This photo isso good I d Our kitchen was looking really tatty and old-fashioned so we Writing e We can’t copy the document here because our photocopier has broken 1 Write an informal letter toa down so the secretary . .. somewhere else. friend telling him/her about f I think gas is leaking from your cooker; you should a lecture you went to and vs ve straightaway how good or bad it was. g The trouble is I can’t wash this dress; I Explain why it was good or h My hairdresser has gone out of business so P'm going to bad. Write about 200 words. - at Hairtique. MN ela ON ai ia oe kDa 9 STUDENT'S BOOK page 197If you want to know what | think . Reading 1 Sometimes a newspaper article expresses an opinion which the writer tries to back up with some facts or the results of research. Read the article about the effects of low light on people in the far north. For questions 1-6, you must choose which of the paragraphs A—G on page 47 fit into the numbered gaps. There is one extra paragraph which does not fit in any of the gaps. Clarity in a COLD CLIMATE Ever wondered why artists produce their best work in freezing | garrets? Contrary to long-held views, rather than slowing down in the long dark days of winter, people are brighter and quicker. So can we cheer up now? Bidge Hanson and his neighbours in the world’s mast northerly university town spent yesterday pretty much in the dark, again. It may have been one of the shortest days in Britain, but in Tromso, 200 or so miles north | of the Arctic Circle, it was yet anather day when the sun failed to put in an appearance. Between 21 November and 21 January the Norwegian town and its 60,000 population live life in a permanent night, and in the summer they switch to spending months in perpetual! daylight. 1 For more than a year doctors tracked volunteers, measuring their cognitive performances in tests in both winter and summer, fully expecting the results to support the view that in winter people are prone to suffer a range of negative symptoms, in addition to the depression associated with seasonal affective disorder (SAD). z BY ROGER DOBSON ‘We tested 1,000 people ona battery of cognitive tests, including memory, attention, recognition time, memory recall and confusability. We didn't look at depression, we were only interested in cognitive performance. We tested them in summer and in winter, and we were sure that we would be able to pick up the winter deficit that is so often talked about,’ he says. Even on the simplest of the tests — measuring the reaction times to a circle being flashed on a computer screen — the winter performances were better. The reaction times of the volunteers were on average eleven milliseconds quicker in the winter tests. The problem that Dr Brennen and his colleagues now have is explaining what kind of body mechanism could possibly be at work to produce the unexpected phenomenon of superior thinking in winter. It is at odds with many assumptions about health and the winter. A National Institute of Mental Health survey of 1,500 American SAD patients found that more than 90 per cent reported decreased activity in winter, as well as difficulties with work. They also reported extreme fatigue and lack of energy, and an increased need for sleep Some suspect that a change in the environment, especially the arrival of long dark nights, affects personality — that when it gets cold and dark man becomes more introverted and more focused on the task in hand. 3. ‘One possible explanation is that we are less distracted by other things in winter. There is not so much to look at and therefore a greater opportunity for you to attend to your tasks,’ she says. 6. But just how light works is not clear. ‘Although the cause of SAD is not known, research so far suggests that it is triggered by a seasonal disruption in the cycling of the hormone melatonin, which throws the circadian rhythms off balance,’ says Professor William Regelson of Virginia University and author of The Melatonin Miracle. E I F | I |A ‘It is a quite surprising and counter-intuitive finding that requires a lot of thought,’ says Professor Anne Farmer of the Institute of Psychiatry in London, who specialises in treating affective disorders, including SAD. ‘If you read a lot of the literature on SAD, the biological psychiatrists expect concentration to be worse in winter, that speed of thought and memory will be poor, and that people will feel sluggish. But we found no trace of that. Clearly the belief that people get groggier and more forgetful in the winter months is unfounded. The findings contradict some of the claims found in the literature on SAD,” And they may be implicated in the mechanism behind the Tromso results for cognitive performance, because a similar finding of depression and improved or unaffected menial performance is found in one other body cycle. For psychologists, the extremes in this Arctic Circle environment made it the perfect place to study the effects of the seasons on the mind and on performance, and to investigate whether there is any foundation for long-held views that in winter, human thinking, memory recall and performance slow down. If the theory was right, any effect would, they figured, be magnified at a latitude of 69 degrees north. For the treatment of the depression associated with SAD, Professor Farmer and an increasing number of doctors are advising using light boxes. It’s been found that exposure to bright artificial light can substantially reduce the symptoms of depression by as much as 80 per cent in some patients. Research an people with SAD has also found that their symptoms improve nearer the Equator. SAD which affects between one and 25 per cent of people, depending upon which study is looked at, is accepted as 4 condition where depression is linked to the arrival of the winter months. But depression and improved cognitive performance are strange bedfellows, so the hunt is now on to find out what could be happening in the brain to produce such a paradox, Investigators are looking at whether light or temperature, or even some other trigger, may be at work. But when measured by cognitive performance, it was found that the people of Tromso were brighter and quicker in the winter months, a result that put a large spanner in the works of those that hold that man is mentally duller and slower in the winter. For Dr Tim Brennen, who led the research and briefly escaped the winter blackness of Tromso University this week to present his findings at the London conference of the British Psychological Society, the results were a big surprise. IF YOU WANT TO KNOW WHAT | THINK 2 Match these words or expressions from the article with their definitions. a Expressions 1 prone to 2 to puta spanner in the works of 3 at odds with 4 strange bedfellows 5 the task in hand » very different from b unlikely people to be connected with another in a particular activity ¢ tending to suffer from an illness or showa particular negative characteristic d the job which is important at the present moment e to be the cause of spoiling a plan b Adjectives 1 dull 2 sluggish 3 groggy 4 unfounded 5 counter-intuitive a moying or operating more slowly than usual and with less energy or power b not based on fact; untrue something does not happen in the way you expect it to not very intelligent and has difficulty learning weak and unable to think clearly or walk correctly, usually because of tiredness or illness . on ¢ Nouns 1 findings 2 battery 3 trace A fatigue 5 trigger a asign that something has happened or existed b something which causes (something bad) to happen c large number of things of a similar type d official discovery e extreme tirednessGrammar The infinitive 1 Complete these sentences using the verbs in the list. Make sure you put the verb into an appropriate form. afford arrange fail intend invite manage pretend suppose tend want gain a The police officer the back of the diary. b In order... .. entry to the house the man... to be conducting a survey for the government. c Cats .... to be more independent than dogs. di... . to look for a new job once I’ve finished my training here. e We .. to pull the child to safety from the river. if Teg . to see that new film that’s on in town; it’s to be really good. .. to meet at 4pm so I don’t know why he isn’t here. ... to go on holiday this year so we'll me friends to come and stay with us, to notice the scrap of paper tucked in g We h We can’t 2 Put the verbs into the correct form of the infinitive. More than one correct answer may be possible. a It’s nice b I meant...... ¢ I would have liked . It would have given me great pleasure (sit) here with you. (phone) you earlier but it completely slipped my mind. .. (take part) in the debate on television. (sit) there when he said we could have more funding. d There is a wide range of topics ..... programme. She ought. Try .. (cover) in this term’s e .». (ask) her opinion at least, before we decide. f (not be) too nervous at the interview. g 1 would rather (invite) Tom and Mary. h Hemade us .. (work) until 8pm. 1 J k She lets her children .... (watch) whatever they like on TV. (include) Sarah would have been a big mistake. .- (go) to the library when you can look it up on Why... the Internet? 1 AllT did was m.. n For James 0 Would it be easier for me p The plan is for us +, (take) the tents and to sleep in the forest. q I need you... (help) me. r There’s nothing for the children s There isn’t enough time..... t It’s important for there ... discussion at the end of the talk. 48 1F YOU WANT TO KNOW WHAT | THINK .. (ask) if she was all right! (retire) at 30 would be perfect. (win) the match would be a dream come true. (talk) to you about it later? .. (eat). (explain) everything now. ... (be) plenty of time left for STUDENT'S BOOK page 198Raving and panning Reading 1 Read these extracts from reviews and answer the following. a What is being reviewed, e.g. a cartoon film, a CD of classical music, a computer simulation game? b Which words and phrases helped you to determine what was being reviewed? ¢ Which words or phrases serve to convey opinion as opposed to facts? A THE combination of long wheelbase and high roofline creates more space inside the Picasso than any other compact MPV. Its gear stick, like the Multipla’s, is mounted on the dashboard but the Picasso's two front seats — against Fiat’s three — leave a large waste of space on the floor. The centre rear seat folds to make a table between the other two. Much creative thought has been given to this table to make it double as a desk top for business use (complete with document clip to stop papers sliding around) or a picnic table with cupholders. Equal ingenuity has been applied to finding space for the 30 pockets, cubbyHoles and compartments that are dotted around the Picasso's cabin. Some of them aren't much cop. The pocket under the dashboard on the driver's side is too shallow to hold a mobile phone securely and if a pocket won't hold a mobile, what's the use of it? If mistakes are possible even with the conventional side of the menu, fiasco looms everywhere when it comes to mixing and matching, In theory ~ crazy but true!— you could mingle roast duckling with a sweet pineapple and vanilla sauce ... in theory and indeed in practice as one of us proved. The duck was adequate, the sauce cloyingly awful. RAVING AND PANNING 49A chocolate box of a film, sweet and gooey and enjoyably bad for you. It transports the ever-decorative Keanu Reeves to a Forties setting where he meets the beautiful daughter of a paternalistic vineyard owner, and you can probably join the dots from there. It’s mush, but beautifully executed mush, and a haven for those seeking refuge from television football. man who wrote one of the great songs about sexual jealousy, | Can't Stand Still, is back ... telling us how it is Gust because you are rich, it doesn’t mean you don't get fed up or frustrated). a. Boe Cw D | Over the first two or three tracks there is a complacency, —_ absolutely emblematic of all that LA-based musicians have come to represent over the past few years, but then there is a shift. Its very subtle, and suddenly the a. b.. € . Vocabulary 1 In the texts what collocates with each of these words? a clip d roast g jealousy b phone e join h stand c mixing f seeking 2 Find at least two other collocates for each of the words in exercise |. 3 Use the collocations in the box to complete the sentences. drive him mad human being open the way worst nightmare compulsory reading easy steps lay a trap the workings of the mind a The video takes you in . .. through the rudiments of playing the keyboard. Although a novel rather than a psychology textbook, the book has a great deal to teach us about This book should be .... for all parents. What seems likely is that the success of this film will .... for a great many more in the same mould. The story tells how the man’s wartime experiences eventually .... ae AsI watched the film, 1 began to ask myself why on earth I had paid to sit through something that was feeling increasingly like my own .. The bad guys managed to . hero but he cunningly outwitted them. The article takes a fresh look at what makes a .... different from all other creatures, 50 RAVING AND PANNINGGrammar 3 Complete these sentences in any way that seems appropriate to you. Articles » the less I liked him. sooner you make up your minds, 1 Add articles a, an or the to these sentences wherever they are required, c’ a Information is more widely available these days. b Information you find on Internet is not always reliable. c d .., the happier I am, Her boyiriend as solicitor ¢ The more energy you put into something, He is solicitor you were reading about in newspaper week ago. 4 Rewrite these sentences so that they mean Tearn about £8,000 year from setting and marking exams. the same but use the words in brackets. f Smith family have gardener who comes in from time to time and whom they pay by hour. g We should have dinner together at Holiday Inn in New Square some time in next few weeks. h We spent week on holiday in Seychelles but I spent most of week in bed as I caught nasty dose of "fu. i Someone once said that poor will always be with us. j Family are all in different places this week. Joan has gone to USA and Monty is in India while Sue has gone by car to north of Scotland and Bob has taken train to France. ° a I’m afraid I don’t have very much money. (ONLY, LITTLE) b Tve got about half a dozen Euros. Would. you like them as you're going to Paris tomorrow? (FEW) c All the girls in the class have their own email addresses. (EACH) d Not many people pass their driving test the first time they take it. (FEW) e He doesn’t have much experience of hard 2 Complete the following sentences with the phrases in the box. manual work. (LITTLE) They all contain singular concrete nouns used without an a article. You may need to make changes to the verbs. oe STUDENT'S GOOK PAaBe 199 by word of mouth by return of post to be lying face down to be out of pocket Writing to catch fire to make way for . to rush from pillar to post to set sail Review toigh With relief totallesense 1 Write a review of a CD of your choice — a Please reply to this letter a music one or a CD-ROM — for a college possible. magazine. Try to make a point of using some of the new words and expressions you have learnt recently. ‘ b I'm exhausted. 1. ¢ Paul is rather impractical with some of his suggestions but Maria always ... d We'll pay you back for what you bought for the picnic. We don't want you e Emma getting safely off the plane. f The ship .. Let’s go down to wave it off. g The man.. when she saw the children . at midday tomorrow, .. by the side of the road. I presumed he had been knocked off his bike. gaecieceomn h They suspect that the trees... seseeeeeeeens BECAUSE i someone failed to put a cigarette out properly. i The best way to get business in our line is 7 j Please .... .... the food trolley. RAVING AND PANNINGCiNinmva Do it for my sake | English in Use Part 6 1 Here is a text with some phrases missing. Choose from the list A-K the best phrase to fill each of the spaces. Each correct phrase may only be used once. Some of the suggested answers do not fit at all. departures w You're in a crowd of people who are all asking for the same thing. How do you make your voice (1) w. ..? Be different. Don’t shout. Lisa, 25, was waiting to board a plane flying from London to Austria for Christmas when the flight was cancelled. ‘There were about a hundred of us stranded,’ she says. ‘Everyone else was yelling at the airport stoff. Instead of joining in, | walked up to the man behind the ticket desk very quietly and said, “This must be so awful for you! | don’t know Gx. .. — its not even your fault. | could never handle it as well as you are.” Without my even asking, he found me a seat on another airline with an upgrade to first class. He was napny to do a favour for someone (3)... Flattery is an essential element of the sweet-talk strategy. ‘It's human psychology that stroking a person’s ego with a few well-directed compliments makes them (4) .... .. SAYS a psychologist. ‘Tell someone they’re pretly and they'll instantly fix their hair; praise their sense of humour and they'll rattle off a joke. So, if you give A acknowledging her as the pro B getting her to do the job for me C heard above the rest D how often! make mistakes E how to handle a situation like this F how you deal with these situations 52 DO IT FOR MY SAKE someone the Sporto to be your hero, (5) ... You need help and there’s absolutely no reason the person will want to lend a hand. Allison, 26, a solicitor, realised she’d made a huge mistake on a batch of documents she needed for a client meeting that began in two hours. ‘The only way | could fix the problem was to enlist the aid of a colleague (6).. , she says. Blatant bribery is difficult to offer — slipping someone cash or trying to strike a specific deal will usually backfire but you can usually glean wooing power if you subtly offer a little payback. Allison went to the woman's office, wearing a panicked expression and explained her dilemma. Then she offered the oh-so-subtle bribe. ‘I said, “As | was saying to the boss the other day you're the only person who would know (7) ... what would you suggest | do?” Feeling pumped up. she set about helping me and we finished the job on time. The trick was (8) .... then she was happy to help.’ G they don’t know what to do next H they'll rise to the role | want to prove you right J whol knew didn’t like me K who was appreciative instead of hostileVocabulary a She bought a lovely white .. in the sales. It looks great with her new shorts; I'll have to check. I can’t give you the answer off the .. .. of my head. 3 I can’t get the .. off this jar. Have you got a strong wrist? 4 Marco went on to ... at the London Palladium. nN the bill ao The report is nearly finished. I’ve just got to ... the i’s and cross the t’s, 2 Lacking out of the plane window, she could just make out the farm, a little black .. between two enormous golden fields. 3 All university email addresses in Britain end Bohs uk, 1 Quick, .. your head if you don’t. 2 Sandra took to snow-boarding like a to water, 3 Ona of my favourite dishes is .. with orange sauce. .. The boom'Il hit eo Tr’s not fair. You always .... with dad! 2 Joe stood on the... .. of the swimming pool, poising himself for a dive. 3 Would you like a . salad with your steak, madam? 1 For each set of sentences, a—h find one word which fits in all the sentences. 1 The maze was made out of neatly trimmed ww. hedges. 2 1 ould t get the tickets because the .... office was closed. 3 fa the past some teachers used to .. naughty boys on the ears. mon When they got back after a month away there Was a... .. of dust over all their furniture. 2 Tm going to get the .. developed as soon as I get home. 3 We bought a camcorder because we wanted to .. the children as they grew up. 1 A judge has to try to be all his or her decisions. 2 This picture would be . for our bedroom. 3 Could you... for a few moments, please? . Tight move over there 4 [ll be with you in ... a moment. 1 The police are trying to the missing man’s movement: 2 We recommend that the children wear .. Suits for the journey to the camp. 3. We walked along a muddy at the side of the forest. 4 T love the first ..... . on the album but am not so keen on all the others. Try to find three distinct meanings for each of these words from the sweet-talk text on page 52. Write each of them in phrases or sentences that illustrate those meanings. a board b staff ¢ deal d rattle e slip f strike IT FOR MY SAKE 53Grammar Language of persuasion 2. A: What would you recommend. ; as our best course of action? 1 Lookat these dialogues. B: I would suggest that a Who do you think is speaking in each case, e.g. two the most sensible approach friends, boss and worker, two strangers? In other might be to continue along words, is the register closer to the formal or the the same lines as at present. informal end of the formality-informality continuum? 3 A: Where's the station? b Rewrite each dialogue in a style that is closer to the B: [Il drop you off there on other end of the continuum, ic. if the example is my way to work if you like. formal, write it to fit a more informal context. 4 A: Did you like the film? Indicate who is speaking in your dialogue, e.g. two B: No, it was awful! family members, colleagues, doctor and patient, etc. 5 A: Would you mind telling me what I should do next? - , ete, B: Certainly, sir. If you just complete this form, then 1 A: Couldn't you be persuaded to give it a try? you should hand it in at the desk over there. B: Well, if you were to show me once again, I suppose I might consider attempting it myself. STUDENT'S BOOK page 199 English in Use Part 3 1 Read this text which is from the introduction to a book about the diversity of cultures in Europe and how this affects doing business. In most lines of the following text, there is one unnecessary word. It is either grammatically incorrect or does not fit in with the sense of the text. For each numbered. line 1-16, write the incorrect word at the end of the line. Some lines are correct. Indicate these lines with a tick (Y). The exercise begins with two examples (0) and (00). © This book is in its two parts. The first consists of brief and generalised portraits 00 of the countries of the European Union, concentrating on aspects which most 1 affect on the national way of doing business. They provide the overall 2 context in which individual organisations operate. The principle one was to talk 3 to people of at least three different nationalities about each country, so as the 4 result was an amalgam of different national viewpoints. It would be 5 extraordinarily ambitious to attempt a comprehensive analysis of the business 6 environment of 15 countries. These chapters which should be read in addition 7 to more than technical books on business practice, taxation, legislation, 8 accounting and so on. This section also includes in discussion of Americans 9 and Japanese in Europe and of the new Russians. The second part goes 10 deeper into the fundamental differences between any European business 11 cultures from the point of view of individual managers are working within them. 12 It looks at the behaviours, values and beliefs which have most influence on our 13. working at relationships with colleagues, bosses, subordinates and the 14 far outside world, within the framework of the Cultural Triangle of communication, 15 leadership and good organisation. It also suggests a simple tool for examining 16 different ways that in which organisations work and offers a cross-cultural checklist. 54 DO IT FOR MY SAKEMay | introduce ...? Reading 1 Choose which of the paragraphs A-H on page 56 fit into the numbered gaps in the following magazine article. There is one extra paragraph which does not fit into any of the gaps. In retrospect, wearing the red sticker was a mistake — but it was a mistake anyone could have made. As a journalist, | technically had no right to it — they're restricted to bankers — but, once adorned. | was mobbed. They came in pairs. Eager young things with the next Big Idea. Online Petfood? Person-to-person betting? Two-hour shirt delivery? Mobile phone mountaineering? They pinned me to the wall, slipped their business cards into my pocket and jammed business plans into my hand. With a red sticker, | was their man, their dealer, their ticket to a fortune, and all they needed was a quick hit. Say ten million or so. A matchmaking club of more than 40,000 members, first Tuesday takes wannabe entrepreneurs and, with a little luck and hard work, aims to make them millionaires. The approach is closer to an orgy at the Playboy mansion than an ordinary business conference. Upon arrival, entrepreneurs are given green stickers, the bankers with funds to hand out red stickers and everyone else — lawyers, salesmen, consultants and journalists — yellow stickers. The fashion for meetings like these grew from the = spirit of entrepreneurism that blossomed around the Internet in the late Nineties. The computer network that for 30 years had been the exclusive club of a few physicists was suddenly thrust to the fore when a young Englishman named Tim Berners-Lee invented a way to share documents and pictures between users. IN a@ move never properly iL. acknowledged, Berners-Lee did something special: he gave the technology away for free and the World Wide Web was born. : The theory is enticing: anyone with anything te sell, trom carpet weavers in Peru to the Sheffield steelworks. can reach the whole world with just a simple website. Outsource — get someone else to worry about — your delivery problems and a multi- million pound business can be run fram your bedroom. Indeed, size would be a disadvantage in the new economy. Why incur the cost of building @ network of stores to rival Marks and Spencer when a website, a warehouse and a way to deliver will suffice? The problem was — that anyone with an interest In the Internet. was unlikely to. know anything about venture capital and, even if one did, the venture capitalists were more likely to call security than write a cheque should a khaki-clad. technobabble-speaking geek manage to get into. their : offices. So, in October of 1998, a collection of Internet entrepreneurs held a cocktail party for 40 people in the basement of London’s Alphabet Bar. They realised that putting people with ideas in the same room as people with money, shutting the doors and adding free drinks could be the recipe for something special. Within months, attendance in London was in the hundreds and first Tuesday events were appearing everywhere ‘from Rotterdam to Prague. Tel Aviv to Cardiff. Now first Tuesday is the traditional rite of passage for anyone with an Internet idea. The pioneers of the first meeting are long since up and running: today’s attendees are the rest of us, Then the lucky ones will be emailed back with details of the next get-together and their invite to untold riches. MAY | INTRODUCE 55A Then, as now, the bankers didn’t quite understand these people. They'd help them, but they didn’t want them in the house. What wes needed was neutral territory - somewhere for the two camps to meet, where neither would feel overwhelmed B Put them all in the same room, dim the lighting, add canapes and cocktails, and a few inspirational speeches to set the mood, then sit back and let nature take its course. C The popularity of the evenings and the number of people with business plans is such that the green- stickered hopefuls forever outnumber the red-stickered bankers. Sticker hunting is the new blood sport and many red stickers try to hide their true identity. D No need for expensive shops, no need for hundreds of employees, no need for middiemen to eat into your profits. With everyone's shopfront restricted to the size of the PC screen, there is no advantage in being a global giant. E Anyone can apply - the student with his grant cheque for seed capital; the pensioner with a clever idea; the mad, the bad and the just plain hopeful ~ all they have to do is log on to First Tuesday's website, register their interest and wait F She was a precocious child. From a handful of particle physics notes in December 1990, the Web grew to more than a billion pages in less than a decade. As with all things human, it wasn't long before people began to see that the Web offered more than avast global library: maybe you could make money too, E-commerce was about to begin. G |t was the first Tuesday of last month when, like every month, thousands of hopeful people converged, clutching business plans in sweat-stained folders, on venues in more than 50 cities around the world. They were there to get rich. They were there for First Tuesday. Hf It was an instant success. The casual atmosphere took away the pressure from both sides and now anyone with an idea, no matter how crazy, could meet as many bankers as they could handle in an evening. 2 What are the words and phrases that provide the clues as to which paragraphs fit which gaps? Underline or highlight them. Vocabulary 1 Here are some chunks from the reading text on page 55. Match the parts of chunks in 1-12 with their endings in al. 1 are long since up 2 as many ... as 3 don’t want someone 4 it was a mistake 5 it wasn’t long 6 let nature 7 take away 8 they pinned me 9 thousands of people 10 to eat 11 to reach 12 to set a_ the whole world b anyone could have made ¢ they can handle d the pressure e into your profits f and running g the mood h in the house i take its course j against the wall k before people began 1 converged Use a good learners’ dictionary to find five more chunks based on each of these words. a nature b let © course d set e mood 56 MAY 1 INTRODUCEGrammar Emphasis 1 Look at the picture and write ten cleft sentences about it. Use patterns like these: What I like about this picture is ... What is most striking about this picture is ... It is the girl in the foreground who ... What the artist conveys is ... What struck me first about this painting was ... NTs BC K page 200 MAY | INTRODUCEReading 1 Read the text and answer the questions which follow it, choosing A, B, C or D. There are many different types of places to eat. One important question is who uses different places and how often they go. As sociologists we are initially very interested in the social and cultural characteristics of people who behave differently. Such characteristics indicate the financial, social, practical and cultural forces systematically distributed across the population, which constrain or encourage people to engage in particular ways of eating out. We asked respondents how often they ale out under different circumstances. Excluding holidays and eating at the workplace, on average the respondents fo the survey ate a main meal ou! on commercial premises about once every three weeks. Twenly-one per cent ale out al least once a week, a further forty-four per cent at leas! monthly and only seven per cent claimed never fo eat out. Mean frequency of eating at someone else’s home was about the same, but a much larger proportion (twenty per cent) never did so. Twenty per cent of respondents claimed never to eat in the home of other family members, and about one third never al the home of friends. Very regular eating out with either kin or friends was not very prevalent, but being a guest ot a main meal in someone else’s home is part of the life experience of a large majority of the population. There is a strong positive association between being a guest of friends, guest of family and commercial eating out. Opportunities to eat out are cumulative, particularly eating out commercially and with friends. To be seen in the right places and in attractive company, or ct least to let others know that we are familiar with the most exciting or rewarding of experiences, is part of a process of display and performance which contributes to reputation. Early sociologists examining consumption were particularly interested in the claiming ond attributing of status through exhibitions of a prestigious style of life. They were particularly concerned with the ways in which individuals established reputations for refinement, superiority and distinction. Consumption patterns reflected social standing, and particularly class position. Eating out is a potential means for such display through the use and avoidance of different venues. Feeding the mind What interests sociologists about the topic of eating out? A The types of places that people choose to eat out in. B The changes over time in patterns of eating out. C The characteristics of people who choose to eat out. D The frequency with which people eat out with friends. Which of these statements is true, according to the text? A People eat out more frequently at someone else’s home than in a restaurant. B People eat out less frequently at someone else’s home than ina restaurant. C People are more likely to eat out at a friend’s house than at the home of another family member. D People are more likely to eat out at the home of another family member than at a friend’s house. The study found that people who eat out in restaurants A also eat out at friends’ houses. B also goon holiday more. C have a higher income than others. D are not so close to their families. According to the text, why do people eat out? A Because they do not have enough time to cook. B Because they want to meet attractive people. C Because it is exciting. D Because it enhances their social status. 58 FEEDING THE MIN5 What do you think the text will consider next? A The reasons for the popularity of particular restaurants. B The relationship between class and type of restaurant preferred. C The relationship between cost and restaurant popularity, D How tastes in restaurants differ over time. 6 What do you think the book that this extract comes from would be best entitled? A Eating out. B Eating in restaurants, C Eating well. D 21 century eating. Vocabulary Word formation 1 Complete this word formation table. Look at each of the incorrect options in the questions in exercise 1. Each of these incorrect options is wrong for one of these reasons: a it’s only part of the answer b not mentioned in the text ¢ it may be true but it's not what you were asked for d it seems to be deliberately trying to mislead € not true according to the text Mark each of the incorrect options a, b,c, d or e according to the reason why it is not the right answer. 2 Complete the sentences by using one of the words from the table you completed in exercise 1. a I wish she wouldn’t speak so a —Ican hardly understand a word she’s saying. b With modern computer technology linguists have far more reliable information about word . than used to be possible. Theis winds come from the sea and keep the temperatures cooler than they would otherwise be. d It was terribly of them to leave such a young child alone in a park on his first day in a country where he had no knowledge of the language. e Some scholars .. -wee these: poems to Francis Bacon rather than Shakespeare. f Her business idea seems very sound but now she has to find someone to help her a8 it. g Soon after leaving school, Naomi was lucky enough to land a job ina very a . club in Mayfair. h How many people to the job advert in the newspaper? There is a large oil .. not far from the port. j Unfortunately, Peter suffers from a bit of a. .. complex. FEEDING THE MIND 59Grammar Emphasis 1 Make these sentences more emphatic by beginning them in the way suggested. They all involve inversion. a We are in no way responsible for what happened. In no way b They were reduced to such straits by the country’s economic collapse that they had to resort to begging. To such straits .... ¢ He puts in an appearance himself only on very rare occasions. Only on very rare occasions . a d We found ourselves in such a plight that we had no option but to hitch our way home. In such a plight .. ¢ You shouldn't on any account just do what they say without cigs it through yourself. On no account ... 8 f John had no sooner sold his house than the one he was hoping to buy fell through. No sooner .. g [little imagined that I would ever meet a famous Hollywood film star. Little .. ot h You mustn’t at any time let anyone know what you are really doing here. At no time ..... i I’ve rarely attended a more unsatisfactory concer Rarely oo j He can with every justification be called one of the founding fathers of modern music. With every justification .. 2 Complete these sentences with your own words. They all also involve inversion. a Seldom b Invain . c Not until d To such an extent e Hardly ever f Little. g Such h By no means... i Insucha desperate situation j Under no circumstances . 3 Make these sentences more emphatic by adding an —ly adverb to strengthen the adjective. a It was cold on deck, b They were happy together for many years. c I was impressed by the concert. d They were astounded to learn that they had won first prize. e Sally’s parents are rich. f The children are hungry. g He's a self-important little man. h We've been busy all month. STUDENT'S BOOK page 200 Speaking Giving a talk 1 Practise giving a talk on the advantages and disadvantages of online courses using these notes. Expand the notes as much as you can in order to make a more interesting talk. You may also add further points to the notes if you wish. LAAANAAA AS fa G ae em GR LS om 6m me am Seeeauad The advantages and disadvantages of online cowrses Online courses increasingly widespread - in all sorts of fields eg. .. Any personal experience of your own or of friends'? Advantages = people can do them even if they're housebound for VATIONS PCASONS 0.4. ... > easier to fit into « busy lifestyle = can enjoy being part of & virtual community with tutors and other students Disadvantages ~ Communicating ‘through computer rather than face~to~face = So naw that its hard to find out which courses are good and which 4 rip-off > not good for eyes etc. to spend too much time in front of computer screen Conclusion ~ all thingg considered ... 60 FEEDING THE MIUi\inavae) Answers on a postcard Grammar Hypothesising 1 Fillin the missing words in these sentences. The first letter of the missing word is given to help you. a lw... whether Jane will get an interview for the job she’s applied for. b Just i... .. if she was offered the job in Paris! c Let usa... ... that everyone applying for the job will speak fluent French. . they to offer her the position in the Rio branch, do you think she’d accept it? e On thea. ... that she would, do you think we'd be able to her there? f Aas ... for the fact that she hasn’t got all that much experience, I think she’s very likely to be offered something. g PB ++ it isn’t necessary to have a driving licence, she’s in with a good chance. hh Size for a moment, | think that she might be asked at the interview for her views on the current political situation. i Interviewers often like to present a h.. case and ask interviewees how they would deal with such a situation. j Letuss... ... that she accepts the job: how would you then feel about her moving abroad? 2 Rewrite these sentences using the word in brackets at the end of the sentence. The sentences should retain the same meaning. a Providing she gets the questions she’s prepared, she should do very well in the exam. (long) b If I were you, I think I'd resign on the spot. (shoes) ¢ He's only agreed to help finance the project on the assumption that she is also going to put an equal amount in. (assumes) d Had we anticipated what problems might arise, we would probably never have embarked on such a complex venture. (if) e I wonder whether Dave ever still thinks about me. (love) f Suppose we make no changes at all for the time being? (what) g Let's imagine a situation where a single mother is bringing up two children. (case) h I wish I knew how she felt about things! (if) oO STUDENT'S BOOK page 201 ANSWERS ON A POSTCARD 61Vocabulary Idioms of the body 1 Complete these idioms with the correct part of the body. There are two idioms for each of the parts of the body illustrated. a to keep your above water b to see © to do something to your .... content to play something by to put your to get out of to pay through the .. to feel your ... to bite your to keep your to turn your ..... something 1 to say something .... m to be banging your... brick wall n to cast your o to not puta p to give someone a to the ground up at -in-cheek against a over something wrong 2 Now match the idioms from exercise 1 to these definitions. 1 to be ironic 2 to behave perfectly 3 to decide how to deal with a situation as it develops 4 to do something as much as you want to 5 to feel despairing 6 to get out of control 7 to havea quick look at something 8 to have just enough money to live on 9 to have the same opinion 10 to help someone 11 to keep asking someone to do something which they never do 12 to keep silent 13. to look down on something 14 to say something tactless 15. to spend far too much on something 16 to watch and listen carefully to what is happening around you 62 ANSWERS ON A POSTCARDEnglish in Use Part 2 1 Complete the following article by writing the missing words in the spaces. Use only one word for each space. Maybe you have (0) .. . heard of a mini-saga before, even (1) .. this is the third volume of selections since the Daily Telegraph ran its first competition fifteen years huss .. . But | can assure you that the mini-saga is here (3) ... .. Stay and is all set the limerick and the haiku (4) One of those short, apparently (3) , but actually pretty tricky literary forms that catches everyone’s imagination. to join When we were announcing this current contest, of (6) ... ... the present volume contains as many of the best entries as (7) ... _can accommodate, | suggested that they should not be called mini-sagas (8) we all: but ‘brians’. That is (9) .... the whole idea is the brain-child of Brian Aldiss, the distinguished writer, best (10) . fiction. for his science He invented the genre and it should at the very least be named (11) .. him. At the time he was working on @ long book — (12) long that it turned into three books — and ReeUEnY) thought it might be fun to tell (13)... whole story in just fifty words, as a complete aantrast He rang up the Telegrapi and sent in samples to show (14) .... he meant, and not long afterwards the first competition was launched. Anyone (15) ... .. write a fifty-word story. That's the joy of it. But the good ores, as you will find, transcend their brevity and linger in the reader's mind (16) .. @ quite eerie manner. | (17). know — | have had to read a great many of them as (18) .... .. Of the judges of this mini-saga marathon. The judging was (19)... difficult and extremely enjoyable, with a lot of argument since many of the (20) . .. were open to interpretation. Writing 1 What do you think is happening in this picture? Write a composition in which you describe what has happened, how the people are feeling and what you think will happen next. Write approximately 250 words. ANSWERS ON A POSTCAR 63Travel broadens the mind | Grammar Range of grammatical structures 1 You are going to read the introduction to a travel brochure. Read the first paragraph and underline the different verb forms you find. The first one has been done as an example. Over the years the titles of our brochures have reflected the different stages in our development towards the goal of presenting the most comprehensive lexicon of travel available. This progress commenced in 1978 with the production of our first ever brochure - the two-colour China e& Beyond, followed later by Great Journeys of the World, Jules Verne’s Natural World, Classic Journeys, The Travel Review, The Travel Gazetteer, and in 1989 the Travellers’ ~ x Almanac. Following the events of 4th June 1991 in Tian An Men Square, there was an urgent need for us to bring together in one catalogue our entire portfolio of travel arrangements so as to diminish our then large exposure to China. Two years later the Gulf War once again determined the need for innovative promotional offers both to overcome a general travel lethargy that was apparent at that time and the need to communicate quickly new, exciting and above all ‘safe’ alternative destinations. 2 Now read the second paragraph and complete the sentences with an appropriate form of the verb in brackets. These efforts (0) ... duced... (produce) the ‘advertorial’ style, full-page colour advertisements, where a single travel idea (1) . (present), looking every bit like a newspaper editorial. Needless to say the idea (2) -- much (emulate) and as. a result its effectiveness commensurately (3) (diminish). Subsequent periods (4)... ... (see) the company (5) . (extend) its range of ‘travel events’ into areas of specific interest including art/history, culture, painting, walking, motor challenges, wild flowers, golf, river journeys, train journeys, journeys of special scientific interest and coastal cruising. Increasingly these arrangements (6) (direct) towards our past passenger list and more recently (7) ... . (present) within the book- like compendium entitled the World of Wonders. This easy to read and store format (8) .. .. (permit) the description of travel arrangements across the different disciplines, themes and seasons in an interesting and informative style - hence the latest edition (9) .. (be) even more comprehensive, as well as (10) ... aw (Serve) as a trailer for those seeking further information in depth on the World Wide Web. WORLD — WONDERS 64 TRAVEL BROADENS THE MIND3 Read to the end of the introduction and complete the gaps with one word only. The focus of the missing word is grammatical. Remember that the style is quite formal. 6 seh STUDENT'S BOOK page 201 Vocabulary 1 Find words or phrases in the text which are more formal equivalents of these words or phrases. They follow the same order as they are found in the texts in Grammar exercises 1, 2 and 3. that’s why j looking for k asmall part 1 using this characteristic m quite a long time a started i b whole ¢ influenced d noticeable e as you would expect £ copied a lot an include g more and more o ask for h called P get 2 Using the words and phrases in the box, complete the following sentences, which all come from descriptions of tours in travel brochures. acclimatise allowance extend flora and fauna gratuities half-board basis leisure joining scheduled stopover subject to change supplement tariff transfer vessel a Accommodation is ona... ve Lach is not included in the price. b Not included in the price: local guides. ¢ Fly from London to Guadeloupe by a... France flight. d Free morning to relax and .. e We have arranged the . the hotel when you arrive. and tips to Air .... from the airport to f£ our tour by two nights in Xian. g Day 13 to 15, At .. in Peking with optional excursions. h Morning free in Rome before ..... flight to London. i At Puerto Colon we join our . take us on a whale watch safari. j Break your return journey with a .. Cartagena in Northern Colombia. k Prices based on room and breakfast £125 per night. Single 1 Your baggage m The final itinerary is weather conditions. n The Malaysian state of Sabah, on the island of Borneo, is rich in .. with vast areas of virgin rainforest. © It is possible to combine these two tours. The arrived at by adding both prices together and deducting £200 per person. TRAVEL BROADENS THE MIND 65Reading Match the statements to the books, A-C. 1 It is obvious that a lot of research has gone into 5 The author’s feelings are clearly stated. this book. 6 Relationships suffer in these two books. 2 The author is skilled at writing direct speech. 7 The author assimilated the culture he was 3 The author’s life took an unexpected turn. exposed to. 4 The author retraces another’s footsteps. 8 The philosophical elements of the book work well. Travel books of the year which he ‘developed his there would be U Darwin's theories. Green turns out to be alone in a Hispanic world - the Falklands and finds hi ‘Throughout this ambitiou: 1 Hi : Biahia experiences with his own. 1 ers th well, and its Nene by Jonathan eB oe salsigene § » —-Raban (Picador £16.99, 435pp) : account of his journey. along the Mississippi, waterborne travel books (and a previous Cook prize), so L approached this one with did too. He's the sort | ‘of man who This is Laurie Gough first book. One of rt I I rt list, both of whom have publis! rabl Passage to Alaska, a route fe he nis adopted home to ae in of journalism, she express many e the Arctic Circle. : travel writers would tend to ¢ exhilaration and joy expresse Gough describes herself a: where the lotus-eater _ remember ever having ‘The thing I love the mos alone, a man in his fifties on a steep ‘ingly about the pull of the sea, r ting of movement and of being day into words’ i : : ; homework too, and peoples the I! 1 wasn’t sure that 1 \ u it troubleson chen’, he calls it) with h r 4 Memories of some of theese who have travelled the same way. Raban has already carried off the Thomas Cook award on two ious Occasions, and it would be unwise to mule such an involved and polished book out of the running. 66 TRAVEL BROADENS THE MINDUnder the weather Reading 1 Read the extract from a newspaper article about the textile industry in Pakistan and answer the questions. a How have the workers benefited from an increase in productivity? b How has the increase in productivity been measured? c¢ Why is the textile business important in Pakistan? d How are companies spending the extra money they now have? UNDER THE WEATHER 672 Look at the table giving information about Pakistan’s textile exports and complete the sentences. a From 1998-1999 to 1999-2000 growth. b The only sector to show.... between 1998-1999 and 1999-2000 was cotton fabrics. c Bed wear and readymade garments showed . of just over 17 per cent. d Synthetic textiles showed ... ... achieved the greatest than knitwear, bed wear and readymade garments, 3 Put these adverbs in order. Put 1 next to the adverb which describes the greatest increase/decrease and 6 next to the one which shows the least increase/decrease. slight ...... sharp ...... marked ...... minimal ...... steady ...... gradual ...... 3 DER THE WEATHER Grammar Linkers 1 Look at this chart which shows comparative costs of renting accommodation in major cities around the world. Prime rents in cities across the world a Which linkers can you use when you are comparing things? Tick the linkers which could be appropriate to use when comparing. thereby while | _ consequently although b Using the information in the chart make four sentences which compare the information and two sentences which summarise the information. oO STUDENT'S BOOK page 201Writing 1 Read an extract from the article that goes with the chart about the cost of renting around the world. Choose another city on the list in the chart or a main city in the country where you live, and write a paragraph: © giving the reasons for the cost of renting accommodation © comparing the city you chose with another city. Vocabulary 1 Find one word which completes all three sentences in each section. All the words can be found in this Workbook unit. ep Getting on the Olympic team became her objective. number cannot be divided by any other number except itself, eg, 1,3 and 7. Middle age can be the... your life if you have the right attitude. w of 1 He only has to look at her and she begins to 2 It was so hot the butter started to away as 3 Her anger began to she read the letter. 1 If your cat’s coat is .... soy feed it Catto cat food! 2 The... woke her. 3 We could just see the .... given off by the fire’s last embers. ... tumble of traffic .. glow 1 He put the washed vegetables on a chopping today, Dad. 3 Tt'sa shame to let the scheme for a new sports centre go by the NDER THE WEATHER 69Cheeses I’m afraid | really must insist Reading Formal letter of complaint 1 Read the following informal letter and then using the information in the informal letter, complete the formal letter to an airline company. or Madam ress my (1) turn journe, to London I have no doubt that by now you (2) of @ problem with the flight on the 19th, 20th and 21st of January. I will, however, add my own conments. Very few of the passengers @). to log everything as it happened timings be a matter of record. I trust the 1 hélp in the full investigation that must follow. Having alread find (4). unservic in San Juan delay but accepted thi representative (5) arrangements at the local Sh el while we waited. The ©) our flight then changed and, while waiting to go to the Sheraton hotel, we re told t we would be ‘in an hour or so’ on a chartered aircraft. We filed tt travelled for five hours, we were disappointe ie airport that the aircra there would be a four-hour t . The tour and ‘comfort’ aking off ‘ouch to the By the time we had (7). shoos were closed and, at many of us had lv time, over & @ were expect. ort time w lves, Indeed, most huffling around as the plans chani loudly indeed, no attemot rk of any kind during our now oa the aircraft), not been used to feed was spent queuing ard people started complai to provide (10) I understand s unway availability and air time and is normally plann ugh some of these £ d this ed journey to incl: particularly where you choose n (14) t action you (15) to take and 11 be able to use this airline at sume futi that I am elling cut-rate and ughout the have a direct flight. I look forward te y what went wrong, 4 an assurance point witho yours faith yo M AFRAID | REALLY MUST INSISTGrammar Phrasal verbs 1 Inthe two letters above you saw that the more formal equivalent of sort outis arrange in this context. Sort out can also mean solve (a problem). Complete the following sentences with one of the phrasal verbs in the box in the correct tense. break out bring out fall through getacross putdownto putoff — single out stick to turn up write off a The airline won't pay any compensation for that awful flight so I’m just going to have to experienc b We couldn't get our deposit back from the tour operator so we're just having to £400. . writing your letter of complaint. The longer you leave it, the less likely it is that you will send it. d It was like talking to a brick wall; I just couldn’t aidse . to the hotel manager that we simply wouldn’t accept a room ina state like that. I’M AFRAID | REALLY ‘We've decided to . near to home now after the experience we had of a long-haul flight. ° f The fire ... in the basement so everyone was able to evacuate the building safely. g Looks like our holiday plans have ...; Andrea can’t get the time off work. h Crises seem to .. best or the worst in people. I couldn’t believe it when the manager of the hotel with a big bouquet of flowers and said how sorry he was that we had. had so much trouble. j It was awful at customs, I felt like a criminal being like that from the whole group and asked to empty out all my bags and pockets too! ... either the e seh STUDENT'S BOOK page 202 INSIST 71Vocabulary 1 The formal letter of complaint included the collocation deep dissatisfaction. Match each word in 1-10 with the word in a-j which has the strongest collocation. 1 inadequately a true 2 greatly b delayed 3 excruciatingly © inaccurate 4 promptly d informed 5 inexcusably e boring 6 awfully f investigated 7 unavoidably g inconvenienced 8 fully h sorry 9 undeniably i resolved 10 wildly j tude 2 Complete these formal phrases which can be found in letters of complaint. a It is with .. that I have to inform you that your application has not been successful but ... Would you be so . desist from ... I shall have no . but to call the police. Ilook forward to your ..... .» reply. I should very much appreciate a reply at your onog * I would be if you could ... Jam writing in .. to your article in... Should you require further information, please do not oe With reference to your letter ... November, i Slaseeeae you will find my comments helpful. 72 |’M AFRAID | REALLY MUST INSISTUi\inmeees News and views English in Use Part 2 1 For questions 1-18, complete the following article by writing the missing words in the correct spaces. Use only one word for each space. The exercise begins with an example (0). NEWS AND VIEWS 73Grammar Linkers 1 Complete the following sentences with a suitable linker. a News stories are, as the term suggests, stories news. the increase in the number of TV stations, the number of female news readers does not seem to be increasing proportionally, ¢ Intelligent he is, 'm not sure he'll make a good journalist. d The programme is interesting ... it seems to lack the visual quality we are looking for. e Tim was a good cameraman. . he never made it to the top of his profession. ... we hadn’t managed to get to the scene in time, we missed getting the first footage of the event. .. the fog we were unable to film for two days. h She was .... . a photogenic little girl, the programme couldr’t fail to pull at the public’s heartstrings. It all happened . seonee fast oe-elne Hiive time WiBat our equipment in place. .. the programme, the public has donated several thousand pounds to the charity. k Asa TV interviewer you always need some extra questions up your sleeve .... .. the interviewee dries up. Si how often we plead with her to give us an interview, she always declines. m He resigned from the station ... he couldn’t accept their way of doing things. n I’m not sure I'll find the talk that interesting but Tl come ° hard we tried, we couldn’t get the programme shown at prime time. 6 STUDENT'S BOOK page 202 Vocabulary The media 1 We can consider the media as two large groups; television and radio, and newspapers and magazines. Add to these word webs. People newsreader presentation — headlines pruter's. 74 NEWS AND VIEWS2 English words can have different meanings and uses according to the context, for example, the word bill can fit in each of these three sentences: We noticed that the bill of the duck was very dirty. The man showed me the bill for his work. When a bill is passed in Parliament, it becomes law. Complete each of the three sentences with one word. The first letter of the missing word is given as a clue. a of £100 for books, is higher than that of a single 1 The scholarship includes an a.. 2 Asa married man his tax «.. person. 3 The teacher made a... ill when she took the exam. .. for the fact that the student had been 1 Ina personal a..... . for money for the victims of the disaster the President showed great emotion. 2. Does the idea of working abroad a. 3 The accused intends to a, prison sentence. .. to you? against his ten-year . it to me straight. Did you have something to do with the theft? 2 The newcomer on the tennis scene can certainly 9. as he gets, as was proved by the results of his last game. 3 Tl take an hour to get to the airport, 4 as good or take five minutes. 1 That’s an interesting idea but not relevant to the m. in hand. 2 It’s one thing to talk about sailing round the world but it’s quite another sseeeeeeeee Oactually do it. 3 Whether it’s better to learn English with a native speaker or non-native speaker is am... . of opinion. There is a clear 4... She works in the export 4. The river forms a d. thevcity. .. of special responsibilities among the teachers. ... of the company. between the old and new parts of wns 1 With only minutes to go the Brazilian Formula One driver is in the 2. Do you know who is playing the t.. musical about ghosts? 3 We always wait for the conductor of the orchestra to give us the . in that new Broadway NEWS AND VIEWS 7!Uneven Powers of observation English in Use Part 6 1 For questions 1-6, read the following text and then choose from the list A-J the best phrase given below to fill each of the spaces. Each correct phrase may only be used once. Some of the suggested answers do not fit at all. The exercise begins with an example (0). MODERN ENGLISH Imperceptibly, during the 18" century, English loses the most noticeable remaining features of structural difference (0) ..... . By the end of that century, with but a few exceptions, the spelling, punctuation, and grammar are very close to (1) If we take an essay by William Hazlitt (1778-1830) or a novel of Jane Austen (1775-1817), for example, we can read for pages (2) wa. We would find the vocabulary somewhat r in places, the occasionally unusual or old-fashioned, the style elegant or quaint, and we might feel that the language was in some indefinable way characteristic of a previous age: but we do not need to consult a special edition or historical dictionary at every turn (3) .... Jane Austen makes demands on our modern linguistic intuitions which seem little different from those required by Catherine Cookson or PD. James. However, (4) , the language at the end of the 18" century is by no means identical to what we find today. Many words,though spelt the same, had a different meaning. (5) ig we would also notice several differences in pronunciation, especially in the way words were unfamil idiom A in order to understand the text B that deceive in its apparent familiarity C despite this apparent continuity stressed. And an uninformed moderi intuition would achieve only a superficial reading of the literary texts of the period. In reading a novel of the 1990s, we can make an immediate linguistic response to the social and stylistic nuances introduced into the text, (6) ... recognise the differences between formality and informality, or educated and uneducated; we can sense when someone is being jocular, ironic, risqué, such nuances in the writing of the early 19" century, especially in which take the manners of contemporary society as their subject. That world is more linguistically remoyed from us than at first it may appear. we archaic or insincere. We can casily mis those works D because the context often enables us to see the intended sense E what they are today F because we are part of its age G when we know it had an additional meaning at that time H if we had tape recordings of the time | before a point of linguistic difference might make us pause J which distance the Early Modern English period from us 76 POWERS OF OBSERVATION