B.
Rumus Present Perfect Tense
Di bawah ini merupakan rumus Present Perfect Tense untuk
Tenses Active Voice Passive Voice
tiga jenis kalimat, yaitu kalimat positif (Positive Sentence),
kalimat tanya (Interrogative Sentence), dan kalimat negatif Simpe Present He buys a novel. A novel is bought by him.
(Negative Sentence).
Present Continous He is buying a novel. A novel is being bought by him.
Positive (+) Present Perfect He has bought a novel. A novel has been bought by him.
S + Have/has + V III + O
Present Perfect
He has been buying a novel. A novel has been being bought by him.
Interrogative (?) Continous
Have/has + S + V III + O Simple Past He bought a novel. A novel was bought by him.
Negative (-) Past Continous He was buying a novel. A novel was being bought by him.
S + Have/has + Not + V III + O
Past Perfect He had bought a novel. A novel had been bought by him.
Have/has : Merupakan kata kerja bantu (Auxilliary) Past Perfect Continous He had been buying a novel. A novel had been being bought by him.
yang digunakan pada Present Prefect Tense yang Simple Future He will buy a novel. A novel will be bought by him.
berarti "telah". "Have" digunakan untuk subjek
they, we, I, you dan "has" diguanakan untuk subjek Future Continous He will be buying a novel. A novel will be being bought by him.
he, she, it.
Future Perfect He will have bought a novel. A novel will have been bought by him.
V III: Merupakan kata kerja bentuk ke tiga.
He will have been buying a A novel will have been being bought by
Future Perfect Continous
novel. him.
C. Perubahan V III pada Present Perfect Tense
Sebagai mana kita ketahui, terdapat beberapa perubahan yang terjadi pada Verb Bare Infinitive (Kata kerja murni yang belum menerima imbuhan), dari V I menjadi
V II dan V III. Terdapat dua jenis perubahan yang menyangkut perubahan Verb (kata kerja), ada perubahan yang teratur (regular) dan ada juga yang tidak teratur
(irregular).
1. Regular Verb
Untuk perbuahan kata kerja (verb) yang teratur (regular) kita hanya menambahkan akhiran (suffix) "-ed" saja di akhir kata kerja. Hal ini berlaku untuk perubahan V
II dan V III.
D. Bentuk Present Perfect Tense
VI V II V III Postive (+) Interrogative (?) Negative (-)
Try Tryed Tryed
I have worked. Have I worked? I have not worked.
Work Worked Worked
Look Looked Looked You have worked. Have you worked? You have not worked.
Finish Finshed Finished
Travell Travelled Travelled He has worked. Has he worked? He has not worked.
Talk Talked Talked
She has worked. Has she worked? She has not worked.
Use Used Used
It has worked. Has it worked? It has not worked.
They have worked. Have they worked? They have not worked.
We have worked. Have we worked? They have not worked.
Penggunaan Present Perfect Tense
Berikut ini adalah hal-hal di mana Present Prefect Tense digunakan:
1. Present Perfect Tense digunakan untuk menyatakan suatu kejadian yang terjadi di masa lalu (past) tapi memiliki pengaruh pada masa sekarang (present).
Contoh:
a. Andi can not go on holiday because Andi has broken his leg.
b. We have done my homework, now We can watch Tv.
c. I have loved you for long time, so I know you well.
*Keterangan:
Kejadian a "Andi can not go noliday because Andi has broken his leg." (Andi tidak bisa bergi liburan karena Andi telah mematahkan tulangnya.) adalah kejadian
yang terjadi di masa lalu (past) ketika Andi mematahkan tulangnya, dan memiliki pengaruh pada masa sekarang (present) ketika Andi tidak bisa pergi liburan.
Begitu juga yang berlaku untuk contoh b dan c.
2. Present Perfect Tense digunakan untuk memerikan informasi baru atau untuk mengumumkan kejadian yang baru terjadi. Biasanya ditambahkan "just" dan
"already".
Contoh:
a. The road is closed. There has been an accident.
b. Ow, I have just cut my finger.
c. I have already finished my homework.
*Keterangan:
Kejadian a "The road is closed. There has been an accident." (Jalan itu ditutup. Telah terjadi kecelakaan di sana.) merupakan contoh present perfect tense di mana
baru terjadi kecelakaan sehangga jalan ditutup. Begitu juga yang berlaku pada contoh b dan c.
3. Present Perfect Tense diguanakan untuk menyatakan kejadian yang dilakukan pad masa lalu (past) dan masih terus dilakukan sampai sekarang (present).
Contoh:
a. I have explored 20 countries in the world.
b. I have not eaten anything since breakfast.
c. Have you hear form George recently?
*Keterangan:
Kejadian a "I have travelled 20 contries in the world." (Saya telah berpergian ke 20 negara di dunia.) Menunjukan saya telah berpergian ke 20 negara di dunia yang
dilakukan di suatu waktu pada masa lalu sampai sekarang. Jadi sampai sekarang, saya telah berpergian ke 20 negara. Begitu juga yang berlaku pada b dan c.
It has been raining all day. I am tired of it.
I am so thirsty. I have been running all this street.
A. Pengertian Present Perfect Continuous Tense
Present perfect tense merupkan salah satu tensis yang digunakan untuk menunjukan waktu sekarang (present) yang mana kejadian atau peristiwa yang terjadi
telah terjadi di masa lalu namun masih berlanjut di waktu sekarang. Coba perhatikan kembali contoh di atas. Pada contoh 'It has been raining all day. I am tired of
it' menujukan hujan yang terjadi di masa lampau dan masih berlanjut hingga saat dibicarakan.
B. Rumus Present Perfect Contionuous Tense
Positive (+)
I have been sitting here since seven o'clock.
They have been studying English for five straight hours.
He has been working here for ten years.
Negative (-)
I have not been sitting here since seven o'clock.
They have not been studying English for five straight hours.
He has not been working here for ten years.
Interrogative (?)
Have you been sitting here since seven o'clock?
Have they been studying English for five straight hours.
Has he been working here for ten years.
C. Penggunaan Present Perfect Continuous Tense
1. Present perfect continuous tense digunakan untuk menujukan suatu kejadian atau kegiatan yang dimulai di masa lampau dan masih berlangsung sampai saat
dibicarakan.
I have been working very hard recently.
It has been raining all day. I am tired of it.
Petrol price have been going up steadily all this year.
2. Present perfect continuous tense digunakan untuk menyatakan suatu kejadian atau kegiatan yang baru saja berhenti tetapi dengan hasil yang nampak pada
waktu dibicarakan.
You look hot.~ Yes, I have been running.
Sorry I am late. Have you been waiting long?
I must just go and wash. I have been gardening.
3. Present perfect continuous tense juga bisa diguanakan untuk menyatakan kejadian atau kegiatan yang terjadi berulang-ulang dengan waktu yang lebih spesifik.
People have been calling me all day.
I have been waking up in the night a lot. I think I will see the doctor
4. Present perfect continuous tense biasanya diguakan bersama kata keterangan waktu yang menunjukan kelanjutan seperti 'recently, lately, this week, since, for.'
The firm has been losing money recently.
John has been walking in Scotland all this week.
I have been doing a new job since January.
It has been raining for the last three days.
5. Present perfect continuous tense digukanan untuk menanyakan 'Berapa lama' (How long...) kejadian atau kegiatan berlangsung.:
How long have you been studying English? (I have been studying English for five years.).
How long have you been living here? (I have been living here since 1991.)
