WFW TheRoleoftheFacilityAgent
WFW TheRoleoftheFacilityAgent
Legal Update
December 2013
Contents The role of the facility agent: reassurance and
reminders from the Torre case
A. Introduction 01
B. The key legal findings at a 02 ʺ… the question whether [the bank] in fact breached any of its obligations as Agent
glance under the [Facility Agreement] or the Inter‑Creditor Deed depends upon analysis of the
C. Background to the dispute 02 terms of those agreements. As set out below, I have come to the conclusion that it did
D. The claims 03 not. It matters not that this may be said to have been more by luck than by judgment.ʺ
E. The nature of the agent’s role ‑ 03 (Torre Asset Funding Limited & anr v The Royal Bank of Scotland plc [2013]
ʺsolely mechanical and EWHC 2670 (Ch), Mr Justice Sales at 57.)
administrativeʺ?
F. The event of default claim 04 A. Introduction
G. The business plan claim 08 The Torre case has been much written about. The legal commentators and
H. The negligent mis‑statement 09 the constituency of banks they write for have welcomed a decision which
claim seems to reassure agent banks that the provisions of a Loan Market
I. Some points arising for agents, 09 Association (LMA)‑style loan agreement designed to protect the agent are
lenders and borrowers effective.
J. Questions for an agent 10
K. Contacts 11 On the particular facts, Mr Justice Sales narrowly construed the agentʹs
contractual duties and refused to imply wider terms which he considered
would conflict with what the transaction documents were intended to
mean and which would run contrary to the widely held perception of the
agentʹs role as primarily administrative and mechanical. However, the
case should not be read as implying that agents cannot have wider
obligations for which they may be held legally culpable. Rather, this
intricate, sometimes difficult, judgment invites agents to consider all
aspects of their behaviour, procedures and systems with a view to
eliminating or at least reducing the risk of being held unintentionally
liable.
This briefing considers the Courtʹs approach in considering the duties of
the agent (see Section E), and some key issues for agents, lenders and
borrowers (see Section I). It concludes with a checklist of questions that an
agent might reasonably ask in order to protect itself when dealing with
information relating to a facility (see Section J).
Information alone is benign, but its use or misuse, and the timing of its
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02 FINANCE & INVESTMENT BRIEFING
communication or a failure to communicate it can have serious consequences.
We seek in particular to illustrate the tension between an agent’s administrative and
mechanical tasks and the duties arising in connection with the exercise of its discretions.
B. The key legal findings at a glance
The key legal findings were as follows:
> The inclusion of a LMA‑style provision stating that the duties of the agent are solely
mechanical and administrative in nature will demand a reading of the transaction
documents which minimises the substantive content of the duties of the agent (see
“The inclusion of Section E).
a LMA‑style > The common law does not stipulate a set of obligations which attach to all agency
provision stating relationships, including that of a syndicate agent (see Section F).
that the duties of
the agent are Additional obligations, going beyond the express terms of the transaction
documents, will not be implied unless it is necessary to do so. Accordingly, the duties
solely mechanical
of the agent will generally be those, and only those, set out in the transaction
and administrative documents (see Section F).
in nature will
demand a reading > Notwithstanding this, LMA‑style facility provisions do confer certain discretions on
of the transaction the agent (see Section F).
documents which > Where the agent is afforded a discretion, it must exercise it in accordance with the
minimises the principles set out in the Socimer case (see Section F).
substantive
> The protective provisions in LMA‑style documentation generally only apply to an
content of the
agent and will not safeguard a bank acting in a different capacity – on its own
duties of the account as a principal, for instance (see Section H).
agent.”
C. Background to the dispute
In the latter part of 2006, RBS (the Bank) provided a highly‑leveraged, multi‑layered
financing to Dunedin Property Industrial Fund (Holdings) Limited (the Borrower) to
re‑finance a large property portfolio held by the Borrower. Each tier of lending had its
own loan facility agreement. Each was written in similar terms in all essentials. An Inter‑
Creditor Deed (Inter‑Creditor Deed) governed the relationship between the lenders at the
different tiers in the structure.
Some of the senior debt was sold on by the Bank but it kept various roles within the
structure, including those in the mezzanine financing. The mezzanine financing
comprised three tiers and the Bankʹs capacities included acting as agent (Middle
Mezzanine Agent) under the middle mezzanine facility agreement (the Facility
Agreement) and as agent (Lower Mezzanine Agent) and lender (Lower Mezzanine
Lender) at the more deeply subordinated lower mezzanine level.
The deal was severely affected, along with many others, by deteriorating international
market conditions in 2007 and 2008. It proved impossible to restructure the transaction
and, in September 2008, the Borrower went into administrative receivership. The
realisations were less than half the super‑senior exposure, and the mezzanine level
lenders recovered nothing. The case was brought against the Bank by the middle
mezzanine lenders (the Middle Mezzanine Lenders or the Claimants).
FINANCE & INVESTMENT BRIEFING 03
D. The claims
The Claimants argued that the Bank, as Middle Mezzanine Agent, had certain duties to
pass information about the Borrower on to them, and that at various points during
2007‑8 they had failed to comply with these obligations. The Claimants further argued
that, if the Bank had complied, the Claimants would have either sold their participation in
the loan or sought some form of restructuring and avoided the loss which they eventually
suffered. The Claimants argued their case along three lines, which the judge referred to as
the ʺEvent of Default Claimʺ, the ʺBusiness Plan Claimʺ and the ʺNegligent Mis‑statement
Claimʺ. Each of these are considered further below, but first we consider how the judge
analysed and interpreted the agent’s role.
E. The nature of the agent’s role ‑ ʺsolely mechanical and “Counsel for the
administrativeʺ? Bank argued that
An issue which was central to the case was the Court’s interpretation of the LMA‑style
ʺDuties of the Agentʺ provision in Clause 26.2(e) of the Facility Agreement. Familiar in
the role of the
content, the clause provided that: ʺThe duties of the Agent under the Finance Documents agent was
are solely mechanical and administrative in nature.ʺ extremely limited.
Indeed, the Bank’s
Just a post box?
team seemed at
Counsel for the Bank argued that the role of the agent was extremely limited. Indeed, the
Bank’s team seemed at times to regard themselves acting merely as a post box for times to regard
documents exchanged between the Borrower and the lenders. themselves acting,
merely as a post
The Court did not accept this ʺexcessively narrowʺ interpretation. However, it did give box for documents
considerable weight to the provision, and, in the absence of other expressly prescriptive
language, construed the other agency terms narrowly by reference to it.
exchanged
between the
The Court accepted that standard commentaries on the syndicated loan markets and the Borrower and the
LMA precedents were correct in reflecting that the general understanding in the market lenders...The
was that the role of the agent was ʺintended generally to be limited to an administrative
oneʺ and that, in the current case, the ʺmodest level of fee charged by [the Bank] for its
Court did not
services as Agent supported a limited interpretation of the Agent’s role”. But this was not accept this
the full answer, and the provision did not afford a linguistic safe‑haven for agents. ʺexcessively
narrowʺ
The Court noted that the LMA model for Clause 26 included exemption clauses. These
indicated that the Agent might have wider, more potentially significant duties imposed
interpretation.”
on it than acting simply as a postal service.
The Court also noted that the Facility Agreement included a number of provisions which
appeared to call for the agent’s judgment in a range of situations affecting the syndicate.
The effect of the solely mechanical and administrative provision
The Court concluded that the ʺsolely mechanical and administrativeʺ provision ought to
be read subject to specific wording in the relevant agreements which imposed additional
duties or conferred discretions on the agent. Mr Justice Sales said:
ʺSuch a reading of the [Facility Agreement] does not deprive Clause 26.2(e) of meaning or
effect: the clause mandates a reading of the finance agreements which minimises so far as is possible,
consistently with the express language and practical workability of the agreements and the arrangements
to which they are intended to give effect, the substantive content of the duties on the Agent. [Our
italics]ʺ
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04 FINANCE & INVESTMENT BRIEFING
Discretions and duties relating to the exercise of them
Significantly, the Court noted that the agent could be required to exercise its discretion
under a number of provisions. This went beyond what might be regarded as
administrative. Any discretion would be required to be exercised with due care in good
faith and in a manner that would not be arbitrary, capricious, perverse or irrational (the
Socimer implied term).1
In this context, Mr Justice Sales noted two LMA‑style provisions in particular. These
related to disclosure of information and the manner in which the agent was required to
proceed in the absence of instructions from the majority lenders.
“Significantly, the Clause 26.6(e) provided that “the Agent may disclose to any other Party any information
it reasonably believes it has received as agent under this Agreement” while Clause 26.7
Court noted that (d) provided that “in the absence of instructions from the Majority Lenders … the Agent
the agent could be may act (or refrain from taking action) as it considers to be in the best interest of the
required to Lenders”.
exercise its
Commenting further on this , Mr Justice Sales added: “I would add that the relevant
discretion under a standard of what would qualify as arbitrary, capricious, perverse or irrational will be
number of conditioned by the scheme of the contract in which the relevant contractual discretion
provisions. This arises and the commercial purpose intended to be served by the contract. In the context of
went beyond what the [Facility Agreement] a (if not the) principal role of the Agent is to facilitate the [Middle
Mezzanine Lenders] in the exercise of their rights and powers under the [Facility
might be regarded Agreement], and what it would be rational or irrational for the Agent to do has to be
as administrative.” judged in the light of that... it is my view that if a situation arose in which the Agent
under the [Facility Agreement] was told by the Agent for another lending tier that an
Event of Default had occurred, the [Agent] would very likely have an obligation under the
Socimer implied term to pass that information on to the [Middle Mezzanine Lenders] so
that they could consider what to do… the Agent could not simply sit on such information
and do nothing.”
One of the reasons why this decision is so important for agents is in what it did not
decide. As Mr Justice Sales noted, the Claimants did not plead a case based on a breach
of the provision permitting disclosure or a failure to act in “what [the Agent]
considers to be in the best interests of the Lenders”. Had the Claimants done so, a
reasonable inference might be that the outcome would have been different. It is
therefore clear (or at least for now undecided) that an agent could have quite extensive
duties based on breaches of provisions giving the agent a discretion.
It was against this backdrop that the Court went on to determine the three main claims.
F. The event of default claim
The facts
Towards the end of June 2007, the Borrower began discussions with the Lower Mezzanine
Lender at the Bank regarding a proposal for the rolling‑up of the lower mezzanine loan
interest until maturity (the roll‑up request). The Lower Mezzanine Lenderʹs model
showed that, without the roll‑up, it might be difficult for the Borrower to meet regular
1 In accordance with the interest payments on the middle mezzanine facility and that it would be impossible to
principles stated by the Court
of Appeal in Socimer make scheduled payments of the lower mezzanine interest.
International Bank Ltd v
Standard Bank London Ltd
[2008] EWCA Civ 116; [2008]
Once it became clear that the consent of the various lenders under the Inter‑Creditor Deed
Bus LR 1304. would be required, the Lower Mezzanine Lender sought the consent of the other lenders
FINANCE & INVESTMENT BRIEFING 05
in the structure including the Claimants. However, and this is relevant to the negligent
mis‑statement claim discussed below, they sought consent to the roll‑up request on the
basis that its purpose was to free up cash for capital expenditure to enhance the letting
value of the portfolio, and did not say that it was essential to prevent a breach of financial
covenants.
The claim
The Facility Agreement included an LMA‑style insolvency event of default prescribing an
‘Event of Default’ if the Borrower, ʺby reason of actual or anticipated financial difficulties,
commences negotiations with one or more of its creditors with a view to rescheduling
any of its indebtednessʺ. The Claimants argued that the roll‑up request not only
constituted an Event of Default but also that the Bank was aware of this and that, in its
capacity as Middle Mezzanine Agent, it therefore had a duty under one or both of the
Facility Agreement and the Inter‑Creditor Deed to inform the Claimants as Middle
Mezzanine Lender about it. As will be seen below, the Claimants argued that this duty to
inform arose on several grounds.
Was there an event of default?
The first point was quickly dealt with.
The judge considered that the roll‑up request did constitute an Event of Default within the
“anticipated financial difficulties” provision. He found that the roll‑up request was
commenced by reason of anticipated financial difficulties and that the financial difficulties
were of a “substantial nature” satisfying the test imposed by Blair J. when considering a “The judge
similar insolvency event of default provision in Grupo Hotelero Urvasco SA v Carey Value considered that the
Added SL (2013).
roll‑up request did
Did the bank have a duty to notify the claimants of the event of default? constitute an
For the purpose of considering the Court’s fairly lengthy analysis of this issue, it is Event of Default
necessary to make brief references, albeit in summary form, to the express terms of the within the
relevant agreements, which were based on LMA provisions. “anticipated
The Facility Agreement Provisions:
financial
difficulties”
26.1 Appointment of Agent provision.”
a. Each Lender appoints the Agent to act as its agent under and in connection with
the Finance Documents.
26.2 Duties of the Agent
c. If the Agent receives notice from a Party referring to this Agreement, describing a
Default and stating that the circumstance described is a Default, it shall promptly
notify the Finance Parties.
d. If the Agent is aware of the non‑payment of any [sum] … under this Agreement,
it shall promptly notify the other Finance Parties.
e. The duties of the Agent under the Finance Documents are solely mechanical and
administrative in nature.
The Inter‑Creditor Deed Provisions:
6.7 Notification of Default.
Each Agent shall promptly notify each other Agent on becoming aware of any Default.
Any Creditor shall promptly on becoming aware of any Default notify its Agent.
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06 FINANCE & INVESTMENT BRIEFING
On the basis of the particular facts of the case, a duty to notify did not obviously arise
under any of the express terms. Accordingly, the Claimants alleged that the duty arose for
other reasons.
Duties arising under the common law
The Claimants submitted that the Bank owed general duties at common law as an agent
and that these duties had not been excluded by the Facility Agreement. They further
argued that these duties included an obligation to provide relevant information to the
principal which would cover the background information relating to the roll‑up request.
The judge firmly rejected this proposition on a number of grounds:
“The Claimants
> The Bank was appointed as agent under the LMA‑style ʺAppointment of Agentʺ
submitted that the provision (Clause 26.1(a) above) which provided that each lender appointed the
Bank owed general Agent ʺto act as its agent under and in connection with the Finance Documentsʺ. There was no
duties at common appointment of the Bank as an agent on some more general basis, and the duties of
law as an agent the Bank as agent were defined exclusively by the transaction documents.
and that these > Agency was a contract made between principal and agent. Like every other contract,
duties had not the rights and duties of the principal and agent were dependent upon the terms of
been excluded by the contract between them, whether express or implied. It was not possible to say
the Facility that all agents owe the same duties to their principals; it is always necessary to have
regard to the express or implied terms of the contract.2
Agreement.”
> The common law did not stipulate a clearly defined set of obligations which attach to
every agency relationship unless excluded by agreement.
> Where parties had entered into detailed commercial agreements, it was not plausible
to suppose that they intended that some potential additional set of vague and
unspecific duties might apply over and above those specified in the agreements
themselves.
> While some obligations of an agent at common law may be characterised as
fiduciary, the Facility Agreement expressly stated that the agent was not a fiduciary
for the lenders.
Accordingly, the Court held that the Bank as Middle Mezzanine Agent owed no relevant
duties to the Claimants beyond what could be found in the Facility Agreement and the
Inter‑Creditor Deed.
Implied terms
The Claimants alternatively argued that a number of obligations should be implied into
both the Facility Agreement and the Inter‑Creditor Deed imposing an obligation on the
Bank as Middle Mezzanine Agent to pass relevant information to the Claimants. As noted
above, Clause 6.7 of the Inter‑Creditor Deed provided “Each Agent shall promptly notify
each other Agent on becoming aware of any Default. Any Creditor shall promptly on becoming
aware of any Default notify its Agent …”
The Claimant’s somewhat tortuous arguments were broadly as follows.
Relying on Clause 6.7, the Claimants argued that the Bank, as Lower Mezzanine Lender,
had an obligation to inform itself, as Lower Mezzanine Agent, of the default, and then to
2 (Kelly v Cooper [1993] AC 205) notify itself, as Middle Mezzanine Agent. The Claimants then further argued that the
FINANCE & INVESTMENT BRIEFING 07
Bank as the Middle Mezzanine Agent came under an implied obligation to inform the
Claimants of any Event of Default.
The Court rejected all these submissions.
The Facility Agreement
Dealing first with the Facility Agreement, and applying the criteria for implying terms,
the Court found that there was no scope to imply an obligation on the agent to notify any
Event of Default.
Amongst the reasons cited for this were (1) that it was not necessary, (2) the proposed
implied term would contradict the express terms of the agreements (3) the proposed
implied term would not be capable of being defined with sufficient precision to give
reasonable certainty of operation, and (4) the express terms of the Facility Agreement
already addressed the issue.
> The Court considered of particular relevance here the LMA‑style Clause 26.6(e)
(Rights and discretions of the Agent) provision providing that ʺThe Agent may disclose
to any other Party any information it reasonably believes it has received as agent
under this Agreementʺ and the LMA‑style Clause 26.7(d) (Majority Lendersʹ instructions)
provision providing that ʺIn the absence of instructions from the Majority Lenders,
(or, if appropriate, the Lenders), the Agent may act (or refrain from taking action) as
it considers to be in the best interests of the Lendersʺ. The ʺnatural and obvious
inferenceʺ was that, on receipt of information, the parties intended that the agent “...the Court found
should exercise these discretions in accordance with the Socimer principles, which that there was no
would allow it to pass on relevant information in exercise of its discretion. The
scope to imply an
proposed implied term would conflict with the express terms of the Facility
Agreement by imposing an absolute obligation to pass on such information rather obligation on the
than a discretion to do so. agent to notify any
Event of Default.”
> The proposed implied term would also give rise to problems of uncertainty since
working out whether an Event of Default had occurred ʺmay involve difficult
evaluative judgments, and the indications... are that the [agent] should not have
responsibility for making such judgementsʺ (in particular because of the ʺsolely
mechanical and administrative in natureʺ provision at Clause 26.2(e)).
The Inter‑Creditor Deed
The judge held that, for the express notification obligations in Clause 6.7 to trigger, the
relevant ʺAgentʺ or ʺCreditorʺ would need to be aware both of the ʺevent or circumstanceʺ
and that such event or circumstance qualified or would qualify as an Event of Default
under Clause 23 of the Facility Agreement. The judge concluded that the Bank was not, as
a matter of fact, aware that an Event of Default had occurred at the relevant time.
Whether that lack of awareness was reasonable or not, was not the test.
The judge gave a narrow interpretation to the provisions pursuant to which the agent
might be treated as being aware of an event of default and come under an obligation to
act.
He considered that this interpretation was supported in particular by a consideration of
the Clause 26.2(e) “solely mechanical and administrative provision”, the general scheme of
the contractual arrangements (in line with Re Sigma Finance) and business common sense
(in line with Rainy Sky v Koomin Bank).
Watson, Farley & Williams December 2013
08 FINANCE & INVESTMENT BRIEFING
> The list of Events of Default in Clause 23 of the Facility Agreement included many
that called for an evaluative judgment to be made before it could be said whether an
Event of Default had occurred. It was not consistent with the “solely mechanical and
administrative provision” that the agent might have to make such an evaluative
judgment.
> A narrow interpretation was further supported by a number of other provisions
which indicated that the agent was only expected to act where it was clearly
identified that something had occurred which qualified as an Event of Default.
Even if the notification trigger had been met (that is, if the Bank had requisite awareness)
the judge held that it would not be possible to imply a term into the Inter‑Creditor Deed
that the Middle Mezzanine Agent would then have a duty to notify the Claimants as
Middle Mezzanine Lenders. Although the onward transmission of such information to the
lenders was not covered expressly in the Inter‑Creditor Deed, there was no lacuna here;
the agent had a discretion under Clauses 26.7(d) and 26.6(e) of the Facility Agreement (as
referred to above) to pass on such information.
“The list of Events
of Default included G. The business plan claim
many that called Under the LMA‑style information undertakings in Clause 19 of the Facility Agreement,
for an evaluative the Borrower was obliged to supply the Annual Budget ʺto the Agent in sufficient copies
for all the Lenders.ʺ On October 2007, the Borrower sent the Bank a final version of its
judgment to be revised business plan (prepared as a result of the restructuring negotiations that had
made before it begun that summer) (Business Plan) followed by a revised cashflow (October cashflow).
could be said
whether an Event The Claimants argued that the Bank, acting as Middle Mezzanine Agent, should have sent
them the Business Plan and October cashflow as the Borrowerʹs ʺAnnual Budgetʺ for the
of Default had purposes of clause 19.1(c) of the Facility Agreement (the LMA‑style financial information
occurred.” undertakings).
The judge held that the Borrower had not presented the Business Plan and October
cashflow as the ʺAnnual Budgetʺ and so the Bank acting as Middle Mezzanine Agent was
under no obligation to pass them on.
Furthermore, having regard to the “solely mechanical and administrative” nature of the
Bank’s role, the judge held that there was no implied obligation on the agent:
> to pass on to the lenders any financial information received from the Borrower which
came into the categories of information set out in the information undertakings, but
rather only the information that was expressly required to be passed on;
> to consider from time to time on its own initiative what additional financial
information should be sought from the Borrower regarding its financial condition;
> to chase the Borrower to provide the Annual Budget; or
> to inform the lenders of a failure to provide the Annual Budget.
None of these obligations would be consistent with the agentʹs duties as set out in Clause
26 and the specific information provision requirements in Clause 19.
FINANCE & INVESTMENT BRIEFING 09
H. The negligent mis‑statement claim
The Claimants argued that when, in December 2007 and January 2008, the Bank
approached the Claimants for their consent as Middle Mezzanine Lenders to roll up the
lower mezzanine interest, it negligently gave a misleading impression that the reason for
the roll‑up was to free up cash for capital expenditure to enhance the letting value, rather
than explaining that the roll‑up was essential in order to prevent a breach of financial
covenants by mid‑2008.
The judge found that when the Bank provided the explanation it assumed responsibility
for its accuracy and owedʺ the Claimants a duty of care in tort to take reasonable care to
ensure that the explanation was accurate: Hedley Byrne v Heller & Partners [1964] AC 465ʺ.
Although there was no suggestion that the Bank deliberately lied in making the
statements it did, the judge considered that the Bank had given a materially inaccurate
and misleading account of the reason for the roll‑up request and breached that duty of
care.
The judge also agreed with the Claimants that the Bank had given the explanation in its
capacity as Lower Mezzanine Lender and that it therefore did not benefit from the Facility
Agreementʹs LMA‑style exclusion of liability clause which was drafted only in favour of
the Bank acting as agent.
The negligent mis‑statement claim nonetheless failed by reason of the limits on the duty of
care. The Bankʹs explanation had been proffered only to persuade the Claimants to give
their consent to the roll‑up request, and not for the purpose of enabling the Claimants to “it is necessary to
undertake a wider review of their involvement in the transaction. The Bank therefore review the
assumed an obligation to exercise reasonable care to protect the Claimants from losses transaction
resulting from a decision whether to agree to the roll‑up request. In the event, the roll‑up
never happened because it was rejected by other parties and the loss suffered by the
documentation to
Claimants therefore could not be said to result from their decision regarding the roll‑up ascertain the
request. agentʹs precise
responsibilities...”
I. Some points arising for agents, lenders and borrowers
Agents
> Although the courts will seek to construe an agent bank’s duties narrowly to respect
a provision that the duties of the agent are solely mechanical and administrative in
nature, it is necessary to review the transaction documentation to ascertain the
agentʹs precise responsibilities, including any express duties to disclose information,
and the scope of, and any duties relating to, the exercise of any discretions.
> If the documentation provides a discretion to pass on information to the lenders, to
act in the best interest of the lenders or other discretions, agents will need to consider
the duty to exercise those discretions in accordance with the principles set out in
Socimer which, in the context of a facility, is likely to mean exercising the discretion in
such a manner as will facilitate the lenders in the exercise of their rights and powers
under the facility.
> If agents undertake actions outside what is contemplated by the express terms of the
documentation, they may assume a duty of care and incur liability.
> The exclusion and other protective provisions of a facility agreement generally only
apply to the agent (or other administrative parties). A bank with more than one role
in the transaction needs to consider in which role it takes specific actions and
whether or not its actions, in such capacity, are covered by the protective provisions.
Watson, Farley & Williams December 2013
10 FINANCE & INVESTMENT BRIEFING
Lenders
> Lenders need to be aware that the agentʹs duties are essentially very limited. It is up
to each lender to undertake its own credit appraisal, monitor compliance and to
chase the borrower (through the agent where appropriate) in the event of late
compliance or non‑compliance.
Borrowers
> Borrowers need to remember that the agent is not an impartial middleman or the
borrowerʹs advocate to the syndicate. The agent acts for the lenders and may have
express or implied duties to disclose information to them that it has received from
the borrower, irrespective of whether the borrower intended it to be passed to all the
“Borrowers need lenders.
to remember that J. Questions for an agent
the agent is not an Below are nine basic questions that any financial institution might reasonably ask itself
impartial when receiving or discovering information relating to a credit facility in which it is acting
middleman or the as agent.
borrowerʹs
1. What information has been received, and was it given to it in its capacity as
advocate to the agent, as a lender or as another party?
syndicate...”
2. From whom was the information received?
3. Has the information been provided in an agreed form under the finance
documents by reference to particular clauses (the audited financial statements or
a project budget, for instance), or voluntarily?
4. Is there any provision that requires the information to be passed on to any
person, and, if so, by what time and in what form?
5. Does it have any duty (express or implied) to investigate or advise in any sense
on the content of the information and then make any decision concerning it,
either in accordance with agreed criteria or under a general discretion for the
benefit of the lenders or a group of lenders (to be exercised in accordance with the
Socimer principles)?
6. Following receipt of the information, if relevant, can it rely on any provision
deeming it not to have awareness of facts even when it has actual knowledge of
them?
7. Should it seek instructions from its principals (the majority lenders or all the
lenders, for example)?
8. Does it have any conflict of interest? Are there any clauses in the finance
documents which expressly regulate the conflict?
9. Is it acting in a capacity and in relation to a matter which affords it the
protection of an exclusion of liability clause?
11 FINANCE & INVESTMENT BRIEFING
Should you wish to discuss any of the matters raised in this briefing, please speak with a member of our
K. Contacts team below or your regular contact at Watson, Farley & Williams.
Jane Huxley
Professional Support
Lawyer
London
jhuxley@wfw.com
+44 20 7814 8022
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