Present Continuous Present Past simple Past Past Perfect

Simple Perfect Continuous

ever/never now ever/never ago when 1st in past

always at the moment the first time yesterday while
sometimes always- criticism before (last) last year
everyday tonight since in 1995
usually temporary just last night
frequently still already
rarely today for 2 weeks when
often so far
yet I used to
recently
lately

Future- am going Future-will Future Future Perfect Future Words

to (plan) continuous
decide now by next June about to
tomorrow predictions by this time by this time next are bound to
tomorrow year
in a week I hope am to
I think am about to
I believe due to
soon on the point of
next year
10 years from
now
in a week

Time Expressions Use present tense after these expressions

It’s time you left. It’s time to go. When I get home, I’ll call you.
It’s high time you did your homework. As soon as I reach New York, I’ll send you can e-mail.
Once I finish, I’ll take a break.
I wish I had a million euros. (now) Unless it rains, we’ll go on a picnic tomorrow.
I wish I had gone to Mykonos last summer. After I finish the book, I’ll give it to you.
(past) ****************
If only I had more time. (now) Infinitives in Passive:
If only I had listened to my mother. (past)
He is believed to live/to be living in Athens.
I wish he would get lost. He is believed to have lived/to have been living on Bali in the
I wish it would snow tomorrow. 1980’s.

I hope you have a good time. 25 Y is thought to be the answer.

I’d rather stay here. Smoking is known to cause heart attacks.

I’d prefer to play basketball. Asbestos is known to have caused serious illness.

You’d better go to bed early.

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Conditional sentences

Zero: Water boils at 100 degrees Centigrade.

First: If I feel better, I will go to the party tonight .
Second: If I had a helicopter, I would travel everywhere in it.
Third: If I had remembered my umbrella, I wouldn’t have got wet

VERBS with to VERBS with ING

Both

 agree to  admit
 advise (him) to  avoid  like
 afford to  congratulate (him)  love
 allow (me) to on  hate
 appear to  consider  begin
 arrange to  delay  continue
 attempt to  deny  start
 ask (him)to  detest
 choose to  dislike
 dare to  enjoy
 decide to  fancy
 demand to  finish EXCEPTIONS
 deserve to  imagine
 encourage (me)  I am used to/get He admitted to + ING
 expect to used to
 fail to  involve I object to + ING
 forbid (her) to  like
 happen to  mention In addition to + ING
 hope to  mind
 intend to  miss
 invite (me) to  postpone
 learn how to  practice
 manage to  recommend
 neglect to  risk
 offer to  suggest
 persuade (her) to  It’s not worth
 plan to  I can’t stand
 pretend to  I can’t help
 promise to  It’s no use
 remind (me) to  feel like
 require to  give up
 refuse to  keep on
 seem to  I look forward to
 I am supposed to  put off can’t stand
 threaten to  spend time
 want to  There’s no point in
 warn (them) to  waste time

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VERBS- 2 DIFFERENT MEANINGS
TO ING

1. I forgot to lock the door. 1. I’ll never forget visiting Paris.

2. I must remember to call the doctor. 2. I’ll always remember spending the
summers in Spain.
3. She tried to open the door.
3. Why don’t you try hitting it with a
4. I meant to call him last night. hammer.

5. We regret to inform you that your flight 4. That’s means getting up early.
is delayed.
5. He regrets spending all his money on
6. She stopped to tie her shoelace. cars.

6. He stopped smoking last year.

MODALS: Present Past

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 Have to – I have to study now.  Had to- I had to study last night.
 Don’t have to- not necessary  Didn’t have to- I didn’t have to
study because my teacher is sick.
 Can
 Could
 Should- advice. You should eat less
 Ought to- You ought to study for  May/might- possibility
your math test.  Should have + 3rd. I should have
fastened my seat belt.
 Must- rules/laws. You must be
quiet in school.  Ought to have- You ought to have
 Mustn’t- forbidden You mustn’t studied for the test.
smoke here
 Must have + 3rd. He must have
 Must- (I think) That must be John. known the correct answer.

 Can’t-(I don’t think). No that’s  Can’t have + 3rd – That’s can’t have
can’t be him, he’s in New York. been John, he’s in London.

 Needn’t- You needn’t take your  Needn’t have + 3rd- I did it anyway.
passport with you. I needn’t have brought my
umbrella, because it didn’t rain.
 Had better- advice. You had better
hurry up.  Didn’t need to- I didn’t need to
pack tonight.
 Need to- it’s necessary. I need to
get ready now.  May have been/might have been

SUBJUNCTIVE

I demand that he answer the question.

We insist that she take her passport with her.

The suggested that he take the early train.

MAKE and LET

 She made me clean my room.

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  My parents let me stay out
late on Fridays.

Stative Verbs- don’t use ING

 believe
 belong to
 contain
 doubt
 fit
 know
 like
 love
 matter
 need
 own
 prefer
 seem
 suppose
 understand
 want
 wish
 depend

INVERSIONS

 Not only did he lose his watch, but he also lost his passport.
 Never had Jennifer ever seen such a beautiful dress.
 Rarely do children behave all the time.
 Seldom have they known what they were doing.
 No sooner had I opened the door, than a bat flew in my face!
 Only after I got home, did I remember that I had forgotten my umbrella. ****** 2nd
 Under no circumstances, are you to open that door.
 At no time are you allowed to smoke during class.
 Not until I had finished the exam, did I realize that I was in the wrong class! ***2nd

Reported Speech
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Change from -> To

Present Simple -> Past simple

Present Continuous -> Past continuous

Present Perfect/Past Simple-Past Perfect Past Perfect

->

Will/can -> Would/could

Tomorrow/yesterday -> The day after/the day before

Note: In reporting questions, we don’t change the word order.

He wondered why she was always late.

She asked how often she goes to the movies.

Prepositions

 absorbed in  afraid of  in advance

 accuse him of  ashamed of  in any case
 am concerned about  aware of  in charge of
 am used to + ing  am capable of  in comparison with
 apologize for  am fond of  in comfort
 appeal to  am full of  in demand
 argue about  am jealous of  in the end
 benefit from  annoyed about  in favour of
 anxious about
 blame (him) for  in good condition
 certain about
 boast about  in jeopardy
 excited about
 charged with  in harmony
 pleased about
 coincide with  serious about  in response to
 collide with  sorry about  in short
 complain about  upset about  in theory
 concentrate on  angry with  in time

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  confess to  annoyed with  in trouble
 convicted of  bored with  in turn
 deal with  good at  with regard to
 depend on  happy with  at any rate
 devote myself to  obsessed with  at first sight
 differ from  pleased with  at the end
 discuss about  bad at  at large
 expel from  surprised at  on a regular basis
 keen on
 glance at  on behalf of
 addicted to
 insist on  on good terms
 grateful to
 insure against  on the market
 kind to
 involved in  married to  on purpose
 pay (for)  engaged to  on the verge of
 prefer (x) to  shocked by  beyond belief
 pride myself on  surprised by  by coincidence
 protest about  early for  by mistake
 protest against  eligible for  by the time
 react to  famous for  by surprise
 refer to  late for  for life
 see to  liable for  for the time being
 specialize in  ready for  out of breath
 succeed in  responsible for  out of control
 suffer from  interested in  out of danger
 translate from->into  absent from  out of doors
 write about  different from  out of the ordinary
 is known as  deprived of  out of practice
 is regarded as  ban on  out of stock
 comment on
 is described as  under control
 have an effect on
 room for  under pressure
 influence on
 responsible for  under stress
 access to
 an exception to
 under suspicions
 a solution to  without exception
 craving for  without a word
 cure for  after all
 recipe for

Phrasal Verbs

 Break down- Her car broke down.  Le me down- Why do you always let
 Break of relations- Greece and me down? I can never count on you.
Turkey broke off relations.  Look into- The police are looking into
 Carry out (orders)- You must carry the matter.
out the General’s orders.  Make out- I can’t make out his name
 Come about- How did that come on the bell.
about?  Make up- He’s always making up
 Come out – His new book comes out crazy stories.
next month.  Pull of- Greece managed to pull of
 Come up against- I’ve never come the most successful Olympics ever!
up against such a situation before.  Put across- He is not able to put his
 Come up with- find an answer ideas across.

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  Drop in- visit on the spur of the  Put of- They put off their wedding
moment for a month.
 End up- He end up in prison for life.  Put me up – Can you put me up
 face up to life’s challenges when I’m in London next week?
 fall for the wrong man  Put up with- I can’t put up with nosy
 Fall through- plans fell through people.
 Get across- He couldn’t get his ideas  Rip of- That restaurant really ripped
across. us off- 200 euros for a hamburger and
 Get at- What are you getting at? fries!
 Get down to- Let’s get down to  Run into- Yesterday I ran into Dimitri
work. in Kifissia.
 Get over- It took him a month to get  Run over- He ran over a cat.
over the flu.  See (her) of- We’re going to see
 Get round to- Be patient- I’ll get grandma off to the airport tomorrow.
round to it one of these days.  Set out for- He set out for London on
 Give away- He gave away all his foot.
money.  Stand for- The flag stands for Greece.
 Give up- I give up- what’s the  Take in- Don’t tell me you were taken
answer. in by the gypsies again!
 Go of- The bomb went off  Take over- Vodafone is going to take
unexpectedly. over OTE.
 Go on- He went on talking for hours.  Take up- He took up skiing when he
 Have it in for- My new boss has it in was 60 years old.
for me.  Tell of- You shouldn’t tell your
 Hit it of- We hit it off immediately teacher off.
and became fast friends.  Turn down- He turned down the
 Hold up- The robbers held up the offer.
National Bank last night.  Turn up- Don’t worry your missing
 Keep up- Keep up the good work! ring will turn up somewhere.

Odds and Ends

Too/Enough Has gone to/has been to

He is too short to play basketball. Where’s your mom? She gone to the
He isn’t tall enough to play basketball. supermarket.
My mother has been to Paris many
times.
By/Until

Such a/Such/So
The doctor will be in his office
until 6 o’clock. Such a thrilling sport- singular

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 The report is due by Monday and countables
the 16th. (the latest)
Such awful food /such ugly
shoes- uncountable or plural

She’s so happy. He played so

In spite of/despite
well.

In spite of the snow, we Although/even though

drove to school.
Even though he got lost on the way,
In spite of the pouring rain, he had a good time at the party.
they played the football
game. (complete sentence after even though)

Although she is the smartest math

Despite having a bad cold,
student in the class, she failed her
she took her math exam.
first math test.

Despite a terrible headache, (complete sentence after although)

she finished her homework.

Causitive- someone does something

for you (have/got + 3rd column verb)

I got my hair cut. I had my hair cut.

We had our house painted.
He had his car serviced.