Intelligence:

1. Researchers:
 Sue Savage-Rumbaugh is a psychologist and primatologist most known for her work
with two bonobos, Kanzi and Panbanisha, investing their linguistic and cognitive abilities
using lexigrams and computer-based keyboards. Savage-Rumbaugh's work with Kanzi,
the first ape to spontaneously acquire words in the same manner as children, was detailed
in Language Comprehension in Ape and Child published in Monographs of the Society
for Research in Child Development (1993). It was selected by the "Millennium Project"
as one of the top 100 most influential works in cognitive science in the 20th century by
the University of Minnesota Center for Cognitive Sciences in 1991.

 Peter Singer is an Australian moral philosopher. He is known in particular for his book
Animal Liberation (1975), in which he argues in favor of vegetarianism, and his essay
“Famine, Affluence, and Morality”, in which he argues in favor of donating to help the
global poor. Singer is a cofounder of Animals Australia and the founder of The Life You
Can Save.

 Frans de Waal is a Dutch primatologist and ethologist. He is the author of numerous

 Vanessa Woods is and Australian science writer, author and journalist. She is the author
of Bonobo Handshake: A Memoir of Love and Adventure in the Congo and It’s Every
Monkey for Themselves: A True Story of Sex, Love, and Lies in the jungle.

2. Keywords:
 Consciousness
 Communication and self-awareness
 Cognitive abilities
 Cooperation
 Social structure

3. Quotations:
 Animals have a myopic intelligence, but they never experience the aha moment that a
2-year-old child gets (Hauser).
 It would be perverse to deny consciousness to mammals (Steven Pinker).
 Birds and other vertebrates are almost certainly conscious too. When it gets down to
oysters and spiders, we are on shakier ground. Of course, a lot depends on what you
mean by consciousness, but basic experiences like seeing red or tasting salt or
enjoying sex or all the other components of being awake and aware are things we
certainly share with animals that have similar brains (Steven Pinker).

4. Summary:
Animals have consciousness and intelligence. They are not only have brains but also have minds
and opinions.
 Social Group
1. Researchers:
 John Malzluff is a professor of wildlife science at the University of Washington and
author of In the Company of Crows and Ravens, Gifts of the Crows, and Welcome to
Subirdia. His work is featured on the PBS documentary TV show Nature in the episode A
Murder of Crows.
 Jennifer Mather did the research about the behavior of cephalopod molluscs. As an
ethologist, she was first fascinated by the behavior of these animals in their natural
setting, the ocean. To pursue this line of investigation, she studied octopuses in the
shallow waters of Bermuda in the mid-1980s, acquiring baseline information about their
daily lives which resulted in papers on their activity, foraging and feeding, home
occupancy, life history strategies and spatial memory.

2. Keywords:
 Collaborative strategy
 Ultimate driver
 Hunting and foraging
 Matrilineal rules
 Colony
 Home occupancy
 Social systems

3. Quotations:
 If there are a lot of predators in the area, you tend to group up (John Marzluff).
 When resources get unpredictable, you have to be very mobile and move around and
have a big group to find food, harvest it, bring it back and defend it efficiently (John
Marzluff).
 The family structure of the orcas is not only an extreme example of close-knit and very
sophisticated family bonding, but they also exhibit some of the most peaceful familial
interactions (Toni Frohoff).
 Eventually they go out and find their place in the world. In the crow world, that is a
chunk of land that they have to be powerful enough to defend against others (John
Marzluff).

4. Summary:
Animals live in a community to cooperate to get food and lead others.
 Friendships
1. Researchers:
 John Mitani is a primate behavioral ecologist who investigates the behavior of our closest
living relatives, the apes. His current research involves studies of an extremely large
community of wild chimpanzees at Ngogo, Kibale National Park, Uganda. During the
past 39 years, he has conducted fieldwork on the behavior of all five kinds of apes:
gibbons and orangutans in Indonesia, gorillas in Rwanda, bonobos in the Democratic
Republic of Congo, and chimpanzees in Uganda and Tanzania.
 Lauren Brent is a biologist interested in the evolution of sociality. His research asks why
social relationships are formed and how they are maintained. Within groups, individuals
differ in their tendencies to interact with others and in how deeply embedded they are in
their social networks.

2. Keywords:
 Animal-friendship
 Favor-for-favor
 Species barrier

3. Quotations:
 There are often many days or weeks that pass in between successive acts, so they cannot
be done for immediate benefit. Over six months, it is much more balanced, and over two
years, it is more balanced still. Animals are happy to tolerate a temporary imbalance
because what matters is the long-term relationship.
 If having friends somehow leads to having more babies, the friendliness trait gets passed
on, becoming more common across the species.
 Usually they are swimming side by side, the rest of the time we will see them alone, but
they will be back together again within a few hours.

4. Summary:
There is friendship between animals. Chimpanzees and baboons can form long-lasting
friendships and share an ancestor with humans.