Abegail lanorio

Music of
Pakistan and
india
Music of Pakistan
The music of Pakistan includes diverse elements ranging from Central Asian folk music as well as music from South Asia, Persian
music, Turkish music, as well as more modern American music influences. Pakistan is a country which lies at a crossroad of cultures
from South Asia, Central Asia and the Middle East. With the multiple influences, Pakistani music has emerged as a "fusion" of many other
types of sounds together to form a distinctly Pakistani sound.

Classical music
Pakistani classical music has 7 basic notes (Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Dha Ni), with five interspersed half-notes, resulting in a 12-
note scale. Unlike the 12-note scale in Western music, the base frequency of the scale is not fixed, and intertonal gaps
( temper) may also vary; however with the gradual replacement of the sarangi by the harmonium, an equal tempered
scale is increasingly used. The performance is set to a melodic pattern ( raag) characterized in part by specific ascent and
descent. Other characteristics include King and Queen notes and a unique note phrase ( Pakad). In addition each raga
has its natural register ( Ambit) and glissando ( Meend) rules, as well as features specific to different styles and
compositions within the raga structure. Performances are usually marked by considerable improvisation within these
norms. It is traditional for performers who have reached a distinguished level of achievement, to be awarded titles
of Ustad.
Instruments
Sitar
Tabla
Harmonium
Sarangi
Santoor
Gharanas
A gharana is a system of social organization linking musicians or dancers by lineage and/or apprenticeship, and by
adherence to a particular musical style. A recent documentary film,Khayal Darpan, traces the development of classical
music in Pakistan since 1947.

Ghazal music
In poetry, the ghazal ( Persian: ‫ ;غزل‬Turkish gazel) is a poetic form consisting of couplets which share a rhyme and
a refrain. Each line must share the same meter. Etymologically, the word literally refers to "the mortal cry of a gazelle".
The animal is called Ghizaal, from which the English word gazelles stems, or Kastori haran (where haran refers to deer)
in Urdu. Ghazals are traditionally expressions of love, separation and loneliness, for which the gazelle is an appropriate
image. A ghazal can thus be understood as a poetic expression of both the pain of loss or separation and the beauty of
love in spite of that pain. The form is ancient, originating in 10th century Persian verse. It is derived from the
Persian qasida. The structural requirements of the ghazal are more stringent than those of most poetic forms
traditionally written in English. In its style and content it is a genre which has proved capable of an extraordinary variety
of expression around its central theme of love and separation. It is considered by many to be one of the principal poetic
forms the Persian civilization offered to the eastern Islamic world.
The ghazal spread into South Asia in the 12th century under the influence of the new Islamic Sultanate courts and Sufi
mystics. Exotic to the region, as is indicated by the very sounds of the name itself when properly pronounced as ġazal.
Although the ghazal is most prominently a form of Urdu poetry, today, it has influenced the poetry of many languages.
Most Ghazal singers are trained in classical music and sing in either Khyal or Thumri.

Qawwali music
Qawwali (Urdu: ‫)قوالی‬
ٌ is the devotional music of the Chishti Sufis. Qawwali is a vibrant musical tradition that stretches
back more than 700 years. Originally performed mainly at Sufi shrines throughout the subcontinent, it has also gained
mainstream popularity. Qawwali music received international exposure through the work of the late Nusrat Fateh Ali
Khan, largely due to several releases on the Real World label, followed by live appearances at WOMAD festivals.
Listeners, and often artists themselves are transported to a state of wajad, a trance-like state where they feel at one
with God, generally considered to be the height of spiritual ecstasy in Sufism. The roots of Qawwali can be traced back
to 8th century Persia, however, Qawwali in the form we know it today was essentially created by Amir Khusrau in the
late 13th century.
Instruments
Tabla
Dholak
Harmonium

Qawwali Party
A group of qawwali musicians, called a party, typically consists of eight or nine men — women are, for all intents and
purposes, excluded from traditional Muslim music as respectable women are traditionally prohibited from singing in the
presence of men, though these traditions are changing — including a lead singer, one or two side singers, one or two
harmoniums (which may be played by lead singer, side singer or someone else), and percussion. If there is only one
percussionist, he plays the tabla and dholak, usually the tabla with the left hand and the dholak with the right. Often
there will be two percussionists, in which case one might play the tabla and the other the dholak. There is also a chorus
of four or five men who repeat key verses, and who aid and abet percussion by hand-clapping. The performers sit in two
rows — the lead singer, side singers and harmonium players in the front row, and the chorus and percussionists in the
back row.

Folk music
akistani folk music deals with subjects surrounding daily life in less grandiose terms than the love and emotion usually
contained in its traditional and classical counterpart. In Pakistan, each province has its own variation of popular folk
music.
Pakistan has created many famous singers in this discipline such as the late Alam lohar, who was very influential in the
period of 1940 until 1979: he created the concept of jugni and this has been a folk song ever since, and he sang heer,
sufiana kalaams, mirza, sassi and many more famous folk stories. He created the style of singing with the chimta and
since his death Arif Lohar has carried on with his father's tradition alongside adopting his own unique style, such as the
new acclaimed and successful album 21 Century Jugni.

Filmi music
Pakistan's film industry known as " Lollywood" is based in Lahore. One of the most famous singers of the Pakistan film industry is Madame
Noor Jehan (Malika-e-Tarranum). Noor Jehan had a brief and successful acting career before devoting herself completely to music. She sang
extensively for Pakistani films and also sang Ghazals, folk songs and patriotic songs (milli naghmay) for Pakistan television.
Until the 1960’s Pakistani film music enjoyed a robust period of creative activity with a great number of songs acquiring popularity across
the sub-continent. The major music directors of this period (with the noted exception of Khawaja Khurshid Anwar) were mostly rababis.
Some of the great names were: Ustad Inayat Hussain, G.A. Chishti, Rashid Attre, Ustad Tasadduq, Master Abdullah, Firoze Nizami, Tufail
Farooqi and Ustad Nazar.
During the early 1960s Urdu film and music quality declined as the result of various factors. The dominance of trend-setting music directors
who had experience of seasoned pre-partition artists declined and they were replaced by a new and younger generation who tapped the
Punjabi film market. Most of Pakistani music or musicians is now played in Bollywood.

Rock music
Rock music in Pakistan has become very popular not only in Pakistan but across South Asia. All these groups have millions of fans across the
world including in other parts of South Asia. A landmark event occurred in 2003 when the Pakistani group Strings's song, Najane Kyun
became a featured single on the Urdu Soundtrack for Spider-Man 2. Rock music has developed so much in Pakistan, that it already has two
sub-genere's. The Pakistani band Junoon popularised a genre of music called Sufi rock (influenced from legend Nusrat Fateh Ali Khan) that
blended traditional Pakistani folk and Sufi music with western rock. Also Arif Lohar made a huge success with a rock folk album in 2006
called 21st century Jugni: this album was successful worldwide, and in India won 3 awards at the Alpha Punjabi Awards ceremony for best
International punjabi vocalist and best remixed and best folk rock album. Pakistani black metal has just recently begun, with many
underground bands in cities such as Karachi, Lahore, Islamabad and even Peshawar

Music Journalism
Music journalism in Pakistan has grown tremendously over the years, especially with the growth of the country's pop music industry and
underground rock culture. Popular music journalism was uncommon in the country till about 1985 when Karachi's tabloid, The Star started
printing reviews written by Farrukh Moriani who is also considered to be the country's first ever pop music critic. At the end of the eighties
and with the coming of the Liberal government of Benazir Bhutto in 1988, the once repressed and frowned upon (by the Islamist
dictatorship of General Mohammad Zia-ul-Haq), Pakistani pop music emerged from the underground and started gaining mainstream
popularity. With this came another pioneering Pakistani music and fashion critic Fifi Haroon who was amongst the first in the country to
undertake full features on the growing local music scene. Another frontrunner in this regard was Mohammed Ali Tim, but it wasn't until the
arrival of the iconoclastic Nadeem F. Paracha in 1990 that music journalism started to be taken as a serious form of journalism in Pakistan.
With Paracha was Farjad Nabi (at The The News International) and Aysha Aslam (at The Herald). Streaming Pakistani music online.
Pakistanis enjoy a variety of music from local Sufi folk to modern Rock even Rap. Most famous singers have their own
unique style that captivates their audiences. A variety of music instruments are used in producing music in Pakistan.
These instruments are also common in the region especially in India, Bangladesh and Sri Lanka. In this blog I will only be
touching upon the percussion instruments and will highlight the wind and string instruments in my next blog. Stay
tuned!

INSTRUMENTS
PERCUSSION INSTRUMENTS
Dholak Dholak is a very popular folk drum of northern India, Pakistan and Bangladesh as
well. It is barrel shaped, at times a cylindrical drum, with skins on both sides.
Dumroo Dumroo is probably the oldest and traditional form of percussion instrument in the
sub continent. Dumroo is the only remaining form of hour-glass drums which are
seen in ancient statues.
Ghatam GHATAM replicates or conveys the meaning of the pot in Sanskrit. It is an ancient
percussion instrument and ancient like other musical instruments mridangam,
veena, etc.
Ghungroos Ghungroos are very famous Musical Instrument. Ghungroos are usually the small
brass bells. It is a musical accessory used by performers of all classical dances.
Kanjeera The Kanjeera is a very old and traditional instrument which is very popular in the
regional classical performances. Kanjeera is secondary percussion which is played as
an accompaniment with the mridangam.
Kartal Kartal literally means rhythm of the hand which is made of wooden blocks with holes
for the fingers and circular copper plates, pairs of Kartals are played with both hands.
Khol Khol is usually used traditionally for accompanying Bhajans and Kirtans. Its high skin is
relatively small with a diameter of about 9 – 10 cm, which gives it a particularly high,
piercing sound.
Manjeera Manjeera is basically a set of small cymbals and is a ubiquitous component of dance,
music and bhajans. It is a very ancient instrument seen on ancient temple walls.
Manjeera is the most inexpensive and easy to play Instrument,
Mridangam Mridangam is one of the most popular classical instruments of the region. Mridangam
accompanies vocal, instrumental and dance performances.
Pakhawaj The Pakhawaj is also called Mardal, Pakhawaj, Pakuaj, Pakhvaj, Pakavaj or Mardala,
as it is a barrel-shaped, two-headed drum.
Tabla Tabla is the most popular pair of drums in the Indian Sub- continent. Tabla is a pair of
drums which consists of a small right hand drum called Dayan and a larger metal one
called bayan.
WIND INSTRUMENTS
 Bansuri Bansuri is basically a folk instrument, invariably linked to the Sufi music in the region.
Various local artists are famous for their Bansuri performances not only on stage but
also in the movies.

Harmonium Harmonium usually belongs to the family of free-reed aerophones. The instrument is a
small, tabletop size organ which has bellows at the back that is pumped by one hand
while the other hand plays the keyboard.
Shehnai Shehnai the wind instrument is believed to have been introduced in India by the
Muslims. Shehnai is the predominant double-reed wind instrument used in music all
over the sub continent.

STRING INSTRUMENTS
Sarangi Sarangi has a hollow body and made of teak wood adorned with ivory inlays. It
consisits of forty strings of which thirty seven are sympathetic.
Sarod Sarod is a popular classical musical instrument which is similar to the Western lute in
structure. Among the followers and connoisseurs of classical music Sarod is one of the
most important musical instruments.
Sitar Sitar is one of the most popular classical instruments and it comes under the category
of a chordophone in the lute family. Sitar has neck crafted from toon or teakwood and a
resonator carved from a large seasoned gourd.
Tanpura Tanpura is a drone instrument that accompanies Dhrupad singing and is the most
fundamental of all instruments of Pakistani Classical Music.
Veena Veena the traditional instrument is also known as Saraswati Veena. Veena is a
classical instrument basically plucked stringed instrument that is used to accompany
Carnatic music.

MUSIC OF INDIA
The music of India includes multiple varieties of Indian classical music, folk music, filmi and Indian pop. India's
classical musictradition, including Hindustani music and Carnatic, has a history spanning millennia and developed
over several eras. Music in India began as an integral part of socio-religious life.
Classical music

The two main traditions of Indian classical music are Carnatic music, which is found predominantly in the peninsular
regions, and Hindustani music, which is found in the northern, eastern and central regions. The basic concepts of
this music includes shruti(microtones), swaras (notes), alankar (ornamentations), raga (melodies improvised from
basic grammars), and tala (rhythmic patterns used in percussion). Its tonal system divides the octave into 22
segments called shrutis, not all equal but each roughly equal to a quarter of a whole tone of the Western music.

Hindustani music
The Hindustani music tradition diverged from Carnatic music around the 13th-14th centuries CE.[citation needed] The
practice Vedic times where the hymns in Sama Veda, an ancient religious text, were sung as Samagana and not
chanted. Developing a strong and diverse tradition over several centuries, it has contemporary traditions established
primarily in India but also in Pakistan and Bangladesh. In contrast to Carnatic music, the other main Indian classical
music tradition originating from the South, Hindustani music was not only influenced by ancient Hindu musical
traditions, historical Vedic philosophy and native Indian sounds but also enriched by the Persianperformance
practices of the Mughals. Classical genres are dhrupad, dhamar, khyal, tarana and sadra, and there are also
several semi-classical forms.

Carnatic music
he present of Carnatic music can be traced to the 14th - 15th centuries AD and thereafter. It originated in South
India during the rule of Vijayanagar Empire. Like Hindustani music, it is melodic, with improvised variations, but
tends to have more fixed compositions. It consists of a composition with improvised embellishments added to the
piece in the forms of Raga Alapana, Kalpanaswaram, Neravaland, in the case of more advanced students, Raga,
Tala, Pallavi. The main emphasis is on the vocals as most compositions are written to be sung, and even when
played on instruments, they are meant to be performed in a singing style (known as gāyaki). There are about 7.2
million ragas (or scales) in Carnatic Music,[citation needed] with around 300 still in use today. Annamayya is the first known
composer in Carnatic music. He is widely regarded as the Andhra Pada kavitā Pitāmaha (Godfather of Telugu song-
writing). Purandara Dasa is considered the father of Carnatic music, while the later musicians Tyagaraja, Shyama
Shastry and Muthuswami Dikshitar are considered the trinity of Carnatic music.[citation needed]
Every December, the city of Chennai in India has its eight-week-long Music Season, which is the world's largest
cultural event.
Carnatic music has served as the foundation for most music in South India, including folk music, festival music and
has also extended its influence to film music in the past 100–150 years or so.

Light classical music

There are many types of music which comes under the category of light classical or semi-classical. Some of the
forms are Thumri, Dadra, Ghazal, Chaiti, Kajri, Tappa, Natya Sangeet and Qawwali.
Indian pop music is based on an amalgamation of Indian folk and classical music, and modern beats from different
parts of the world. Pop music really started in the South Asianregion with the famous playback singer Ahmed
Rushdi's song ‘Ko Ko Korina’ in 1966, followed initially by Mohammad Rafi in the late 1960s and then by Kishore
Kumar in the early 1970s.

Raga rock is rock or pop music with a heavy Indian influence, either in its construction, its timbre, or its use of
instrumentation, such as the sitar and tabla. Raga and other forms of classical Indian music began to influence
many rock groups during the 1960s; most famously the Beatles. The first traces of "raga rock" can be heard on
songs such as "See My Friends" by the Kinks and the Yardbirds' "Heart Full of Soul", released the previous month,
featured a sitar-like riff by guitarist Jeff Beck.[12][13] The Beatles song "Norwegian Wood (This Bird Has Flown)", which
first appeared on the band's 1965 album Rubber Soul, was the first western pop song to actually incorporate the
sitar (played by lead guitarist George Harrison).[13][14] The Byrds' March 1966 single "Eight Miles High" and its B-side
"Why" were also influential in originating the musical subgenre. Indeed, the term "raga rock" was coined by The
Byrds' publicist in the press releases for the single and was first used in print by journalist Sally Kempton in her
review of "Eight Miles High" for The Village Voice.[15][16] George Harrison's interest in Indian music, popularised the
genre in the mid-1960s with songs such as "Love You To", "Tomorrow Never Knows" (credited to Lennon-
McCartney), "Within You Without You" and "The Inner Light".[17][18][19] The rock acts of the sixties both in turn
influenced British and American groups and Indian acts to develop a later form of Indian rock.
The rock music "scene" in India is small compared to the filmi or fusion musicality "scenes" but as of recent years
has come into its own, achieving a cult status of sorts. Rock music in India has its origins in the 1960s when
international stars such as the Beatles visited India and brought their music with them. These artists' collaboration
with Indian musicians such as Ravi Shankar and Zakir Hussain have led to the development of raga rock.
International short wave radio stations such as The Voice of America, BBC, and Radio Ceylon played a major part in
bringing Western pop, folk, and rock music to the masses. Indian rock bands began to gain prominence only much
later, around the late 1980s.

INSTRUMENT
Sitar
Sitar is of the most popular music instruments of North India. The Sitar has a long neck with twenty metal frets and six to
seven main cords. Below the frets of Sitar are thirteen sympathetic strings which are tuned to the notes of the Raga. A
gourd, which acts as a resonator for the strings is at the lower end of the neck of the Sitar. The frets are moved up and
down to adjust the notes. Some famous Sitar players are Ustad Vilayat Khan, Pt. Ravishankar, Ustad Imrat Khan, Ustad
Abdul Halim Zaffar Khan, Ustad Rais Khan and Pt Debu Chowdhury.
Sarod
Sarod has a small wooden body covered with skin and a fingerboard that is covered with steel. Sarod does not have a
fret and has twenty-five strings of which fifteen are sympathetic strings. A metal gourd acts as a resonator. The strings
are plucked with a triangular plectrum. Some notable exponents of Sarod are Ustad Ali Akbar Khan, Ustad Amjad Ali
Khan, Pt. Buddhadev Das Gupta, Zarin Daruwalla and Brij Narayan.
Sarangi
Sarangi is one of the most popular and oldest bowed instruments in India. The body of Sarangi is hollow and made of
teak wood adorned with ivory inlays. Sarangi has forty strings of which thirty seven are sympathetic. The Sarangi is held
in a vertical position and played with a bow. To play the Sarangi one has to press the fingernails of the left hand against
the strings. Famous Sarangi maestros are Rehman Bakhs, Pt Ram Narayan, Ghulam Sabir and Ustad Sultan Khan.
Flute
Flute is a simple cylindrical tube of uniform bore and associated with Indian music since time immemorial. Flutes vary in
size. Flute is held horizontally and is inclined downwards when it is played. To produce sound or melody one has to
cover the finger holes with the fingers of the left and right hand. Variations in pitch are produced by altering the
effective length of the air column. Notable flute exponents are Pt Pannalal Ghosh and Pt Hari Prashad Chaurasia.
Shehnai
Shehnai is a traditional musical instrument, associated with auspicious occasions like marriages and temple processions.
Shehnai is a double reed instrument with a tapering bore which progressively increases towards the lower side. The
Shehnai has finger-holes to produce semi, quarter and micro-tones. Ustad Bismillah Khan is the unrivalled maestro of
the Shehnai.
Tabla
The most popular musical instrument used in North India is the Tabla. The Tabla consists of a pair of drums- the Tabla
and the Bayan. The Tabla is made of wood and whereas its head is made of stretched animal skin. Finer tuning of Tabla
is done by striking the rim of the Tabla with a small hammer. The Bayan is the bass drum and is usually made of metal
with a stretched skin head. Both drums have a black spot in the center made of manganese or iron dust.
Pakhawaj
It is believed that the Tabla was derived from Pakhawaj. Pakhawaj usually accompanies Dhrupad style of singing.
Pakhawaj is a barrel-shaped drum with two heads which are made of layers of skin. The heads of Pakhawaj are
expanded by leather straps which run along the sides of the body over small cylindrical wooden blocks that are used for
tuning.
Harmonium
The harmonium is a traditional and popular musical instrument of India. The harmonium has a keyboard of over two and
one-half octaves and works on a system of bellows. The keyboard is played with the right hand while the left hand is
used to operate the bellows. Harmonium is more popular in North India than in the South.
Jaltarangam
Jaltarangam consists of a set of eighteen porcelain cups of varying sizes. The cups are arranged in a semi-circle before
the performer, in decreasing order of size. The largest cup is to the left of the performer whereas the smallest to his
right. Water is poured into the cups and the pitch is changed by adjusting the amount of water in the cup. The cups are
struck with two thin bamboo sticks.
Mridangam
The mridangam is one of the most popular classical instruments of South India. Mridangam accompanies vocal,
instrumental and dance performances. The present day mridangam is made of a single block of wood. It is a barrel-
shaped double-headed drum, the right head being smaller than the left. The two heads are made of layers of skin. The
mridangam is played with hands, palms and fingers.
Ghatam
The Ghatam is one oldest percussion instruments of South India. The Ghatam is a mud pan with a narrow mouth. From
its mouth, it slopes outwards to form a ridge. Ghatam is made mainly of clay baked with brass or copper filings with a
small amount of iron filings. The Ghatam produces fast rhythmic patterns. Ghatam is generally a secondary percussion
instrument accompanying mridangam.

Music history of Pakistan-https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_of_Pakistan

-http://asiasociety.org/blog/asia/musical-history-pakistan
Instrument-https://blogs.transparent.com/urdu/pakistans-music-instruments-part-12/
India-https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_of_India
Instrument-http://www.culturalindia.net/indian-music/music-instruments.html