Freshwater

Papers in the assignment of Environmental Engineering

Arranged by:
Elliana Juniarty 155060100111013
Kharisma Tria M. 155060107111015
M. Fiqih Ilham A. 155060100111029
R. R. Dian Rinovita 155060107111019

UNIVERSITAS BRAWIJAYA

FAKULTAS TEKNIK

JURUSAN TEKNIK SIPIL

March 2016
 PREFACE

Praise be to God who has helped his servant finish this paper with
great ease. Without His help we may not be able to complete this paper well.
This paper is organized so that the readers can find out about freshwater.
With patience and especially the help of God, finally this paper can be
resolved.
Authors also thank the lecture who have helped making up this paper.
Hopefully this paper can provide a broader insight to the reader. Thank you.

Authors
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION
A. Issue Background
B. Limitation of Problem
C. Problem Formulation
CHAPTER II DISCUSSION
A. Fresh Water
B. Water Sources
C. Plumbing
D. Water Requirements
E. Water Treatment
CHAPTER III FINAL
A. Knot
B. Advice
REFERENCES
 CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION

A. Issue Background
The issue background of this paper is to tell the readers about
freshwater, the plumbing of freshwater, the freshwater requirements,
and the water treatment of freshwater. Another reason to create this
paper is because our lecture gave us assignment to make papers about
freshwater.

B. Limitation of Problem
1. To know more about freshwater.
2. To know the water sources.
3. To know way to distribute freshwater.
4. To know more about freshwater requirements.
5. To know the process of water treatment

C. Problem Formulation
1. What is freshwater ?
2. Where is freshwater came from ?
3. How distribute or the plumbing of freshwater ?
4. What is freshwater requirements ?
5. How to water treatment ?
 CHAPTER III
DISCUSSION
A. Freshwater
Water containing less than 1000 milligrams per liter of
dissolved solids, most often salt. Freshwater major importance to all
living things;

B. Water Sources
1. SPRING WATER

A spring is a point where water flows out of the ground. A spring

may flow the whole year or only sometimes. This depends on the
water getting into the ground all of the time (rain) or only once in a
while (snow melting). A spring often sends water down, along the
land. This is how rivers start. Some springs produce water that is good
for health reasons. Sometimes towns grow by these springs because
many people who are ill come there to get better.
2. SURFACE WATER
Surface water is water in a river, lake or fresh water wetland.
Surface water is naturally replenished by precipitation and naturally
lost through discharge to the ocean, evaporation, evapotranspiration
and groundwater recharge.
Although the only natural input to any surface water system is
precipitation within its watershed, the total quantity of water in that
system at any given time is also dependent on many other factors.
These factors include storage capacity in lakes, wetlands and
artificial reservoirs, the permeability of the soil beneath these storage
bodies, the runoff characteristics of the land in the watershed, the
timing of the precipitation and local evaporation rates. All of these
factors also affect the proportions of water loss.

3. GROUNDWATER
 Groundwater is fresh water located in the subsurface pore space of
soil and rocks. It is also water that is flowing within aquifers below
the water table. Sometimes it is useful to make a distinction between
groundwater that is closely associated with surface water and deep
groundwater in an aquifer (sometimes called "fossil water").
Groundwater can be thought of in the same terms as surface
water: inputs, outputs and storage. The critical difference is that due
to its slow rate of turnover, groundwater storage is generally much
larger (in volume) compared to inputs than it is for surface water.
This difference makes it easy for humans to use groundwater
unsustainably for a long time without severe consequences.
Nevertheless, over the long term the average rate of seepage above a
groundwater source is the upper bound for average consumption of
water from that source.
4. Rainwater
Rainwater collects on the earth in the form of surface water
and underground water. Now some country have method called
rainwater harvesting. Rainwater harvesting is a technique used for
collecting, storing and using rainwater for landscape irrigation and
other uses. The rainwater is collected from various hard surfaces such
as rooftops and/or other manmade aboveground hard surfaces. The
techniques usually found in Asia and Africa arise from practices
employed by ancient civilizations within these regions and still serve
as a major source of drinking water supply in rural areas.

C. Plumbing Freshwater System

Plumbing freshwater need to be planned as well as possible so
that the quality, quantities and continuity requirements can be fulfill .
To avoid cross connection , mixing fresh water with waste water
Three essential things that needed in plumbing clean water
concept is :

1. How much floors in the building

2. Pressure
3. The flow of which can be obtained
 Water Supply System

1 ) Direct Connection System

In this system of distribution pipes in buildings directly
connected to the main water supply pipe.

2 ) System Roof Tank

In this system , the water stored earlier in the tank , then
pumped to the tank top . From this tank water is distributed
throughout the building.

3 ) Press Tank Systems

In this system, is applied in a state where the system can not
use a direct connection.

4) System Without Tank

In this system is not used in any tank , well below the tank , the
tank press , or even the roof . The roof is pumped directly into the
distribution system of the building and the pump draws the water
directly from the mains.

D. Water Requirements
 Definition of Freshwater Requirements
Water requirements means water that is used for day-to-day by
the people who are classified into two, namely, for the purposes of domestic
(household) and non-domestic.

• Domestic :
According to Anonymous, (1990) states that the domestic
requirement is meant to meet the needs of freshwater for domestic
purposes is done through House Connection (SR) and the general needs
are provided through Public Hydrant facility (HU).
Example :
• household connections
• public hydrants
 • Non-domestic :
According to Anonymous, (1990), non-domestic water needs are
allocated to services to meet the water needs of various social and
commercial facilities ie facilities of education, worship, health care
centers, government agencies and commerce.
Example :
• Social facilities
• Amenities trade / industry
• Office facilities and others

 Factors Affecting Water Supplies

According to Linsey and Franzini (1986) are:

1. Climate Change
Water needs for bathing, watering the garden, setting the air
and so will be greater in warm, dry climates than in humid
climates. In very cold climates, water may be wasted on the taps to
prevent frozen pipes.

2. Characteristic and population

Water consumption is influenced by the economic status of the
customer. Consumption per capita in poor areas is much lower than in
rich regions. In areas without sewage, consumption can be very low to
only 10 gpcd (40 liters / capita per day).

3. Lifestyle
Increased public attention to the superfluous use of resources has
led to the development of tools that can be used to reduce the amount of
water usage in residential areas

4. Industry and commerce

The existence of industry and commerce may affect the amount of
water per capita requirement of a city.
 5. Water fee
When the price of water is expensive, people will be more
restrained in the use of water and the industry may develop its
own supply at a lower cost. The subscription ration metered water
will tend to fix the leaks and using water with sparse.

6. Size of the city

Per capita water use in communities that have sewage networks
tend to be higher in big cities than in small towns. In general, the
difference was caused by a greater use by the industry, over the many
parks, greater volumes of water use for trade and perhaps more to lose
and waste in big cities.

 Average Water Requirements

Qr = Qd + Qnd
Information :
Qr : Average water requirements
Qd : Water requirements for domestic use (ltr / sec)
Qnd : Water requirements for non-domestic use (ltr / sec)

 System Requirements and Design Capacity

Qprod = Qm + Qh
Information :
Qprod : Production capacity (ltr / sec).
Qm : Maximum capacity of the water (ltr / sec ).
Qh : Water loss (ltr / sec).
  Water Loss
Water loss is not the arrival of the water produced to the customer or
consumer.

Losing Water = Water supplied number - The amount of water

consumed

Qh = Qprod – Qm

Water Losses level : ( Qh / Qprod ) * 100%

 Fluctuations Water Requirements

Fluctuations in water use is divided into two types:

• Factors maximum daily

The maximum day usage is the amount of water usage the most in
a single day for year. Maximum use of day used as reference in making the
raw material water transmission systems drinking water. Comparison
between the use of debit maximum average discharge will produce a
maximum factor, FHM.
Maximum day needs = Average Water Requirements * Factors
maximum daily

• Peak hour factor

Peak hours are hours where there is the largest water user in 24
hours. Factors peak hours (FJP) has a value that is inversely with the
number of inhabitants. The higher the number of people, the amount of
peak-hour factor will be smaller. This happens due to the increase in the
population, the activity of the population will become more diverse, so
fluctuations in consumption will be smaller.
Maximum Hours Requirement = Average Water Requirements * Peak
hour factor
 Table Maximum Daily Value Factor and Factor Peak Hours.

No Katagori Jumlah Penduduk Faktor Hari Faktor Jam

(Jiwa) Maksimum Puncak

1 Metropolitan >1.000.000 1,1 1,5

2 Kota Besar 500.000-1.000.000 1,1 1,5

3 Kota Sedang 100.000-500.000 1,1 1,5

4 Kota Kecil 25.000-100.000 1,1 1,5

5 Ibukota Kecamatan 10.000-25.000 1,1 1,5

6 Pedesaan <10.000 1,1 1,5

Source : Departemen Pekerjaan Umum Direktorat Cipta Karya, 1998.

E. Water Treatment

Water treatment is a process to make freshwater from water

sources became water that we can drink or drinkable. Water treatment can
be divided into three based on the process, that is : processing by physic, by
chemical, and by biology. Water treatment by physic is doing it with
mechanics without adding a chemical material. Water treatment by chemical
is by adding a chemical material, like chlorine, alum and etcetera. Water
treatment by biology is by using a microorganism.
There is three important things in processing system :
1. Intake Structure
Intake structure function is for the first structure water flow in
from water sources. In general, the water sources that used to take the
water from in river. In this intake structure usually had a bar screen that
used for filtrate water from trash. After that the water will flow in to a
basin that will be pomp to the next structure, that is WTP or Water
Treatment Plant.
2. Water Treatment Plant (WTP)
Water Treatment Plant or much popular with WTP is the main
structure in water treatment. Usually this structure has 4 parts, which is :
coagulation basin, flocculation basin, sedimentation basin, and filtration
basin.
1) Coagulation
From intake structure, water will be pomp to this coagulation
basin. In the coagulation process is carried out a process of
destabilization of colloidal particles, because basically the river water
or water-sewage typically in colloidal form with a variety of colloidal
particles contained in there. Destabilization of colloidal particles can
be with the addition of chemicals such as alum, or done physically by
rapid mixing (rapid stirring), hydraulic (waterfall or hydraulic jump),
or mechanically (using a rod stirrer). Usually on WTP is done by
means of hydraulic form of hydraulic jump. The process time is 30-90
seconds.
2) Flocculation
After coagulation process, water will flow in to flocculation unit.
The unit is intended to form and enlarge floc. The technique is to do a
slow agitation (slow mixing).
 3) Sedimentation
After passing through the process of destabilization of colloidal
particles through of coagulation and flocculation units, next trip the
water will flow in to sedimentation unit. This unit serves to
precipitate colloidal particles that have been destabilized by previous
units. This unit uses the principle of density. Density of colloidal
particles (usually mud) will be greater than the density of water. In
this sedimentation basin, will be separated between water and mud.
4) Filtration
After the sedimentation process, the next process is filtration.
This filtration unit, as the name suggests, is to filter with granular
media. This grained media usually consist of anthracite, silica sand
and silica gravel premises of different thicknesses. Conducted in
gravity.
The water treatment process is done. Usually for additional
processing, such as the addition of chlorine to do the disinfection,
ozonation, UV, and others before entering into the next building, the
reservoir.

3. Reservoir
After the WTP and the form of clear water, before being
distributed, the water flow into the reservoir. The reservoir serves as a
temporary shelter clean water before it is distributed through pipes by
gravity. Because most of our distribution using gravity, the reservoir is
usually put in place by elevation higher than the places that were targeted
distribution. Usually located in the hills, or mountains.
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