S E C O N D B O O K

OF

SANSKRIT
A TREATISE O N G R A M M A R
[WITH EXERCISES]

By

Sir Ramkrishna Gopal Bhandarkar

M.A., Ph. D., L L . D . , K.C.I.E., &C., &C,

Revised & Enlarged the

General Superintendence of the Author

By

Shridhar Ramkrishna Bhandarkar, M. A.

KARNATAK PUBLISHING HOUSE

BOMBAY—69.

Price Rupees Seven Only

 A L L RIGHTS RESERVED
[Registered for Copy-right under Act XXV of 18671

TWENTYTHIRD EDITION
1971

Printed by S. Y. Choughnle at Sudarshan Art Printing Press,

Wadala, Bombay 31. and Published by B. G. Dhawale,
for the Kamatak Publishing House, Bombay 69.
ig'^TS^ Sfong^ gfifgi I
 PREFACE T O T H E FIRST EDITION

This Second Book of Sanskrit has been prepared under

instructions from Sir A. Grant, Director of Public Instruction.
Its plan is nearly the same as that of the First Book, which
the student is supposed to have read and mastered. Each leB=oii
consists of four parts :—1st, Grammar; 2nd, Sanskrit sentences
for translation into English; 3rd, EngUsh sentences for trans-
lation into Sanskrit — both intended to exercise the student in
the rules of Grammar given at the top of the Lesson; and 4th,
a Vocabulary.

This and the First Book together contain as much Grammar

as is needed for all practical purposes, perhaps more. I have
adopted the terminology of the EngUsh Grammarians of Sans-
krit, but have strictly followed Panini, as explained by Bhattoji
Diksita in his Siddhantakaumudi. Most of the rules are mere
translations of the Siitras. Besides the terms, Guna, Vrddhi,
and a few others, which have been adopted from Native Gram-
marians by nearly all European writers on the subject, I have
found it necessary to appropriate two more, viz., Set and Anit.
The prejudice against mere Native terms, in deference to which
Professor Benfey seems in his smaller Grammar to have dis-
carded even the words Guna and Vrddhi, without substituting
any others, is, in my humble opinion, very unreasonable, when
it is difficult to frame new words to designate the things which
they signify. It is very inconvenient to have to describe the
same thing again and again whenever one has occasion to speak
of it. It will at the same time be somewhat difficult for the
learner to make out, when a thing is so described in a variety
of cases, that it is the same. Words adapted to express a parti-
cular meaning are as necessary here as in other affairs of
human life. What ar amount of inconvenience would it, for
vi SECOND BOOK OP SANSKRIT

instance, entail, if whenever we had to speak of the human

race, we were, instead of being allowed to use the word " man,"
made to describe man's physical and rational nature! But I
must not elevate an ordinary :iruism to the rank of a newly-
discovered truth.

The general rules of Grammar, and such exceptions as are

important, have been given in this book, those of the least
importance only being omitted. Such an omission is apt to
render a book liable to the charge of inaccuracy. But it is
unavoidable in an elementary work, and after all it will pro-
duce little or no practical inconvenience.

There is one point in Sanskrit Grammar, in my explana-

tion of which I have departed from ordinary usage, though I
think I do agree with Panini and his commentators. It is the
sense to be attached to the so-called Aorist. The most labori-
ous student of a dead language is not alive to all the nice
shades of meaning, which are plain even to the uninstructed
when a language is living. Even to a Maha-Pandita in these
days the sound of ^ra^ is not at all so disagreeable as that
of is to the genuine Maratha peasant. We know of
the distinction between the Atmanepada and Parasmaipada
only in theory, but that between the «? and f of the Marathi
Habitual Past, of the ^ and ^ of the Future, we feel. We
must, therefore, to determine ttiis question about the Aorist,
appeal to such Sanskrit works as, we have reason to suppose,
must have been written when Sanskrit was a spoken language.
The KSvyas, the Natakas and most of the Puratjas will not
do for our purpose. Svich books as the Saihhitas of the Vedas,
the Brlhmanas, or even those portions of the two great Epics
which do not bear indications of having been subsequently
tampered with must be referred to. To institute such a wide
research I have neither had the necessary time nor the neces-
sary means. But the Aitareya Brahmana, which I have read,
seems almost to decide the point. In this work, whenever
 SECOND BOOK OF SANSKRIT Vii

stories are told, the so-called Imperfect or the Perfect is always

used, and the Aorist never occurs.* On the contrary, v.hen
the persons in the story are represented as speaking with one
another, they use the Aorist, and the only sense that can be
attached to it in these cases is that of the English Present
Perfect; in other words, it indicates simply the completion of
an action or an action that has just or recently been done. The
reason why the Aorist occurs in these cases only is that there
is no scope for recent past time in mere narration ; and things
that have just or recently occurred can come to be spoken of
only when persons are talking with each other. The piece
given at the end of this book contains passages remarkably
illustrating what I say. The story goes : — " Hariicandra said
to Varuna, ' Let a son be bom to me and I will then offer him
as a sacrifice to you.' ' Well,' said Varuna. Then a son was
bom to him. Then said Varuna, 'You have got a son, sacri-
fice him to me now.' Then said Hariscandra, ' When a victinn.
becomes ten days old, then he is fit to be sacrificed. Let the
boy become ten days old, I will then sacrifice him to you.
' Well,' said Varuna. The boy became ten days old. Then
said Varuna, ' He has become ten days old, sacrifice him now
to me," and thus it proceeds. Now in this and the remaining,
portion of the Khancla the verbs " s a i d " (occurring several
times), "was bom," "became" and others that are used by
the narrator speaking in his own person are always in the Per-

* In the passage noticed below, we have ^ f^dlfsnqq^,where

is the Aorist of SJI'^. with si and is used in the narration of
a past event. But in the whole of the Brahmana there is so far as
I can recollect, not a single instance besides this, where the narra-
tor uses the Aorist in speaking of a past action. The evidence being
then so overwhelming, some other explanation must be attempted
in the present case and this example ought by no means to be
taked to invalidate the position in the text. Perhaps when the
reading of Vedic books was fixed, JfTFt and Jn^Kj which occur
immediately after, were, through mistake, made to exchange places.
viii SECOND BOOK OP SANSKRIT

feet; while "have got", "has become", &c., used by Varuna

with reference to the boy, are in the Aorist. The latter clearly
refer to a time just gone by. In the same manner, in the story
of Nabhanedistha, related in the fourteenth Khanda of the
Fifth PaScika, the verbs, anuro, s w i g : , 8)5:, and « n i ^ used
by Nabhanedistha, and evidently, from the context, denoting
events that have just happened, are in the Aorist, as also m\^:
used by Rudra. While when the author, in narrating the story
speaks of certain things as having taken place, he invariably
uses the Imperfect, the event from his point of view having
occurred at a remote past time. Similar instances, in which
the Aorist on tlie one hand, and the Imperfect or the Perfect
on the other, are used exactly in the same way, occur in 1-23
2-19, 3-33, 4-17.* 6-33, 6-34, 7-27, 7-28, 8-7, 8-23,t, while na-
rratives, in which the Perfect or the Imperfect only is used, and
where there is either no conversation, or when there is, it is
only with reference to present or future time, are innumerable.
7-26, and 5-34 may also be consulted.!
*The cows held a sacrificial session with the object of gett-
ing horns; after a year they got horns, and then they say to
themselves : <blHl^l|ltMMUim^ Sg^lBRT:, i-e., " The object
for which we undertook this sacrificial ceremony we have got.
We now rise or break up." Here WWff is the Aorist of sun;' to
obtain,' and evidently means ' have got or obtained;' while
SH^lawft is the Imperfect of afjSH and certainly does not indicate
-an event that has just happened.
t Some of these passages have been given in the lesson on
the Aorist.
+ To show how rich the language of this Brahmana is in
verbal forms, and especially of the Aorist, I will here give a list
of the forms of the Aorist, referred to in the text. It will be
shown further on that the Brahmana follows the rules of Papini
faithfully in the use of the Aorist and the following list will show
that the forms also of this tense strictly obey the rules laid down
by that grammarian, except in a few cases. ( Contd. on p. ix)
 SECOND BOOK OF SANSKRIT ix

We thus see that the so-called Aorist denotes recent past

time or the mere completion of an action, and thus resembles
the English Present Perfect. And this is confirmed by what
Panini says on the subject. The Siitras which give the senses
of the three past tenses are 3-2-110 ; ^ 3-2-111 ;
1^ 1%5 3-2-115. They are thus to be interpreted—" or
the Aorist indicates past time; ^ or the Imperfect shows a
past action done previous to this day ; and fef or the Perfect,
a past event which took place before this day, and which was
not witnessed by the speaker. " Now thefirstSutra gives a
general rule, the second is an exception to it, and the third an
exception to this again; the past time, therefore, left according
to Pacini's system of rules and exceptions for to indicate,
is S R ^ S T that is to say, this day's, can also by these Sutras
indicate past time generally, i.e., express simply the completion
of an action without reference to any particular past time. For
the category past time can admit of three divisions only ac-
cording to the principle indicated in the Sutras, viz., past time
generally and not specifically, the time of this day, and the
past time previous to this day. The last is taken up by ^
and (%5; and the first two belong, therefore, to By an-

51^K1:
m-

mm.
wen: ajPTW
^ -

Of these 4+ forms only 5 SRSW, ma, 3^R!ra'^ and 3 ^ :

do not conform to tlie rules laid down by Panini for the Bhasa
or the Sanskrit current in his time. (1885)
X SECOND BOOK OF SANSKRIT

Other SOtra ^|iWWWWi^|iw«^iwnflMn}t;, Panini, 3-3-135, ^

expresses recent and continuous past action, in addition. So
that according to Panini, ^ indicates (1) past time generally,
(2) past time of this day and not previous to this day and
(3) recent past time. Now all these characteristics we find in
the English Present Perfect and not in the Indefinite Past. For
firstly, if we want to express simply the completion of an action,
t. e., past time generally without reference to any particular past
time, we do not use the Indefinite Past in English, but the
Present Perfect. ' I read Sir Walter Scott's Ivanhoe' necessa-
rily implies some particular time when the action of reading
was done; in other words, the sense of the sentence is not com-
plete without the specification of some time. We must add
some such expression as ' two years ago' or the particular time
must be understood from the context. But when we say' I have
read Sir Walter Scott's Ivanhoe', there is no such necessity.
Secondly, the English Present Perfect, like the Sanskrit ,
can denote, if it denotes any specific time at all, the past time
of this day only. For,' I have read the book to-day' is good
English; but' I have read the book yesterday' ox'a year ago ^
is not. And thirdly, the Present Perfect, as is generally ad-
mitted, denotes recent time in English.

My object has been to render this as much a Sanskrit

Readuig Book as a book on Sanskrit Grammar; in other words,
not only to teach grammatical forms to the student but to
enable him to construe Sanskrit. I have, therefore, in
addition to the sentences composed by myself, given in nearly
all the lessons a good many extracts, containing examples of the
particular rules, from original Sanskrit works, such as the Aita-
reya Brahmana, Upanisads, the Mahabharata, Kadambari, the
Pafichatantra, and the Raghuvaihsa. With the same object,
three long prose pieces illustrative of three different styles, and
one poetiod have been given at the end.. One of the former is
from the Aitareya Brahmana, chosen on accotmt of its rich-
 SECOND BOOK OF SANSKRIT xi

ness in verbal forms and the strength, purity, and simplicity of

its style. The English sentences have, of course, all been
composed by me.

I hope Teachers and Students will find this book useful.

Such improvements as experience may show to be necessary
will be made in subsequent editions.

R. G. B .
Ratnagiri, 8th April, 1868.

PREFACE T O T H E SECOND EDITION

The observations made in the Preface to the last edition

as to the sense of the Aorist have been confirmed by several
passages I have met with in the Sarhhitas of the Vedas and in
Brahmanas other than the Aitareya. But since this is hardly
the place for an elaborate essay on the subject, I forbear to
make any addition to what I have already said on the subject.
I have only re-cast the remarks contained in the Preface on the
meaning of the Sutras of Panini bearing on the question.

R. G. B .
Bombay, 19th April, 1870,
 PREFACE T O T H E THIRD EDITION

Grammar was not an empiric study with Papini and the

other ancient grammarians of India. Those great sages ob-
served carefully the facts of their language and endeavoured
always to connect them together by a law or rule and to bring
these laws again under still more general laws. Sanskrit Gram-
mar has thus become a science at their hands, and its study
possesses an educational value of the same kind as that of
Euclid and not much inferior to it in degree. For, to make a
particular form, the mind of the student has to go through a
certain process of synthesis. He has to mark the mutual con-
nections of the rules he has learnt, and, in each given case, to
find out which of them, fronj the conditions involved, hold good
in that case, and to apply them in regular succession, until he
' arrives at the form required. A mere unscientific teaching of
the forms as such and mixing them up unconnectedly into a
list, our grammarians never resorted to, so long as they could
trace a resemblance even between two of them, if not more.
Convinced of the utility of this system, I tried in this book
to adhere to Panini so far as was convenient or practicable, and
to give his general rules instead of splitting them up into the
particular cases they comprehend. In this manner I was also
able to compress a great deal of matter into a comparatively
small space. But the book necessarily became difficult, since
instead of placing a ready-made form before the student, it
gave him only the rules and required him to constitute it for
himself. Experience, however, both as a learner and a teacher, •
has taught me that Sanskrit Grammar learnt according to the
latter method is more easily and longer remembered than if
learnt empu-ically. And I maintain that the book, as it was,
was not at all difficult, in the hands of a good teacher. But,
to meet the views of those who think otherwise, I have, in this
edition, increased the number of examples without interfering
with the system, and added explanations to show how to derive
 SECOND BOOK OF SANSKRIT xiii

them and how, generally, to apply the rules in particular cases.

All this new matter has been printed in small type. I have
thus myself done, in a great measure, what I expected teach-
ers to do and what I, as a teacher, once did. Several other
changes and alterations have been made in this edition. Sepa-
rate vocabularies have been given for the English exercises, the
two lessons on the second conjugation have been expanded into
four, the number of verses from Bhartrhari has been reduced
and the passage from Kadambari removed and another, some-
what shorter and much simpler, from the same work, substi-
tuted for it. I have also here and there added a few rules,
especially in the lessons on compounds, and given a few more
exercises.

I was not so sanguine about the success of this book as of

the First. But I am very happy to perceive that this also has
met with favour, and that along with the First it has become
the means, howsoever humble, of facilitatmg and promoting
the study of: the language of the ancient R?is among their
modem descendants.

R. G. B .
Bombay, 15th April, 1873.
 PREFACE T O T H E SIXTH EDITION

The following are the principal changes and additions made

in the present edition: —(1) The first lesson in the previous
editions treated of the Potential Mood of the first Group of
conjugations. But that mood having now been transferred to
the First Book, the lesson has been taken out. The first lesson
now treats of the Irregularities of the 1st, 4th, 6th, and 10th
conjugations, to which are attached Sanskrit and English sen-
tences for exercise, with Sanskrit and English vocabularies.
(2) The lesson on the Futures and the Conditional, together with
the portion treating of the Passive, has been removed from its
place after the Aorist and put after the Perfect, in accordance
with the practice in our High Schools of teaching it immedi-
ately after the latter. (3) All the Sanskrit into English vocabu-
laries occurring in the body of the book have been collected
together into a general Glossary at the end, as also the English
into Sanskrit vocabularies. (4) A few verses which could be
easily gathered from the Kirtikaumudi, Bhattikavya, and Haia-
yudha's Kavirahasya have been added to the exercises here and
there. It is true that ihe authors of the last two works are
perhaps Hkely to be considered as having used words not in
common use in the extant Sanskrit literature or never used
in it at all. It should, however, be borne in mind that the
first lived probably in the same century as BSna and before
BhavaMiati, both of whom are recognised as standard authors,
and the second about two centuries after; that there must have
been a great deal more of Sanskrit literature extant in their
time than there is at present; and that, their object being the
same as that of this and the First Book, viz., to teach the lan-
guage they probably did not use words without having met
with instances of thtir use in the literature existing in their
time.

S. R. B.
Poona, 31st August, 1885.
 C O T E N T S

PAGE

PREFACES ... ... ... ••• v

LESSOM I IRREGULARITIES belonging to the 1st, 4th,
6th, and 10th Conjugations ... 1
II FIFTH AND EIGHTH CONJUGATIONS—
Present Tense ... ... 13
III Imperfect Tense ... ... 20
IV Imperative and Potential ... 24
V NINTH CONJUGATION — Present and
Imperative ... ... 29
VI - Imperfect and Potential ... 36
VH SECOND CONJUGATION—Present and
Imperative ... ... 39
VIII Imperfect and Potential ... 50
IX SECOND CONJUGATION (continued)
Present and Imperative ... 56
X Imperfect and Potential ... 67
XI THIRD CONJUGATION ... ... 71
XII SEVENTH CONJUGATION ... ... 81
XIII PERFECT ... ... ... 88
XIV (continued) ... ... 99
XV Par/ / - F I R S T AKD SECOND FUTURES AND
CONDITIONAL ... ... 110
Par///—PASSIVE FORMS ... ... 117
XVI DECLENSIONAL IRREGULARITIES ... 121
XVI SECOND BOOK OF SANSKRIT

PAGE
LESSON XVII NUMERALS ... ... ... 138
XVIII COMPARATIVE AND SUPERLATIVE
DEGREES of Adjectives &c. ... 147
XIX COMPOUNDS-Dvandva and Tatpurusa 155
XX Bahuvrihi and Svyayibhava ... 164
XXI CAUSALS ... ... ... 172
XXII AORIST—First, Second and Third ,
Varieties ... ... 178
XXffl Sixth and Seventh Varieties ... 189
XXIV Par/r—Fourth and Fifth Varieties ... 194
Par//J—BENEDICTIVE MOOD ... 206
XXV DESIDERATIVES ... ... 208
XXVI. VERBAL DERIVATIVES—Past, Perfect,
Future and Potential Participles, &c ... 215
SELECTIONS FOR EXERCISE :—
From the Aitareya Brahmaiia ... 224
The Three Rogues ... ... 227
The Brahmana and the Cobra ... 228
From Bhartrhari's Nitisataka ... 229
From Kadambari ... ... 235
GLOSSARY—Sanskrit into English ... ... 237
—English into Sanskrit ... ... 246
 S E C O N D B O O K O F S A N S K R I T
LESSON I
IRKEGULARITJES B E L O N G I N G T O T H E I S T ,
4TH, 6 T H A N D 10TH C O N J U G A T I O N S

1. 'to protect' Parasm., ^ 'to heat' Parasm.,

'to go' or 'approach' Parasm., rrn Parasm., when
it means'to praise', and «R[, 'to praise' Parasm., all of
the 1st conjugation (except which belongs to the
6th), have ^m. added on to them before the conjuga-
tional sign; as qmrqf^, ^«?Pifir, &c. The ^ 6t ^ takes its
Guna substitute before this an^i, as itwwriRf. siPl is
optionally retained in the non<X)njugational tenses. §
and <i!5c^ take the Atmanepada terminations when they
do not take this aiRC, as "joRt.

2. « r a Aim., Atm., and w^, 5P^, 9 ^

and with or without any preposition, a l l
Parasm., belong both to the 1st and to the ^th conjuga-
tion, and Parasam., to the 4th and the 6th; as or
&c.
3. The penultimate «j of « ^ is lengthened, when it
takes Parasmaipada terminations i n the conjugational
tenses, as or JBrnrfe; but Atm., sinsat; similarly
fet, s>{< and 1st conj. with lengthen their vowels.
4. tirHf ^ «rn, and all of the 4th conjuga-
tion, and and spj, when of the 4th conjugation,
lengthen their vowel in the conjugational tenses; as
OT^, snwrfit or wrflj, &c. has also.
5. auj, and ajjt when it means 'to shave or pare',
literally and not metaphorically, belong to the 1st and 5th
conjugations; as «wfit or ai^oitfir.

§ For an explanation of this expression see Lesson II.

2 SECOND BOOK OF SANSKRIT

6. « n 'to blow', HI' to ,smeir, m 'to think', n? 'to

go', ?j when it means 'to run', 'to restrain', and 51^
'to perish', all of the 1st conjugation, substitute in the
conjugational tenses ^ fira, ns^, 4>, n^, and
5flq;, respectively; as vst^, ^§t, &c. The last is
Stmanepadi in the conjugational tenses.
7. The penultimate 3 of >^ is lengthened before the
conjugational sign and before any strong or Guna-making
termination with an initial vowel; as
8. ^ and ?rs5i Parasm., Atm., and ^sji; Parasm.
and Aim., all of the 1st conjugation, drop their nasal before
the conjugational sign; as ?51^, s^rsra, &c.
9. When a radical ^ (long ) does not unda-go Gupa
or Vriddhi substitute, it is changed to ^ i ; , and to 3^, if a
labial or ^ precedes. The 5 or 3 of these and of roots
ending in ^, is lengthened when a consonant follows. Thus
<|4th conj. forms sfl^Jfe, j 6th conj. 10th conj.
% and ^ 4th conj. and ^mB, &c.
10. "" Roots of the 4th conjugation ending in drop it
before the conjugational sign. Thus, ^ forms ; ^-u^;
^ill-^fi^; and i§|-«PT^.
11. The ending 5 or 3, short or long, is changed to ^
or 3:^ respectively before ai, the sign of the 6th conjugation
( see Rule II, Lesson V I I ) ; as ft-^, ^r^^^ ^-3^1%,
12. sjTn 4th conj. is modified into ^ before the IT of
that conjugation; as ^vkB.
13. ^ a ; and both of the 6th conjugation are
modified into «sa and f « in the conjugational tenses; as
T^jfs^, fsr^, &c.
14. The ^ of j^K and g^si; is changed to 3t when not
dropped ( X , Lesson I X ) ; as &c.
15. and f ^ . all of the 6th conju,,
insert a nasal before the final in the conjugational tenses;
as &c.
 SECOND BOOK OF SANSKRIT 3

16. Some roots of the 10th conjugation are exclusively

Atmanepadi, such as a*^, JP^
& c ; as fXfSff^, ^op^, &c.
17. Many roots belong optionally to the 1st or 10th
conjugation, such as g^t, ^ , fan, f, |, ft^, wj,

&C. SfTsf^, q^^FT^, & C .

ST^s I I W ^ ^ ^

lWisrHj«ri^ ^^n^r f4il^<<ir g r j ^ ^ ^ H R I ^

^n^f^. I* ft; «rSg?ra>TOf5 ywwwf*^ i

arai^^fiw aiit f^i'WH. ii

§ %Hwith an when it means " to rise ,up " is AtmaQ^adi«

if used of a h^venly body.
4 SECOND BOOK OF SANSKRIT

Ri*M<ft*i ?nit5sprf^ srfJft^Ri^ sm: i

535?^ ^ « ? ^ «nnn5% I

;n^^5ra% * f ^ r a ^ T ^ w n I
ifit MtiKK^^ltcl SKfltt II

nm ¥iV6mt'i^fHH, II The roots enumerated here and roots having

the same sense as these govern two objects, as a general rule,
one direct and the other indirect. In the passive the indirect object
of the roots from ^ to ^ and their equivalents is put in the
nominative and the direct in the accusative ; and in the case of
the roots i ^ , 5, ^ and and their equivalents, the direct object
is put in the nominative and the other in the accusative; ^
?rr^ ^gsrrat Act.,' He begs the earth of Bali',
Pass.; 5ra 5Pri&^«J<<M<<,Act., ' He wins a hundred (coins) from
Devadatta', 5Rr sik^ ^cRpn Pass.; um^l swi& Act., imm
^f!Rt Pass.
In the present verse ^ with aifii, of which aii^I%n is the
past part, pass., has the same sense as ^ which means 'to say
o r speak to.'
t This and the following nine stanzas refer to a king of the
name of Kv^na.
t When is u6ed in the sense of ' operating' or ' having
effect', it is Atmanepadi.
 SECOND BOOK OP SANSKRIT 5

T^iTsnPt 'T'nFTf5?T df^-t^Ri §n

^sfiT55«ri^ «ftinPrf^j[qraf'»#^i
3Tfil«!4mc«<j) ^ »HT PlclJiHH. II

^rTq«!i ^ f ^ s j ^ II

^SSWRTf I g f t ^ ^<i^ t ^ II

^ u n R i i V*JRil ^ ^Si^atsl^ •J ^^^JcT II

^'>**M ^ ^ I ^ WtW^wp MI"1l(«f:J4^^ II

§ The doubUng of a crude noun or declensional form has the

ssnse of ' every'; as ^^jjt' in every house', ' every day.'
t Wt with IT, or ^ takes the Stmanepada termina-
tions.
I wtVfc ft, «n, or ^ is Parasmaipadi.
6 SECOND BOOK OF SANSKRIT

It is the power of God, by which this wheel of the

world goes round [ « ^ ].
Enraged at his ingratitude Vigpudatta cut him up
[w^ with wil with harsh words.
In that assembly the necklaces of many of the kings
rising up in haste broke [^] by their pressing against
(Mie another.
Does the unforgiving serpent bite [ ^ ] from a desire
for blood the person touching him with his foot ?
Having first bowed to Vasistha, the preceptor of the
family of the Iksvakus, Rama embraced [i5sp=5t] his bro-
thers.
Indrajit being killed, grief burnt [ ] Ravapa like
fire on account of his untimely death.
Taking away that by which I live, you try [^^] to
take away my life.
Attracted by the flame of the lamp, the moth sud-
denly fell upon it and died [ SR § with acc. of ^ ].
Wishing to make the elephant turn back, Aja
pierced [sqiq;] him with an arrow.
In the fight with the Rak?asas Rama mowed [jra]
many hundreds of his enemies with his sharp weapons.
The soul of Rama was plunged in grief caused
by his separation from Sita,
"Stake [<Pi] thy wife, Paficall," said the sons of
Dhrtarastra to Yudhisthira, when everything besides
her had been won by them from him. t
I took great trouble [TO with sr] for the recovery
of the jewel snatched away by the bird.

§ The augment an of the Imperfect with the following

initial ^ of a root becomes aq^ (cf. rule, p. 62, F . B.).
t See note t, page 4.
 SECOND BOOK OF SANSKRIT 7

He who is at enmity § with the great quickly perishes

Thousands of faults are committed by me every

moment; forgive them all, 0 God !
O h ! the inexpressible power of this maid, that not
only things that live [ f%q[ ] serve her, but also those that
do not l i v e !
The wind, moist with the spray of the adjoining river
gently shakes [ the Atimukta creeper in the garden.
When Aja blew [ «w ] his conch, his warriors, who
had fied away, returned and saw the armies of his
enemies asleep.
VOCABULARY I
Roots
stjf .7s/ conj. Parasm. and 10th ^ff^ Parasm. to be or become
conj. to acquire, to obtain, fatigued, to be exhausted, to
to earn. be depressed.
aif 7st conj. Parasm. and 10th fgH4th conj.Parasm. to forgive.
conj. to deserve.
3^ 1st conj. Parasm. and Atm.
^ 1st conj. Atm. to acquire,
to obtain. to conceal,
6th conj. Parasm. to cut. ar 1st conj. Parasm. with
f 6th conj. Parasm. to strew; to smell. [ to drink; with Sff.
with ft, to scatter.
^mlst conj. Parasm. to lick up,
^ 10th conj. to celebrate, to
^^lOth conj. Atm. to have life
praise, to glorify.
or motion.
Parasm. to walk, to step ;
Atm. to operate, to have gpPT causal of 31^, to cause, to
eflfect; with aji, to approach, bring about; ^ i f f t ^ Inf.
to step or tread upon, to rise, ^ 1st and 4th conj. Parasm.
to rise up; with sift, to step ^ and 10th conj. to grow old,
or go beyond, to part from. ' to waste away, to wear out.
§ Use Atm. here which is a denominative from ^ « .
' enmity ', and is to be conjugated like roots of the 1st conjuga-
tion, as W i f t 3rd pers. sing. pres.
8 SECOND BOOK OF SANSKRIT

1st conj. Parasm. to pare, Vl^ with ft, to stop.

to chop; with to cut to 55^ Parasm. to desire; with
pieces, to wound, to hurt by 9#r, to desire, to covet, to
words. crave.
'^7st conj'. Parasm. and 10th ^l'{.6thconj.Parasnt. and Atm,
conj. Atm. to threaten, to to smear, to anoint.
menace, to reprove. [ afraid. 4th conj. Parasm. to be
Parasm. to tremble, to be destroyed, to disappear or
35 Parasm. to break, to snap. vanish.
^ 1st conj. Parasm. and 10thgS[ 6th conj. Parasm. and Atm.
conj. Atm. to bite, to sting. to take away, to rob, to
^ 6th conj. Parasm. to shake, plumper, to deprive of.
to agitate. tpllst conj. Parasm. and Atm.
^ 1st conj. Parasm. to sound, to shear, to cut, to sow; with
to roar, to thunder, ft^ to offer sacrificial food,
•ng; with ft, to perish. to present.
^Ist conj. to praise, to bet or ^ 1st conj. Parasm. to rain,
stake at play, to gamble. to shower down, to pour down,
Parasm. to wander, to ssiq 4th conj. Parasm. to pierce,
revolve. to wound. [ mow, to tear.
vresj; 1st conj. Parasm. and Atm. H!^6th conj. Parasm. to cut, to
to bake, to scorch. ^ 1st conj. to perish, to decay,
6th conj. Parasm. to sink, fll with to resort to, to rest
to be immersed.
on, to depend upon.
5K 1st conj. Parasm. to repeat
with 3^, to be able, to b*
over in the mind, to repeat;
with and aUT, to repeat, adequate, to be up to, to feel
to repeat by tradition, to pre- equal to.
scribe, to rule. ^t^lst conj. Parasm. to cling,
l(t(1st conj. Parasm. to keep to adhere to; with ft and 9^
in, to hold back, to restrain; [ « n ^ ^ » 5 ] , to join together.
xvith ft. ^ 4thconj. Parasm, tohnng to
If5 4th conj. Parasm. to strive, an end, to finish, to destroy;
to endeavour; with Jf. withftand «H, to determine,
gsC with ft in the pass., to be to resolve, to endeavour, to
separated from. [ to perform. strive.
withft,to arrange, to effect. 9n with m, to stay, to abide.
 SECOND B O O K O F SANSKRIT 9

sqf ». a limb. 3RT5g^q#n / [m, nt. n. f.

«JOT n. a black pigment, lamp- good, ^ f l / . service ) service
black. of a person who is not good,
«R3«Pt «. (3l3BFf «• doing, service done to a bad or *
execution) not doing, omis- wicked person,
sion to do. arf^ m. a serpent.
pron. in. n. f. another. 9i^[r? ind. adv. instantly, soon,
Slftjlf m. ( ftflf ni. restraint) speedily. [ sky.
not restraining, want of re- aH=B15I^13 '^^^^ •^vind in the
«. an army. [ straint. sn?^ m. n. / . internal. [ fume.
3rT<? n. an unwliolesome or gUJTt? fragrant smell, per-
wrong thing. 31!^ past part, of ^ with
«• ( « • a tiiou- ascended.
sand) a thousand of faults. SIRSWI^ «• a basin for water
vf^l^past part. pass, of ^ round the root of a tree.
wj/Zf SlfJl, spoken to.
3nf=r tn. battle.
aiWHTRT ^as/ part, of JTOt w///j ^^«lW'l<?^RR n. n. a
«lfif and «n, come, arrived;
sense, ^ m. object, •m^'i^f n.
ftt. a (male) guest.
resorting to, enjoyment)
m. the charioteer of the
enjoyment of the objects of
sun.
the senses, sensual enjoyment.
«I«4?WPR tn. »«• hospi- <i'«illi«^ m. n. f. benevolent.
taUty) hospitality done by tn. n. f. lofty, excellent.
means of i. e. the
tn. a hair.
materials for worshipping or
#lfS/. a crore.
honouring a guest.
^ tn. anger.
s n l ^ ^ m. {^m m- doubt, ^^pastpart.Qi^^J fatigued,
danger) danger to wealth.
exhausted, languishing.
3T?J w. n. f. httle, few; SFUCT %?fi5tw. (firft/. the earth)
m. « . / . many, much. lord of the earth, a king.
past part. pass, of 5J| ^ 3 5 l f m. ( ^ tn. a villain,
with «W, despised, disregard- ^SQF m. a serpent) a serpent
ed, disobeyed. in the form of a villain.
10 SECOND BOOK O F SANSKRIT

i ind. verily. ft^m. (^ICI/tongue) one

\m.n,( IFISI n. the sky, who has two tongues, a
m. n. the middle ) the serpent.
middle of the sky.
^ m. an enemy.
l i f t / , resota-ce, refuge.
If^nsn /• order or command ^Vimf. desire for wealth.
of Garuda (the enemy of the sirfiqpPBR »». (vi^ m. law, ^
serpent-race). n. aphorism) one who com-
^JlWW, nt- the householder! poses aphorisins on law,
who performs domesticrites,i writer on law.

» . , sake of religious merit.

». mind.
aftwmt/. (sftw «. living, life, tn. « . / ( V ? n. courage,
•IRIT / . hope, desire) desire : fortitude ) one whose wealth
for living. is fortitude,
« ) n m. his country. ft^m m.the hot season, summer.
^1^1^ § m. his enemy,
fti^W past part. pass, of
d j t ^ / his prosperity.
?IW tn. heat. censured, censurable.
?rWH adv. during that time, in |(^4tcl past part, pass, of to
the meanwhile. throw with ftf, dispersed.
j^iHadv. quickly. ftj^H «. desisting, abstaining,
"^I^I^PS^tn. n.f. brilliant, splen- abstinence.
did, bright, spirited. m. n . / . fixity,
^ n. water. m. «. / . void) void of
5 ^ m. du. wife and husband. | fixity, unsteady.
»«. a tooth, I^VMBfll/. fruitlessness.
m. » . / . wicked.
efl^ tn. n, f. mean, low, in a low
Slapq^m. (ft two, «.
birth) one who has two position.
births, one belonging to any «ni<llft'i »«• n. /, (aijir »».
of the first three castes, a what is right) one who
Brahmana. speaks what is right.

§ Final ^ is changed to ; or f in the nominative singular

aad before the cons(»antal terminations.
 SECOND BOOK OF SANSKRIT IP

n. falling, falling from >mai tn. a great goat.

virtue, depravation, rain. «||l3«m tn. n.f. of great nobili-
<^n. what is wholesome or ty, noble.
salutary, llfRfsr m. a great king, [bull..
tn. a thing, an object. tn. (39^ m. a bull) a great
conjunc. but. irn tn. pride, arrogance,
^fO^SH adv. fully, to one'sm^mn? rn. a gardener.
heart's content. [ holy, iSHn mutually, together.
qrasf tn. n. f. purifying, pure, vsnasa^adv. for which while, while.
gfe/. nourishment. ^ n . a battlefield. [sun.
tn. n.f. hot, fierce. (H^ tn. A ray) the
JRnqjitf^ m. (JBTW tn. heat) 115 «. a kingdom, a nation,
store of heat. anger,
Jlft«n[r tn. an enemy. the goddess of wealth
and beauty; splendour, glory.
iwrt. of wtVA Jift and 3^) ^Tf^Ka? tn. ( ari^W »»• a mer-
ready-witted, quick, sharp. chant ) merchants.
mn^T tn. a mistake. i|?a?rit/. a heifer.
npi w. (plural) life. ^i^^OT w. the process or man-
iri^^nl^ »« tn. an attri- ner of killing.
bute, a peculiarity, environ- HWr tn. n. f. belonging to a.
ment) outward attributes, pe- forest or woods,
culiarities or environment. n. body.
wmife / ( i f t /• a shower) n. armour,
a shower of arrows. ^ift^ f». a cloud. [curious-
*n3 »». the sun. fi^ft'JI w. n. J. wonderfij,
T^mi^ J. (#a m. worldly ftf^ ». a forest.
enjoyment, qwjl / . thirst) (%«Rr:§ a</v. in all directions,
thirst for worldly enjoyment.
^os/ ^ r / . pass, of tott/r
tm n. opinion, advice, counsel.
ft, prescribed by the scrip-
tn. an offering of honey,
tures,
curdled milk &c., to a guest
ifft;/. prosperity.
on his arrival.

§ added to substantives gives them the sense <rf the:

ablative and sometimes of the locative.
12 SECOND BOOK OF SANSKRIT

n. difficulty, calamity, [ed. ?W5J »i. n. f. whole, all.

viff^past part, of wp^, affiict- m. «. / . angry.
! f l ^ m. n. J. possible. [ Indra. OT^W n. (TO n. a vow) the
^I^itq^ tn. the husband of 51^, vow of good or virtuous
5t?RI adv. slowly. conduct.
5155 tn. voice, a word. itid. adv. at once.
tn. n. f. one having a 5m??n^ adv. round about.
body; tn. a human being, ^fPfi^adv. correctly, well.
man. «. serving, resorting to,
^TOIHTRT tn. «. a weapon, practising,
tn. falling on) a stroke few past part, of abiding,
of a weapon. [ ing. being, existing.
nt. n. f. eternal, everlast- ^cnHft^tri m. separation from
i%ftl^ tn. a peacock.
one's own men or relations.
5fi?r tn. n. / cold.
m. noise, roar,
^ M. fatigue.
n. ear. ^ ^ i ^ n. one's own good.
1*)ft«r »«. a Brahmana learned ^^sm tn. tn.perspiration)
in the Vedas. a particle or drop of per-
iws* i)arf. of »m with OT^ spiration,
imited. m. a cause.

Adjoming ^iftf^ past part. Grief 5fl« »».

pass, of vit with gnand ft. Harsh <IIS^ m. n. /., ( words)
Aja ara w. name of a person. ^mm tn.«./.
Atimukta creeper ^Pl4j^<l|/. Haste, in, ^'^441^, adv.
Attracted ft^Hf^Rf past part. Iksvakus, the tn. (used
pass, of the cans, of g'J TWVA in the piural) name of the
Blood ^frtbRT«. [ft. line of kings to which Rama
Desire TORft/- belonged.
Enraged ^ i w s / iwrf. of Indrajit fpi^^QC m. the son of
First spRm»rfv., 311^/oc. RavaQa.
pfanft. Inexpressible •rfJu^fPfllf w. « . /
Flame ftrai/. ^JIPHfrMKl tn. n. /. tn.
Gently adv. n. f. with 3|ft added.
 SECOND BOOK OF SANSKRIT 13

Ingratitude f n i R i r / Snatched away ^Ttf^ past

Moist m. «. / . part. pass, of wtVfe
Moth qajF »t. Spray ^ »». # W ««.
Necklace m. Suddenly arfr.
PaKcali m s i ^ / a princess of Turn, wishing to make one,
the country of Pancalas. ftcnJftwjrj/Mf. iwr/. ac*. of
Power snw »«• the cans, of fg; with ft.
Unforgiving w. «. / .
Pressing against each other World, wheel of the, ^!tlK!^ n..

Recovery Sj^TFRT >»•

LESSON II
F I F T H A N D E I G H T H CONJUGATIONS

The Sanskrit Verb has ten tenses and moods together.

In four of these, dz., the Present, the Imperfect, the Impe-
rative and the Potential, the verbs undergo peculiar
modifications, with reference to which they are divided
into nine conjugational classes."! These four are called
conjugational or special tenses and moods.
1. With respect to these, the ten conjugations of the
Sanskrit grammarians may be arranged into two groups,
the first comprising the 1st, 4th, 6th and 10th, and the
second, the remaining. The general characteristic of the
first is that the base + ends in «?, and of the second that it
does not end in « .
General Rules mth regard io the conjugational
Tenses of the Second Group
2. Before certain terminations, the roots together
with the conjugational signs undergo peculiar modifica-
§ Sanskrit Grammarians reckon ten,-but the augment Wf,
which the original root undergoes'.'in the tenth .conjugation,
appears not only in four tenses and moods indicated'in the text
but in several others also.
t See note t, p. 91, First Book.
14 SECOND BOOK OF SANSKRIT

tions. With reference to these, we will divide the termina-

tions into two classes, calling one set strong and the
other weak.
Parasmaipada
3. The singulars are strong.
Exertion—The singulars of the Potential and the
second person singular of the Imperative.
4. The duals and plurals are weak.
Exception—The duals and plurals of the Imperative
first person.
Therefore, the singulars of all persons of the Present
and the Imperfect, and the third person singular and all
numbers of the first person of the Imperative are strong
and the rest weak.
Atmanepada
5. A l l the terminations are weak.
Exception—Those of the first person Imperative,
which are strong.
6. Before strong terminations the ending vowel and
the penultimate short of the base take their Guna sub-
stitute.
Present Tense
7. In the second group of conjugations the Parasmai-
pada terminations of the Present are the same as those
of the first group, but the Atmanepada differ in the
following particulars—
(1) The vowel f occurring in some of the Atmanepada
terminations given in the First Book is replaced by an.
(2) The first person singular termination is i? (3) The
^ in the third person plural is dropped.
Therefore the terminations are —
Sing. Dual Plur
1st pers. cr
2nd „ anir
3rd „ an^lf
 SECOND BOOK OF SANSKRIT 15

8. g in the fifth and 3 in the dghth conjugatioa

are added on to the root in the conjugational tenses
before the terminations are applied.
5th Conjugation
Parasm. and Atm.' to collect.'
Sing. Dual Plur.
7St pers. ftsfift ftgarr-^P^: ftg*i:-fts9I5
2nd „ fk^M'. ^3»I
3rd „ MHim r^3?f: W-^Rl
Here g being added on to the root the base is ^ g . The
ending <r of this becomes sjf, ». e., the whole becomes ft^,
before the strong ft, fe, and ft; while it remains unchanged
before u^, &c., the weak terminations.
(a) The vowel 3 of a termination is dropped
optionally before ^ and % provided it is not preceded
a conjunct consonant.
Hence we have f^l^; - fts^:, ftigiT: - ftw?: in the above
and f ^ i g ^ - ^ ^ , ft^^-f^RRl below, but in the forms
311^: and «lt<^: of the root the 3 is never dropped.
7stpers. t%*^-ft^ f^ig**-ftsJl|
2nd „ I%g^ ftnn^ Pig^
.?rd „ ftsjft
Here all the terminations being weak, g is 'not changed to
4ft anywhere.
• aire Parasm. 'to obtain.'
Sing. Dual Plur.
1st pers, «4IMTA ^W^P-
„ amjlft irgt
3rd „ «luQft VDI^: •u'g^Pa
ib) In this coniugation, after roots ending i n a
ooosonant the 3 of g is changed to 3^ when £olk>wed by
a weak tenmnationb^piming with a vowd.
Hence we have W^pf^ in the above, the root endii«
in a consonant.
16 SECOND BOOK OF SANSKRIT

8th Conjugation
^Parasm. and Atm. 'to stretch.'
Sing. Dual Plur.
1st pers. ?Rlftl
2nd „ 3g»i: ag*i
3rd „
1st pers.
2nd „
3rd „
By ( a ), p. 15, we have ag^: or &c.
9. ^ 'to do', 8th Conj. Parastv.. and Attn, assumes the
form ^ before the strong, and f?; before the weak
terminations, in the conjugational tenses.
Parastn. Attn.
Sitig. Dual Plur. Sing. Dual Plur.
1st pers. ^ f#: fif: # pfl f#
2nd „ f^: f^sl
3rd „ f^: 5^ 5^
(a) In the case of |? the 3 is necessarily dropped
before ^ and j^. Hence only f t : , f i r : , &c.

§ ^ i s not changed to «H when it is followed by a consonant

of the dental class.
 SECOND BOOK O F SANSKRIT 17

aftm ^ ^ t

You cannot [ 515 ] conquer your passions.

We make [ f ] pilgrimages to Kasi every year.
The ataka b e ^ [ ^% ] water, but does not obtain
[ arn: ] it.
Dost thou hear [ % ] what I say ?
I do not express [ f with ft ] the thought, because
it is sinful.
I shut [ f with ^ ] the gates of the palace.
The two instructors expound [ f with ft ] the
principles of NySya to their pupils.
You only lay bare [ $ with anft« ] your own little-
ness by doing t so.
Misers hoard [ ft with ] money.
Prudent people accomplish [ wq: ] thdr own purpose
with ease.
I saw an animal. It has a thick tail, which it shakes
[ f ] constantly.
S This stanza and the next refer, as similar ones in the last
lesson, to a king of the name of Ki:stia.
t Use the present participle here qualifying you.
3
18 SECONP BOOK OF SANSKRIT

V O C A B U L A R Y II
Roots of the Fifth Conjugation
^ Atm. to get, to enjoy, to ^ Parasm. to dare, to brave.
pervade. % Parasm. and Atm. to cover ;
^parasm. to ohtain. ! and UT, to open ;
^parasm. and Atm. to collect; with ft, to expound, to ex-
withfkf to search, to seek, to press ; xvith ^Pff to shut;
xiiith an, to restrain, to curb.
look for ; with ?T^, to hoard.
50! Parasm. to be able,
^ Parasm. to give pain to,
g ( 5|) § Parasm. to hear.
to tease, to afflict.
Parasm. to accomplish,
g or \ Parasm. and Atm. g Parasm. and Atm. to extract
to shake. Soma juice.

Roots of the Eighth Conjugation

^ Parasm. and Atm. to do ; I aq^, Parasm. and Atm.
with^,toconqnex;withiSf^,\ 34,,^^^, to spread, as a
to betake oneself to, to accept;
with airft^ to lay baie, sacrifice, i. e., to perform it;
to open •,withft^jto despise;
with IT, to spread,
with irft, to retaliate,
to counteract, to resist. ei^, Atm. to beg.

3{«^ m. 2L sacrificial priest ^*l^gH n. ( n. hide, skin,

whose duty it is to prepare a n d ^ g S «. the eye ) the
and throw the oblations into physical «ye.
ainiin ind. otherwise. [ the fire. f^mon m. ( ftw a. diversified,
^SRvq^Rt m. ( aR«^ «. a forest and aiiBiq m. conversation)
conversation on diverse
and )(RT m. dwelling ) resid- subjects.
ence in a forest.
^nvnv m. ( awn «. the
VIRrain/worship. [ be done. universe, i i m m. lord)
» » . « . / . deserving or fit to the Lord of the oniverse.
§ The forms which some toots assume in the oonjogational
tenses are enclosed within brackets.
 SECOND BOOK OF SANSKRIT 19

g m »». a horse. ' gftj|%7 »«. «• / . ( gft / . ear

l ^ n ^ »• kindness. | and IHtfT m.n.f. charming )
^ »». n.f. poor, needy, afflicted. | charming to the ear.
JW^tftw »». n. f. afflicted with |?|!IW »»• a battle.
pain. |?faRga «. ( a^JR w. worldly
»». n. f. difficult to obtain, j existence, g»3 «. happiness,
5?5W «. improper words, words, enjoyment) enjoyment of a
not well-spoken. worldly existence.
^4th conj. Attn, to be pained. |?r^ft/. a meritorious deed, a
JIfpi m, n. / . door-keeper. j ^agWT m. exertion. [ good action.
Jl? n. door. \\6th conj. Parasm. to impel,
3<RI^ m. n. / . ( 5fRr «• merit | to push forward.
and 5 to do ) meritorious.' #j|^5rfl)J5«I n. f. ( H^T »«.
ind. in front, to the front. the moon ) one who adorns
sr^C^ ind. ( J i ^ every and aif^ i the lunar race, an ornament
«. day) every day. of the lunar race ( of kings).
^ m. a sacrifice. i a chariot.
?I^p5f n. (x^f\m. and f 5 n. 'M'iH, ind. in person, of himself.
a house, a palace ) a royal j (|,^<<<|4fitt^ m. n. f. ( S ^ « . the
palace. | heart, n. the vital parts,
qR^TT^ adv. often. and fe^ to cut) piercing the
ft^/ power or greatness. ) vital parts of the heart.

BecauseTO:ind.ftind. Passion iHNrif ^^ifJlftr / .

Constantly «|^I5I^ adv. «.
E a s e ^ w f «. Pilgrimage iipjf /•
Every year SifiRiTO'marfv. ind. Principle M. sftf m.
Fight, to, Prudent ^ t ^ d ^ ». / .
Gate XR n. m. n. /.
Instructor «l«n<IV m. /. Purpose
Littleness eg^fi/. Sinful qw »t. «. / .
Miser « s 4 m, Thick 9 ^ m.rt./. m.n.f.
Owntift«r w. «•/• Thought »«.-5%/.
20 SECOND BOOK OF SANSKRIT

L E S S O N III

F I F T H A N D E I G H T H CONJUGATIONS—conftwwerf

Imperfect
1. The Parasmaipada terminations are the same as
those given for the first group.
The Atmanepada terminations are also the same but
the \ of fgwtand ?*imis replaced by an [ see 7. ( 1 ) , page
14 ] ; and the third pers. plural is 3Rf.
The terminations are, therefore, as follows —
Sit^. Dual Plur.
1st. Pers. ; K% IT%
2nd „ JiRi anqiq^ «^
3rd „ a anm^ apr
5th Conj.
ansc Parasm. ' to obtain.'
Sing. Dual Plur.
1st pers. «l|H<4H 3Tg^ an^p?
2nd „ an^s airga^ an^p

apSI Atm. ' to pervade. '

1st pers. an^jft an^^ an^^rfl
2nd „ aii^*n: aii^^un^ an^<x(i|^
•^'•d „ an;^ an^TRn^ an^^
The singular Parasm. being strong, 3 becomes sft in the
first set of paradigms. The 3 of this g is changed to 3q[, «. e.,
g becomes ^ in an^^q^, ^Kf^^ &c., by ( 6 ), p. 15.
<% Atm.' to collect. '
Sing. Dual • Plur.
1st pers, aiftPi aiftgqi^-aiftv^ aiftgiTft-aiftnrft
2«d „ ^F^^i; ajft»n*nn aiftgi^
3rd „ ai|«tt^<( «li^RlRn)(
 SECOND BOOK OF SANSKRIT 21

8th Conj. — ' to Stretch.

Parasm.

7 St pers. 3rag?(-8RP^ 3KfgJT-SRRT

2nd „ sRuft: 3raggfl[ srag^r
3rd „ srajft?! 3rag?n^ ara*^
J/m.

7 si pers. arap^ SRl^fl'-ara^fe SRigirfe-BiRl^Tfe

We get sjftsqft, 9i?F^, a r a * ^ , &c., by (cr), p. 15.

The forms of |p are —
Ut pers. ai*<ein ajf^ atf)^
&c. &c. &c.
by 9 and (a), p. 16.

I mm'' wi^ma M^4d cir^wnr i

<im<{llH|iifi ^jTTfpfraii Ml(^''^«l«J*t I

§ A noun expressing duration is put in the accusative case.

22 SECOND BOOK OF SANSKRIT

The enemies of the king dared [ <CT ] to fight with him.

Daiaratha performed a sacrifice on the Isanks
of the Sarayu.
The ministers of the king sent [^wilhn] me to
watch the movements of the enemy.
We flung open [%with m and sn] the gates of the
fortress.
What thou didst [^] still gives pain to [5] thy
friends.
I could [ ] not ascend to the top of the mountain.
Where did you look for [ fti tvithft] the books which
were lost ?
The (two) girls gathered t [ i % tvith aw ] flowers.in the
garden yesterday for themselves.
They restrained [% tvith vtf], with efforts, their
desires, anger and greed, and contemplating the Brah-
man obtained [ wi 1 eternal felicity.
Babhruvahana wounded [ ^ or ] Arjuna in the
breast with an arrow.
In the battle the horses of the warriors were killed,
but they obtained [ ««W 1 others and fought again.
Thou and Rama committed 5 if,] a sin for which you
both deserve punishment.

t Tlie Stmanepada form of the root should be used here.

When a root is both Atmanepadi and Parasmaipadi, the forms of
the former are used when the result of the action is confined to
one's own self, and of the latter when it is directed to another
person.
§ When there are two or more subjects of different persons
connected by "and" the verb is put in the first person, if one
of the subjects be of that person; otherwise in the second person.
 SECOND BOOK O F SANSKRIT 25

V O C A B U L A R Y III

«(r«|» 1^ Sth conj. Parasm. i | 5th conj. Parasm. to go

to wound. xeith SI, to send.

t^qctRI {pres. part, of 4thnun. m,. n. y. mine.

conj. Parasm. with » i g ) ?Rnft nt. (?OT proper name and
searching. anft begiiming) Rama and
SRR n. eating. others.
^151 m. H. f. such. f f t / livelihood, maintenance.
dTK^Ml m. n. f. blameable, ^5 »«. «. / . old.
deserving reproach. 5l ««d. an expletivft.
'^^^ n. name of a place where ^fSPt m. proper name.
the Kurus fought. fRftft« m. » . / . what is desired ;
?m with nisi, to attack. n. a desired object,
ftftv m. n. f. without inter- ^ t l f ^ n. friendship, help.
stices, dense. inter j. a vocative particle, oh!
"**MJJSl(^ m. n. f. root) ^Pl m. a sacrificial priest whose
fruits, roots and others. duty it is to repeat the
x(^sam f. fate, destiny. mantras.

Babhruvahana V ^ I f s i m. son j Lost sre past part.

of Arjuna, the Pandava. I Movement snqR m.
Both 3Vr pron. Other m. «. / . pron.
Desire Vltf m. Punishment 5«» w.
Eternal ?nTO m. n. /. Still adv. annft t«d.
Felicity «. Sarayu ^fC^/. a river near
Fortress jft «. Ayodhya.
Greed ^ m. Watch, to, ft^qftg^ inf. of
Kilk^ fS A»s* >ir/. pass. ^ 10th conj. with ft.
24 SECOND BOOK OF SANSKRIT

LESSON IV

F I F T H A N D E I G H T H CowjtxJATiONs —coMtf«««l

Pafasntedpada
Imperative
1. In the second group of conjugations ft is the
termination of the second person singular of the
Imperative, ft is dropped i n the 5th conji^tion when
the root ends in a vowel and in the 8th in all cases.
Hence the terminations are as follows —
Sing. Dual Plur.
•1st pers. uft
2nd „ ft
3rd „
«irn 5th Conj.
1st pers. 'TOj'nft
2nd „ -
3rd „ «nwl3
g 5th Conj.
1st pers.
2nd „
3rd „
Here the three numbers of the first person being strong, g
is changed to % which again, being followed by the initial «ll of
the terminations, becomes ^ and with 8JI, f(sn. Hence MRI^I^)
snjwra etc.
The 2nd pers. sing, is weak in addition to the duals and
plurals of that and the 3rd pers.
Potential
2. m is to be prefixed to the tominations of the
Imperfect The third person idural tctjtoination is ipt.
 SECOND BOOK OF SANSKRIT 25

They are thus —

Sing. Dttal Plur.
1st pers. m. TO
2nd „ «ira m
3rd m.
5th Conj.
1st pers. ftg«JR
2nd „
3rd „
All the terminations here being weak, there is no Guna in
any case.
Aiman^Mida
Imperative
3. A s in the Present and the Imperfect, the \ of the
Atmanepada terminations of the Imperative is in the
second group of conjugations replaced Ijy «n, and the g
of the 3rd pers. plur. dropped.
The terminations, therefore, are—
Sing. T>lMl Plur.
1st pers.
2nd „
3rd „
1st pers. ft=i%
2nd „
3rd „
1st pers.
2nd „
^»
3rd „ 3w?n^

The three numbers of the 1st pers. of the Imperative being

the only ones strong in the Atmanepada, we have, here the
change of g to ift, and then to sif, &c. in these cases only.

3.
26 SECOND BOOK OF SANSKRIT

PotentUJ
4. The terminatkms are the same as those of the
Atmanepada Potential of the first group of conjugations.
Sing. Dual Plur.
1st pers. ftnf^ ftp^hft ft"(W^
2nd „ PWNwm, f^#*l^
3rd „ ft>4)9 f^t^flMWHi NHU^
1st pers. amfn IIIH4)4<D
2nd „ 3M4nnr: sBHwimin wwh>m
3rd

As to the change of g to in all these forms remember

(b), p. 15.
5. The forms of roots of the 8th ccmjugation are
amilar to those of i % , with 3 only added on to them
instead of g. ^ loses its conjugational 3' before the
Potential terminations begiiming with «r.
Imperative
Atm.
Sing. Dual Plur.
1st pers. A
2nd „ &c.
Parasm.
1st pers.
2nd „ &c.
Potential Parasm,
1st pers.
2nd „
3rd „
I Pot, Atm. 1st pers. sing.
agqi^w Parasm. „
„ Atm. „
 SECOND BOOK OF SANSKRIT 27

Impera. Parasm. 1st pers. sing.

„ _„ 2nd „
„ Atm. 1st „

We have «c some of the above forms by 9, p, 16.

wKinri^5ra^?rerjniT'n 'aiRtX^i ^ i * srafic i

qwi^a^T d(ty<4lO«»a^ ggr II

§ Pres. 3rd pers. plur. of m 2nd conj. Parasm.' to go

 SBiomo BOOK or SANSKRIT

Ije* t h e seivant cover l^] the flow with carpets.

L e t Brahamaoas go about the world and seek [ f t
t M t / t ^ l Nala.
1 w o u l d do [ ^ ] it, if he shouW bid me.
D o not despise [ f with f?tw] your oiemies, for
they are powerful.
W e a k men should not, if they are wise, brave [^]
strong men.
I n a Soma sacrifice the priests should extract [ g ]
the juice of the Soma plant.
Hear [ w ] what he says! "Thou art a fool", says he.
I wish you would send [ft with JJ] your sons to
England for education.
Let us accomplish [qivt] our purposes as long as he
is well disposed towards us.
Do not tease [5] those harmless birds.

V O C A B U L A R Y IV

m. love, good will, » j ; tst conj. Parasm. with gq[

aigg adv. in the next world. to boil.
31(^^1%^ m. n.f. belonging to
feft/. the earth. [saft?.
the latter part of the day.
ail^iq w. a talk. ^ift? m. n.f. of a tree named
with Jtft, to see, to care. ^(^^ m. name of a person.
past pass. part, of ^ xvith 3 ^ Jst conj. Parasm. to bum,
3<T, united with, possessing. to blaze.
m. a sacrificial priest.
i^fTRSI m. n. f. of this kind. adv. therefore.
^ Sfnr ind, how indeed ? how 5?5ft m. n. f. difficult to
possibly ?
surmount, insurmountable.
n. meanness.
5:<SI^<1W m. ( 5:^ n. pain, and
^re^teWT m. n.f. (^ n, wood,
i^re m. and n. a lump of m. heat) heat of pain,
earth, and ^ like) like wood sorrow, affliction,
and a lump of earth. "pf^ m, the first part of the day.
 SECOK0 BOOK OF SANSKRIT 29

mm past part, of ^ with a, er^^RpntT m. ( w »«. killing, and

pleased, propitious. ^aWT m. a post) gallows.
Slf^<wft»/ ( i n t e l l i g e n c e , «M^»<I^*IWRW m. ( / .
and 399^4 getting) getting name of a woman and flfWR
intelligence. m. destroyer) murderer of
m. n.f. (JiiH pasi part. [ turned away from.
of «nn with H arrived, and ftjpS m, n. / . with the face
m. time) that of which t^: adv. gradually, slowly.
the time has arrived, suited service, attendance on.
to the occasion. [ pleased. vrfBt^ to-morrow's duty or
xflW past pari. pass, ot sf)> work.
1st conj. Parasm. to bum. m. a helper, a companion.
vranpT »t. a sacrificer. gsnftn n. ( ^ n j . the extrac-
IWrffti! fldv. as long as life tion of Soma juice) the day
endures. on which Soma juice is
^ m. a sacrificial post to drunk in the Soma sacrifice.
which the animal is tied. ^ 5th conj. Parasm. and Aim.
1st and 10th conj. Parasm, to cover; with^ftif
and Atm. to go; with VPkim m. n. f. one longmg
to violate, to transgress. after heaven.

Bid ft^t with m. Nala ^ m. name of a king.

Carpet ^ m. Soma sacrifice #Oinn m.
Education viam n. ^tmm n. Towards irf^ (governing an
Floor Xf^f. accusative).
Go about "q^. Weak 1 ^ m. n. f.
Harmless m. n. /, Well-di^wsed past part..
JuiceTO»«. of I^JfjWiy « . « . / .

LESSON V
NINTH CONJUGATION
Present a»d Imperative
1. In the irinth conjtnaticai m is inserted between
the root and the tenninatioi& The m assumes the kam
30 SECOND BOOK. OF SANSKRIT

of ift before the weak terminations beginning with

consonants, and ^ before the weak terminations
beginning with vowels.
The terminations belonging to the second group of con-
jugations have been shown in the last three lessons.
ifir Paraam. and Atm.' to buy'.
PresefU—Parasm.
Sing. Ducd Plur.
f St pers. ^Smt^
2nd „ ^ui||^ *»ft»i: *|oftq
•3rd „ ^fotlft 'fiofht:
Atm.
fit f. *.
1st pers. ^
2nd „
3rd „
Imperative — Parasm.
1st pers. .jfiionft
2nd „
3rd „ -sNig
Aim.
1st pers. sglm
2nd „ 'sSffim
3rd „ !£|iJ)|<IIH.
Mark the strong and weak terminations here with refer-
ence to the changes of iff. ^
2. When a root ends i n a consonant the Imperative
second person smgular Parasm. is made up simply by
adding «IH to the root; as 'to s t e a l ' s t e a l (thouX'
Parasm.—Imperative
1st pers. goirft gon? gwiw
2nd „ gqjoi g"4)n^ gwftBf
 SECOND BOOK OF SANSKRIT 31

fispn^ a[ig jwrera JwnfJf 11

^ sFTO«r jwrsra ^hiftut i

I Vide p. 33, note t

t Vide p. 33, note t.
* This stanza and similar ones in this, as well as sctbse-
quent lessons, refer to a king of the name of Kr§na, verses
referring to whom have already been given iri two of the
previous lessons.
32 SECOND BOOK OF SANSKRIT

jynterPT H r e H ^ M l ^ ' »

The wind shakes [^] the tops of trees.

Do (thou) not steal [^] money; for the officers
of the king punish those who do it (steal money).
We eat [sra] nothing on fasting-days.
The Brahmanas now-a-days take prize-money
(Daksii?a) even from Yavanas.
Purchase [ ift ] (thou) large heaps of com for me at
Bombay.
Govinda lops [ ^ off the branches of the tree.
Let NarSya^ia fill [%] his pot with water at the tank.
Thou dost not know [sjiJ thdr'fraudulent schemes.
Let them curb [n^ lOith ft] their desires which often
carry them aStray.
I always please [ift] everybody coming to my hous?.

+ When a visarga precedes a ^ or ^ which is followed

by a hard consonant, it is optionally dropped.
I A root in its causal sense is, as a general rule, conju-
gated as if it were a root of the 10th conjugation.
 , SECOND BOOK OF SANSKRIT 33

I have stayed here for a long time; permit [ sj with

i q ] toe to go.
O Gods! you purify [\] sinful men when they
matiy remember you.

VOCABULARY V
Roots of the Ninth Conjugation
Parasm. to eat. come stiff or rigid, to be-
!R Parasm. and Atm. to buy. come haughty.
1 ^ Parasm. to torture, to give X\Parasm. and Atnt. to ptirify.
^ Parasm. to melt, to be dis-
pain to.
solved, to be absorbed; xeith
Parasm. to agitate,
ft, to melt. [lop of!.
tnw^ Parasm. to put together.
^Parasm. and Atm. to cut, to
1^ ( ^ ) Parasm. and Atm. to ^ Parasm. and Atm, to cover;
take; xeithft,to curb. xvith SIT, to cover, to spread.
91 (^) Parasm. and Atm. to ^ Parasm. and Afw. to kill,
know; xvith to permit. to; destroy.
<R Parasm. to nomish. [ please. ^^Parasm, to become old, to
^Parasm. and Atm. to love, to wear out.
^ Parasm. to burn. n Parasm, xvith W^, to speak.
ISEJ Parasm. to tie, to fasten. y^^Parasm, and Aim. to shake.
^Parasm. and Atm. to destroy, «T Parasm, to fill.
igf Parasm. to steal. I Parasm. to tear.
<ft Parasm, and Atm. to cook. ST Parasm, and Af«t. to choose.
^Sai Parasm, to stop, to be-

* In the case of this root the ^ of the conjugational sign is

not changed to of. ,
t In this conjugation the penultimate nasal of a root is
dropped.
t ^and the following ten roots shorten their ending vowel
in the conjugational tenses.
4
34 SECOND BOOK OF SANSKRIT

Wlftrap tn. n. / (31^, and ^ »«. a mango tree; «. its

heated) heated by fire. flower.
a m c n ^ m. n. / («mft with- < j f ^ * l « . his head.
out beginning, and <H«|^ «. ( « . a forest, a
without end) having neither grove) his grove or forest.
beginning nor end. TltsJi^ «. ( ^ «. a holy thing,
a i ^ l ^ n. (past pass. part, of such as a river, and 3 ^ n.
1§5 with ?nq) what is desired. water) holy water.
3491)7 m. name of a kind of tree. <l«Ki'ji>i»<9 n. (^pnrsi »«. a palm-
m. f. a fight, a battle. tree) a fruit of the palm-tree.
- T Q ^ n. an upper garment. ?R «. a collection of three,
A^^s* part, of wt7/t 3^ aftso/. of <0' to give', having
used as an adv. carelessly, given.
3 ^ / . the earth. [ tumultuously. ^ m. pride.
<?t8«!*l» m. ($|fST n. milking,
w. an elephant.
^IS w. time) time of milking.
*5Br n. wife. [ to kill. ' J . C ^ ) conj. with fit, to
fi 5th conj. Parasm. and Atm. shake.
?qig w. «. / . kind. >|_/sf conj. Parasm. and to
flJ^P^ftl^w. ». / . (jjoj m. a shake, to set in motion.
moment, ^ ^ f ^ perishing) m pron. m. n.f. other, belonging
perishing in a moment. to another or the other party.
fiwfl^r w. (filfif/. the earth) i R ^ ^ m. the Supreme Kuler
lord of the earth, a king. of the Universe; God.
/xir^ of Tf^, dropped.qrpi with irft, causal of q6[ wtVA
fl6th conj.Parasm. to swallow; Jffit, to make over, to give.
with ^ftjj Atm. to promise. i j n j ^ w . n.f.{m n. sin, and
^pepurartr/ ( * n . a sandal ^ o n e who has done) one
tree, f. a blossom, a who has committed sin.
flower stalk, a sprout) a blos- «n«(9 m. fire.
som, &c., of the sandal tree. gwreni:/. (gwj «• and (ast / . a
-«W»l*3*M><Ji m. (<q«qv m. a kind garland) a garland of flowers,
of tree with fragrant flowers, ind. mostly, in most cases.
^ m. pollen) the pollen in I <(|iJ|jtig n. (Km n. a collection)
the flowers of champakas. a number or multitude of
-^U|4><4>1 M. a collection or grove arrows.
of cluimpaka trees. I ngsi *n. a man.
 SECOND BOOK OF SANSKRIT 35

Dfimr»«.«./. ( great, and TOT'JR m. ( i m m.n.f. good

m tn. speed ) very swift. and 8irm m. conduct) good
' ^ p ^ m . a youth, a young man. conduct.
n. youth. m. n.f. ( ^ equal and
^ tn. the god Shiva. ft«rt/ doing ) doing equally,
^ 4th conj. Atm. to cling or evenhanded.
press closely, to be absorbed,
g^'fera «. (ippi} m. a golden
to be dissolved.
coin, and 5Rr n. a hundred )
^ »«. a boon or ^ift.
a hundred coins of gold.
m. fire.
ftroftfijw. i^mrnm. marriage, tFB*5C 1st conj. Atm. and 5th
and ftft m. ceremony ) the conj.Parasm.to become fixed
ceremony of marriage. or rigid, to become haughty.
ft^nq m. admiration, amaze- ^STBI m. a post.
ment. ^5th conj. Parasm. and Atm.
<fl«*JW> /• ( / . an to cover, to spread, to strew.
army ) an army of. warriors i ^ a i R l g V ) n. an opened ati-
or heroes. mukta flower.
m. n. a bower or shed ^Of m. a dream.
made of arrows. f». a horse.

Astray 391tn{ adv. Ofiicer of the king 7133^ m.

Bombay g » * j g 8 / Pot f n r m.
Branch WWT/ Simply arfv.
Fasting-day ^f^fj^^n. (s'jacRI Stay ?«n; stayedfijRIpast part.
m. a fast, and ft^ n. a day ). Yavana «R!T »«. a foreigner, a
Fraudulent scheme ^tjzsnpq'fn. Mahomedan; a Greek ( i n
Now-a-days ^(Slf^ arfi). t«rf. ancient times ).

* The declension of this word is irregular. See Lesson XVI.

t In the 5th conj. this root drops its nasal in the conjuga-
tional tenses as it does in the 9th'. ( See note t, o. 3 3 . )
36 SECOND BOOK O F SANSKRIT

LESSON:,VI
NiNTHtCoNjUGATiON — Continued
Imperfect
Parasm.
Sing. Dual Plur.
1st Pers.
2nd „ anft'in: wftoR?!^
3rd „
Itm.
1st pers.
2nd „
3rd „
Potential
Parasm.
1st pers.
2nd „
3rd „
Remember that the terminations of :the .Parasmaipada
Potential are weak. They begin with a consonantj; therefore,
in becomes ;ft by 1, pp. 29-30.
Atm.
1st pers. ^ofN i^ofM^ 'fiofluft
2nd „ 9£N)«l: ^pflWPU'^ sWNwt
3rd „ imux ?e#TOfflL *ofrRt.
1st.pers. Imperf.—Tf^Parasm.fidt'atin-^ififv^-flff^^
( vide p. 33, note + ); ^Parasm. Vf^imj-^lt^^-^K^^ (vide
p. 33, note J ), Atm. Vt^-i^^^tX^-Vt^^K^, &c., &c.;
 SECOND BOOK O F : SANSKRIT 37

^«M»tM|!; <H^^<.4)r^' <|MI|<I\ H T { ^ ^wftfl

Having made the mountain Mandara their chuming-

handle, the gods churned Iwi] the ocean.
Isold [ * w i t h ft] my books and furniture, but did
not get much mcttiey.
Indra reduced to atoms [^] his enemy Vrtra,
who was a Brahmaija. He thus committed the sin of
Brahmana-murder, of which we did not purify [ %] him.
When didst thou put together [as^] the sayings of
the Ri^iis ?
If you should please [sft] the gods hiy your pfety,
they wouW bestow favours on [ with aig ] you.
Rama and Laksmai^a lived i n this forest with Sfta,
and ate { « « ] roots and fruits.
 38 SECOND BOOK OF SANSKRIT

Why did you pluck [55. with ft a n d u ] from their

stems the flowers in the gardoi, notwithstanding* I
told you not to do so ?
If I took [n^] Govinda's book the master would
reprove me.
Did you not know lygi] that the Pandavas resided
for one year t in the country of Virata ?

V O C A B U L A R Y VI
I ifit with ft Atm. to sell. 5Jl 9th conj. with vifif, to re-
9th conj. with Sig, to re- cognize.
ceive in a friendly manner, J^9thconj. Parasm. to churn.
to favour; with ft, to be at ^ 9th conj. Parasm. to
war with. pound, to reduce to atoms.

'^[(^ and vfy beginning, ?JJPI^/. name of a woman,

with Indra at the head) the wife of Nala.
Indra and others. si^S^Sqifft m.n.f. (^^m.
'd^i^l) m. n. f, (3?fJ n, stomach m. n. f, Uke, and afffft / .
and ^ to fill) one who fills form) havinig the form of
his belly or stomach selfishly, Nala.
greedy. • l ^ » ' W l f i < , m. n. /. ( T O , 55<?
ipqft^m. n.f. aloue, solitary. and %nft^ assuming) one
tfZm.a. mat. who has assumed the form
*lfii'^R>R5ft / . (4))fS<fir / . be- of Nala.
longing to the month of Kar- numer. nom, and acc.
tika, and < ! 9 I ^ / eleventh) plur. five.
the eleventh day of Kartika. ilf^<9R9 m. attendant.
^ W S * n. name of a city, the vism. a. soldier.
capital of the Vidarbhas or m. the son of the wind,
Berars. Maruti, a monkey soldier
^ m. anger, resentment. devoted to R&ma.
WflMt numer. nom. plur. four. ind. for whose (relative )
* Use the Genitive Absolute here. t See note §, p. 21'
I 9d with qft, ft or 9^ is Atmanepadi only.
 SECOND B O O K O F SANSKRIT 39

sake, for •whom. tn. n. the money given to

^ m. the place where any the parents of a bride, ori-
great thing is done, stage. ginally as a purchase price.
^9fP19 tn. n. f. come to the m. doubt.
WSIH. ind. with (used with the
^ «. form. instrumental.)
5|^m.»./. desirous of choosing. ^ with to go to.
^rara n. weapons of all kinds. *?l*i<=K+I<A m. (*^ij<4< m. choice
4IIWlR)c)vi tn. (5rrei n. scripture of a husband, and m.
and S|^ft9 m. prohibition) time) time of choosing a
scriptural prohibition. husband.

BrShmana-murder HUf / with H ^ , fiffe co;y. wiVfe

Churning-handle jjHjaRn^ m. Stft and «jr.
( « . churning, and ^"igRoot «.
m. a handle), JJRIH w. Saying «. /.
Furniture ij^ffi^ tn. Stem n.
Piety Virata ft?l3 m. name of a king.
Reprove 10th conj. Atm. Vftra ^ m; an enemy of Indra.

LESSON VII
SECOND CONJUGATION

Present and Imperative

1. In the second conjugation the terminations are
directly applied to the roots.
«n 2tul conj. Parasm. ' to go '
Present
Sing. Dual Plur.
1st pers. JJift TO:
2nd „ »nfe TO*. TO
3rd „ «nft TO:
40 SECOND B O O K O F SANSKRIT

Imperative
1st Pers. Jirft JIW
2nd „ jnft TO
3rd „ «ni TOf^ TO!
Here the root itself undergoes no change. The forms are
made up simply by adding the terminations, ^a, ^, ST, <n ' to
protect,' mt, fir, *IT, SIT* and ^ ' to cut' are to be thus
conjugated.
Nearly all roots pf this conjugation not ending in
3IT are irregular. We will proceed to notice the peculia-
rities of most of these.
2. The 91 of is dropped before the weak termina-
tions; as w 3rd pers. dual, 3rd pers. plur.
Parasm. Present
Sing. Dual Plur.
Is! pers. anfer 551: W
2itd „ S J ^ W W
3rd „ aife W,
Here the 2nd. pers. sing., which by the rule ought to be
ajfer, drops one sg.
Parasm. Imperative
Sing. Dual Plur.
1st pers. ai^ri^ 5WRT
2nd „
3rd „
The three numbers of the 1st pers. being strong, the fH is
not dropped; 2nd pers. sing., is irregular.
When in certain cases this root takes Atm. terminations,
the forms of the Present Tense are :—
1st pers. %
2nd „ k CT^ ^
3rd „ # ?n?f
 SECOND BOOK OF SANSKRIT 41

The 91 is dropped, all the terminations being weak. 5t is

changed to 5 in the 1st pers. sing., and it isdropped before
by the following rule:—
I. The preceding q;, is dropped before a termi-
nation beginning with
3. The ending vowel of 9ft 'to lie down,' takes its
Guoa substitute before all the personal terminations.
In the case of this root ^ is prefixed to the termina-
tions of the third person plural.
Atm. Present
Sing. Dual Plur.
1st pers. 5ft
2nd „ m
3rd „ ^
Atm. Imperative
1st pers.
2nd „ ^
3rd „ ^iSfH^
^ becomes ^ , which before vowels is changed to:9jq[.
Hence 5ft, mA, &c.
5 being prefixed to sft and 3Rrm we have ^ and .^^rm.
4. The ending 3 ( s h o r t ) of roots takes its Vrddhi
substitute, i. e., becomes ^ , when followed by a strong
termination b^inning with a consonant
II. The ending % or 3, short or long, of a root
is changed to ^ or when followed by a weak
termination beginning with a vowel.
Parasm. Present
Sing. Dual Plur.
1st pers. iftft ^ fir.
2nd „ ^ ^:
3rd „ ^Ift gw: g^^
42 SECOND BOOK OF SANSKRIT

Parasm. Imperative

1st pers. iraift qrara sram

2nd „ g% giir^ g?r
•^'"'^» ^ g^fm g ^

We have ^t^, ^|ft, &c. in the case of the strong termina-

tions ft, fe, &c. They have an initial consonant, while in the
1st person Imperative, though the terminations are strong, they
begin with a vowel. Hence the 3 of g is changed to Guna by
the general rule ( 6, p. 14), and^thus we have which becomes
!R[ before the vowel, g ' to join ' is to be thus conjugated.

5. After ^ and ^ the augment ^ is optionally

prefixed to the terminations beginning with a con-
sonant.

Parasm. Present

Sing. Dual Plur.

Istpers. i E ? f t f t — — ^ f f t : ^pftff:
2nd „ —W<ftl^ ?gpK—^t^: ^pt—^pfta
3rd „ ^nft—4si<ftt^ ^/x:—*si<fl<j: *«J«lP«

Before ft and the other strong terminations the 3 takes

Vfddhi by 4, p. 41; but when these terminations have ^ pre-
fixed to them by 5, they cease to have an initial consonant, and
hence in that case we have Guna, and thus by the change of 55
to ^ and ^eni, we have ^ ' ) f t , &c. When the weak termina-
tions have f prefixed, the final 3 of the root becomes 3^ b y l l . ,
p. 41. Hence &c. The 3rd pers. plur. has no
initial consonant, therefore no 1^ can be put before it. Hence we
have one form only.
The forms of the Imperative siiould be made up on these
principles. —i^eKftg 3rd pers,, "gft—^|4)ft 2nd pers.
^ng., ^SSmft Istpers. sing,, WIW Istpers. dual, Sec.
 SECOND BOOK OF SANSKRIT 45

The Atmanepada paradigms, ^h-^gtft Pres. 3rd pers.

sing., sg^ft 3rd pers. dual., 3rd pers. plur., should be
constructed in the same way.
^ should be similarly conjugated.
6. After ^ the strong terminations beginning with
a consonant have the augment ^ prefixed to them.
Parasm. Present
Sing. Dual Plur.
Istpers. a^: ^:
2nd „ a ^ ^: ^
3rd „ siq^ gciPa
The last by II., p. 41. The Atm. forms are 3rd pers.
sing., g^ft 3rd pers. dtutl, 3rd pers. plur., &c. The
Imperative 1st pers. il^lM, &c.
7. The following are five irregular forms of the
Present Taise of a defective root, which means' to speak';
m 3rd pers. sing., ansg: 3rd pers. dual, snf: 3rd pers.
plur., vm 2nd pers. sing., «nfg: 2nd pers. dual.
8. The terminations of the first person of the Im-
perative as appended to ^ 'to give birth t o ' are weak.
A<m./present-^ J r d ^ r s . sing., 3rd pers. dual^
3rd pers. plur.. Sc., Imperative—^qpi 2nd pers. sing.,
1st pers. sing., ^ T O ^ 1st pers. dual, 1st pers.
plur.
9. After ^ JWE^ SRI; and SRK the augment %
is prefixed to the terminations beginning with any
consonant except q;} ilftft, &c.
Parasm. Present
Sing. Dual Plur.
Istpers. flftl^ ^J^: ?S%i:
2nd „ ilftft ^fipR
3rd „ tiftft ^ftffs
 44 SECOND BOOKtOF SANSKRIT

Imparative on &e same principIesf-1^% 2ndipet$, sing.,

tst pers. sing.,'Sec. Thii other roots should fa$'8iaiita#
<ionJQgated.
The 3rd pers. plur.'termination ofJSRfl loses its ^ as will
be subsequently:iioticed.
10. The root ^ 'to go' Parasm. is an exception to
Rule II, ;p. 41. It is changed to n before a weak
termination with an initial vowel.
Parasm, Present
Sing. Dual Plur.
Istpers. pfit ^:
2nd„ ^ V«
3rd „ qfir 1^
imperative — 7st pers. apnft,l&c.
^ with sifil 'ito study,"' Itm.. Present
1st pers.'. ^K^P^ ar^hl^
2nd „ sr^ 9i(ft<n^ aN^^
3rd „ 8jvft?f ^ipi^^rft S 3r4N^
Separated from the last three'forms are fjf,'fqfft,:ffirt
in which we see f is^changed to ipt before «jft 'and «R(,:|and so
on with the rest.
1^ pers. Imperat. — spiqi^ vrsqiTral - «r«WTl^.i[!taking5t8
Gupa becomes i?, which again is changed to SHt and with the
terminations the forms are &c.
«TO Atm.
Imperative
Istpers. a n i 3{|^
2nd „ viRirai^
3rd „ «iRQi<i^ «(Kn(*'<i tvmn^
By I, p. 41-^ is dropped before wii^.
 SECOND B O O K O F SANSKRIT 45

^ R ^ i ^ ^ i i d ^•^^if'?! *y<<*diw w*%Kc^<i I

fli^ q ^ m t grega ^(m^ ^ d^sHH^w-

^ ^ firfa^: II

« ^^H?f W***. ^ra^JT ITTSt f'jqc II

* When 5ft,. ^ and aipg^ are preceded by the prepositioa

inft, they govern the accusative of the place where the actions
are performed.
46 SECOND BOOK OF SANSKRIT

^ ^«f^ ^ H ft M«T>^PJI II

<!tl'*>^«<f[g%iTdr ^ ft 'Esrf^ II

vam ^^%\mw4*i-^\^ v;^ ft II

«IRft W1 a<I<jy«1<^jfel8(^ firB?l5 I

5»ft fii^*<M<:« 'sportft* w r : II

aisraifts ^R3?:*ft(ft flTsrai^ II

«»na*l«n«n'«l.i'aiM SRT ^fftHf ^ft?m I
I ^ R s g s i H g ^ n i «»ft ^
3«3ft5 4JtiiPi{if| ?rdwi;i

We do not believe (^B^with ft) in Govinda's words.

You praise ( ^ ) those, who deserve censure.
The birds sleep ( o r lie down) ( ^ ) on the banks of
the Gomati.
Child, do not cry ( ^ ), here comes ( % with and
«it)your mother with (having taken) sweetmeat in her
hands.
These two cows bring forth ( ^ ) calves every year.
Dost thou not know ( ^ w i t i i a n ) that Janaka
Rama's father-in-law?
* Irregular for q^ft or ? lengthened for the sake of the metro.
 SECOND BOOK OF SANSKRIT +7

What subject do thou and thy brother study Atm.

-with aifJi) at school?
On the tops of high mountains men respire («n
with ft ) with difficulty.
It seems ( ^ ) to me that the people of this place
are poor.
Breathes ( s i ^ with jj) there the man who smites the
poor and the helpless ?
A lazy man sleeps ( ) for a long time.
Those who adore ( s r j ^ with 37) another than the
true God do not attain eternal felicity.
Tell ( u s what sort of an animal a horse is.

V O C A B U L A R Y VII

Roots of the Second Conjugation

Vf^Parasm. to breathe; u)ith\t!tt Parasm. to protect.
n, to breathe, to live. ^ Parasm. to devour.
* ^H^Parasm. to be. * ^ Parasm. and A<»». to speak.
Vf^Atm. to sit; with sjfJl, to VTT Parasm. to seem, to appear,
sit; with 5Wt, to adore, to to shine.
worship. ?n Parasm. to go.
^ Parasm. to go; xvith ^Rurq^g Parasm. to join.
and 37, to submit; with aij^, Parasm. to give. [aloud.
to go to'wards; with air, to ^ Parasm. to make noise, to cry
come; vfith 9n, to know; Parasm. to weep, to bewail,
xvith to rise, to ilourish. to lament for.
f xvith ^ Atm. to study. grr Parasm. to give or take.
Parasm. to tell. ^^^Atm. to dress.
aRp[ Parasm. to eat. ^ Parasm. to blow.
^ Parasm. to cut. i(t Atm. to he down, to sleep ;
g Parasm. to praise. with aift, to surpass.

The roots a^and i^are used in the conjugational tenses

only.
48 SECOND BOOK OE SANSKRIT

WI Paraim. to cook. |1153 Parasm, and Atm. to praise,

tm. Parasm. to bisdthe; 'vith ?IJT Parasm. totbathe.
ft, to respire; with ft, to be- ^Parasm. to drop, to ooze.
lieve, to confide; with and
Parasm. to sleep.
to calm one-self, to take
coorage. |; Atm. to conceal; withvptfx
^^Atm. to give birth to. with ft.

VIJiNfiT »». «. / . ( « not, and ^i^Km. a benevolent action,

f^Nsr n. something) he who doing good to another.
hf,s nothing, poor. 3!S# m. n.f, erect, upper.
VfH 4th cotij. Atm. with n, to m. n, /, one who does
breathe, to Uve. some business (for another).
SWW m. n.f. helpless. n, a poem.
tq^lV ( « ^ a n d cm past pass.1^ 8th conj, xvith ^ H ^ , to bow to;
part, of «pnt) accompanied, with ft^and «Hf, to repudi-
m. end, destruction. ate, to give up, to forsake,
«MfC m. the god of death. fqiftft m.('pn/, mercy, and
1st cpnj. Atm. xvith 35, to fti^ m, store) store of
rise. mercy, one very merciful.
fe, .without delay. !|331^ m. (sfilt / . amuse-
;m. (imd in the dual) the ment, diversion, m. a
twin cdestial physicians so mountain) a pleasure moun-
. caUed. tain or embaxikment.
«M9n^ adv. without doubt, j^rft/. the earth, the ground.
^ 5 ind, verily.
a n ^ g m. the first cause.
«IH(NT m. n. / sitting (pres. T T I ^ ) ^ « . ( T I W tn. n,/, shallow
part, of ) a n d 3 ^ n. water) shallow
«nw m. a battle. water.
^ 1st conj. Paraam. with 3^, toHlP^f. name of a river.
^ m, «./horrible.
rise.
<mi, xvith V and ft, to remove,
^ 4ih conj. Atm. wiih 3^, to
to move aside,
rise, to rise up. mfl!mn,nt' ( W H » . the world,
^OfHadv. nnghtiiy, powerfully, andVHR^fN. tiie l o a l ) the
foinudabiy. SotJ of the vcaii.
 SECON^BOOK OF SANSKRIT 49

5rar m. n.f. inanimate. ^n^f!^ m. n. f. one with a

I' SRPdPI »». n. f. one who is pleasipg look.
I bom; m. a man. n. the divine cause and
f. 3 f N ^ m. the world of Uving essence of the universe,
I beings, this world. awft m. (niRI^ m. and anft
^^jf » t . p o o r . beginning) the god Brahma
f f^!BS desirous of seeing. and others.
- ftm ind. adv. by day. Wl m. luck, prosperity,
) ^rfe »j. « . / . distressed, miser- vra w. the world, worldly
able. [ man. existence.
tft^ nt. he who has a body, a ^ijnr »». a thing,
pr «. a collection of two. m. the sun.
^ f t f o r m . n.f. one that con- m. n. f. different.
taminates or violates what If^pM, adv. sweetly.
is right. 4{|KN m. lord, a great king.
1st conj. Parasm. to contem- H8l^9W«t>ftg m. n. f. (Jlflf
plate or meditate upon. m. n. f. costly, ^PPT n. a bed,
m. n. hell. grfts m. n. f. used to) ac-
pres. part, of "fSf with customed or used to costly
% lying down, or rich beds.
ififtft^ w. n. f. (iflft / . pon- ait|? m. a man.
tics or pradence, fJlgoi w. «.
^ f t ^ / . princess of' Mithila,
/ . proficient) proficient in
Sita.
pohtics, or very prudent.
v^j^^adv. according to fancy,
i^pI^tW.,certainly, verily.
to one's heaft's content, as
fftrnit m. n. f. just, right, pro-
one chooses.
per.
^ 7 I R t 7 M . ( ^ «. age, period,
(par: {'ablative sing, of ''<lft^ m.
another) another age
road) from the way.
or period.
«. a footstep,
ntf^ m. ». / . one that takes ^ m. n.f. pleasant.
away sin. m. n. f. deprived of,
(pni^n m. a holy or virtuous bereft of.
man. m. a descendant pf Rkghu.
JTOTT n. measure, extent. 9 ^ n. littleness, dishonour.
5
 56 aaicoNt) Bodit O F SAMS*RIT

inam^ nt- im n. ^collec- «. what lafe'takeh placg/an '

tion of three,^«»; loiid) the' eVent.
kndof the three worldsfwa.
Heaven, the Earth s^nd the fjfl!!|9 n./cpol.
lower regions. zifigm n. a pair of ears,,. !
WSSlf' dear, a female child, ( ) lat', conji. Par0am.\
ft^nr m. n.f. ( f t devoid of,
to sit; witk S, to be gracieos.
and ^p»n/. desire ) free from
or pleased. <•.
any desiife.
ftis'''^''^ ^ a n d sn, to eriter Wn^adxt. in the evening, "^n-
in, come in. ^Oft^gpT m. n. f. (fftm nh
ftvm m. Lord of the ani* n.f. immoveaHe and <ij(lf
verse, God. • » . « . / . moveable) immpVe-
f. overvi^etmed, ; able and moveable.
afflicted.
ftlia n. smile.
V Q K ( f S r m. a tieeand
m. the god Shiva.
vsi «. root) the rootof a treei

Calf TO! » . ft,.<jh5 lOth'Conj.

Difficulty awt*4 n^^n. Subject ft^m.
Father-in-law ^ijj? m. Taken, having, .ftitfillu-
Helpless «Hm m. w./. tiveeAiVg^. ..•
High^vm.»./ True God, tma m. n.
Lazy m. n. f. ^^fs^ m.n.f. f.GcA vmm%,m,
Place, of this, mm m. n.f. ^• What sort of m. n.f.
SaAte^Sthoonj. xvith 9n or Word «rw

LESSON vin

SECOND CONJUGATION—G)«<irn««?

Imperfect and P<aetttial

.1. After roots encluig in «n the ttxtxana^'bi

I m p e r f ^ third petson tJural is optionally ^"t"
Wiudh tiib hiding VOwdfl'diX)pped''
 SECOND BOOK OF SANSKRIT 51

Imperfeet
Sing. Dual Plur.
Istpers. mff(
2nd „ m\'.
3rd „ SWraC
Here by dropping the 311 of !n and appending the temporal
augment we have 3P0 and with 3^, 8 ^ ,
Potential
Sing. Dual Plur.
Istpers. M[mt( IFTn ITTO
2nd „ ^m mm, mwi
3rd „ ifiTO UTOT^ jng:
The termgiations are the same as those given in 2, p. 24.
2. After the root sj^ ' t o be', the terminations^
and f^oi the Imperfect take the augment f long.
Istpers. MmH. aiW3 ajRTT
2«<i „ aiRftJ airan sirei
ird „ SHRttflL Siratra^ STOR^
Pof. Jrti i)ers. ^TO; ?»TRrm &c.
3. After JB^, and 3155, the augment f
or «) is prefixed to the and of the Imperfect.
Istpers. «ltT^ apsl^

For the insertion of % in S J ^ a i H see 9, p. 43. The

third pers. plur. termination in the case of ^sj; is 3 ^ which
'i will be noticed hereafter.
I Sing. Dual Plur.
% Potential—3rd pers. ^ f g ; mm^. &c.
Imperf.3rdpers.V^ aiRWRrm a^RW
52 SECOND BOOK OF SANSKRIT

See 3, p. 41, and for the terminations 1, p.:20, and 4, p. 26.

For Vrddhi see 4, p. 41 and for the optional augment ^,

5, p. 42, and explanation.
Sing. Dual Plur.
' Parasm. Imperf Srdpers. sopftg; "PprPi

" "j Parasm. Pot. „ l^piq; Hmn^.

\^Atm. „ „ >^ g^iroi^
See 6, p. 43.
i( Imperf. 3rd pers. ^ ^wraj. "IPI^
The temporal augment is 3lt, which, along with the q in
the sing, and the ^ in other places, takes the Vrddhi of H or (
(see First Book, p. 62). In the third pers. plur. \ with 1^
forms ( 10, p. 44), and with the temporal augment,-
\ Atm. with sn^ Imperf 3rd pers. «n4» ^K^kmCt, apdNw.
Before aiRHH * e is changed to (II, p. 41), which
with the termination, is ^ n ^ ; with the temporal augment
it is itonn^ as in the last case, and with siRl, SP^TOI*!. It
undergoes the same chaises before all other vowel termina-
tions. Pot. 3rd pers. sing. Vt^KiffS, Sec.
V!f^2ndpers. Imperf. ^KmC. 3iraWW(. «irwnj.
 SECOND B O O K O F SANSKRIT 53

^^M^w«»*i4H4<:« ^^tm gray % s i ^ vi argrq^i

^sytr^tT girt n-M?<Wr«wH, i

ft^iii'4<j*d\ i^«<ft*<.ra' n i f m i ^ ^ s g ^ rnr =5r

SIFIT tPJT: ^c^i'aRJRgfw I

« « m i : «r5?t ^ ^ nRr XRTT f^>g^: ^ ^ a^?r!ft

^tft??T ^ 5?I^qT?tT dlgl-f^d't:<m<IH; II

The sons of Dhrtarastra gambled with the sons

of Pancju and deprived them of all their wealth. The
Pa^i^avas then went [^] to a forest.
5 is a diminutive termination,
t 5 with is here used in the sense of teaching.
54 SECOND BOOK OF SANSKRIT

Thither many Brahmaijas followed 1% with wg]

them.
Then said [ij] Yudhisthira to them, " Y o u should
not follow [ f w i t h ajg] us, we are [m.1 now without
wealth and cannot give you food."
The Brahmaijas then said l^], "We are [m.1 able
to earn our own food."
Yudhisthira then did not reject with sift and
an] them.
But he was *unwilling that the Brahmanas should
work for thdr own food.
He then asked his spiritual adviser what he
should do.
He told him, " Praise [ ^ ] the sun."
Yudhisthira then praised [^] the sun, and when
the sun was pleased, got from him a cooking utensil,
from which they always got as much food as they wanted.
The wives of Sagara gave birth to [^] many sons.
I did not sleep last night.
When did you bathe [OT] in the waters of the
Ganges?
The women of Vraja cried [sssf] alcKid when
Krsiia went to Mathura.
I studied [ 5 with «if^ ] Nyaya at Benares.
If I were Imf) in Hastinapura, I should say It^]
to Dhrtarastta that it was not p r e ^ to deprive the
K ^ v a s <rf their wealth by dishonest gambling.
None should rely [>B^ with ft] on the words of
the wicked.
* Use a verb having the sense of willing with «r.
 SECOND BOOK OF SANSKRIT 55

V O C A B U L A R Y VIII

SHUIJI^ m. 11. f. guiltless. ! m. { p r i o r , l i f t / , the

aiftqvil m. n.f. not sitting. night) the prior or first part
of the night.
SHRf: ind. every day.
JlSft/. subject, people, minis-
a?T^ 5th conj. with aw, to attain. |
terial officers.
I rrith f| and m> to separate ;
W ind. particle implying sur-
with g^and an, to unite, to
prise, sorrow, &c. [ answer.
come together. Ist. conj. Atm. with nft, to
3^: ind. adv. loudly, aloud. <jji^4<HW m. coming together or
adv. hotly. union of animals or beings.
1^7^ n. one night. JfSnS m. ( JJSI n. the middle
^ m. a proper name, [bearing, and sjf^ n. day) the midday,
tffftra^ "«• /• patient, for- ipihfl/. bound, limit. [ noon.
^ m. and 5!W sons of Rama.
JTflTft m. the great ocean.
^^fst.tonj. Parasm.with ft and
^ with a, to faint.
Sll.to cry out aloud, to lament.
9^rf% m. the name of a sage.
*nfrt m.n.f. deep, grave. ft^ m. the name of a country
%fH m. the first month of the (in the plural).
Hindu year. /s* conj. parasm. and Af»«.
3 R ^ ^ m. name of the son of to curse; ind.pastpart.
Pariksit, grandson of Arjuna. 5Wftin/. ( 5rei and ftw ) art
ajg^ adv. like that, in the same or knowledge of war.
manner, ^BSr M. a sacrificial session.
ftft m.f. a day of the month, mp^f. the place of sacrifice.
flqj^adv. for a long time, long, ^tmf- name of the bitch of
deeply. the gods.
•^qgift/. the bitch of the gods. ^ s n / - twilight [ at the morn-
m. a proper name. [ night. ing and evening twiHghts
jpBft/. the ninth day of the fort- and in the noon prayers are
•THI ind. different, many. offered by Brahmanas.] [dog.
m^f^S m. son of Pariksit. m. the son of Sarama, a
56 SECOND B O O K O F SANSKRIT

Aloud g%: ind. ' >»• n. f. [ king.

Cooking utensil ^«n^/. Sagara m. the name of a
Deprive of 5 1st conj. with am. Spiritual adviser 3i(M|{( m.
Dishonest gambhng ^ q j ^ « . g^tfta m. [sW.
(^ n. fraud, and ^ « . Want ^ Isi conj. Attn, with
gambling ). : Wicked ( person ) 5IS m.
Food affl « . ^fisiq; m.
Gamble ftf 4th conj. Parasm. \ without wealth «H#T m. n. J.
Last night Tl?rf^i%/. Women of. Vraja srSTBRr: /•
Mathura TTg'n /• the name of \ nom. plur.
a place. ' Work q f i ^ J 8th conj.
Proper ^ff, past part, of gsi, Parasm. and A<w.

LESSON IX

SECOND CONJUGATION — continued

In applying the terminations to the remaining
roots, of this conjugation several phonetic changes
take place which we will now notice.
I. T h e ending 5 of a root is changed to ^,
when it is followed by anj? consonant, except a nasal
or a semi-vowel, or by nothing. '
Thus, which, followed by fa, the 3rd pers. sing;
termination of the Present, becomes first ^^H-RT by 6, p. 14
is changed to because the of ft is not a nasal or a
semi-vowel. Now,
II. T h e initial ^ and sj^ of a termination
following a soft aspirate or the fourth letter of a
class are changed to ^.

'•' Followed by nothing, i. e., the letter stands at the end of a

word or form. It is not meant that it should not be followed
by any other word in a sentence. The expression is to be
understood in this sense throughout.
 SECOND BOOK OF SANSKRIT 57

The 5 of ^ is a soft aspirate, therefore the ft is changed to

f^, and thus we have ^ 4 - i q . Wlien linguals and dentals are
combined, the dentals substitute the corresponding Unguals ( see
note*, p. 21 First Boolv). W e thus get Then,

III. ^ followed by ^ is dropped, and the pre-

ceding vowel ( except sR), if short, is made long.
Thus, we come to%ft. When the 3id pers. dual termina-
tion rTS; is applied, we have by I . ils^+gPBt, by II. fe^f-f^^,
and then fe^ an~d by III. the short ^ being rendered
long. There is no Guna here, the termination being weak
{vide 4, p. 14). The 3rd pers. plur. is f ^ f ^ ; the termination
3lP?f beginning with a vowel, no phonetic change takes place.
In the 2nd pers. sing, we have, being strong, S S l + i ^ by I.
Here, before can be changed to by note", p.21. First Book,
we have a special rule, viz :—

I V . ^ or "s^ followed by ^ is changed to ^ .

By this, we g e t ^ + 1 ^ . Then )% becomes ft by note {,
p. 97, First Book. . Thus we arrive at
Hence the paradigms of the Present Tense Parasm. are:—
Sing. Dual Plur.
1st pers.
2nd,, sis
3rd „ %ft
gfe; 2nd pers. dual and ^xs 2nd pers. pUir. should be made
up like 3rd pers. dual. Before fJr, ^: and jf: no phonetic
change takes place, ftl and JT; beginning with a nasal and ^:
with a semi-vowel. The A t m . forms are as follows :—
Istpers. feflf isiiy
2nd „ fs^ ^ f l ^ ftr|
3rd „ ^ isfft ftrf^
These should be made up in the same way as those
shown above.
 58 SECOND BOOK OF SANSKRIT

1. The second person sing, termination of the

Parasm. Imperative of the second group of conju-
gations is fil when the base ends in any consonant
except a nasal or a semi-vowel.
Imperative
Parasm.
Istpers. ^glFi ^511 ^IW
2nd „ ^tft ^nn, ^
3rd „ %5 (ai«m.
Atm.
1st pers. 1^
2nd „
3rd „ tflaiH. fefram fowi^i
Remember that the three nos. of the 1st pers. are strong,
and the 2nd pers. sing. Parasm. wgaJc.
V . Roots beginning with ^ and ending with f
change the g to ^ under the same circumstances
as those mentioned i n Rule I.
Thus when the termination ft is appended to it, becomes,
ft being strong ^ + f t . By II, p. 56, it is Then,
V I . In the body of a word or grammatical form
the preceding consonant, except a nasal, substitutes
the third or soft unaspirate of its class, when follow-
ed by the third or fourth letter (soft unaspirate
or aspirate). F o r ^, ^ , is substituted i n these
circumstances.
Thus we have tit+ft. »• e. ^HN. The dual Jiq: should be
similary made up. In the the plural ^(1^, there is no phonetic
change. When the 2nd pers. sing, is appended, we have by
V . t)^-f ft. In this condition, before applying the rule in note t
p. 5, First Book, we have
 SECOND BOOK OF SANSKRIT 59

V I I . W h e n a root has or consists of a syllable

beginning w i t h %, ^ , f;r^and ending w i t h a soft
aspirate (fourth letter), the f is changed to i ^ , »l.
to \ , and to when the syllable is followed by
^ or nothing.
By this we have «j)^+ft; then by notet, p. 5, First Book,
«lh5+ft; by p. 97, First Book, vfl^+ft, written The
- paradigms, therefore, are:—

Parasm. Present
Sing. Dual Plur.
Istpers. tifti Pi-*
2nd,, 519:
3rd „ ^rt^ ^q: ^^Pn
Atm. Pres. 3rd pers. 5»^-5^-5l?>; 2nd pers. ^ - f f f t - ; g « ^ , &c.
Parasm. Imperat. 3rd pers. !J)i;g-^A||^-^8>^ &c.
Atm. „ 3rd pers. fn^P^-pmrat^^TnH^; 2nd pers.

2. a. The ^ o f is dropped before a weak termi-

nation b^uining with any consonant except a nasal
or a semi-vowel, and the penultimate an before one
beginning with a vowel.
&. 5ift is the second person singular of the
Imperative.
c. The ?5 of this root is changed to. when
immediately followed by \.
V I I I . In the body of a word or grammatical
form ^ a n d J^are changed to the nasal of the class
to which the following letter ( n o t nasal itself)
belongs, a n d to an amisvara when followed by ^,
^ a n d q;,.
.4
60 SECOND BOOK OF SANSKRIT

Parasm. Present
Sing:. Dual Plur.
1st pers.
2,ui „
3rd,, 5^ 5ri%
Here \ is dropped in the 2nd and 3rd pers. dual and 2nd
pers. plur., because the terminations are weak and have an
initial consonant which is neither a nasal nor a semi-vowel, an4
is changed to an anusvara by V I I I , p. 59, before ft. srfSa being
a weak termination with an initial vowel, penultimate 31 is
dropped, and we have f^+aipa', which by 2 c, p. 59, is fl^.
When in certain cases this root takes Atmanepada
terminations the forms of the Present Tense are:—
1st pers Ir
2nd „
3rd „ aft
As above, \ is dropped here before the consonants which
are neither nasals nor semi-vowels, and 31 before the vowels.
In the latter case 5 is changed to ^ .
Imperat. Parasm. 3rd pers. 2ftd pers.
sing. alft. 1st pers. sing. |<Trft. Atm 3rd pers. gifrm-aiaw^, &c.
3. The roots ^ and have the augment \
attached to them before terminations beginning with
^ and vif, except that of the Imperfect Second person
plural.
IX. Roots ending i n JJt^or ^ and the roots
^9^> ^ > l ^ j 'T^j change their final
to ^ when followed by any consonant except a
nasal or a semi-vowel, or by nothing.
Atm. Present
Sing. Dual Plur.
1st pers.
2nd,,
3rd,, ^H?t
 SECOND BOOK OF SANSKRIT 61

Before the ^ of this is changed to Then the dental ^

becoming Jf, ?^ becomes ^ ; hence we have To ^ and the
augment f being prefixed, we have and ^l5t^.
/»t^ra/.5r(/i)ers.^BI^-#5n?n'J.-%WfJ^» &c.;f^ 7 stpers.sing.
4. The penultimate 5R of ^ takes its Vrddhi substi-
tute before the strong terminations, and optionally
before the weak ones with an initial vowel.
^ Present
1st pers. j^rlwi
2nd „ Ji# m: ^
3rd „ Hlfi JjaP^T-^n^fs^
The final 3|; of this being changed to ^ before g^, &c. by
IX, p. 60, we havejirrfi, &c. In thefirstcase and in the sing,
of the other persons, the 5R is changed to an? by the above rule,
and optionally so in the 3rd pers. plur. Before fe, 31 is changed
to ^ by IX, p. 60 and ^ to ^ by IV., p. 57, and the ^ itself
becoming f^, we have TJl^.
Imperat. 3rd pers. - ^EPJ^^-^SPg or ITl^sg. 2nd pers..
sing.
In the last, the termintion is by 1, p. 58, the 3^ of ^
is changed to ^ by IX, p. 60, and this ^ becomes ^ by VI, p. 58.
5. The gr of aRC is changed to 3 before the weak
terminations.
1st pers. ^ 35^: 3^:
2nd „ 3^: SB
3rd „ ^ 3e: " 35r^
Imperat. 2nd pers. sing. 3 f | .
W + i^-sr?:+f^ by IX, p. 60—=R;-(-fe { note*, p. 21, F. B . )
-«ri%; by IX, p. 6 0 — ^ - f ^ by IV, p. 57-
3 ? : , &c. by above.
note", p.'21.
F. B. ) ^ by VI, p. 58.
62 SECOND BOOK OF SANSKRIT

' 6. The vowel of Parasm. is changed to \

tjefore the consonantal weak terminations.
7. The termination of the third person plural, as
appended to the roots ^ ^vm^ and
loses its %
The Imperative second person singular of 5n^is 5nft and
of IN4H; 1*lft or ^f^.
Sing. Dual Plur.
1st pers.
2nd „ fire:
3rd „
wra+WBt—ftrac+a^by ( 5 being changed to
(note*, p. 21, F . B.)-fTO. 50^+31^ by 7 (not

aj^—Parasm. Present 3rd pers. STFI^—311^—SlfR^.

Imperat. 2nd pers. sing. 3IT<^. 1st pers. sing. ^fWJjit.
8, The final sn of sifer is dropped before the weak
terminations beginning with a vowel and changed to
f before those with an initial consonant.
3rd pers. 1^?Cf^-^S(Vt:-^^^, &c.
9. The Imperative forms of ^ are optionally
made up by adding the corresponding forms of f to

Imperative 3rd pers. %g or ^;rN5^-^<Tn^ or ^ ^ ^ i H ^

or ft^i^^g, &c.
Present 3rd pers. t ^ , f^:, ft?^, &c.
X . When a conjunct consonant, the first
member of which is or qj, is at the end of a
word, or is followed by any consonant, except a
nasal or a semi-vowel, the €r or ^ is dropped.
 SECOND BOOK OF SANSKRIT 63

Thusm^BH+?t the first member of jjj is ^ and it is

followed by the a^of which is not a semi-vowel nor a nasal;
hence if is dropped, and we have q^-f and.by note*, p. 21,
F. B., In the case of the 2nd pers. sing, we have ;
the ^ is dropped as above and we have ^T^-f^; then by IV.,
p. 57 ^ + ^ , and ^ becoming % ( note+, p. 97, F . B . ) the form
is The paradigms, therefore, are:—
At in. Present
Sing. Dual Plur.
isipers. "sr^r ^i5»it
2nd,, ^ ^
3rd „ ^ gSjTRf
by X . 'gfl;-!-^^—by note*, p. 21, F . B.,
and by VI, 58, =gi|.
Imperative 3rd pers. ^SP?.—^WIW^.. &c., &c.
^ ' - ^ 3rd pers. sing. pres. &c. I ^ - ^ I ^ 3rd pers. sing,
pres. Parasm., &c.

«r^Tii^ JiwtsraT'n a n ^ m : i

a n d fl^ 55k: I

The root ^ governs the genitive of the object,

t See note ?, p. 4.
54 SECOND BOOK OF SANSKRIT

t t f^f^re^lTC^ ^i^'UH^ I
Jf^rs[TSr ^flTf ^lipF^^imT: II

STIJTRT *jcnf% ^ g ^ : ii
1 f^HK 5aq^ I
^ f^siT^at jfr^ H ii
qui ' J V - S ^ ^ i R t =51 ^OT^ I
^irgfTTTKr ^ 5 5 ^ ; ^ ^ ii

How many times in the day dost thou milk [^j

cows ?
Do not drive the bee from theflower,let it lick [ j
honey.
Those who thoughtlessly kill [?^] animals, never
enjoy happiness.
The people of cities sweep [ ^ with ^ ] the streets
clean whenever their kings enter them.
In the last quarter of the night, the pupils of the
Rsi get up [ ] and learn the Vedas.
We do not know [ft^] whether Rajagraha or Patali-
putra was the capital of Magadha.
See note §, p. 4.
t The sou] is referred to here.
 SECOND BOOK OF SANSKRIT 65

Do not hate [ ^ ] good men.

May the Queen and her descendants rule [^mj] us
long.
Let your reverence explain with m and «n]
this aphorism.

V O C A B U L A R Y IX
Roots of the Second Conjugation
^ Attn, to praise. [ rule. Parasm. to wipe, to clear;
^ Attn, to be master of, to with 51, to wipe off; with
•>ii>[^ Parasm. to shine. ?p^, to sweep.
Attn, to speak; with^, to Parasm. and A^m. to lick.
tell; zvith^ and 311, to explain. ^ Parasm. to wish, to shine.
5n^ Parasm. to be awake, Parasm. to know.
^ f e l Parasm. to be poor. 5rra[ ParasiH. to govern, to
Parasm. and A/;«. to be- regulate, to discipline.
smear. ^tP^ Atm. with all, to wish,
^ Parasm. and Aiw. to milk. to desire.
^ Parasm. and A^/H. to hate. f5J^ Pit rctsm. to kill.

. m. n. / . ( 3? not, and aimffcr n. (^mi^ and few

/. ) ruthless, one who good ) one's own good.
has no compassion. ^.^Tfft?^ n. { n. limb or
3n?JTEfRPB m. n. f. ( s q a i ' ^ self, sense, and n- beauty,
and qper* destroyer ) self- goodness) handsome make,,
destroyer, one who ruins healthy or sound frame.
himself. Wth conj. to praise.
* Used in the Conjugational Tenses and the Perfect. It
substitutes ^ \ Parasm. and Atm. in the Non-conjugational
Tenses and optionally in the Perfect.
t The forms of the Present Tense of this root are also-
made up by adding to it the terminations of the Perfect, as
^^:> &c. ( See Lesson XIII. )
6
66 SECOND BOOK OF SANSKRIT

3!q»nR«Rr m. n./. ( m. a i JTO m. «. / l {past part, of

wrong path, anddW past with S )one who has submit-
part, of ^ w«"tft an. one ted or surrendered himself.
who has taken to ) one who m. anything that is pro-
has taken to a wrong path. duced, produce.
7^!!r^^)t<r m. n.f. ( 3 ^ past v n ^ s j ^ m. the writer of a
part. ^ with 3 ^ to rise, Bhasya or explanatory dis-
course, a commentator.
to be produced) one in whom
HSgsR^ m. ( n. anything
wonder or amazement has fortunate or auspicious and
been bom. spra time) an auspicious
4>I«(I4H m. name of a great occasion.
Grammarian. TC^f^!^ n. a syllable of holy or
:JiRr m. destruction, ruin. Vedic verse.
m. ( « . the universe | n. ( ^ n. and STRT « .
and sfW »». lord ) the Lord of i a collection ) a collection of
Tf^f^f. his fame theruniverse.' things.
!^i=IWW»H «. ( Rlfi«H w . j w r s ' R n / . censurableness, liabi-
heaven, aiRSJR n. assembly), lity to censure,
the heavenly assembly, the • m. the god Indra.
assembly of the gods. (^•WW: adv. in detail.
<(l«»<H»g tn. i^m. n.f. poor, ( abso. of ^ to abandon
jpg »». brother ) brother of with ) having abandoned.
those that are poor. ^ 1st conj. Parasm. with
^ m. n. / . shining. j%, to kill, to destroy.
TO w. » . / . humble. 4i||i(<l, m. a sage who has curb-
m. a king. ed his passions, an ascetic.
irBBIR (^'•es. pass. part, o / q ? f^om. & Acc. plur.
/s< co«y. to recite or read ) all existing things.
what is being recited. flM<| m. the sun.
m. name of the author ei^f^ m.n.f. {mg m.n.f.
of a great grammatical work; good, and ^ «. conduct )
called the Mahabhasya. well-conducted.
^[^Hv m. the family priest,! ind. in the evening.
chaplain. i fs^ f«. n. / . a killer.
 SECOND BOOK OF SANSKRIT 67

Aphorism ^ n. Pataliputra VXS^t^ n. name

Bee WW m. of a city in Magadha.
Capital ?rsWPft/. Quarter (gft^ ) IJTR »».
Descendant m. n. f. ^UNI Rajagrha n. <M'JS name of a
m. n.f. city in Magadha.
Drive 3 5 10th conj. with Jl. Read ^S. 1st conj. Parasm.
How many times ^d^S^: ind. Street <«ny.
L a s t ^ m. » . / Thoughtlessly adv. ?HMI<^,
Magadha Wf^i tn. used in
the plur. name of a countryWhenever «TO ^-?taiT
or its people. Your reverence WHR^ or 4(<||HI^
Never sf

LESSON X
SECOND CONJUGATION—coMft««gd

I. The ^ and ?^ of the 2nd and 3rd pers. sing,

of the Imperfect aretdropped after a consonant.
II. Any consonant except a nasal at the end
of a word or form is changed to the first or third of
its class. ^ is changed to ^ or f.
a. Thus, in the Imperfect 3rd pers. sing, we have first
+gCand then 3|%|+?tby 6, p. 14. ?J is dropped by I and there
remains Now by I, p. 56, ^ is changed to %; whence we
have a^^C and by this rule or ^m^. Similarly, the of
the 2nd pers. sing, is dropped and by the same rules we have the
same form, vis., or 3|%f. The Paradigms, therefore, are—
Sing. Dual Plur.
lepers. Vf^a^ vSs^
2nd „ Vfgm,
3rd,, ^^baH,
68 SECOND BOOK OF SANSKRIT

ai^Rrrat, like 3rd pers. dual Pres., ( for which

see the last Lesson).
Atm.
1st pers. aifelt atl^^fi aiRwf^
2nd „ 3j^si: aifegwm. 3«5S»|»^
3rd „ 9(Rj?ldI4j|^ ajfef«
^- + + ^ by 6, p. 14-31^ by I, p. 6 7 - 3 1 ^
by V, p. 58- 3T4t^by VII, p. 59 - a r ^ or ^xkpi by II, p. 67
above. Similarly when ^ is applied we have STi^Rf-t.
1st pers. aifl^J^ 3If§ Sjpj
2nd „ 3Ti4t?-n: ^i^^
3rd „ 3!^-Ji ai^JW^ «i§S^
Atm. 3rd pers. 3l^li^-3>55ram-3^|?r; 2nd per?, sing.
an^KJi:, 1 being changed to q; by II, p. 56.
c. 315^4-g^-sigrj; by I, p. 67; 3|f^4-?n^, (dual \
being dropped by 2 a, p. 59; 3l^?j;4-3R^ {plur.) by 2 a. (latter
part), p. 59—3JJR^ by 2 c, p. 59.
1st pers. 3I55TH sifKT 3jfs;T
2«d„ 3If^ 31f^ 3Jf?r

Atm. 3rd pers. 3Jf^ aiMldlH. "B'

rf. 3l^4-g;-3Wn^4-ri; by 4, p. 61—3Hn3! b y l , p. 67—
3nn^ by IX, p. 60—*3OTlt-^ by II, p. 67. Similarly, we have
3mi^-<| 2nd pers. sing.
Sing. Dual Plur.
1st pers. 3Hn*3[.
2nd „ srmiri. ^i^K^ aj^
3rd „ ^mk-k ai^[gi^ aj^RR^-awnsfec
1. The termination of the Imperfect third person
plural is 3 ^ in the case of % , 5Tra[,, aifcn
and 3rpg.
* A conjunct consonant with ^ as its first member is allowed
at the end of a word, but not when ^ is the second member.
 SECOND BOOK OF SANSKRIT 69

^ takes this termination optionally.

III. The ending ^ of a root is optionally
changed to ^ or visarga in the Imperfect second
person singular.
Thus ant^+s-ant?!:-^ or
1st pers. a i t ^
2nd „ 3i%:-aHi^-^ srf^rm SJl^
3rd „ atfi'Til*^ siH^:
2. The ending vowel takes its Guija before 3?5C.
—Parasm. Imperf. 3rd ^ers." araFt:-3T3n'Jrrrat-3r5IR^
&c. araig+tj;—SRlTft^+fland by I , p. 67, aTsrpi^-3Rltn:.
IV. The ending of a root is changed to or
\ before the termination and optionally before 5^.
Parasm.
1st pers. 3RTTgn 3?!^ aiRTSR
2nd „ 9J5Tr:-3RTFi;-^ 3n?tS
3rd „ sRTra;-^ aRng:
+ ci; being dropped we hiave SRTf^.and by the above

^ Imperf. Atm. 3rd pers. ^-^5n^IJ5t-^5Rf; 2ndpers.plur.

is changed to q; by IX, p. 60, and ^ to ^ by VI, p. 58
and to ^.
^ Imperf. Parasm. 3rd pers. aR^-^-^P^-HRTili;. Before
?r(H, &c., the ^ being changed to 3 , the temporal augment 3tr with
the 3 forms Vrddhi, i. e., 5fflf.

n
Parasm. Atm.
Sing. Dual Plur. Sing. Dual Plur.
1st pers. ptra: p n ^ pro ^f>^ ^mt
2nd „ pn?P^ piRT %tPK: ^mm^ ^t^m.
3rd „ piram 5^: 5^ar f^^TRTP^ 5^
70 SECOND BOOK OF SANSKRIT

^Parasm, 3rd pers. 8»<ll*i."8'^MWr'^: Attn. 3rd pers,

5rra Parasm. 3rd pers. fir«n5,"~Rl*<IMIHr~'5^''

i^sRst i.m^y 3T??r:f(: xn^RR?. I art^-

'TSIRt «iT(or g ^ « i f fti^J I

The Mauryas ruled [^m^ the earth after Nandas.

The warriors of the Kalirigas told [^] us thus:—
"The Angas who hated [^] us for a long time
invaded our territory. We fought a battle with them
and killed their commanders. Their king did not
know [i^] this; wherefore he came in person to the
field of battle. But seeing his men killed, he returned to
his kingdom."
Did you milk [ § f ] the cows yesterday?
Hari was awake [aij^] the whole night repeating
the Vedas.
* See note t, page 109, F . B .
 SECOND BOOK OF SANSKRIT 71

A man should clean [sgst with JI] bis face every

morning.

VOCABULARY X
srfilft!! tt. sacrifice to Fire. i ^ »». a frog.
j i ^ ^ m. a dog. j ITWI m. a shed, an enclosure.
iFW^ttimi / . the daughter of i^jgw^q m. an enclosure pre-
a Gandharva. i pared for sacrifice.
»». name of a king. |?rfiBr m. n.f. pertaining to
fnoRW". name of a person. j sacrifices,
az m. n. / bank, margin. ^ ^ ^ajtlg^
m m m. ( f ^ / quarter. ^ -
3W m. conquest; conquest of:
the quarters, or of all r e g i o n s . ! ? ^ occurrence.
n. a thing, (past pass. part, of S
s i ^ wi. name of a royal race, wjVfe 3^1 and am) collected.
an individual of it. fi. a thousand.
^5 m. a boy. 15^ with arf^T or 311 to strike.

Angas 3 ^ : plur. name of a j Kalirigas sgfesi: i-iwr. name of

people or of their country. | a people or of their country.
Commander > « ^ ^ . ^ n ? f i r m . i ^j^^^y^ ^ „f ^
Field of battle ^01^/. i „asty, an individual of it.
in person »W.
Invade 5 7si co;y. p«^„s,„. I Repeat «I5/s< conj. Parasm.
tf 3l|5l. Territory m.

LESSON XI
THIRD CONJUGATION
1. In this conjugation the roots undergo reduplica-
tion before the terminations are applied.
2. General Rules of Reduplication—a. The vowel,
and if there are more than one the first, is reduplicated,
together with the initial consonant, if any.
72 SECOND BOOK OF SANSKRIT

b. A radical hard aspirate ( 2nd letter) is changed

to the hard unaspirate (1st letter) of its class in the
reduplicative syllable; and a radical soft aspirate (4th
letter ), to the soft unaspirate ( 3rd letter ).
Thus the reduplication of tR^ by 2 a, is <t)<h<4>
. and by the
first part of the above, q^K^; qr-'>=rrar-^ by the second part of
the above and 2 f.; ^ft-^?!^-'^.
c. A radical guttural is changed to the corres-
ponding palatal ( subject to the above rule ), and ^ to 3i.
'a^-^Parl^ by 2 a.;—by 2 c, and by 2 &.; ff-flff
by 2 a.;—^ by 2 f. and grgl by the above.
d. If a conjunct consonant begins a root, the first
meinber of it only with the vowel is reduplicated.
^-by the above ft^—by 2 c. and 2 / .
e. Exception—If the first member be a sibilant
and the second a hard letter, the hard letter is redu-
plicated, as w^-tRq^.
/. A radical long vowel becomes short, and a
radical ^ becomes ; as ^ — ^ ; ;
3. Irregularities applicable to the third conjugation —
The vowel of the reduplicative syllable of zn, w\ 'to go',
^ and ^ or q and 5R is changai to ^ and that of the
reduplicative syllable of ^ and ^ takes its
Gupa substitute.
4. The reduplicative 5 of ^ is changed to
(See 8, p. 91.)
5. The termination of the third person plural
Parasm. loses its nasal, as well as that of the Atm.
6. The termination of the third person plural of
the Imperfect Parasmaipada is g ^ , before which the
final «r of all roots is dropped, and the: final % 3 ,
^nd ^ort or long take their Guna substitute.
( Comp. 1 and 2, pp. 68-69 ).
 SECOND BOOK OF SANSKRIT 73

»|; Parasm.
Present
Sing. Dual Plur.
1st pers. fkvf^
2nd „ f%*?f^
3rd „ fil«#
Imperfect
Sing. Dual Plur.
1 st pe rs. aift^WH
2nd „ arftvf:
3rd „
Imperative
1st pers. fym\fi\
2nd „ ft^it
3rd „ ^r*I^
Potential

ft'???!?!
.?''<^,, fe'STRt
by 2 a, 2 6 and 3. Remember the rule about Guna
before the strong terminations ( 6, p. 14 ). firert^ by 5.
Imperf. 3rd pers. sing. 3I^nf4-f5;; by 6, p. 14 aj^wj^, and
by 1, p. 67 SlftffR;-9#vr: ( Notet, p. 6, F . B . ) ; 3rd pers. plur.
a i f ^ : by 6.
Atm. Pres. 3rd pers. ftrait
„ Imperf. „ a?f%»55i ajftiiwm; 3J^«gr
^ Parasm. Pres. 3rd pers. Rj||ci iJl^rl: f5ji|qj& (II. 41.)
„ „ Imperf 3rd pers. aif^lj; suf^ttTPj; 3 # ? 5 : ( 6 ).
7. The ending vowel of m and ?i ' to go' is changed
to t when followed by a weak termination beginning
with a consonant, and dropped before one beginning
with a vowel.
5
74 SECOND BOOK OF SANSKRIT

m Attn. Pres. 3rd pers. ^nfl^ ^fRT^ ft*!^

Similarly Attn, 'to go .' ^ifl^ |3(gl^ f^Jf%

Imperf. 3rd Pers. ] ? K ^ & S ^

ftjTT by 3. % having an initial consonant, the ajl of »n is
changed to f and thus we haveftnft^.Before 3Rf, &c. the
3n is dropped, the terminations beginning with a vowel.
8. The sji of ?T ' to abandon' undergoes the same
changes as above, but the \ is optionally shortened.
Before Potential terminations beginning with % the m
of this root is dropped, and in the Imperative second
person singular it is optionally retained, so that in the
latter there are three forms, viz., aiftif^, arjtft.
f l ' to abandon ' Parasm. Pres.
Sing. Dual Plur.
1st pers. 3i?n^ 4i%a[:-3nft?: ^IT.'-^I^:
2nd „ 3ife«i:-i|ft^: «lfe^-^l^
3rd „ HQiB •Jift^j:—JiCw! 'n^B
Imperf.3rdrpers. 3t«J?T^ ^rad^rp^-SRtrflwC^ Brag:
Imperat. „ 5^ig aifg
Pot. „ awra; awrara^
9. The ^ of *ft is optionally shortened bafore the
weak terminations with an initial consonant.
I. The ending t of a root, short or long, not
preceded by a conjunct consonant, is changed to \
before weak terminations with an initial vowel, when
the base consists of more than.one syllable.
Wr+«jfit=ftwrt%> the baseft^ft consisting of two syllables;.
but ^I^+3#=firf|!I^, for the ^ of ^ is preceded by 5 which
is a conjunct consonant.
Pres. 3rd pers. ft^:-flH?Rr: Parasm,
Imperf. „ »ifti^<si*ir**Pl*ft<IIH. 'tft'Jg: »»
Imperat. 1st pers. ^vi^IT^ ftwiR fihTOW »
 SECOND BOOK OF SANSKRIT 75

10. ^ and vir lose the ending vowel before the weak
terminations, and then assumes the form qq[ before
^ qc and The Imperative second person singular
forms of the Parasm. are \ ^ and
' to put or hold '
Parasm. Atm.
Sing. Dual Plur. Sing. Dual Plur,

Present

Parasm. Atm.
Sing. Dual Plur. Sing.

Imperject...

Imperative. Dual Plur.

JVHl Wrirai, ?vig

r ^'BTP^ ^wjw
Potential...

In isf^in_ &c. the is changed to \ , being followed by a soft

consonant which is not a nasal. In 3 r ^ : , 3n is dropped
?t4lT of the first
by 6, p. 72. Remember that the terminations ^4hT%
pers.
of the Imperative, except ^, begin with SJI.
^ should be similarly conjugated.
11. The penultimate short vowel does not take its
Gupa substitute before the vowel strong terminations in
this conjugation; 1st pers. Imperat.
Present Parasm. 3rd pers. ^^fTfc-%f^;-^(H«l(^; Atm.
76 SECOND BOOK OF SANSKRIT

Before 31, is changed to 5 by note f, p. 97, F. B.

Parasm. Imperf. 1st pers. ^^^s^ 3|%i^9f a^^SIT
Atm. „ „ 3]%^^ ai^^S^fe 3l^i^«R%
Parasm. Imperat. „ ^Pl-rflft •I^I«nT
Atm. „ „ ^fiii'Mii'i "rt^TSnJ^
Pres. Imperf.
g Parasm.
3rd per?,. ^ ? r : isi^ I an^jttt 3i^?tm
Imperat. 2nd pers. sing. The termination here is
instead of ft, as a special case.
The 3 of f before a vowel weak termination is, in
the conjugational tenses and moods, changed not to
3^ by II, p. 41, but to %.
Present Imperfect
Aim. 3rd pers. i?r»ft% S R I ^ R R ^ I a i f t ^ aiRWRTP^aiftjRr
See 7, p. 73.
fl „ ,, plgltt f^!fl& fjlg^ I Slfji^n aifsifRTm 34(4)1 <l
1 Pa*^- „ i ^ i ^ :ftsfl%• sjftq: 3]f^^[9P3(^ 3(fq<]^:
^ „ „ W^: ^ I 3lftq: 3jfM^ s » f ^ :
5|5r: I ^1^*31. ^'re:
SR: in the case of q is changed to 3^ by 9, p. 2. by
2 (T, p. 7I-55R by 3, p. 72-^^ by 4, p. 72. 3ll + 5|-^f.
^ Par. 3rd Pers. q^Ta^ I 3 J § i ^ Sl^fe^
3l^|e|Ml4 ( 7.S/ ^ers.).
^ 3rd pers. "^^pf. 5|fen^ STRS^ ")
^ 1 Parasm. „ „ r Present

Verbs implying fear and protection from danger govern

the ablative of the object from which the fear or danger proceeds.
 SECOND BOOK OF SANSKRIT 77

rr 5qqT5CT'?n: ^afai^Prf II
T 5ilT^ ^ l ^ r ^ 'El W ^ntnnE5?Tt I
smfk^m ^'355^ I
1 pwfa ^ ? ^ s f c r qif 511 I
1 ^ ^JJ# ^rar^ ^jOT^iTsrarnfraJl, ii
H j m f ^ ^TfrrarniJmf^ ^ srar: i
f^«tJ|"it'TO'i(% f ^ f ^ s;^«i'«n II

* The student should remember that the original form is

t ^ and 55 when preceded by a preposition govern the

accusative of the person or thing against whom or which the
feeling is directed, and not the dative.
78 SECOND BOOK O F SANSKRIT

a i W ^ SlfPih' ftSRT l ^ f ^ MW«1 I

H W ^rrema i

The sons of Dhrtarastra abandoned [ f i ] the cows

and fled from thefieldof battle.
Janaka gave [^] his daughter Sita to Rama, he
having bent the bow of Shiva.
Brave men do not fear [ 4> ] their enemies.
I kept with i^] my money in that house that the
king's men might not take it.
Make peace [qj with with your powerful
enemies, that your whole country may not be destroyed.
Art thou not ashamed to go about naked?
The Smrtis command with ft] the remarriage
of widows.
Why didst thou shut [w with ft or arf^] the ears,
when Govinda was telling a story ?
Women wear [i^with qrft] ornaments on their persons.
One should distinguish [ftst with ft] self-respect
from rudeness.
Wash [ftsi;with 3 R ] thy hands and feet, and then
begin thy Samdhya-adoration.
The oificer of the king measured iml the length of
the land.
The hermits fill or q] their gourds with water
•at the lake
78 SECOND BOOK O F SANSKRIT

««l«1»<^ MQIui^ \kS.W I

•T Prefer gpi xjit^iM f«(*<4[d I

^ sf t f e a?r ^ It

The sons of Dhrtarastra abandoned [ f r ] the cows

and fied from the field of battle.
Janaka gave [^] his daughter Sita to Rama, he
having bent the bow of Shiva.
Brave men do not fear [ s¥t] their enemies.
I kept [•efj with ft] my money in that house that the
king's men might not take it.
Make peace with w^] with your powerful
enemies, that your whole country may not be destroyed.
Art thou not ashamed [ft] to go about naked?
The Smrtis command [lat with ft] the remarriage
of widows.
Why didst thou shut [qr with ft or 3ift] the ears,
when Govinda was telling a story ?
Women wear [qiwith tjR ] ornaments on their parsons.
One should distinguish [ftst with ft] self-respect
from rudeness.
Wash [ftac with 31^] thy hands and feet, and then
begin thy Samdhya-adoration.
The officer of the king measured C w] the length of
the land.
The hermits fill or q] their gourds with water
at the lake.
 SECOND BOOK O F SANSKRIT 79

VOCABULARY XI
Roots of the third Conjugation
<0 Parasm. and Atm. to give.lift Parasm. to fear.
•Ut Parasm. and Atm.tohold,to
^ P a r a s m . and A im.to support,
put; with ft, to execute, to do,
to bear.
to command ( as in religious
HI A<m. to measure.
works);w»7fc qR, to wear; wj*/t
ftsi Parasm. and A i w . to sepa-
^ to make peace with, to putrate, to distinguish; with ft.
or lay on, to fix on; with gq
ftq; P a r a s w . and Atm. to sur-
and Wlf to join, to cause|[to
round.
attain; with ajft or ft, to Atm. to go; tfjV/j 3 ^ to go
shut; with ft, to place, to upwards, to ascend,
keep; with s n , to attend.
f l Parasm. to abandon.
$p[, Parasm. and Atm. to 5 Parasm. to sacrifice.
purify; with m, to wash. 1^ Parasm. to blush, to be
5 or f^Parasm. to fill. ashamed.

V^fy m. the cavity formed by ^ m. n. / whole. [ with.

joining the hands. ^ with ^ and to be angry
^Unpn adv. otherwise. naraZRRT «. ( an array,
vi^pspast part. pass, of ^ with a host, 5Rr « . a hundred ) a
91^, followed, accompanied hundred arrays or hosts of
with, full of. elephants.
^ i f i j ^ m. n.f. a beggar. a mace. [ bow.
m. « . / . helpless.
Jfpr^ n. the name of Arjuna's
SBfre m. n, f. weak, unable.
^im^ m.n.J. {^cm nt. a
•d<tM4<MM> »»• « . / • »».«../
bard ) praised by bards.
good, excellent, ^ n . fruit
and 9 suf.) of good fruit ft: adv. thrice.
or result. ft^nfOT.collection of three, vie.
m. a male descendant Dharma or religious merit,
of Kakutstha, Rama. Artha or wealth, and iiCa«»«
m, a measure c f com. or desires or fulfilment of
f with Wlb to adorii. desires.
80 SECOND BOOK O F SANSKRIT

i ^ l ^ ^ adv. every day, day by marriage in use among Brah-

day. manas.
^ ^ N T ^ H ^ " ? ) tn. dual ^qfei? >1<<I*I«J m. n. f. ( ajIShM Past
and ^fW&T ( comp. ) part. pass, of with SIJ,
% 7st. conj. Parasm. with SR, overaken, overcome) over-
to purify, to cleanse. come by fear.
%4th conj. Parasm. with ^(<sta ittd. adv. falsely.
to cut, to cut ofi. I W W l f / . the wife of Rama.
^ftm, n. wealth, money. ^ / anger.
«rgsejf / (3?n/. the string [ of a ^I^^n^ m. the censure of people.
bow]), the string of a bow. pres. part, of ft^ to
w . ( « R I / . the earth, know, knowing,
S l i ^ m. a lord ) lord of the ft^ie m. n.f. respectable (per-'
earth, a king. son).
conj. Parasm. wifh^Pl/\ sem m. the great author of the
to make peace with. Mahabharata, an epic poem.
I^m^adv. certainly. ^ I ^ W I /. name of a lady, wife
^rkif m. n.f. without wealth, of a Jcing named Du?yanta.
poor. $iq m. n. remainder, all others.
Vfms^ m. n. f. m. HH'^'Vii^adv. by mantras, i. e.
justice, uprightness, v^ipasl by repeating mantras.
part, of frl" with a to pro- ^ j S R / small sticks of a sacred
cee-l) one whose conduct is tree, such as udumbara, to be
just or upright. thrown into the sacrificial
4th conj. Atm. with SJ^, to fire.
become. ^(T^ROI m. n. f. ordinary.
VlH^ii^adv. or prep. ( used with m. ( m. a god, SUSlt
verbs ) visible, manifest. m. a place of abode ) the
ft)f)qoi m. name of a brother abode of the gods, heaven.
of Ravana. 5 ^ with jil, to kill, to destroy,
m. a particular form of to ruin.

Battle field m*^f ;ni5lS, ' Rama having bent

BentstlftWiwsi part. pass, of the bow".
the causal o / ' s n ^ ; ' [ I ^ ^ 3 f t Destroyed «rer past part, of
 SECOND BOOK O F SANSKRIT 81

^%,^/^!mpast part. pass, Naked S R I » « . « . / .

of 1 ^ with 3 ^ . Person JJlfR ». ^ w .
Flee anq; 1st conj. Aim. with Remarriage ^ s i ^ l f »«•
TO changed to q^^. Rudeness 9ift<n w .
Gourd W J ' S S m.
Samdhya-adoration
Hermit ^PHTOT »«• TRT m.
Self-respect ^3li«nn? w .
Length aiTOT m.

LESSON XII
SEVENTH CONJUGATION
L In this conjugation, ST is inserted between the
radical vowel and the final consonant before the strong,,
and ^ before the weak terminations. The rules about
the changes of letters given in Lessons IX and X ought
to be observed in appending the terminations.
2. The original nasal of the root is dropped.
3. % is inserted before the final of ^ instead of ^
when it is followed by the consonantal strong
terminations.
Parasmaipada
Present-^ ' to obstruct'
Sing. Dual Plur.
1st pers. ^otf^ ^"5:
2nd „ ^ 0 1 ^
3rd „ ^ura:
^=l+ft-^+i?r by 1, above—^-(-f^ by II, p. 56—
^ q - l - l ^ or ^01% by V I , p. 58; &c. similarly. In
^JJI^ the q is changed to ^ by note t, p. 5, F . B .
Imperfect
Sing. Dual Plur.
1st pers. 31^(11^ ai^w^ ^Sf^f^
2nd „ 3i^;-^-^
3rd „ SRJORH-? Sfl^l^ si^q^
7
82 SECOND BOOK O F SANSKRIT

3rd pers. sing. 3I^B|?, the termination % being dropped by

I, p. 67-S|^iipt-^ by II, p. 67. In the 2nd pers. sing, the \
is optionally c^nged to Visarga by III, p, 69. SRiii^Ii;^, &c.
like ^ I K .
Imperative
1st pers.
2nd „
3rd,,
See 4, p. 14 and 1, p. 58.
Potential
1st pers.
2nd „
3rd „
Atmanepada
Present
1st pers.
2nd,,
3rd,,
Imperfect
1st pers. 3J^B^I^- 3i^Kjnf
2nd,,
3rd,, 3l^?q?r
Imperative
1st pers.
2nd „
3rd,,

1st pers.
2nd,,
3rd,,
3F3I Pres. J r i i pers. sing. 3|;|f^, the nasal being dropped
by 2, p. 81, and St changed to ^ by note +, p. 97, F . B .
 SECOND BOOK O F SANSKRIT 85

Iniperf. 3rd pers. sing. S I H ^ - ^ - Imperat. 2nd per si«g.3ri^.

fti^-Pres. 3rd pers. sing. ft«T%, the ft being changed to
by note*, p. 21, F . B .
Imperat. 2nd pers. ft^+^ by 1, p. 5 8 - f i p ^ + i ^ by I,
p. 81—ftwi:+ft by note*, p. 21, F . B , - f ^ + f t by V I , p. 58-
ftft| by V I I I , p. 59.
Imperf. 3rd pers. sing. auft^R by I, p. 81 and 1, p. 67-wft-
by II, p. 67.
f^-Parasm. Pres. 3rd pers. si>t^. j ^ T ^ + f t - R i t ? + f t by
note t, p. 97, F . B . - R i n % . Imperat. 2nd pers. sing. fe"^.
Imperf. 3rd pers. sing. aiRoi^-H.
^f^-Parasm. Pres. 3rd pers. sing.fifS{^. Imperat. 2nd pers,
sing. f i l ^ . Imperf 2nd pers. sing. •
^l^it^Imperat. 2nd pers. sing, ftiw?, ^ b e i n g dropped by I,
p. 41. Imperf. 3rd pers. sing. a>f|«l^-^; 2nd pers. sing.
gt-^ by I V , p. 69.
i^-Pres. 3rd pers.-sing, ijw^+ft by 3, p. 81-^9|5+ft-
^?:+(^-5'i^+ft-<Ji'tft j u s t l i k e ^ p . 57; rg*^: dual; ^+\-^
f+91^-?5#cr by V I I I , p. 59. Similarly, snjoR? like 9il5?.
84 SECOND BOOK O F SANSKRIT

5c I
^ ^ II
^ ^ ^ I

•T <A^uift» ^ q ^ : 4H^% "I ^^J'SI^: I

m4k <J'Ij<4P< q f ^ : II

^ ^y<4r4|* TOIW f^gt^V)^ I

^ ^ ^pmF( n ^ II
af^l^ ^%iftqFft (^M|uii g??J^ ^: t

qrm^ *i*4vr<^i^M^^Aft> <W*H. II

inr^ f%5^ I

^sf^ « n f r i <j^'ifai>d^<i^ II
 SECOND BOOK OF SANSKRIT 85

^!fs(^ ?RqT ^ J T J T f ^ S ^ II

I would cut down [ f e ^ ] the branch of the tree if

H a r i should not prevent [ ^=1.] me.
He pounded [ s j f ] those medicinal drugs to gi^e
them to his brother, w h o is i l l .
M a n y Brahmanas dined [ 1 every day in the
Visrama-palace w i t h the last I5rahriiana-king.
A w h i r l w i n d destroys ; v f j i I trees and houses.
I laid open [ -trs^ii w i t h fir i my griefs to ( before ) ]vm
and his heart was melted w i t h pity.
Let thy honour appoint I ^st w i t h ft j him to the po.^t
of commander of the forces; he is a brave and skilful mair.
W h y do you prevent [ J me from I going to K a s i ?
W h e n and where dost thou dine [ g s i ] usually ?
W e grind [ftq;J our c o m w i t h our hands i n I n d i a ;
in England they grind by means of machines.
W h o m shall I appoint [ g i i w i t h ft ] to the office of
counsellor ?
I now particularise [ ivx w i t h ft ] the different kinds
of brutes.
D o not destroy [ 1 a l l his hopes of prosperity.
T h e Y a v a n a besieged [ ^ ] Saketa.

* Sanskrit idiom : Was wet with pity,

t See construction of tiie first of the Sanskrit sentences in
this lesson.
86 SECOND BOOK OF SANSKRIT

V O C A B U L A R Y XII

Roots of the Seventh Conjugation

vpsc Parasm. to anoint; with Parasm. to enjoy: Atm. to

1%, to make manifest, or lay dine, to eat.
open. ^ Parasm. and Atm. to join:
Atm. to kindle. sig, to put a question
to: with ft, to appoint; with
Parasm. and Atm. to pound,
3 ^ , to endeavour, to exert.
to reduce to powder or dust,
Parasm. and A<»». to eva-
ftl^ Atm. to be distressed, to
cuate.
be displeased or offended,
^ P a r a s m . and Atm. to ob-
fe^ Parasm. and Atm. to cut. struct, to prevent, to besiege.
« g Parasm. to kill, to destroy. ^(s^Parasm.with'^, to tremble,
Parasm. to grind. to'fear, to be disgusted, [cuss.
5 ^ Parasm. with to come ft^ Atm. to reason upon, to dis-
in contact, to associate. fsi; Parasm. to avoid, to shun.
Parasm. to destroy, to Parasm. to distinguish;
break. with ft, to particularise.
fitJ^ Parasm. and to split. ^^Parasm. to kill, to destroy.

3t!fR^ adv. literally. a ] i f | ^ m. n. f. ( « . an

BWIR n. house. army, to stand) one i a
mHPS^ adv. ( a m to-day, and the army, a soldier.
spjft from ) from to-day, or ^ r o « . another,
henceforward. apwra m. n. f. ( s i and J w a
a i f ^ ^ m. post, power, office. careless) not careless, careful,
^ H l ^ f t w m.n.f. { n o t , «n- w . a suppliant.
^ » . straightness, straight- sfSSprtt/. bad luck, poverty.
forwardness, 3 ^ past part, f«. « . / . (?IR m. essence)'
pass, of ^ with 3q accom- unsubstantial, unprofitable,
panied) not possessed of useless.
straightforwardness, one atftWRI / (-em / edge) the
who is without straightfor- edge of a sword,
wardness. anf^fn^ativ. day and night.
 SECOND BOOK O F SANSKRIT 87

9fI«jfW tn. n. f. one's ovm. m. n. f. deserving of

m. desire. j dak?ina. [give.*
/%?rcj m. n.f. iiow much. \^?ipres. part, of ^3rd conj.to
fteirh ni. name of a giant. ^ m. n. f. poor.
^qai >». «. /. mean, miserly, n. a w i c l ' d deed,' wicked-
little-minded. ness, sin.
1st. conj. Parasm. to draw; ^ n. wealth. [ wash,
u-vV/i ft anda.to make worse, ftsa; 2nd. conj. Atm. with Jl, to
to reduce. m. a minister, an officer.
SSRIITIR n. a store-house, a T R l ni. a traveller.
treasure-liouse. qRT m. a net, a snare. [ pain,
^ITfS »• /• ( m m. a "fl^l** m. n. f. that which gives
swprd ) one who has drawn 1^ 1st conj. Parasm., 2nd conj.
out his sword. Atm. a.nd 10th conj. with^n^,
f-:-j^4th conj. Atm. and Gth.conj. to come in contact, to as-
Parasm. to bs distressed, to sociate. [ mean fellow.
bs displeased or offended. ^«ri3l!I m. a low person, a
4|Vj4Je|<# n. temples of an ele- )«. the god of love.
phant. n. welfare, prosperity,
g^JPTRS m. (iipw w . a fort) pro- what is holy.
tector or keeper of a fort. «. the head.
JJil co;y. Parasm. to be y ^ J l ^ H M « n. ( S f Z n. a
greedy for, to covet. crown ) the water [ in the
i o r m ] of the light or lustre
^ fM. n. dust, powder:
of crowns.
like dust, to dust.
m. the head.
ind. if. [ divide.
T?TI^ m. whose foot. [ mind,
j%5 10th. conj. to cut oif, to gst 4th. conj. A im. to curb one's
%5i »«. a follower of Jina, 5311st conj. Parasm. and 10th
a person belonging to the conj. to unite : with ft, to
jain sect. appoint. [ the kings.
?ra%fij^m. n. f. one who knows n. multitude of kings, a l l
the truth or real philosophy. ft^6f/j conj. Atm. with 3 ^ , to

* See Art. 23, Lesson X V I .

88 SECOND BOOK O F SANSKRIT

tremble, to fear, to be disgust- m. n. f. iwi m. n. f.

ftn m. a Brahmana. [ ed. good, 3Tr3F( m. conduct) one
^7 st conj. Parasm., 2nd conj. whose conduct is good.
Atm. and 10th conj. to avoid, t(=lT**J>«^3 m. ( a i f i j ^ past
to shun. part. pass, of ^ with ajfir and
i^f^<( m. a wicked person. 51, desired, aimed at ) the
^SIT adv. in vain, uselessly, cause of [ the attainment of ]
fq® m. a ^Qdra, a sinner, a all desired objects.
reprobate. / • ( g good, 3 f ^ / . speech)
4liki^< m. The conqueror of good words or speech, correct
Sakra or Indra, the son of exposition.
Ravana. qjjgf m. « . / . agreeable, pleasant.
1st conj. Parasm. and Atm. ^ 5 1st conj. Parasm. and 10th
with an, to cUng to, to go to, conj. to kill, to destroy, [orous.
to resort to. m. n. f. murderous, carniv-

Brahmana-king s n p ' R R m. Pity ?qi^ m. n.f. melted

Branck Post qg{«. [ with pity.
Brute qg m. Saketa n. name of a town.
Counsellor ff^ara^w. >!fi«ftq m. Skilful gg? w . « . / . p i ^ »t. n.f.
Different ftftq m. n. f. Usually jrftrn tnd. aciv. SIPT:
Ill m. n. f. »W. adv.
Medicinal drug M)qf^ / • Visrama-palaceft«TO-JtRIR»»•
Office 3<f%|^ m. Whirlwind w . ss^n^ m.

LESSON XIII
NON-CONJUGATIONAL TENSES
Perfect
1. General—The augment 5 is prefixed: .to those
non-conjugational terminations which begin with any
consonant except q;, before they are applied to certain
primitive* roots. Such roots we will call Set and the
* / . e. such roots as consist of one syllable only. There are
derived roots such as those of the 10th conjugation ( e. g.
^ifc(), causals, &c. which are always Set,.
 S E C O N D BOOK OF SANSKRIT «9

others Anit. T h e number of the former is far greater

than that of the latter; but the latter are more import-
ant and are more generally to be met w i t h in Sanskrit-
literature.*
2. T h e following are the terminations of the Perfect -

* The following Verses separating the Set from the Anit

roots may bs learned by heart by the pupil, as easier to retnem-
bsr than long lists —

Jp^3ft??!!:^ ^ l : ^- amongst roots ending in a vowel

all consisting of one syllable, with the exception of those that
end in gsj and ^ (i. e. long 3; and long ^ ) , of g and the others
that follow, are S i g ^ R or Anit; i . e., again, of roots of one
syllable ending in a vowel those that end in g; and and the
others enumerated are Set, and all the rest Anit. 'tf^ i. e. ^
' to fly" Atm., f f i. e. f Atm., i. a. f Atm. and Parasm.

gl^ ^% tt'^c f^^ i r N f 5^5t f s # c <

«1S3t gsi; vRSi: ^ ?I5t gst ?s3t ftf^ ^ ??3^ ?J3r: II 3 ^
ftt^ ^ ^ g?: <w ^<?; ftnft?: I^JI? I ^ fewft:
r & 5*1 l « i ^ i n r l N ? : gi^j5(^?i41 SJR: g g : grf^ ^twr^ i
fl^ 5^ i S ^ ^ ^ Piy<:<}"^Tci 111%^ 3 ^ qq; ^
^ TH; ^•nj^uft > 5 ^ ^ feft s i t ^ ^
fe^ i t ^ f??!: sft: II fi^ ^ r a ^ 5 ^ g ^ % f t T ^ 3 T f^swm'ft
^fe: I ?5 5 f t 1C ^ 5 ^ ^ ^i^WTf II a j g ^ 555-
s^!! q R R l 8 1 1 ^ II In these verses the Anit roots are enume-
rated. For the exigencies of the metre, some roots have an \
attached to them, and some others have their conjugational sign
and ft added on. The word aig^Rl in the last line is equivalent
to Anit,.

The statements made in these verses are true generally in

non-conjugational tenses; but in special cases they require modi-
fications. The modifications necessary in the case of the Perfect
are noticed above in the text.
90 SECOND BOOK OF SANSKRIT

Parasmaipada
Sing. Dual Plur.
Tst pers. ai ft
2nd,, «l
3rd,, TO
3. Here there are only three terminations, viz., q, qt
and H, capable of taking the augment^, (a) In the case
of s, ^ f*, ^ 5 , a n d f, they do not take it, while
(&) as applied to all other roots % *T, and ut do take %i
but (c) *i, in the case of Anit roots ending in short %
does not admit it; while (d) after Atdt roots with a final
vowel or having an ai m them, it takes it optionally.
Atmanepada
Sing. Dual Plur.
1st pers.
2nd,, 3>ft
3rd,, Sift
4. The learner will see that these terminations, with
the exception of the singular and plural of the third person,
are the same as those of the present of the 2nd
group of OMijugations. Unaugmented becomes \ ,
when in a form it is preceded by any vowd except «iOTan.
When it takes 5, it undergoes the change optionally, whm
that ^ is preceded b y gj, ? or
5. The terminations capable of taking ^ do admit it
after all roots except the eight enumerated above.
6. A few roots, such as (1st conj. Par.), m,, ftw
1st conj. 'to turn out auspiciously' or to 'r^ulate,' VH^i,
* The 2nd pers. sing., however, of this root is Vlfyf.
f In the case in whidh this root does not admit of |[ the
forms of the 1st pers. dual and pln-^ are ^nil<^ and *•<•>
t h e s i s changed % The rule is that the final ^ o f a root is
changed to when followed by f or ^^.
 SECOND BOOK O F SANSKRIT 91

^> ^f^t ^f^t iRCT* i!]5> w> 1^ gsc. e^. gff

f ^ , 3Rl 'to pervade', &c., which are optiondly
Set in all non-conjugational tenses, are so in the Perfect
also. ^ *, ^^2nd & 4th conj., •^5th & 9th conj., are also
optionally Set, but in the Perfect they admit ^ necessarily
before all except «j.

7. Base. The initial consonant with the following

vowel is reduplicated according to the rules given in
Lesson XL An initial vowel is reduplicated without the
following consonant.

8. The reduplicative 5 is changed to ^ and 3 to g^,

when followed by a dissimilar vowel, and, when it is not,
the two vowels combine and form (long ) f, and (long )
3;. The reduplicative % of the root f ' to go' is lengthened
before the weak terminations of the Perfect.

Thus 31^-33^ by above—by 9 below and by this

4<t)>H. So ^ - ^ f ^ ' f ? ? ; - ? ^ . ^^'hsn no Guna takes place, we
have and ^ - ^ ^ - ^ ; also ^ - ^ - f ^ , and the last
f being changed to q; by 10, p. 44, we have ^ 3 : - ^ : .

9. The dual and the plural terminations of the

Parasmaipada and all Atmanepada ones are weak, and
the singulars of the former strong. ( a ) The penultimate
short vowel takes its Guna substitute before the latter,
and (fe) the final vowel and the- penultimate a? take
Vrddhi optionally in the first and necessarily in the third
person singular. ( c ) In the 2nd person singular, the
ending vowel takes Guna and the penultimate sj remains
imchanged.

•* ^ is necessarily Set in the Second Future and the

Conditional.
'92 S E C O N D B O O K O F SANSKRIT

fEl Parasm.
Sing. Dual Plur.
1st pers. 5 ^
2itd „ gafJf^ H ' '
3rd „ gwN 11^=
P:-f3«i: by by 9 (<z)-f5>=i, g f f ^ - s e e 3 (6), p. 90.
Atw.
pers. ff^ ^i^ral l^i^wt
2«rf „ ^ft^ H^ira

|5 Parasm.
1st pers. ^^-^(^ 'gf^'

f - ^ ^ - g ^ by 2c. and 2f, p. 7 2 — ^ W ? ; - ' ^ by 9 (i),

p. 9 1 - g 5 B R - g ^ , ^ &c. by 3 ( a ), p. 90.
Atm.
Sing. Dual Plur.
1st Pers. ssfiB
2nd „ ^^Pf gfKl
3rd „ ^ Tlft^
For I see +, p. 90.
•ft Parasm.
1st pers. ^Pm-^PPt ft^qjT

ird „ H«<W ftssstg: fsi^:

by 7, p. 9l-m by 2 / , p. 7 2 - ^ R by 9 ( 6 ) , p. 9 1 -
PlflR 5rd ^ers. sfVig.; ft^-fts^ by I, p. 74. See also 3 (d),
p. 90 and 9 (c), p. 91, for ftsfft^-ft^.
Atm. 1st pers. iflF^-ftP*J«)j-fti^H^, &c.
115 3rd pers. 5 R K - 3 f J T ^ - 3 P ^ , &c., &c.
 SECOND BOOK O F SANSKRIT 93

10. Roots ending in m preceded by a conjunct conso-

nant, and in (long) m., and the roots sir^j and SR change
the final vowel to its Gupa, i. e., an; before even the
weak terminations of this tense. ^, | , and q do it option-
ally, and shorten the vowel when they do not. also
changes its initial to its Guiia.

1st pers. fi^m-mfji

2nd „
3rd „
See 2 d, p. 72 and J ( 6) and ( c ) , p. 90. ? R m , 5Rr?g:-5niig:,.
:, &c.
11. A few roots of the 6th conjugation, such as f ? ,
^W' ^ 1» and \ do not take Guna or Vrddhi even
before strong terminations except those of the 1st and
3rd pers. sing, of the Perfect, the spi of the causal, and the
? of the third,pers. sing, of the Passive Aorist; {3rd
sing.), g f f e i . In the Perfect first pers. sing., however,,
such of them, as are capable of taking Vrddhi, optionally
take Vrddhi alone and not Guna, and the others optionally
take Guna; gsrra or g g q , g t i z or
12. Some roots, such as aig and if^, are defective and
have no forms for the non-conjugational tenses.
13. In the case of roots ending in an, (a) the termi-
nation 3? of the singulars of the 1st and 3rd person
Parasmaipada is replaced by sSt. (b) The final an is
dropped before the weak terminations beginning with a
vowel, and before such as take the augment ^.
Parasm.
Sing. Dual Plur.
1st pers.
2nd „ 3I^-3I5IPI 3I5jg:
3rd,, 31^ 3R!g:
94 SECOND BOOK OF SANSKRIT

gi-3l9r, and an being changed to sSf, we have 51^. 3ff being

dropped before %if [see 3 ( ) , p. 90 ] and the vowel terminations
we have 3I|C-|-^ = 5 i f ^ , and 3RJ^: &c.

14. The final ^, ^, and aft of roots is replaced by air

before all terminations whatever, except those of the
conjugational tenses and the present participle.
^-3rd pers. ^P^-W^'.-'^P^'.. 2nd pers. aif^?I-5Ii5JI«T> &c.
15. {a) 5f, as reduplicated, assumes the form
(ft) The ^ of j& is changed to n, the 5 of % to q;, and
the ^of to ^ optionally, in the Perfect.

90; f ^ i ^ or ^xipT.

16. The penultimate <n of m., and ^

is dropped before the weak terminations beginning with
a vowel, ^becomes throughout, and srg; and g ^ , after
dropping ai, become 1 and ^ respectively.

Tst pers. srETPT-^BH 3I^g ifl'SH

2nd „ Si^rfifq-^I^psj ajl^: 3151
3rd „ gsrw aiag: SIF:
17. The base of % with arig ' to study' is aif^ranr i:i
the Perfect, a i f ^ , s r f e m i t , arf^^iiii^ &c.

18. (fl) ^ and ?5t substitute x for i. e., become

^ and when followed by a consonantal strong
termination.
(b) These roots admit of % optionally in the case of a.
^—^^-^Ppi:+n-9m: + ^A by abov'e-?reR;+«l by I X ,
p.:60-^cpgq; + S by note*, p. -Jl., F . B . —
Similarly Also g?lflsj and JTSf-qjrf^-
q s r e b y i {d),p. 90.
 SECOND BOOK O F SANSKRIT 95

19. Anit roots having ^ for their penultimate change

it to optionally, when followed by a strong'^ termina-
tion beginning with a hard consonant; as or
?RRr or m^. Also and crafqq.

20. ^ substitutes SRJ^ optionally in the Perfect.

When so substituted, ERJ; takes \ necessarily before ^.
For the weak forms see 16 above.

21. The Perfect shows that the action took place

at a very remote time, or that it was not witnessed
by the speaker. It is generally used to narrate events
of the remote past; and in the first person it is used
to show something done by the speaker of which he
was unconscious, or when the speaker wants to deny
emphatically an action by denying another, which
includes it or on which it depends. (See 1, 2 of the
Sanskrit sentences loelow ).

3^ l ^ q ^ frrfl- ^rar i ^ ^^.i

•flr sTsr^ q s i ^ g i ^PRTPT ^ i r m v^rrMmm:?-

flrinciT ^i^iTfj^ w r a scrf^j^pc i ^Jri^if 'arc^rar^

* / . e. any termination which occasions a Guna or Vrddhi

change in tlie preceding.
96 SECOND BOOK O F SANSKRIT

gsira i W M r ^ ^ SRR^ ^ s g ^ t ^ : II

955^^^^ ^ rig^^t5TO '•im- II

^ T ^ unit f j i J i i ' i i ' ^ O ^ ^ •

A king named Gadhi gave [^] iiis daughter to

Rchlka, the son of Bhrgu.
She gave birth [^] to a son, named Jamadagni.
Jamadagni married [ ifr* with qft ] Renuka.
He once got very angry [fq;] with her for her
indiscretion, and commanded [ ] her sons to kill her.
None did [ 5 ] it except his youngest son ParasurSma.
He cut off [ ft^ ] her head with his axe.
Jamadagni was pleased [ gq; ] with the act, and said
r «rr with Mfij ] " 0 son, choose a gift."
Parasurama begged [ f ] that his mother might be
resorted to life again (revive), and be free from her sin.
* A l l , roots beginning with except 1^ 10th conj., J^q;,
' T ^ 1 ^ , 'TO, ^ and g ^ , change the \ to "i, when preceded
by a preposition containing ^. Between the ^ and the q;,
those letters only which are given in note'll, p. 15, F . B . may
intervene and not others. According to some ^THi 1, and
are not exceptions.
 S E C O N D BOOK O F SANSKRIT 97

Then said [ « Atm. with ft and «n] Jamadagni,

" So let it be," and Reriuka rose up [ ?m with 35 ] alive.
Some time after, king Karta\^rya came [ with
an ] to the hermitage.
And he and his soldiers destroyed [ vfsm. ] all the
trees, laid waste [ ^mi ¥ ] the ground, and carried off
[ K with »iq ] the Rsi's cows. Parasurama was [\]
not at home. When he came, he fought [gv^] with
Kartavlrya and killed [ f^] him.
When the sons of Kartavlrya beared [^] of this,
they were very angry [^] and went [im] to the
hermitage.
Observing Jamadagni alone, they discharged [^1%
or 5 ^ ] arrows at him and killed him.
When Parasurama returned [fg^withft] home, he
was enraged, and resolved [ ^ withft<i] -to exterminate
the Ksatriyas.
He asked [ s i ^ or 531; with a i g ] the sons of Karta\^rya,
" Did you kill my father ? " " No; we never killed him, "
said [ iR- ] they.
But Parasurama knew [gr] that they were guilty,
and killed them and all other Ksatriyas.

V O C A B U L A R Y XIII
1st conj. Parasm. to go. *510th*conj. Atm. to love.
^'Wi. m. joy, bloom. m. name of a country (in
n. a forest. [ the plur.
adv. above. [ both sides.
5 3 5 n. a night lotus.
pron. m. n.f. belonging to ^ftsBl/. adopted ( daughter ).
i?SB^ adv. once. ^ 4th conj. Parasm. to be
' m. name of a Rsi. enraged.
* The termination wi of the 10th conj. is optionally
dropped in the non-conjugational tenses, in the case of this root.
.\11 other roots of this conjugation preserve the SR, with the
final aij dropped, in all non-conjugational tenses and moods,
except the Benedictive Parasm. and Aorist.
.6
98 S E C O N D BOOK OF SANSKRIT

^f<)l4>'Kl «. momentariness. g Ut conj. Parasm. to run.

Sjfa; past part. pass, of fg% g ind. a particle showing doubt
•wounded. or guess.
Tst conj. Parasm. to speak. q91 n. a lotus that blooms by day.
VX^'efis m.. a. particular form of M*ai<<<<H ( pres. '.part, of m.
marriage in which the only 1st conj. Aim. to go with q ^ ,
thing essential is the mutual the" ?I being changed to ^ )
consent of the bridegroom running.
and the bride. adv. before, in front.
jy^* Ist conj. to protect. •^pron. previous (person or
m. a stone. adv. out. [ thing ).
^^'7st conj. Parasm. to eat. 1st conj. Parasm. to speak.
•^ll^clTrft / . beautiful, past part, oiv^, intoxicated.
?RTS all limbs ) having all f. dullness, withered
limbs beautiful. [ conclude. condition.
ftr with to determine, to V!mf- jugglery, deceitful tricks.
31^niR553C m. name of a Jjs^ 1st conj. Parasm. to faint.
Raksasa. [ ardent, to glow. JStmf. chase, hunting.
1st conj. Parasm. to be ^ 1st conj. Parasm. to grow
ff^4th conj. Parasm. to feel weary, to become faint or
thirsty. ^ n. blood. [ languid.
^•o*l|yHq*i' n. ( ftsq celestial, ?qtt 4th conj. Parasm. to hurt.
anwin? n. hermitage.) ^ 1st conj. Atm. to roll on the
beautiful hermitage. ground.
sq; 4th conj. Parasm.to be proud. ^ 1st conj. Parasm. to vomit.

* aiiq; is optionally added to this and the other roots given

i n Art. 1., p. 1, in the non-conjugational tenses and moods.

t ^ and 3r»5[ insert a \ after their «| before terminations

beginning with a vowel: as Perf. 3rd pers. sing. The vowel
here does not take Vrddhi because it ceases to be the penulti-
mate when is inserted.

however, does not insert the ^ in the Aorist or when it

takes \ , except in the Perfect.
 SECOND BOOK OF SANSKRIT 99

ft^/ wealth, prosperity. 7 St conj. Parasm. to cry,

^llftiC m. n. / accompanied to thunder. [ afiection to.
by soldiers. conj. Parasm.. to bear
< ^ 7s< conj. Parasm. to regu- g 2nd conj. Parasm. to flow.
late, to turn out well or aus- ^ Jst conj. Parasm. to sound.
piciously. past part. pass, of struck.

Alive ^ f t ^ / . ^res. part. act. Kartavlrya ^RftWwt. the name

of >sf|q[, H^W /• (sift m. of a king killed by Parasu-
life and 51 for ^ ind. with). rama.
Axe <«g w . [ IJ§i. Named SfW ind. <l|4«il t;istr.
Bhrgu w. the name of a smg. of
Except 5J^»«<i. * Never ^ ind. ^ * f f | % t
Exterminate ^ 70t/t cow/- Renuka'^^Bl/ wife of Jama-
wiVA 3 ^ 5 35^lftl»5t «•«/ dagni and mother of Parasu-
Free g<E past pass. part, of 5 ^ ; rama.
g w / . ; to be free 5f<l i^ass. Revive with gsT?.
Gadhi ijff^ m. the name of a Rchlka 9R*ft<B m. name of a
king. Rsi.
Indiscretion tqfiiyU m. [ Rsi. Very ^[51^ adv.
Jamadagni sm^ln *n- name of a Youngest spftg m. n. f.

LESSON XIV

P E R F E C T —continued

1. When a root has an «i between two simple con-

sonants and the radical consonant is not changed in
reduplication, the v is replaced by 1? and the reduplica-
tive syllable dropped before the weak terminations, and
before the a of the 2nd person singular of the Parasmai-
pada when it takes ^.

governs the Ablative.

100 S E C O N D BOOK O F S A N S K R I T

^ Parasm.
Sing. Dual Plur.
1st pers. a ^ - a ^ H ?lft^
2nd „ ^tftq ^1^' ^
3rd „ %g:
meets all the conditions in the rule; does not, because
it has a conjunct consonant; and JI^ and Vioj, because in the
reduplicative syllable their initial consonants become 51 and %
respectively.
Therefore we have :
Sing. Dual

^tvTJig;
and not i j s ^ : , ft^:, ijoig:, Ac.
^ers. sing, of t R , ^ ^ - q q f i ! ? ; of 5tfeT-5?Rm.
SJ takes ^ optionally by 3(4), p. 90. When it does take it, the
above change takes place and not when it does not. % is clianged
to ^ by note +, p. ')7, F . B .
2. The roots i i ^ , vj^, m. and ^ (5th conj.)
when it means' to offend', change their a? or an to simi-
larly, and mi, m, ?i3t, ^3t, « T ^ , and
do it optionally.
Tlie roots he.e enumerated do not come under the general
rule in 1.
^-n^2f.p. 72-?ra?;+aig: by lO, p. 93, and by the above
%?5:.So In, W i r , &c. sraUT-^iamg: or ^ : - T O 3 : or &c.
3. Roots beginning with ^ and the roots mi and
do not undergo this change.
^C(l^3rd pers. graW-^^'Rg:-^^:.
4. The following roots and some others change
their ^ and to z and respectively before weak
 SECOND BOOK O F SANSKRIT

terminations generally—''q^, qq> ^ 1st conj.,

h ii> ftf» wi, ^JjT, q ^ SJR:, SI^, w^, and
sqq. From this list s i ^ , and VRSI; are to be removed
in the case of the Perfect. This change or the vowel so
substituted is called Sampyasarana.
5. Before the strong terminations of the Perfect,
Samprasarana takes place in, the reduplicative syllable
only. The reduplicative syllable of sJiq; is ft throughout.
6. The vowel following a Samprasarana is dropped.
7. When the two members of a conjunct consonant
are capable of taking Sarhparasarana, the latter only
takes it.

Parasm. Atm.
Sing. Dual Plur. Sing. Dual Plur.
1st pers. ^ t^!^
2nd „ ^I^PT-?^ ^ t^I^
3rd „ ^tra fsi^: ^ ^ ^3Tt ^
T T s t - ' P R - i a m by by b-^qra. ^-"^ by 4 and 6 - f | 5 i -
^ + a i g : — i ^ a i : . m:-^^ or by 3 ( d ) , p. 90-f?m;+«i
by IX., p.60-^JJ^+3=^re by note* p. 21, F . B . stpn-stf^ef^i-
ftsjsjjq by 3 and T-fts^T^ by 6-fts«m=l. ?qS[-?3reqq;-g^-—
* g«5r?;+3i-gstm. wR-ftR-ftftv^-i-aigt-ftftvig:. ?sn;-g9;-gfT;
* This change does not take place when the first eleven of
the roots in the text are followed by the weak terminations of
the conjugational tenses, where possible.
t Note this divergence from rule 7, p. 91, in the strong
terminations, when a root capable of taking Samprasarana begins
with a conjunct consonant.
+ fioots beginning with a ^ , that is followed by a vowel
or a dental, and the roots ?ct^, and ftq change
their 5C to % when preceded generally in the same word or gram-
matical form by any vowel except 3( or sjt or by a guttural.
W> ^> H» ^i? and ^ are exceptions.
102 SECOND BOOK OF SANSKRIT

^—3rd pers. Parasm. gSTO, gjgg:, ^:—2n.l

pers. sing.[z^^ or z^—Atm. gfgft, &c.
I. (a.) The f of the roots , and
is Optionally changed to ^ , i. e., to ^ or ^ when it
is followed by any consonant except a nasal or a
semi-vowel or by nothing.
S ' ? t ^ , 5 ^ + « i ( b y 6, p. 90) = 5if^-»-«i or g;fts^-i-»i=
5Rkor3flT*g.
(b ) The final f of ;jf is changed to 5^ under
the same circumstances; and •I«^-t-^=»R«[-f

II. When the 5 of ^if is dropped by III, p. 57,

the preceding 3T or 3?I is changed to sJV.
g|f-^-g^-(-ST-^35R[ + «r-by I, p. 56—39ra:-(-VT by II., p.
56-3^-1-5 by note*, p. 21, F . B . — b y III, p. 57, but by
this 3«rt3 instead of -i^li.
8. (a) The modified base of % Parasm. and Atm. ' to
weave,' before the strong terminations of the Perfect is
3 ^ , and 3?i; or ^ before the weak; and that of
Parasm., and Aim., 'to cover', isftsqq;before the former
and ft^ before the latter, admits % before sr-
Otherwise, 14, p. 64 would be applicable. ^-^If^-q;^^^
by 7-^5^ by 6-ft^4-ai = ft«n'T. So also ^ in the strong forms.
(6) The base of | Parasm. and Atm., 'ta call or
challenge,' is § throughout; and of f%, g.
/. e.. They take Sariiprasaraija before also the strong
terminations of the Perfect. |5-^3'?-f by 6 above.
(c) % and are also conjugate from the unmodified
base. ^-siTby 14, p. 9 4 - ^ - ^ , q ^ : , by 13 (a) &
(6),p. 93.
9. 3R and «^ admit of \ necessarily before n.
•2nd pers. sing. Sllfi«T. 3rd pers. 9iIR-3IRg:-«n'5:.
 SECOND BOOK O F SANSKRIT 103

10. and SRJ insert a \ after their ai before strong

terminations beginning with a consonant, as 5i%
when SI does not take 5.
11. (a) If the reduplicative syllable consists of ai
only, the a? is lengthened.
(&) Roots beginning with ai and ending with a
double consonant and those with an initial and the
root 'to pervade', insert after the reduplicative
syllable.
Sing. DllcTl Plur.
31^ J r d pers. aiii-^g:
arH^er
'K4 ,. „ aiT^
12. (a) The Perfect of roots beginning with any
vowel (except ai or air) which is itself long, or being
short, is followed by a conjunct consonant, is formed
by adding ain^ to the root and then appending the
forms of the reduplicate Perfect of ^, ^, or arat. is
an exception, (b) The Perfect of roots of the 10th
conjugation, Causals, Desideratives and other derived
roots, or, generally, of roots of more than one syllable,
is also formed in this way.
This is called the Periphrastic Perfect.
(c) When a root is Atmanepadi, it takes the
Atmanepada forms of f , and a Parasmaipadi root takes
the Parasmaipada forms.
a. ^ Atm.
Sing. Dual Plur.
1st pers. ^irf^fSlt ^*IW**r^'
2nd „ l^tNf^ fiira^ iw^ik
3rd „ ^5tN# i%rH*lri ^*IH(5|^
Also | 5 i m i « , (Sc.
104 SECOND BOOK O F SANSKRIT

b. ^ 10th conj. Parasm.

1st pers. *VMN+K"^3t^ SB«P|N|5H
2nd „ 4)«l4N<t>^ *«l#g?Bg: 5«PlhS!B
3rd „ mMiViMi ^mN^Eg: ^SRHJ:
Also Atm. &c.
3PT is retained in most of the non-conjugational tenses. (See
note*, p. 97.)
13. (a) 3iq:, ^ and srra take the Periphrastic
Perfect necessarily, and <s^ ft^ {2nd conj.), and mti
optionally.
(ft) fr, ^ conj.) and | also take it optionally,
but the base of these is reduplicated as in the 3rd
conjugation and then sin^ and the helping verb
appended.
14. an^ is a strong termination, wherefore the final
vowel and the penultimate short, except that of ft^,
take their Guna before it.
siraN^, ft^N^ or ftt?, ftwri^^, (3ia<iN*i4,
ftwrtrsi^ &c.
15. ti takes the Parasmaipada terminations in all
non-conjugational tenses, except the Aorist and the
Benedictive;
16. The passive of the Perfect is formed by making
up the forms according to the rules given in these two
lessons, and appending the Atmanepada terminations
whether the root is Parasmaipadi or Atmanepadi in
the active.
 S E C O N D BOOK OF SANSKRIT 105

?Rr: ^ n^irm ^^^tw^w flcfpnrjw: M^ull^f^^^^^ 1

^iflrir ^ t M i f 3nfE?T fes?^ <»i^^<fipiiM^ g

sqpiftft I ^isi^wraj ^ ^ I

^ ^ craFH I

^ f ^ ^ ^ J i ^ g i f t ^ 1 ^ siat f s i t ^ ^«ir t

«Stfq,M^tiii! ^ xji^, 11

* See 12, Lesson XXI.

106 SECOND BOOK O F SANSKRIT

n ^^apj I

*vm( ^ ^ ^ ^ i i ^ f rT^cn^ =gr I

3^s>ara f ^ T T ^ •i<t^i4l ^ II
^ t f « p t t ^ ^ 3 5rsN ^ I
^ fT ^ i J i r a r ^ ^ c R f e ^ff^vn ii

1W§ m t f^rratf^drflv^tdW^ II

^ i t ^ )j«iT ^ t ^ i f t ^ ' a r p ^ : ^ r a i n II

?wfirf^ I trem^ 3Trt%f^: 'STOs^ ' a ^ : ^ [ f ^

When the leader of the Kaleyas was killed

pass.] they fought [^] desperately, but the gods
subdued [fir] them at lasL

* This stanza refers to the state of SitS, when she saw her
husband, Rama, lying on the ground, as if dead, under the
influence of Indrajit's missile. The next two stanzas are her
words of lamentation on the occasion.
t The indeclinable fv)^ governs the accusative.
I Jrerftft^ was a particular form of coronation according
to which Indra was crowned king by the gods. That same
form, when used i n the case of mortal kings, rendered them
invulnerable, and enabled them to conquer the whole earth.
§ is here equivalent to ^T^m^,
 S E C O N D BOOK O F SANSKRIT 107

They then held a consultation [us^orjp^ij] and

resolved [ f% withfira;] to destroy the universe.
They thought the death or destruction of all
Rsis and Brahmapas to be the best means to that end,
for the universe depended [ fSr with an or 551^ with ^ ]
on the religious austerities they went through [ or ^ ]
and the sacrifices they performed [ rRi; or s with an ].
They, therefore, concealed [ with a ] themselves
during the day in the sea; and at night stalked [^]
abroad, killed l^] a great many Brahmanas, and tor-
m«ited [ <ftf or ] all people.
The hermitages of Vasistha, Bhargava and other
Rsis were laid waste [ cms. with m ] and rendered
] tenantless; afterwards they burnt [^] them.
No men sacrificed and the gods were afraid

They did not know [ 31 ] who did all this, and so went
[ with 3tj ] to Visnu and begged [ nrq ] his assistance.
Visnu told [qBq;or'g^] them that the Kaleyas did
this at night and lay concealed in the sea during the day.
He commanded [ ft^ with an ] them to go to Agastya
and request him to drink off the sea.
The gods went [ % with 3q ] to the sage, bowed [ ^
with n ] to him and praised [ ^ or jjrq. with n ] his might.
He asked [ s i ^ ] them the purpose of their visit.
This they told [^] him; whereupon Agastya went
[ ?n ] to the sea, and the gods followed [ 5 or ?n with a g ]
him. He drank [ qr ] the sea, and the Kaleyas were drawn
[ fq; with an ] out from their place of refuge.
Then a battle took place [ q^ with gj^ and aif ] and
the gods killed [ ^ ] them.
 108 S E C O N D BOOK O F SANSKRIT

VOCABULARY XIV
^Ittt^ tn. the name of a sage, ^ 1st conj. Parasm. with ft
a i f t ^ ' m . n. f. very horrible or to cry out.
wicked. ^ 1st conj. Parasm, to go, to
3I»rT?i: adv. at last. stalk abroad.
past part. pass, of til 1st (^<l^ adv. after a long time.
conj. Parasm.with^nf^, sung. 3 ^ 10th conj. with Ji, to con-
3pf with U 10th conj. Atm. to ceal anything.
request.
5 f t f t g ^ ^ ^ m. n. f. disgraced
^1st and 10th conj. to afflict,
or degraded by life or by con-
to torment,
tinuing to live.
aj^ 5</} conj. Atm. with ft, to
1st conj. Parasm. to perform
pervade.
religious austerities.
* n. a bone.
a descendant of ar?^ m. n. f. like that,
ftftr? m. n. darkness, dark.
auiftl^rf m. the son of aiftj§gf. m. n. f. violent, tumultu-
I 2nd conj. Parasm. with qft, ous.
to circumambulate. ?FI with to be afraid.
l^^cRT: adv. to and fro. , ^ ^ s } ^ «. the three worlds.
Z'a. particle. [ severe. jgt conj. Atm. to give.
m. n. f. austere, keen, 3(1^ m. the name of a Rsi.
g^ 1st conj. Parasm. to burn. ^q; /st co«y. Atm. to have com-
pron. m. n. f. one by one, passion.
each one. wt. a demon,
w . f i . / . belonging to Indra. t l ^ / direction.
^mft m. one whose desires ^tST «. / . helpless, poor.
are fulfilled. ^ m. censure or calumny.
caus. of |5, to cause any- n. weakness.
thing to be done.
^ ind. fie upon !
<(>ld4 m. name of certain giants.
q^JpcRf adv. like moths.
n. the first of the four
ages according to Hindu qi^flHt in. the god Brahma,
mythology. qiig m. n. f. dead.

* See L ^ n X V I , Art. 11.

t See Lesson X V I , Art. 22.
 SECOND BOOK OF SANSKRIT/ 109

m. one who distributes { ^ m. n. and /

food at the table. yoke ) the brunt of battle.
n. the gate of a city. ^ Jst conj. Parasm. to scream.
JWTW in. prowess, greatness. n: dual, heaven and earth.
^ t N n f tn. a monkey. Wl Jst conj. Parasm. with ft,
^ 1st conj. Parasm. to go. to lament.
"B^ 1st conj. Parasm. to bear Sjq; Jst conj. Atm. with aw, to
fruit. depend upon.
<^^^| m. the name of a Rsi.
«^ adv. highly, much.
^ t f ^ w i m. m. n. iron,
ftiftqni m. name of a brother of
m. a bond, a fetter )
Ravana and ally of Rama.
a fetter of iron.
tWPt 6th conj. Parasm. &
m. n. adamant,
. Atm. to bake. q i f t ^ m . the son of VaU, a
W^C 1st conj. Atm. to shine.
monkey,
Viro Jst conj. Atm. to shine. ftfi? m. a god.
Utna. Jst conj. Atm. to shine. ft^ m.n.f. past. pass. part, of
adv. for me. g with ft, famous, famed as.
Tf^^ JOth conj. Atm. to hold a ft%^<n: m. plur. all the gods.
consultation, to consult. ^ m. speed, velocity.
m. a god. a name of Indra.
m. name of a king. fir with, an, to depend on.
»«. (JTW»». great ^ft^ m. the naine of a priest.
and sif^ft^ m. sprinkling ^ ] ^ ^ m. a good man.
water as on the head of a ;i«nH^ m. a member of an
king when he is crowned) assembly or court.
great coronation. g u s g ^ a d v . round about.
H|RH< n. darkness, dirtiness. 5r#!r: adv.: in every direction.
^ JOth conj. to wipe off. yRW'M m. n.y. with wonder,
ind. falsely. wondering. [ parts.
Jfwi m. n, /. fit or destined to ^I^^Krr adv. into a thousand
be sacrificed. ?irg adr. well.
I This root has two bases, «R3i: and *ric, in all non-conjuga-
tional tenses, except the Benedict. Parasm. The ^ of 1ir?3t is
changed to si when not dropped ( X , P . 62 )
110 SECOND BOOK O F SANSKRIT

^iftoT m. name of a monkey ^ with 3if^, to praise.

chief and ally of Rama.
?j5i; with gq;, to abandon. ^i^6th conj. Parasm. to break,
^ffs[ m. n.f. with Indra. to spUt asunder.

Death m m. dat. for the attainment of

Desperately ugig ind. adv. the fruit or end.
3imft?^5rn adv.
Means gqpT m. w.
Might avrra « .
instr. used as an adv. Place of refuge aiTSra^siR n.
Destroy ^ 7th conj. with 3 ^ Purpose HJ?|<rH «.
10th conj. with H ; <r«^- Religious austerities dvif^
plur.
Destruction ni^ m. 5IRI m- Tenantless ftsH >«. «. /.
liiid ^ n. n.; <S5!rat9W Visit aiTOPT «. 3inw MI-

LESSON X V

FJRST AND SECOND FUTURES AND CONDITIONAL

L — F I R S T FUTURE
L To the root should be added the affix before
which the final vowel or the penultimate short takes Guna.
Nominative forms of the nouns thus made up are to be
considered as the forms of the third person; and in the
first and second persons, the corresponding forms of the
Parasmaipada present tense of srar should be appended to
the nominative singular. When a root is Atmanepadi, the
Atmanepada forms of arac should be added.
2. To the affix 5, 5 is to be prefixed after Set- roots
and optionally after those that are optionally Set. Anit
roots, of course, do not admit it. The roots ,
^ and admit ^ optionally before 5.
3. The augment ^ in the case of the root is long
in all non-conjugational tenses except the Perfect, f and
 SECOND BOOK O F SANSKRIT 111

roots ending in SR (long) optionally lengthen it in all

non-conji«ational tenses except the Perfect, Benedictive
Attn., and Aorist Parasm.
4. When the of «[[ is dropped by III, p. 57, the
preceding «i or «n is changed to #, as that of ^ in the
same circumstances. (See II, p. 102.)
Parasm.

Sing. Dual Plur.

1st pers. vf^FS^ff vXk^Mi flUrarecp
2nd „ vft^li^ »lftaiW vf^dK^J
3rd „ MRKII ift^nft ^iiqaiv
s t - Q ^ + a t - s ? : +m-?R:+w-?ra:+«i-?irar-?{ftr - b y 4,
above. ^ similarly, ^ + m - 5 J ' J : + « I T - g 5 ' 3 T ; ?!^+?IT-
st5+W-si^+?IT by I (6), p. 102-^ +
'9t+^im+^-'^+^ by 18, p. 9 4 - ^ + ? n - ^ + 2 r - ^ ;
^-flal or ^ by 19, p. 95. ^ ^ T O T or
Atm.

m.
Sing. Dufzl Plur.

1st pers. if^%n^ jftfen^t' *fiftHra%

3rd „ ^t^m ^^i^mr-

See 2, p. 40.

II. — SECOND FUTUBE

1. The terminations of this tense are made up by
prefixing w to those of the Present. The augment % is
to be prefixed to or not, or optionally, according to
the nature of the root Before the tennination^ the
iSnal vowel and the penultimate short take Guija.
112 SECOND BOOK O F SANSKRIT

I. The final ?! of a root is changed to when

followed by a *non-personaI termination with an
initial ^
2. After Parasm., r?, and roots ending in 5R
(short), f is to be prefixed to ^ in this tense, though
these roots are Anit, and optionally after f?t and
though they are Set.
3- fft, fq, m and ^JJS^, are optionally Paras-
maipadi in the Second Future, and when so, the ^ does
not take % as appended to them. This holds good in the
case of in the First Future also.
Atm.
Sing. Dual Plur.

1st pers. SE^rat

2nd „ (<}<^d 5?"^^ <!lMri|>ft
3rd „ 5S':5!p?t

Sing. Dual Plur.

1st pers. Mlk^ilii *ira«n^: «f?IWW:
2nd „ "•)i=iwji^ vi^my. vrftsra
3rd „ vnl^nt »)f^a: *n^^5r

^ + ^ - ^ by 18, p. 9 4 - ^ - ^ - 5 ^ - ( - « a ? f i t - ? ! ? t f l r ;
- f r i : or ^ by 19, p. or <?mqgi; fri;-?rfiisifir,
'iMr4''|?i' or gtpift; ^si-(-^-q^-g^src???l% or qfgwft by 3. above;

" By this expression are meant all terminations with the ex-
ception of those which express number and person as fe,
J%, &c., and one or two others.
 SECOND B O O K O F S A N S K R I T 113

III — C O N D r a O N A L
1. In the Conditional, the terminations of the Imper-
fect are appended to ^ , instead of those of the Present.
The temporal augment sj is to be prefixed to the root;
in other respects the forms are exactly like those of the
Second Future.
Sing. Dual Plur.
1st pers.
2nd „
3rd „
1st pers.
2nd „
3rd „

2. 5 with 3if^ optionally substitutes nr for f in the

Aorist and the Conditional. It is then changed to rh
before consonants; as siv^^ or ai«r#!|? 3rd pers. sing.
3. The passive forms of non-conjugational tenses
and moods are made up simply by appending the
Atmanepada terminations to the base.
4. The Second Future expresses futurity generally,
and specifically the futurity of this day The Fir«t
Future expresses specifically the futurity not of this
day. The Conditional is used in those conditional
sentences, in which the non-performance of the action
is implied. It expresses both future and past times.
In the latter particular, it resembles the EngUsh
Pluperfect Conditional.

^ «rfcl^ I
114 SECOND BOOK O F SANSKRIT

gmi feat srat <)sr<<kMR^a> ^Jra^rm

I rfSlM ^ J»m 3 l T ^ I iff ^

cms ^F^fect J i m : gnrq^ra^SHst^ I

mt ^^rSfi f^^<riwn ff?T II

=31% »I??IT 5f55 I
^ J R i ^ 5:^ II

?i ¥ ? I T II
 SECOND BOOK O F SANSKRIT 115

« ^s^il^ 9n?fi ?X5Jt>a5?^ % II

«^rsrfe q^i^: ?Ji^ II

%5t R^w^i II

^<^«Mi ^3!T ti

?5nft^ ^^ff^da-iog^ 53J^ II

* This is the form of the 2nd pers. sing, of the Atm. Aorist
of 9 with the temporal augment dropped (See 2, Lesson XXII )•
t The Atmanepada is here an irregiJarity.
t This refers to the king to whom the story of Nala is
narrated.
116 S E C O N D BOOK O F SANSKRIT

If I do not see [ 5 5 ] Nala to-day, I will throw

with qft ] myself into a fire, and perish [ ^ ].
The king does not tell me the object of his visit
Well, I shall know [ 511 ] it in the end.
Sudeva, go to Rtuparpa, and tell him, " Damayantt is
going to [ will ] institute [ ^ with an ] a new Svayainvara;
many princes and kings go there, and it will come off
[ frj; with a ] to-morrow."
" If you wish, go to Kundinapura in a single day; for
as soon as the sun rises [ t[ with 3 ^ ], she will choose
[ f ] a second husband."
9

Damayanti gave much wealth to ParpSda and said

" I will give [3tt] you more when Nala comes [m, with
aiT ]. Thou hast done much for me, none else will do [ s ]
so much; for now, as a consequence of your effortsf, 1
shall soon be united [551 pass., 5 or »w^with?jn] to my
husband."
Oh Bahuka! thou shouldst not deceive me; how will
these weak horses bear [ qf or sft ] me to Kuii«jinapura in
a single day ?
We will now mount with a n ] our horses and
run swiftly.
* Said of a wicked woman who wanted to kill a young maic
out of spite for her husband, but was prevented by a holy dame
who is the speaker.
+ TSRWr**!^ or some such expression should be used.
 SECOND BOOK O F SANSKRIT 117

Bahuka said to the king, " Thou hast told me the

number of leaves and touts on this tree. Well, I will fell
[caus. of § or f^] it in your presence, and count the
leaves."
I will not touch [ ? ^ ] you, because you eat with
Chandalas.
I do not know when he will begin [ w[ with aji ] to
construct a house to live in. '
Had Yajnadatta made a bow [ s j ^ with n ] to him
when he entered the house, he would not have consider-
ed [j?s^] him a conceited fellow.
Had he gone [ ?mj mto the persence of his enemy un
guarded, the enemy would have killed [ f ^ ] him.
Had the cobra bitten [^] him at the time, and had
there been [ ^] nobody to get medicine, Devadatta would
certainly have died [ ^ or ^ with ].
Thou wilt, by my blessing, enjoy [ga:] suprene
power in this world, and get [anr or snj] a son posses-
sing all the virtues; keep all thy subjects contoited.

Part II
PASSIVE

In addition to the rules given in the First Book and in some

lessons of this, the student should commit to memory the
following:—
1. «T added to roots in the conjugational tenses is weak.
2. The following changes take place before the of the
passive.
a. Roots ending in change it to ft; as from

§ The 5 of this root is changed to ^ in the causal.

118 SECOND BOOK OF SANSKRIT

b. ^ preceded by a conjunct consonant aiid of the roots

Wl and !K is changed to Guna; as from

c. Art. 4, Lesson X I V , holds good in this case; as

from

d. ^ and qj and other roots assuming these: forms,* m,

tt, qr 'to drink,' # and 'to abandon,' chiuige
their final vowel to ^ before T; as ^tq^, vf)q^, Stc

e. A final f o r 3 is lengthened; as 3ftq% from fil,

from ^

/ Art. 9, p. 2, is also apphcable here.

g. Some roots such as flwj;, ' to go,' Jjssi,
fsst ajs^ V * ^ , JP^, W l , &C,
drop their nasals.
3. The passive forms of the First and Second Future,
the Conditional, the Aorist and the Benedictive are, in the case
of roots ending in a vowel and of f<3^ and sqc optionally made
up by changing the vowel to its Vrddhit, and appending the
Atmanepada terminations of those tenses and moods, with %
prefixed to them, even when the root is Anit. m is added to roots
ending in SIT in these optional forms.

a. Explain the following:—

91^, 9N%, iflSf, antflift, wftwrtf, fnpmft,

* Whenever this expression is used, always understaixl 9

2nd conj.' to cat,' and ^ /sf co»y.' to purify,' to be excepted.

t This does not apply to | ^ which takes Gona only, idute

it does apply to ^and ^ o f the 6tb conjugation, which gaoeraUy
do not take either Gupa or Vfddhi (See 11, p. 93.)
 S E C O N D B O O K O F SANSKRIT 119

b. Write down the passive forms of the Second Future of:—

t, 1^ q% Tst, , i j ^ , fe^, j § , ft, ft?, fgc
^ i : . 5. ?8„ St. ^ ^ vm. 5
and of the Present and Imperfect of the following;—
5T, 5 % ^ ^» ^ 'a. ^
VOCABULARY X V
SRjT m. dice used in gambhng. m. the principle of evil.
3J?jT?[ m. n. f. one who knows «. name of a town.
{the secret of playing at) dice. m name of a brother
»*• / • one who is of Ravaria.
possessed of skill in playing m. n.f. ( f 5 « . family,
at dice. [ ing dice. and 31 from 5R^, to be pro-
an^SOT't- fhe secret of manag- duced ) born in a family, of
3 | f t f t « C ^ m. n. J. (aift very, the race of.
very much) very pitiless or ^ with ft, to injure, to wrong.
cruel ^ ind. for, on account of.
W l i M . n. j . not deserving. m. a descendant of the
if|i|Bm m. n. f. innocent, not Kurus.
guilty. 7103^ / . name of a river ; JfZ-
aift^Pi^ adv. frequently, con- q£t^ n. a bank of the
stantly, continuously, Gandakii
aras^ the secret of manag- URI n. Hmb, body.
ing horses. iQilclH n. name of a forests
m^l^PfHadv. undoubtedly. S 9 m . ». fraud.
3iqjnr*to wish i l l to, to bear ^PPf m. a son.
malice to. ^ R T ^ (?I8[ and B ^ ) in the
midst of it.
m. the progenitor of the
solar race of kings.
*t. ruler. breathing, »p« w. perfume,
ZJtlt *n. source, springing up. smell) the fragrance of the
; Mt. name of a serpent. breath of her mouth.
* This is a nominal verb formed from 8f^jn by dropiang
fini^ vowel and adding as in the 10th conjugation.
120 S E d O N D BOOK O F SANSKRIT

«». an animal liaving i m . the name of N a l a dis

sharp teeth, a snake. guised as a charioteer,
?5HT in. n. f. tenth. (forest.: »i. a mouse; i f ^ F S ^ m.
^ in. a forest conilagration, a king of mice.
Jt^Wnt m. n.f. one who suf- i g»I n. a pair, a couple; qT^Jk^Tl
fers from pain, unhappy. n. a pair of clothes.
JtftRI in. n. f. afflicted. ? f t / love.
an evil or imprudent act. i q ^ with aft, to answer.
VJf with a i ! ^ , to hide or conceal. q ^ caus. with ft, to put on a
ftq^W? m. lord or king of a ] garment, to dress.
country named Nisadha. ^UPI caus. of ^ , ft^ to
extinguish. [ destroyed.
•igiwr n. skill.
ftsTB past. part, of STO ft-
tn. king of a country
ftf^ITT ^asi />«rf. of ftiT w«V/)
named Nisadha, Nala.
ft, surprised.
1^ with aft to attain.
adv. trom an enemy.
qfi^l'^y'^ tn. n.f. one who stands
^SR^ adv. perpetually.
in the way or obstructs; a^- H^inft^ past pass. part, of caus.
l ^ q f t j ^ / . standing in its way. of » i with W^, thought of,
l l l « B ^ « s * part, of wsV/t thought possible. [ bered.
qft deprived of, fallen, de- tn. n. f. to be remem-
praved. n. abundance of food.
qift^r (past part. pass, of the ^ m. a charioteer.
causal of thrown. m. n. / . one's own.
tn. a proper name. Sftjn? «• name of a holy place
4gft^ m. n. f. of various sorts. at the foot of Himalayas.
anoitPT (qftq^ m. a way) the ftm^9 tn. the Himalayas.
way or range of an arrow. ftt<Rl9 »«. name of a mouse.

Blessing anftw/* with ft and a, 10th

Conceited aiqf^H past part. conj. Attn.
Construct HI with ft?;. End 3 ^
Deceive VJI with auft and m . ; 3 ^ &c. in the end.

* See Art. 26, next Lesson.

 SECOND BOOK OF SANSKRIT 121

Fellow m. [ aig. Sudeva nt. a proper name.

Keep contented ?»>t caus. with Supreme power yiyivrM n.
Number wmf-
Object «<J1>jW n. 3 ^ m.
Unguarded SR^ji? past part.
Parnada q<ift^ m. a proper name.
Presence, in one's, tnnp(, adv. pass.
JmgH, adv. Visit 3||4W«I n.

LESSON X V I
DECLENSIONAL IRREGULARITIES

The student should remember the terminations given

at the head of Lesson X X V , First Book.
1. We will here notice only the anomalous case-
forms of several nouns; the rest are to be made up by
simply adding the case terminations and observing the
general samdhi rules. The vocative singular, except
when specified, is to be considered to be like the corres-
ponding nominative.
2. ^ w r , 5qfSHi, and other nouns whose latter mem-
bers, or which, in themselves, are roots ending in ajt, drop
the ending sji when followed by vowel terminations beginn-
ing with the acc. plural.
Sing. Dual Plur.

Acc. ^WH, ^wn ^vr.

3. The voc. sing., the gen. plur., and the first six
forms of w are like those of and the abl., gen., and
loc. sings, are
4. The first five forms of ^ are ?ren^Hrr«i^-
^[; the acc. plur, is and the abl., gen., and loc.
sings, and the gen plur. are ? i ^ : - ^ : - ^ - ^ f i 5 r m ; . The voc.
sing, is
122 SECOND BOOK OF SANSKRIT

5. ^ , sj^and other nouns which are derived from

roots without the addition of any termination, and the
nouns and ^ change their f i n a l ; or 3, short or long,
t o ^ o r 3^ respectively before the vowel terminations.
^ takes the terminations of while ?Jt, ^ a n d other
feminine nouns of this description take them optionially,
in the dat. abl., gen., and loc. sings, and gen. plur. The
acc. sing, of ^ is ^ o r ftpj^ and the plural sSr*. or ftpu.
The voc. sing, is %
6. Feminine root-nouns in 5, such as isn and and
and snsjft do not drop the ?c of the nom. sing.

Sing. Dual Plur.

Nom,
Acc.
Dai.
Abl.
Gen. itRT.
Loc.
Voc.

Nom
Acc.
Dat.
Abl.
Gen.
Loc. &c.
Voc.

Nom. 1* I V , &C.
Gen.
Voc.
 SECOND BOOK OF SANSKRIT 123

7. (a) The ^ or 3, short or long, of a root-noun is

changed to ^ or ^ when it is not preceded by a radical
conjunct consonant and at the same time the noun is
preceded by a preposition as applied to the root and not
the noun, or by a substai>tive which in the dissolution
of the compound takes an oblique case; as* unpft:-
•^-jRiv-wrn! h%-«^-«t:; 3«fts-?^-3<?r:. The loc. sing,
of uw*!? and other nouns ending in ift is formed by
adding the termination mi^ as unrRmj;. Nouns like
HWft and ^tsn^, which primarily singify a male
occupation, are declined like the masculine, even when
used as adjectives to qualify feminine substantives.
Other root-nouns in long ^ or g; that change these vowels
toi^orqcas above are, when feminine, declined like
or For the nom. sing, of the former see 6, p. 122.

Sing. Dual Plur.

Dat.
Abl. SfBJTS
Gen.

5pl^, also feminine, is similarly declined.

(b) Exceptions-^ and nouns aiding i n as
^ R ^ - g l ^ - 3 V , &c. These nouns and
others that change the | or g; to ^q; or when
feminine, are declined like «fl; see 5, p. 122.
(c) Counter-exceptions.—jp^and as ^^fiwft, &c.
8. n( and ^ change their final # to ^ in the first
five inflections, as, As, m^-^. &c. The acc. sings, are
and and plurals in: and on. The abl. and gen. sings,
are # and ^ A l l nouns ending in # are thus declined.
9. ;iSt and « ^ have no peculiarities.

* Dissolution : — V r f t ^ UWft: I
124 SECOND BOOK OF SANSKKIT

10. t before the consonantal terminations becomes

as ^ , xm, &c. Instr. iwr-^iwmjr^ifw.
11. aifej. ^ » and an% are to be considered as
and snu^, when followed by the vowel
teiminations b^mning with the instr. sing., and are
declined like nouns ending in nai. They are declined like
a# in the first two cases.
Nom. Acc. S # » 3?f^*Hr STP.flW

A great many roots become nouns without tlu- addi-

tion of any termination.
12. The changes of the final f of a root when tolloweci
by particular consonants have been explained in I^esson
IX and X I V .
Thus in the case of a root-noun, the tentiiuatiou fl;
l)eing dropped, the ^ is changed to ^ by I., p. 56, and that
to 5 or f by 11., p. 67. Before KIJ^ and other such terminations
it is changed to ^ by VI., p. 58. So we have :—
Now. fes ? fefs> &c,

^ — l i e i r i K dropped, we have, by V, p. 58,^ J ^ ; by VII,

l>- 59, g^, ami by II, p. 67, ^ o r g n . Before and such other
lerminalions we have ^^-fWTT^by V, p. 58. Then,

13. The change mentioned in VII, Lesson IX, takes

place before the consonantal terminations.
By tliis and VI, p. 58 we have ^[>»n<^, &c. Loc.
plur.
14. The first five inflected forms of ajsTj^ are spqfm;—
fl|r-f:-f»i-ll. The voc. sing, is WTfi;. The final f is
changed to ^ when followed, by the./consonantal
terminations; as a»5!i9Piraj.-3PJlfit:, &c.
 SECOND BOOK OF SANSKRIT 125

15. The nom. sing, of % is A:. It becomes g before

the consonantal terminations, as ^nn^.
16. Nouns ending in the syllable ? ^ such as
and the nouns 'hm»^ and ^JRI^ differ from other nouns
ending in in lengthening the penultimate ai in the
nom. sing, only. The ^ o f f s ? ^ i s changed to m when si
is not dropped; as fsp-ftShSw: nom,; f s w r - f H r m - ^ :
instr., &c.
About the change of f to ^ when the ai is dropped
see Rule 2 c , p 59.

17. and change their ^ to 3, when

followed by the vowel terminations beginning with the
acc. plur., as g^:, jj^., acc plur. &c. In other re-
spects they follow the general declension of nouns ending
in ant
18. The first five forms of ijmq; are iwn!~wn^, i i ^ ' m
The final is dropped before the vowel termina-
tions. In other respects it follows the general declension
of nouns ending in as qsp acc. plur., «wr-ftHni|rfilRT:
instr., &c. The voc. smg. is qwm like the nom. sing.

19. nft^ is declined similarly, i c g f t ^ differs from

these only in the non-insertion of the nasal in the first
five inflections. ni3wr-flin<4t-vi»R nom.; ^ogig: acc plur.,
^Qpr. instr. sing.

20. The 9r of qfiJiR obeys rule IX, Lesson IX.

Nom. sing. q#nai-(|J^nT>^ being dropped—qfini<^f by 11,.
p. 67. Instr. dual qJ^IW-l-wn^---(jfein;-»-«n^by the above-^-
mfwrmby VI, p. 58.
So also Nom. sing, of ft^; ft^f-ft^ by IX, p. 60, ^ being
dropped—ft^-f by II, p. 67. Instr. dual f«Rir%rA^E»nii(r
Decline similarly tt»+«nr) 1 ^ ftwpt. ^ &c.
126 SECOND BOOK OF SANSKRIT

21. !n% UST^, 3 ^ «itn:> and filsiH have a

nasal inserted before the final consonant in the first five'
inflections of the masc The nom. sings, are sjif, ustf,
3 ^ , &c. Before the vowel terminations beginning with
the acc. plur. and before the neuter nom. and acc. dual
sw, 3?, gj^r and f?PT become srft, ?wft and 1&<e^; as
JRft^., 3 ^ , and acc. plur. masc. The femi-
nine forms of these are made up by adding f to the crude
thus modified, as ur*, Ji#^, &c.

Masc.

Sing Dual Plur.

Nom.
Acc. ^I^^Bl^
Instr.

Neut.
Nom. &. Acc. ^P^-^l

22. mK, erresic and change the final to f or n

when followed by hard or soft consonants, and to either
when followed by nothing; nom. sing. ^ or wi, instr.
du. ^pwm^, loc. plur.
23. Present participles of the roots enumerated in 7,
p. 62, and of those of the third conjugation do not insert
^ before the final in the first five inflections of the masc.
In the nom. and acc. plurs. of the neuter, they insert ^
optionally. The nom. and acc. duals of the neuter and
the feminine base are formed by simply addding i.
filRSRt pres. part, of ^

Masc.

Sing. Dual Plur.

Nom. ^IWi
Acc. ftwni^ <SfeR?l ftmc, &c.
 SECOND BOOK OF SANSKRIT 127

Neut.

Nom. & Acc. ftwn ftsrtft &c.

Fern. ^CSPSt

24. The present participles of roots ending in an of

the second conjugation, like those of roots of the 6th
conjugation,inserts;optionally before the f of the femi-
nine and of the neuter nom. and acc. dual; irrat—^ or
jjHft w. WW. andflcc.rfw.,a n d / m .
25. The first five forms of are gwRt'rtlHT'rer.-ww^-
mil. The voc. sing, is The ending ^ is dropped
before the consonantal terminations.
26. and other nouns endii^ in such as ^ ^ ,
&c., and lengthen the penultimate when followed
by a consonantal termination, or by nothing. The g; of
the last becomes under the usual circumstances. In the
case of the loc. plur., we have the following rule :—

I. T h e change of to ^ mentioned i n note t,

p. 97, F . B . takes place even i f a n anusvara, a
visarga, or or intervene between the pre-
vious vowel and or s n ^ t ^ .
Suig. Dual Plur.
Nom.
Acc.
Instr. 'ft^, Sec.
27. art is declined in the plural only. The nom. is
vn^ Its <t is changed to ^ before the terminations vnth
an initial ^ ; instr.
28. The final \ of is changed to ^ before the
luxn. and aca sing, and to visarga before the other con-
sonantal terminations.
128 SECOND BOOK OF SANSKRIT

Nom. &.C. Acc. ai^M^fft

aif^llSr where is nom. sing.

29. ^ , m, 3<«R, a m , and ^ , when

they indicate mere relation (in space, time or person),
and a r a t when it means * internal' or ' under-garment'
are declined like pronouns. They are optionally so de-
clined in the nom. plur. and abl. and loc. sing., as ^ or
"^rf:, '^f^ or <y*Hi<, '5^ or "^fep^.

30. The following ten words, which are pronouns

and are declined as such, form the sing, of the nom. and
acc. neuter by adding ?i; or ^ : — a p i , a p s R R , ^m, ^ W T ,
ITO, Han, opraw, ^?rf; as a i w r a ; - ^ , ^ ' p j - ^ .

31. The nom. plural masc. of a i ^ q , a w , l i R t t B T , and

^ is optionally formed like that of pronouns. '5w
is a pronoun.

32. qrft, and other masc. nouns ending in if form their

acc. sing, and plur. by adding ^^ and respectively.

33. The word ! ^ is declined as if it were !6r^ necessarily

in the first five inflections, and optionally before the vowel
terminations beginning with the instr. sing., except that of the
gen. plur., the form of which is s^v^inii^ alone. The voc. sing, is
In other respects it is declined like masculine nouns in 3.

34. The words S R I and optionally assume the forms

JFRI and before the vowel terminations ; in other respects
the first is declined like feminine nouns in a n and the other like
nouns in a t ; 3m, or &c.

35. 3l#fl^is decUned like nouns ending in except in the

nom. and voc. sing. When the negative particle is prefixed,
it is declined like a i R J ? ^ .
 SECOND BOOK OE SANSKRIT 129

36. 'jitHH differs from other nouns ending in S i ^ (as

•Wi»(tt) in the nom. sing., which is 4$|HI, and the voc. sing,
which is optionally 3^1^, or 3^H:.
37. Before the vowel terminations beginning with the acc.
plur. the ending syllable ^ of certain nouns is changed to g^,
the 3; of which with the preceding or 9(1 becomes as ^4tf:
acc. plur. of f%^91^. is changed to ^ &c., as in the case of
and we have f^tl^l^—^ nom. sing., f^Htilll^Miiaj^ instr.
dual, &c.
38. The ^ of giWI^ is changed to q; before the consonantal
terminations.
39. m. n. S i g ^ n . ^ m . r ^ m. ^^ J. Jm. m. n.
JTO (J»TO) n. "Jcj/. g m. n. » . 3 ^ n. SITHq; n. ft^/.
have no forms for the nom., and the sing, and dual of the acc.
In other cases they are declined according to the general rules.
The ^ of flfRj and JTRC is dropped before the consonantal
terminations. URt however, does not drop its ^ before 5.

sninfrgsRit fe^ 5:55 nnnra \

* See Art, 4,lLesson XVII.

+ The sacred plant Soma is often spoken of as ^RJI or king.
The subject of ^ W I ^ ^ : is S R f ^ : linderstood.
10
130 SECOND BOOK OF SANSKRIT

^ <j<°<4l«^HI-Wl<4>l-W^ ^RTCift <lft ?j«in: 1

* This refers to the person who is sprinkled over with water

or curdled milk.
f is here equivalent to ' therefore.'
§ When the victim is killed at a sacrifice, its blood is given
away to evil spirits. is a termination optionally used to
form the 2nd and 3rd pers. sing, of the Imperative, when the
sense is that of an expression of wish or desire. It is a weak
termination.
 SECOND BOOK OF SANSKRIT

<4d-Wdmft<:4>ui 5 1 T « I ^ ^ % J ^ II

Jirar '^rar it

"iH%3tsf^ ^ ft«n^ JT m ^wa^fK^^ II

sr^fil^ f^-ii4 ^ sreR(% ( § 1 ^ II

4i4<<r<4i^^ «?r ? i « n ^ II

srsi^T^fJrtarat i^iiiPl ^ ii

^ aigiuii^i:^ ^Igsf ft^iiifem; ll

^SiPTOT^Si^ 'iW'ii I
^r^ra^ 5I5JT <?sr dH:^di<jg^ ii
i f e P B H l ^Sllfl'lt ^-^dHJ ^ %«raT I
i^^fiw ^t'ra ^ 1 ^ 11

•cif^^«jFS^«i ^tfi?5n drat! I

 SECOND BOOK OF SANSKRIT

f^rit fe^fcT crri%

!B«PI 1% 5T II

When Bharata was crowned, he gave cows to Brah-

maijas by hundreds. Ettrghatamas saw him giving
them.
The Northern [z^] people regarded slavery as in-
human and fought with the Southern [ arara; ] to root
it out.
*This sets forth the period of possession or enjoyment
necessary to constitute ownership in the case of men and lower
animals.
+ Said to king Dusyanta by his charioteer when he was
pursuing an antelope.
 SECOND BOOK OF SANSKRIT 133

Usanas [ g^pra ] was the preceptor of the Asuras and

Brhaspati of the Devas. There exist works on politics
of which they are the reputed authors.
They began to excavate the hill, and effected it
after many days, [ait^in^tr. ]
The headman of the village [nOToft] was asked by the
commander whether he would give grain to his army.
The hut near Chitrakuta was built by the recluses
[ «jflm3t ] that dwelt in the vicinity.
Women [ # ] shall bring up (take care of) children,
and men [gg;] shall acquire money by hard labour.
Dillpa's horse was once taken away by Indra [ f ? i ^
orjTBrara;].
In the beginning there were waters [arj;] only. On
these waters appeared the self-existent Brahma,
and by that self-existent being all these things were
created.
He is blind of one eye [ 3 % ].
The honey in the flowers of the Kunda creeper has
been drunk by bees [ w g ^ ] .
Idols are made of the bones [ sif%» ] of elephants.
He who walks by the path [ q ^ ] of truth attains
prosperity.
In Greece there were two hills which were called
"dogs' [wj^] heads."
Thou art commanded by the husband [qfit] to give
money to the poor.
His companion l ^ ] having gone to Kasi, he lives
here alone.
The name of Aryaman occurs in Zend religious books.
134 SECOND BOOK OF SANSKRIT

Give me any one [ q??ni ] of those boolts.

Brahmanas repeating the Vedas are like frogs [ ai^i^]
croaking in the rains.

VOCABULARY XVI
n. the eye. | sira^ n. the mouth.
m. n. f. continuous, fre-lsn^n. the mouth,
quent. 9115^ m. a battle,
aianft^arfv. exceedingly, great- n. vigour (of limbs ).
ly, very much, ^1st conj. Parasm. and 10th
an^^ m. n. / . wonderful. conj. with gt^, to utter, to
»». n. f. pron. lower, low. speak.
m. a wicked action, 3 ^ m. n.f. pron. upper, subse-
a p l ^ m. an ox. quent.
9iRS m. fire. 3 ^ m. n. J. northern.
^fi<4 m. wind. 3 ^ n. water.
water (used in the plur.) 3Wf% loftiness, magnanimity.
m.n,f. pron. other, another.3 ^ / . the earth."
3B|cr^ m. one who does not 3 ^ H ^ m. a name of the precept-
speak or teach. or of the Asuras.
ai4+W^ m. name of a deity, one jRgdRi; m. a name of Indra.
of the dead forefathers, lifcHHa m. n. head, skull. [ wish.
sra^w. a horse. ^BTO^:fn. n. f. one fulfilling any
ajSR m. n. J. pron. hinder, pos- n. a bow: with «if«R?r m.
terior, inferior. n. f. one who has his bow
3I^^!n3^ adv. certainly, inevit- strung.
ably. W?r m. n. a kind of white flower.
aiWR m. n. /. southern, ^ n. a family.
ara^ n. blood. ^ with and SIT, to remove:
3RJ3I; n. blood. with ajfg, to aim at: a i f ^ i ^
n. a day. having aimed at, i. e., refer-
MW\H m. n. flesh, bait, ring to ; with wC> to adorn,
a i l f ^ / . a blessing. to refine, to educate. •

* ^ is prefixed to ^ when it is preceded by ?T«J(.and means

" to adorn, " or " to collect. "
 SECOND BOOK OF SANSKRIT 135

m. an antelope. gpjtl y. a musical instrument,

^^4th conj. Parasm. to be or lute.
become wet or damp. ?|<5 4th conj. Atm. with to
%^ 7st conj. Parasm. to be pained or afflicted.
lament. ?rtl/. a boat.
SifR n. milk. great m. n. / like that; adv. in
1st conj. Parasm. and 10th that manner.
conj. to think meanly of, toft^w. a lower animal; m. n.f.
spurn, horizontal, sideways.
ft^/. speech. g^raif m. a name of Indra.
^ 1st conj. Atm. to think ^ R ; / . light, splendour, bright-
meanly of, to spurn. ness.
»il w. a bull: / . a cow, speech, ^ m. a tooth.
the earth. [ of a village. 5 ^ />res. part, of ^ t o give,
HWft m. the leader or headman w. «. / . ^ro». southern.
4n. the moon. «. curdled milk.
^ 1 ^ ^ m. n. f. ( T|!Wr|, like a ^ R R ^ son of: Dasaratha.
wheel ) one whose move- f ^ / . a day, heaven.
ment is like that of a wheel, f ^ / . direction, quarter.
ever-revolving. 5 ^ »). «. / . difficult to be
«. sandalwood. controlled or put down.
^^past. part pass, of s^H;, C ^ / . sight, an eye.
practised or done. ^ ^ 3 i ; m. n. J. worshipper o f
^^Rf past part. pass, of gods.
besmeared. ^ i ^ m . n. an arm.
WTOT m. a pariah, an outcast. f f f / . heaven.
•««i4rfl / • a beautiful woman, a •^f. intellect,
belle. a yoke.
«. the heart, intellect. STS w . a crocodile.
^^•with to be born, to • W R m. n. f. perishable.
flourish. 5Rj/. the nose.
n. dullnes. ^Pf^m^adv. verily.
?R[fi«jft/ a wife of his enemy, ^^!^t^adv. without interval,
^nn^i^ m. (nri^il^ m. exclu- closely.
sion ) its exclusion or absence. f^^ft m. a g o d .
Hi SECOND BOOK OF SANSKRIT

ftfST nt. n. f. wicked. fiPra^rra m. ( mm dwelling

1 ^ / . night. together) dwelling together
tj? Isf conj. Parasm. to repeat, of beloved persons, the com-
to read. pany of beloved persons.
m. master, husband. 1st conj. Parasm. to bear
<fl^ m. a path, a way. fruit.
m. the foot. VTB past part. pass, of
q«it »M. the sun, a protector. broken down, run away
»j. n.f. pron. another. ( from the field ).
qfejlflB ^ s f part. pass, of eTSI ^ with to divide.
wjVfe qft, abandoned, 5ja3f m. a serpent.
qferra »». a recluse. / . possession, enjoyment,
ftnil^');, m. a name of 6hiva. the earth.
^ »i. a man. Tll^with qft, to despise, to treat
gsj^;^/. a widow remarried, contemptuously.
a town. '
^ / an eyebrow.
m. a family priest,
m. a name of Indra.
"jai ^asi ^art. pass, of q, filled,
^^f^ »i. a churning handle.
full.
« . / . ^row.former, eastern, w. a black bee.
an army. [ Jl. ^ ( W ^ ) « . I flesh.
Jf^^ past part, of ^ to fall JTRlW^ / . (HPT »«. respect )
Mvdltfl^H^ w. n. /. (srar / . loftiness of respect, gre^t
subjects, "^teT n. oppression, self-respect.
and !3I, from arising ) JIRT »t- a month.
arising from the oppression Ji^ll^yift't. »«• «• / • following
of the subjects. or pursuing an antelope.
Hfrtf^g; past part. pass, of feq ?Jrt wtV/i g^Tj to struggle.
with Jil^, forbidden, pro- ?RI w . the god of death, the
hibited. deity presiding over death,
!fr>T% m. n.f. western. •spft m. a way.
St^ m.n.f. keen, acute, talented. ?rr w»V/t ft and < ^ to go away,
past part. pass, of ^ to pass away.
with a, used. ^ 7s^ Conj.Parasm. and Aim,
UT^ m. n. f. eastern. wsV/t ft, to shine.
 SECOND BOOK OF SANSKRIT 137

^ fM. a king; m. « . / . shining, number, nt. n. f. gone

t nt. wealth. beyond) innumerable. ••
«. beauty, loveliness, ggg ^asf ^ar^ of ^ with ^
qqhl^m. a frog, pleased, satisfied, gratified.
mft nt. fire. ?ia5PT nt. a custom, a tradi-
t i | ^ q ? t m . « . / . wealthy. tional observance.
ftW ^art. ^ass. of ?Rif^/. ( / this world,
pierced, struck, wounded, worldly existence, '»raT / . a
ft^ w. a man of the mercantile pit) the pit of this world or
caste; / . subjects, people. i • worldly existence.
f^m nt. the protector of all, / . company of the
God. virtuous.
ft>a^ m. the protector or sup- with an 1st conj. Parasm.
porter of the universe. to approach, to come to.
ftwjsi; nt. the creator, Brahma. with ST (in the causal) to
^•withm to turn round, to
please, to propitiate.
turnback.
JERRI adv. at once, immediately.
nt. killer of Indra.
m. n. f. good. [ perc
^[fs^ nt. a scorpion.
m. a great king, an em-
^gBH n. agony, affliction.
^ R ^ T ^ adv. in the presence of,
^^I<MU| nt. a grammarian.
in sight of.
« n ? r n ». grammar.
g 1st and 2nd conj. Parasm.
*<<Hit"l^M<< »». the subject of
grammar. with Jt, to produce.
;tcR fM. « . a cart, ^^2nd and 4th conj. Atm. with
n. animal dung. n, to produce,
fpl gi^j to bring in con-
;i^«nT »». a conch-blower.
tact with, to unite with,
5 ^ slowly.
woman, wife.
nt. ( 5 r # / . the night )the
^m. n. summit,
lord of the night, the moon.
i^WM denom. Atm, to be in a
«Jt/. wealth, goddess of wealth.
dream, to speak in a dream.
flq; m. a dog.
^ini^m. n.J. self-existent.
^nq? nt. a beast of prey, a beast,
n. smile, laughter.
m. a friend, a companion.
5 with 3q and 3H, to take
down.
138 SECOND BOOK OF SANSKRIT

Acquire w4 tst and 10th conj. Excavate ^ with 3^; 3W-

with ftg»^
Beginning aw n. anft m. Grain ^1»T n. [ *»f.
Blind apg m. n. f. Inhuman 41M4IH| m. n. f. ft?-
Bring up, causal of ^ ^c4f, Politics n.
with Wi} or *RPI ^ . Rains ^ plur.
Build HI 3rd conj. with f^. Religious book ^P^RI m.
By hundreds ^ R l ^ tW. Reputed ain^nn pa^ part,
Call «rr wi</t arfii; arfirlln called. pass.; J J ( ^ past part.; J p ^ -
Croak ^ 7sf conj. Parasm: ntf^iq^ reputed as authors
with aii. (two).

Dirghatamas.^glnRI m. name Slavery n.

of a Rsi. I Truth 5R?t n.

LESSON X V I I
NUMERALS
1. The following is a list of the Sanskrit cardjnal
numerals, -up to twenty:—
One 11 Eleven

%
i%
Two
Three
IS Twelve
Thirteen
Four IV Fourteen
five 1<1 Fifteen
Six 1^ Sixteen
Seven 1» Seventeen
Eight 1« Eighteen
Nine « j Nineteen

10 Ten ^6 wiRi Twenty

Up to these numerals -nay be considered as adjec-

tives, i. e., they take the numbei and case, of the noun to which
they are applied, and the first four, the gender also.
 SECOND BOOK OF SANSKRIT 139

2. ft^jfir Twenty Sixty

fim Thirty Seventy
"Wrf^teraC Forty Eighty
Vfgmi Fifty Ninety

These may be considered as substantives. They are

all feminine; the noun to which they are applied may
be of any gender. With a plural, noun they are used in
the singular, as (sfeif^al^iuii: 'twenty Brahmanas.' They
have duals and plurals like other nouns, but when these
are used, the construction is different; snuQiHt % R f l 'two
twenties of Brahmanas.,' sirarnHr ft^raw: 'many twenties of
ftahmapas.' The singular may be used similarly; as
Jnnormf ft^: 'one twenty of Bralunapas.'

3. The numbers intermediate between any two of

these are formed by prefixing i ^ , &c. up to to
the lower, but the ninth intermediate number is
generally made up by prefixing to the higher.
In making these', compounds the final is invariably
dropped; H becomes 51, ^, ?PT: and ajsq^, sisi. But
the three latter changes are optional in the case
of M«iiR*i<, <jaRrac, ^fk, wif^ and s i ^ ; and do not
take place at all in the case of sRftft. These numerals
also follow the constructions explained in the preceding
paragraph. 5i?f'a hundred'is a neuter noun.

^1 "^BlSNrat Thirty-one ^» '^g^RRL Thirty-four

^'^ ST^fera; Thirty-two >{im%l< Thirty-five
?R^BfRt Thirty-three "qSH^ Thirty-six

§ I5*+3H= less by one.

* Here the initial ^ of is not changed to the corres-
ponding lingual. For, the rule is that dentals are not changed to
Unguals when they follow a consonant of the lingual class which
is at the end of a word or grammatical form: as ^ ^
 140 SECOND BOOK OF SANSKRIT

Forty-eight
%^ srertShsrat Thirty-eight l«rer*wrf>bm

&c.

Eighty-two

Eighty-three

DECLENSION

Masculine

4. is declined like a pronoun; as an indefinite

pronoun in the sense of the Eiiglish o«e in " the great
ones of this country," it has the dual and the plural, fir
has the dual only, and in decUning is to be considered as 7,
i. e., as a noun ending in sr? It nom. and acc., JTWTO^ instr.,
dat and a b l , gen. and loc. and the other adjectival
numerals are declined in the plural only. i% follows the
general declension of masculine nouns aiding in %. The
genitive only is peculiar; it is ?pn«TWt

The nom. of ^ is mmt and the gen. and the loc.

•Jigmf^and qg^. The rest are r ^ u l a r .

After the other adjectival numerals the nom. and aca

terminations are dropped, the final ^ is eliminated here
as before, the consonantal tominations, and the v of
31^is lengthened in the genitive; as nom. and acc,
q a t ^ instr., qa«T: dat. and abl., q a t ^ gen., loc;
q^orfR[iK>m. and acc, q^fin instr., dat and a b l ,
v^ttfi, gen., ^ loc. «ft ' how many ?' is similarly
decliried.
 SECOND BOOK OF SANSKRIT 141

siw^isalso declined in another way; aret nom. and

aca, meiar. instr., srejwr: dat. and a b l , ajgtg loc. There
is no difference in the genitive.
Femmne
5. and gr are declbed like ?Rf. The feminine
forms of j?» and ^ are ft^ and ^RRJ which are thus
declined :—R>^: and ^mm: nom. and acc, ft^: and
s^lfilfir: instr., i?hj»r: and ^aRjwr: dat. and abl, ft^iiinp^
and 'q?Rjojra^ gen. and and -q^Rig loc
The feminine forms of other adjectival numerals are
not different from the masculine.
Netiter
6. q * q ^ A'bw. and Acc.
is t .

The neuter forms of other adjectival numerals are

similar to the masculine.
7. The ordinals corresponding to i??, fir, ^rg^ and
Ti; are Ji«m, i l ^ , 'pft^, '^g^, and qg. Instead of SPOT,
adlBT and 3n%f, and of ^gs5, g# and g ^ are also used.
From the other cardinal numerals up to 551^ inclusive,
they are formed by dropping the final \ and adding JT,
as qsw;, & c . ; and after up to M<i^\^ by simply
dropping ^ qapR5i:, &c.
8. The ordinals from fiRrft and the other substan-
tival numerals and from their compounds, are formed
by adding ?w; as ft^rf^:. fSf!^:,
& c Another way is by dropping thefirof ft^ri^,
and the final consonant of the rest. Where there is a
final vowel that vowel is changed to at, but only in
142 SECOND BOOK OF SANSKRIT

compound numerals, the simple ones forming their

tadinals in the first way, as flfw, "wfifeTt, fdm, «wi%f:,
^ r f f e w : , " ? S W ( l ! W : , & c WJT,' a hundred' has
9. The feminines of ww, aiftJl, fiRfl^, ipfk,
g^, and gCrt' are formed by adding «nr, and of the rest
by changing the final ?u to ^ ; as iRwr, W i ^ . &c, and

10. The nom. plu. of JPW m. is se^ or smr: and the.

dat abl. gen. and loc. sings, of Q<i()<i and ^lA^ or ^{Qiii
and isSm are optionally like those of pronouns ending in
a? or BIT, as ^ ' ^ N ^ oriS^fl^nT, &c.
11. Adverbs of definite frequency are formed from
numerals by the addition of ^ to It, ft and and ^m.
to the rest before which the final. ^ is dropped. For it«
we have ' once.' E x . % ' twice,' ft: ' thrice,' qg: ' four
times,' qap^:, ^^i^i, &c.
12. The termination ^ is applied to and t^,
a n d ? r a : t o ^ a n d % i i 5 , in the sense of 'as much as.' The
three former become m, w and q;«r, and the two latter ^
and ^ ; as ' that much', ?irar^masc. nom. sing.

sirsp'R'i ?pwiq^5i;Bn ^'wft i

* Nom. plur. of ^ n. Vedic.

t Nom. plur. of m. Vedic.
t This is repeated when the sacredfireis kindled. It con-
t^ns a description of the imaginary shape of the fire-god.
 SECOND BOOK OF SANSKRIT 143

§ The nominative of this is ^mi, understood. This refers to

the repeating of the verses by the Hota at a certain ceremony.
II At the ceremony called SIRR^^, which forms a part of
the Agni§toma sacrifice, a great many verses are repeated by the
priests. The number of these is determined in this passage, For
instance, first he says, ' If the sacrificer desires a long life, one
hundred verses should be repeated.' Then follows a reason for
this; and so on.
+ This qualifies q^RTH or sacrificer, understood.
** This refers to the <<aWM.
* is here equivalent to S^RI^.
t The subject of this is the priest understood.
+ In the Vedic dialect, a preposition need not be immedi-
ately prefixed to a verb; several words may intervene.
144 SECOND BOOK OF S/"TSKRIT

Mli»fel<:<JM4W«i fe#!t ^feci^uiM; II

^ 1^ x r a ^ ^ ^ tjit^ I
tra^FitR^ •ii/Juii q^Rr'Jt (^4\MCI II

On the 27th day of the month a conclave of Panditas

was held.
A t that time ninety-nine men were examined, of
whom fifty-four were found to be good grammarians.
The Panditas say that there are eighteen PurS^ias
and twenty-four Smrtis.
Originally there were three Vedas—Rgveda, Yajur-
veda and Samaveda; afterwards there came to be four.
There are now two principal branches or Sakhas of
Yajurveda.
The Smrti of Manu is in twelve chapters, and in the
seventh the duties of kings are enumerated.
On the tenth of the bright half of Asvina, people in
the Deccan give to each other leaves of the Sami tree,
calling them gold.
§ This is a deviation from Panini. See last Lesson, Art. 3.
 SECOND BOOK OF SANSKRIT 145

A l l enemies were killed by the five Paijdavas.

Rama cut off the ten heads of Ravana.
He gained proficiency in the four learnings (lores ).
six Sastras, and sixty-four arts.
Thrice I told him to depart, and when he did not do
so, I gave him a kick.
The Hindus believe that there are eight guardians
of the eight different quarters.
Of the eighteen Parvans of the Mahabharata, the third
is the best, because it contains many pleasant stories.
The doctor has directed me to take this medicine
for* forty-two days.
I have studied seventeen cantos of the Raghuvamsa,
seven of the Kumarasabmhava, nine dramatic plays, and
dghty-six pages of Pataiiiali's Mahabhashya.

V O C A B U L A R Y XVII

SRiri^ tn. n. / . destitute of ^ - % with SSlft, to pass away.

8HRWr m. not beginning. [ft«T. 3 ^ tn. n. f. last.
«PJJ5!r pot. pass. part, of ^% gqsTPPT \ n. the ceremony of
with sjg, to be recited. 'iM'liW 5 the investiture witl>
«WHI4W n. going to the end. the sacred thread _
(anr with s g ) he s i ^ / . an art.
recites, repeats. 5pf «. business, work.
m. a year. ^SBi m. the eighth incarnatiow
si^%it/. (ari n. half, ^l€l/. of Visnu.
ten millions) five millions. fwnjSjr tn. the dark half of the
« l t r ^ m. day and night, lunar month.
an^^nr »». one wishing to m. a proper name.
live a long life. 3fR tn. n. neuter, impotent.
* See note §, p. 21.
11
148 SECOND BOOK OF SANSKRIT

and qj?^ is changed t o ^ a s ^ pos., n#!ra[ comp. and

3. The final syllable (i. e. the last vowel with the

preceding consonant) of the words ^ , 5^, i%sr, and
g ^ , and the portion of 5 ^ are dropped, and the;
preceding vowel takes Guna; as 5sj^ pos., ^of^ims. comp
and ^8#B sup.
4. The possessive terminations gra; and ^i^, to be
presently mentioned, are dropped; as « i ^ ^ pos., '^^mi,
comp., and sup.
5. The following is a list of the irregularities :—
Positive Comparative Superlative
SRRiT praiseworthy | sqrq^

1^ old

aii?5i^ near
firm, well
%^ dear
few firm
thick, m u c h
heavy
wide
many, m u c h
long

many, m u c h

young

3Rq small

6. The comparative ending in ^ should be declined

in the manner shown in Lesson X X V n , First Book,
Its feminine is formed by the addition of ^ and of the
superlative by affixing
 SECOND BOOK OF SANSKRIT 149

7. ^ is another comparative termination, the super-

lative termination corresponding to vi^hich is m. These
are applied not only to adjectives but to nouns, particles
and other indeclinables and verbs. In the la?*- case they
take the forms ^im, and ^wra^ and also when added to
indeclinables, except in those instances in which, with
the terminations, the indeclinables form adjectives.
The words to which these suffixes are added undergo
no change.

q^^cwm; y^W^i*^, ; -d^W?: adj., 3 ^ W T : adj.

8. The feminine of adjectives ending in 5R and m is
formed by affixing an.
9. Derivatives signifying the 'possessor' of the
thing expressed by the base are formed by affixing JT«1 to
substantives; as '^nm.' talented' from vff' talent.'
10. The JT of this termination is changed to ^ when
the base ends in J^or ai (short or long), or has either for
its penultimate; as sq^r^ ' wealthy' from gsr ' wealth';
fi«H<, T^re^, *rR^,
There are a few exceptions, as ^sm^, ^ ^ d . , &c.
11. To substantives ending in ar the suffix |q; is also
added in this sense, before which the preceding «r is
dropped; as ^ f S ^ , &C. ft^ is another termination
J, , Jiping this sense. It is applied to some nouns; as ?RrR^.
t^^^|jij|12. 5^ w. « . / a n d m. M. areappended to
' SwMns in the sense of ' l i k e . ' The final letter of the
b K is dropped and an added to i t ; as ?nt5T' like that,'
^^OfSi' like thee.' i[5Ji,and become | and ^ ; as
13. The verbal or other forms of sj, or sometimes
vfS. are added to a noun or an indeclinable to express the
* doing or being like' the thing denoted by the base.
 150 SECOND i;OOK OF SANSKRIT

14. a. The ending at or an is changed to except in

the case of an indeclinable, h. The preceding ^ or 3 is
rendered long; and c. (short) is changed to fX.
d. Final ^ and the of J R ^ , ai^s;, ^ g ^ , ^?Rt, and
are dropped.

il'a:.—^fcRilrT. ?T5fhT3tfw, T^tvraft, l(W<!4fl<Mifi, ^Bftijg^

^Mil-W ^¥ll[t ^g^I I

i
 SECOND BOOK OF SANSKKIT 151

?i#i3?it Wort sRsqi; ^ 5 ^ ^flw< s t B ^ i g -

I .

Kausalya was the eldest [ ] of the three wives of

Dasaratha, and Kaikeyi the youngest [g^R^].
Sita's bodily form was more slender [ ] than
Draupadi's.
That the greater : ^ ; is equal to the less [ ^ ] is
absurd.
In running, the horse is the swiftest [ sng ] of all
animals.
152 SECOND BOOK OF SANSKRIT

The virtuous [ ? ^ , g<RT] are happy [gfar] and

•deserve respect.
Rulonipi was dearer [ftfn] to Krs^ia than Satya-
bhama.
When one's luck is bad, even his relations become
< as if they were) his enemies [ i l w ].
What is he called who has wealth [ ^ ], or fortitude
r%?f],orfame [ «Rra, # ^ ] , or land [ ^ ] ? *
A l l should become as of one mind [ ] and
having taken this net shouldflyoff.
Indra was the mightiest [ a i t s i j ^ ] and most
powerful [^ffesj;] of all the gods, and therefore they
crowned him king.
The sense of the original passage is rendered {as if >
clear [ f l ^ ] by a commentator, and sometimes mysti-
fied [ *gr ].
Damayantt was the most beautiful [ gs^?, gj^ ] of all
the women of the time, and the most devoted [ w u ,
ajgn; ] to her husband, t
Thy heart has at this moment melted ( become as if
SL liquid [s[^] } through affection.
The bullocks that are fastened to the yokes ' of
•carriages are fatter [ihd] than common ones.
O Sita, there is not another woman like thee [ ? ^ ]
so pure, so simple and so loving [ sjgrm, ], and not
another man like me [ JT^ ] , so ruthless and so cruel.

* The student should answer this question,

t L o a or Gen.
 SECOND BOOK OF SANSKRIT 153

V O C A B U L A R Y XVIII
3ig tn. n. / . little ; m. an atom, 3iar / . matted hair.
a small.particle. sftcFT «. livelihood.
ind. below, down. ^fRct «. life.
Sig^S^q^ tn.n.f. compassionate. gproM ( ». knowledge,
9pa? n. difference. WJ} m. a way) the knowledge
3lfM*)«-<J tn. son of Arjuna. of God as a way to eternal
area; *n. n. a sore or wound. bliss.
ara^igHIT pres. part. act. of tn. a male child, a son.
Si*^ with Wl, hanging. 3fh&/. splendour.
3pR!IH». residence.
53 w. n. f. firm, strong.
m. a snake.
H ' ^ ' H S n. final beatitude.
m. n. / . wet.
ifR^3 «». a master, owner,
Ifs^ m. n. / . wishing, wisher.
3^ / daughter of a king girgft^ tn. a proper name; n. a
named Virata. ( white ) lotus ilbwer.
^((iT'd'i rn. n. / . what is above. ^ m. n. f. large, great.
gqWT «. a present. «. restraint, imprisonment.
»». n. J. of one mind. / . a girl.
tn. the hair. « . / . illumined by
«R^pr tn. ( ?;fqf action, and the Vedas, possessing the
qftfj^ a way ) way of action, splendour conferred by the
»'. e. the performance, of practice of the Vedic rites.
religious ceremonies., &c, as ^jf^lvJlrf tn. ( v^f. love, devo-
a way to eternal bliss. tion, and m. a way)
tn. a quarrel, devotion to or love of God as
w. a bundle, a collection, a way to enternal bliss.
m. «. / . weak, thin.
f>*''WI8l'U| n. help of Ktisna. *n«Wtn tn. (iKm «. luck, good
/si co«y. Parastn. with fortune, ?lRl in. accession )
aifit, to cross, to go over, to the accession of good luck or
transgress, fortune.
gg" m. n. / . small, mean. ^ m. «./..much, mighty.
««.an eagle, the bird of tn. n. / . middle;«. waist.
that species used by Visnu HJSFJT^ w. (Jig »». one of the
as his car. progenitors of men) one bom
154 SECOND BOOK OF SANSKRIT

of. Manu, a human being, a fi(!BF5 m. n. f. courageous, pos-

man. sessing prowess.
JTi^^Timdl / . ftWHl^dl / . capacity to in-
dull, VfJT^
fortune, M<^*i\*H one who is spire confidence,
unfortunate) misfortune. ftq^ m. an object giving
Ilfl%^/. name of the daughter sensual pleasure.
of a certain Gandharva. iSlwytH^^ tn. a proper name.
^giq+lRH, '«• «• / • very bene- i5lWK tn. extent.
volent. fxIF?ra;^ «. ( 4TIW "1. history,
n. folly. account, ScJiJi ». hearing)
^sl<44<l. m. a proper name. hearing of history or
JTsnftf^ adv. according to the account,
riiles laid down in ceremo- ^fi^-^oft/. braided hair.
nial works.' ($lfl<i( «. a kind of flower.
qgfJl/- name of a river. tn. tl. f. pure,
m. n. a yoke. ^^ra w. possibility, probability,
^ I V K I I I I ^ »t. ( t n . a warrior, ^i^yrl. m. n. f. good and bad.
<444M tn. a multitude) a mul- ^ T J ^ «. water.
titude of warriors, an army, ?Rh^ m. ». / (^ with #15 w.
a rope. sorrow) afflicted with sorrow.
^CH^ with 3^ 7si conj. Parasm. ^Tf^lini: adv. by thousands.
to die. ^H?T / • wife of Arjuna.
«. secrecy, solitariness, #|crr / . service.
a secret; adv. secretly, fM. « . / . gentle.
solitarily. f^Rcj; m. name of. a monkey-
»n. n. f. small, devotee of Rama.
n. the body. m.n.f. short.

Absurd a j j ^ />o:si ^ r i . aiginv Common HraHOl m. n.f. U|44M

past part. Cruel g^hft m. «. / . [ m. n. /.'
Bad Sli^F^ m. n. f. [ f t / . Fastened ft^fli past pass. part.
Bodily form iig^ «. an^-
Commentator ^ i R ^ m. tm- Kaikeyi 4 ^ / . name of one
of the wives of Dasaratha.
 SECOND BOOK OF SANSKRIT 155

Kausalya ^^c^lT /.name of one Rukmini ?s(^JT"ift / • wife of

of the wives of Dasaratha. Running f^4^u| n. [ Kfsna.
Moment SjPJI m. Ruthless m. n.f.
Net SIRT n. Satyabhamt g s w W l / name of
Passage, original, ^?5JF«J m. one of the wives of Krsna.
Pure ft|5t5fte w. n.f. Sense 3l4 in. •
Relation m. ^s^lR m. Simple ^ m. n. f. atlvjcj^Vb
^ift m. m. n. f. m. n. /.

LESSON X I X
COMPOUNDS
Dvandva ( Copulative ) and Tatpurusa ( Determinative )
I. 1. In Sanskrit one simple noun'^' may be com-
pounded with another, and this compound with a third or
another compound; or several nouns may by compound-
ed together simultaneously. In this manner we may have
a compound consisting of any number of simple words.
According to the sense or manner in which nouns are
thus put together, compounds are divided into several
classes, t A compound of the class called Dvandva consists
of nouns which, if not compounded, would be joined by
the copulative particle!; as m« w^is=m^^; mv

*I.e. a substantive, an adjective or an indeclinable word (SISIPT).

+ It should by no means be supposed that any noun may be
compounded with any other in any sense. The Sanskrit idiom
allows of certain compounds only and not others. Ignorant per-
sons, not knowing this, put forth as Sanskrit what is by no
means so. Many minute rules have been given by the gramma-
rians, some of which are reproduced in the text. Practically
the usage of the best authors is the safest guide.
I There are certain rules as regards the order of precedence
of the nouns forming compounds of this class, which are not
noticed here.
 156 SECOND BOOK OF SANSKRIT

2. a. When the compound consists of two nouns,

each being understood to be singular, it takes the dual;
and the plural, when it contains more than twp nouns.
h. The gender of the final noun is the gender of the
whole; as f f s n g j n ^ iT^ftffsrf^. c. A Dvandva
compound is singular and neuter when it implies an
aggregate or when the things enumerated constitute
one complex idea, as sn^irf^^H^. This may be
called 'the collective species' of Dvandva (SamahSra
Dvandva). When a compound consists of words
signifying insects, limbs of the body of an animal, parts of
an army, objects between which there is natural antipathy,
or of common names not denoting an animal, it is always
of this nature; as ^jsrfesin^, qrrSiqi^, ^ i ^ r w l f ^ ,
«rPiRi^fe. In other cases this construction depends on
the will of the speaker.
3. A word ending in and implying blood-relation-
ship or some kind of learning changes this vowel to arr
when followed by another word ending in or by gsf; as

4. When a collective Dvandva compound ends in a

letter of the palatal class, or 5, % or ^, the vowel sf is added
on to it; as ^^aspj^^, 5nftt«RJ^, =tTf^c=TO^, rf^qMPj,
When it is not collective, the ai is not added as in Jtif
II. 1. A compound of the Tatpurusa class consists
of two members, the first of which determines the sense of
the other, * or is attributive to it. The attributive member
may have the meaning of a case, or may be used in
apposition to the other, and consist, in this latter case, of
auvadjective or substantive. The former we will call an
inflectional compound, and the latter an appositional

* In a few cases the attributive member is placed after

the other.
 SECOND BOOK OF SANSKKIT 157

( named Karmadharaya in Sanskrit Grammars ) ; as v^:

g^:=W3ig??T: (inflectional), «n?: = »iw?Rsn^: (app.),
g^s'niH^=5^^wnH: (app.).
2. There are six varieties of the first species
corresponding to the six oblique cases :—
a. {1) A noun in the accusative case is compounded with
f^, aiHig, ift?f, 3i5j^, 319', STTOT; as ?<ni fa?r:=?i<«n^;.
Ji'^THW:=5:WRf;, ^ its:=WJ'HW:.
(2 ) When the accusative expresses the duration of a conti-
nuous action or state, it is compounded with another indicative
of that action or state ; S'^'l^Hf^^^.
b. A noun in the instrumental is compounded ( 1 ) with
another expressive of the effect, ( 2) with the words ^fSK,
WT, or words having the sense of gjT, and with
ftgm, ^st and ^Sjjoi.
(3) It is also sometimes compounded with verbal derivatives
when the instrumental has the sense of the agent or instrument
of the action.
(4) When it 'signifies an article used to season food, it is
compounded with the following word, if that word signifies a
kind of food.
Examples—{1) 5l|5Srr«3"5:=^J|5JP^:-—(2) JTI#T#=
wm^'., Hrar ?tsfi:=+)i<iM«i:, 5rmr ^m^-. ==n***5:, &c.—(3) f#Jit
5ng: = |RilW., •Fi!fi5w:=«?'3filW:. &c. (4) ^Sffi^Ti^^^fi^sr:, &c.

c. A noun in the dative is compounded with another

(1) expressive of the material of which the thing expressed by the
first noun is made; as 'JJTI'l' ^ ^ ^ J R T C . (2) It is also compounded
with Siif, 81%, g??r, and ? j ^ . The compound with aw
is an adjective and takes the number and gender of the
noun it qualifies; as (^<HI«WH,= i ^ ^3n^«wt=§^iwt
'raPK, f|«rft^J3f#iiw w , 'gjfwft ^:=»ijnifo;, ?it ^d4^-<il^a^,.
158 SECOND BOOK OF SANSKKIT

d. A noun in the ablative may be compounded with vp(,

^f|g, and ift, and sometimes with sntT, 5^, qft^T, and

e. ( 1) A noun in the genitive may be compounded with

any other noun ; as 3^q:=?rag^:.

But there are many exceptions.

It is not compounded with verbal derivatives ending in S I ^
and 5 and denoting the agent; anjl s^RTW «r29T
not a p : ^ , af|<^MW^.: or ^ e t l

There are a few counter-exceptions as ^c|<|vi<4>;,

snsnPTTsi*:, &c.
Such genitives again, as the following, are not compounded;-
^ fs^: grif TO, atf«^TOt^ftSTJplqr, &c.

(2) aiTT, ar^, and 3 ^ are compounded with nouns in

the genitive, and are placed first. Similarly a word expressive
of a part is compounded with a noun in the genitive case
expressive of time and is placed'first. In both cases the noun
in the genitive should signify the whole, of which a part is
expressed by the compound; ^•.-^Wim,
= Ji^n^;, &c.
( 3 ) A noun expressive of the time tliat has elapsed since a
certain occurrence, is compounded with the noun expressive of
the occurrence. *i-iiiM\ ( one since whose death it is
a year) = JTRTJIRf:, &c.

/ A noun in the locative is compounded with the following

words:—^fh^e, Hgpi, i^m, qj, prar, g ^ , <w,
&c. Ex.—^ qg: = terns'., WTRt i f ^ : = ^ P T O P S ^ R , aiRl^
= aiwJSJM":, &c.
3. A n appositional of- Karmadharaya compotind is
possible in the following cases:—
 SECOND BOOK OF SANSKRIT 159

a. A noun expressive of the standard of comparison may be

compounded with another indicating the common quality or
ground of comparison; as «J«T ^ = gsBpiWT:..
6. A noun expressive of the object of comparison with
another such as ansi, "ap?, qu, &c. indicating the standard
of comparison •, as «nH ^ = i^Wnsi:, ^ ^ =
^ WreiJW = ><|<Wf«4j;, qr?: qnft? = qR;<nnt Or these may be
dissolved thus :—gjgitsr - S'sR'^ti 'I4H>'I <W*Mj^= •tiKM<iH>.
c. A qualifying noun with the qualified noun in most cases;

d. Two declinable participles, the first expressing previous

and the second subsequent action; as anitt ^IRR «lST?g(%5r: =

4. The compound of «i and implying negation,

with a noun belongs to the Tatpurusa class.
5. When the first member of an appositional or
Karmadharaya compound is a numeral, it is called, in
Sanskrit, Dvigu. A Dvigu implies an aggregate; as
w m t jfWHf wnfR:=fil3^5rn. A Karmadharaya with a
numeral as the first term must always be a Dvigu.
6. The following words drop the final vowel or the
final consonant with the preceding vowel and add a> under
the circumstances mentioned :—
(a) qft^ at the end of any compound, as ^qifnr:.
(b ) fiftj and at the end of a Tatpurusa, as

( c ) ffft at the end of a Tatpuruja . when preceded by a

numeral, an indeclinable or a word expressive of part, such as
&c., or by wf, ^pms or g<»iT, and in a Dvandva when
preceded by «jf: j as ( i ^ m t HktiC, ^^itm'..
(d) at the end of a Tatpurusa, when it is not changed
to ««H by rule 7; as ^pmfH, Jqf:, 3 W n r .
160 SECOND BOOK OF SANSKRIT

7. 3if5j;is changed to sis at the end of a Tatpurusa.

when preceded by an indeclinable or a word expressive
of a part, such as aro, &c., or by or ?mRrj
?ratf:, "^fti:.
8. a. g?;, ifi; ( when it does not mean the yoke of
a carriage) at the end of any compound and b. jfr
when it ends a Tatpurusa have sf added to them; as

9. a. A Tatpurusa follows the gender of the final

noun. b. The collective Dvigu is neuter, and that
ending in « is oftentimes feminine and takes the suffix
asw3^g^t,!^^s^fiw,-w-w^,qaTI^(fromqaq;and n l ) ,

c. A Tatpurusa ( i n all its species ) ending in an^

and aif is masculine, but when wi is preceded by a
numeral, andaif by g»?T, it is neuter, as «0TRI:, HWTHE:,
^•cm^ SPW^Jt
10. When a neuter Dvigu or Dvandva ends in a long
vowel, the vowel is shortened. The short vowel corres-
ponding to % and ^ is 3, and to q and \ is 5, ^parft ( from
f l and mii ' a measure of grain').
 SECOND BOOK OF SANSKRIT 161

fs'iranwi^nnft ?ra5 i

^sirt^nm^OT *4VM^^fedfii4 q^tj?^ ftaft «raft ^

The master teaches us eight times in a fortnight. §

*In a compound, a word ending in a consonant, when not the

last member of the compound, is treated as before the consonant-
al case-terminations; snSR^+smi^^aim+ariRr^^aiRqnRI^,

f Spoken by Kfsna to Arjuna who had expressed his nn-willing-

ness to light.
§ The student should use Sanskrit compotmds for the words
printed in italics.
12
162 SECOND BOOK OF SANSKRIT

The priests perform an Agnistoma sacrifice in six days.

The glory of Rama's exploits was sung in the seven
svargas and seven Patalas.
The duties of Brahmanas, Ksatriyas, Vaisyas, and
Mdras are mentioned in the Smrtis of Manu, Yajnaval-
•kya, and Asita.
Rama and Sugriva made an alliance of mutual
asdstance.
Raghu, who took with him his great army going
towards the eastern sea, appeared like Bhaglratha, who
led the Gavi^ fallen from the matted hair of &iva.
Traversing the eastern countries in this manner, the
'Conqueror reached the coast of the great* ocean (which
appeared ) dark on account of the forest of Tali trees.
Having rooted out the Vaiigas (who were)haughty on
account of theirfleetof ships, he erected triumphal {of
triumph') columns in the region between the branche
•( breams ) of the Ganga.
The fang of the Kalingas received him with missiles,
as the mountains received Indra, prepared to cut ( t h e i r )
wings, with stones.
The conqueror took away the wealth and not the
land of the lord ofMahendra who was fird captured and
then released.
The sea, though pushed afar by the arrow of Parcm-
tamo, appeared as if touching the mountain Sahya on
account of his extensive army ( which joined the two ).

*H5^ becomes HIT when it forms the first member of an

appositional Tatpurusa or Bahuvrihi.
 SECOND BOOK OF SANSKRIT 163

VOCABULARY XIX
vfitdtf m. a kind of sacrifice work to be got through, duty.
^Wlt m. n. burning charcoal m. the Kali age, i. e., the
«r3r/. a she-goat age in which the world at
4|RlPt«M)«A m, n. /. very fruitless present is, being the last and
«»fillWK a great error, most sinful of the four ages.
great carelessness »l?r m. the throat
SigJWr n. following in death jpi m. efficacy, advantage
or dying after, as in the case ^OT m. n. f. last
of widows burning them- 3W w. victory, triumph
selves with the dead bodies ^ft^ »». «. f. embodied, having
of their husbands. a body ; m. a man, the soul
^il9IVT rn, loss ft?JT »«. hell
Vt^K in. contentment, absence f^<(44i m. n.f. useless, vain
of greed. a way, a mode
WRT m. n. J. being in the qR«*<M m.n.f. {pot. part, of
power of another, dependent, 5131 with nft) deserving to
helpless. be abandoned
«BfW m.n.f. {pot. part, of •jftm* »». becoming mature,
with «t) insufferable. maturity
*iwR<T m. n. f. followed, prac- R^t^m »w. pain, affliction
tised ; « . practice, act qRr w. falling, fall
*t|WWlft«J[ m. n. f. one who m. help against an
commits suicide evil, remedy
3?q!8 past part. pass, of ^ings^OT n. restoring to life,
revival
with 3^, let go, discharged
-^1l«°ti m. name of a person Jfum m. n. f. {past part, of
Vf\ with n ) disappeared (as
^PfSfK m. store, storing,
gathering darkness ) and appeared ( as
Sqftff past part. pass, of j% light); n, day-break
wiht collected 5 «.• a root, basis
•syta m. n.f. {p. p. of ^wiih jfiff m. foolishness, infatuation
Zt) dead, deceased, ceased m. hastiness, rashness
n. sin m. disease, sickness
^ToftT «. what is to be done, a adv. early
164 SECOND BOOK OF SANSKRIT

SUT »«. acquisition, gain | f^til^d n. wanton pastime

^Si: m. plural the name of a i / . agony
people or their country _ | an armour
^ 7st conj. Parasm. and Atm.\^(^ m. the world
. ""'^^ ''^^''"^ ;?wf%^ «. a slip, a mistake
qra? m. n. a day r . u .
»s r , ^ , . ! ^ w. the female breast, the
ra^FwTt pres. part, of the
pass, of the caus. of to go
with ^) being thought or a column
considered n. one's duty

Alliance ^ftq m. gsgST n. Patala TRtra «• the nether

Assistance ^IfRST n. region.
Captured past part. pass.Prepared Msf part, of « m
of JI^.
Column ?3TVr w. Pushed afar ^^tWTfer; •imU.«
Conqueror ftf^irftg m. past part. pass, of the caus. of
Cutting m. with
Dark ^stm w. «. / . [ m. n. f. Region between sjr?R n.
Eastern ^ m. n. f. pron. JJI^ W «•
ExploitTO5I3Tm. ai^dt(R<l «. Released grR /wrrf. ^ass.
Fleet of ships ^IsWT «• of 3^.
Haughty ^asi /)ari. Stream n.
Lord !n«I »«. Tali a i ^ / . a kind of palm tree.
Mahendra w. name of a Touching W m. n.f.
mountain and the adjacent Traverse 36H 7 si and conj.
country.
with an Parasm.
Ocean 3pfe m. Wing IJJJT m.

LESSON X X

COMPOUNDS—continued
Bahuvrihi and Avyaytbhava.
L 1. Two or more nouns in apposition to each other,
with the attributive member placed first, may be com-
 SECOND BOOK OF SANSKRIT 165

pounded and used as an adjective to qualify a suDstan-

tive. The substantive must not be m apposition to the
separate members of the compound. A compound of
this nature is called Bahuvrihi; as J^Rig:, "fl^uwre:. A s a
Karmadharaya, JTcraif: is equivalent to J ^ T ? ^ : 'great
a r m ; ' but as a Bahuvrihi, it stands for *<gMig4iW ' h e
whose arm is great,' i. e.,' great armed;' so also ^mmKi
•* he whose garment is yellow.'

TTfl^nf^^ W=*<8l*(l§«f*4:. Here «nf or nyq^ does not

stand in apposition to TO, but the compound irsmif: does,
as it qualifiesTO.In vinytiKlTO:,^QUT: is in apposition to
TO, wherefore the compound is not a Bahuvrihi. That,
therefore, is a Bahuvrihi in the dissolution of which the
^ i s in an oblique case; ^=mt^ nm: j «n5* ^

2. Sometimes the first member of a Bahuvrihi is not

in apposition to the second; as ^ w f t : = ^ qrift «fw ' he in
whose hands there is a wheel.'

3. When comparison is involved, the first member

may have the sense of the genitive; as ^5?Brt^:,
equivalent to " S R T ^ *lP<i4<^. A s a Tatpurusa it means
amply <eF;{^
4. The negative particle ^ or or a preposition
sometimes forms a Bahurvlhi compound with a substan-
tive; as aiftfBTH: ' l ^ W= %fen IPir'TWS: = 1*1^:
<see 10 below), ftii?r sffft??^ w=ft3aft?r:, 33C?ti*?q?i
^=gggp^:, &c. aifttwng<<:, ftifaiai:, &c. are also admis-
sible by the general rule.
5. A compound of words denoting the cardinal points
belongs to this class, and signifies the point or direction
between those points; as 'north-east.'A noun
signifying a direction, which when unampounded is
166 SECOND BOOK OF SANSKRIT

declined like a pronoun, is optionally so declined when

thus compounded.
6. A compound of « or m with substantive when^
used as an adjective is a Bahuvrihi; as ^sp^. ^ig^
7. A n adjectival compound of a numeral, or an inde-
clinable, or of aiRBt, or s j i ^ with a numeral is a Bahu-
vrihi. In this case the final vowel, or the final consonant
with the preceding vowel, of the latter numeral, and sif^
of i l i ^ are dropped and the termination si is added. E x .
firai: 'two or three,' filssm 'twice ten,' about ten,'
J. e.,'nine or eleven', arrawft?!!: 'nearly [twenty', ai^jfifenr
'not far from thirty,' 8ifiH.-ciMiRftli: 'more than forty.'
But ^ when preceded by gq and ft does not drop any
letter, but «i is simply added to it; as ztr^i^: 'about
four,' flwg^r:' three or four.'
The compounds formed by rules 5-7 are ordinarily
dissolved as follows :—

8. W h a i the 1st word of a Bahuvrihi ends in flR,or

is a feminine noun ending in ^ or g;, the termination «
is added on to it;,as t w : *af «jw sura^,
!rtr'iftBWt: = i f » t r # ^ : , «TOr«^:. This rule is not appli-
cable when the feminine noun is such as is capable of
t a k i n g ^ o r 3 q [ for its final before the vowel case-ter-
minations. ^ is a counter-exception.
9. a. If a Bahuvilhi ends in or these words
assume the forms of angr and as ^einsw: 'lotus-eyed,'
«ii^;stn^ 'one whose bow is strung.' b. U it ends in i p *
this word becomes n<N, when «ift, g or f?fir precede^
or when the compound involves comparison; as zsj^p.
<i«TT^9 & C . c. Similarly, VR} becomes vdn^ when
 SECOND BOOK OF SANSKRIT 167"

preceded by a single word. d. When the ending word

does not vmdergo such changes and additions, ^ is opticHi-
ally affixed to all compounds of this class except those
formed by rule 5-7; as sim<nft|iirijl Ir ^qtsfe<H<i4l.
10. The final vowel of a Bahuvnhi compound, if its
last member is TJt or a feminine noun ending in «ui, is
shortened, when no ^ is added; as ^ 'TPT =
= 3!f;ft*n4:. The snis optionally shortened,
when ^ is affixed; as .a»tfl*iwfa: or srafjftflrfe:.
11. 1. Adverbial compounds (aisaraf^) are formedP
by putting together an indeclinable ( a preposition or an
adverb) and a noUn. a. Adverbs are to be considered
as neuter accusative singulars, b. Adverbial compounds
ending in a» take sometimes the termination of the
instrumental or locative singular, c. A final long vowel
becomes short (sea 10, p. 160). d. The ending ^ is dropped,
but optionally when the final substantive Of the compound
is neuter.
Ex. -ilf^sft ' in Hari', 3igft»g ' after Visnu,' i. e., ' follow-
ing Visnu ', g^ltqi^' near' the Gafiga,' sigtqp^' along with or
by the side of the Gafiga,' <((iKlRh' according to one's abilities
«ranoi^' on or in the soul,' UttTV^ or JfH^ ' every day,' ^f^nn^
' together with straw.' These are thus ordinarily dissolved:—

wftfir^xij^lft I ft«nt: «nn!i;=aig^^ I iqnm: ^Rftqi^^

VfWn. ' 'Hrw^wan,^ <»<3*«K. SlRj(W«4(9*«l = «WRlftB >
168' SECOND BOOK OF SANSKRIT

sirawrairnT TT ai^r^tw^s^^jmrajii ssiraonET swift

^^tq^idi ^idvjflftclci !?jfqg^ s^ira^tMt •gi'-^^i'fi-a^^

ifi^-eKUIAq? |<r<WdPsi&dl(^ S[^f^c)Hl*^UpmM4»|M<4R-

* This refers to Kadambarl, a damsel who goes to a certain

appointed place to meet her lover, Chandraplda, but finds him
dead. Hopes have been held out to her by some supernatural
power of her lord's revival, and she has been directed to preserve
his body.
 SECOND BOOK OF SANSKRIT 169

4(<i)<(<4)^*^q sn^jranrt ^ 'TOTS fti#f sn ii

I saw or sijc men, tnore thanfifty-fivecows, and

nearly sixty dogs on the road.
This is the king of the Angas, whose love has been
sought by celestial damsels.
In him the goddesses Srf and SarasvatI, whose abodes
by nature are different, live together.
The king, who heard the account of Mahasveta, was
not able to say a word, overcome with girief.
This is a king of the name of ParcarAapa, whose Sipirit is
vrfcihomdble and who has obttdned great fame by ke^ng
Ms subjects contented.
I now explain the principles of NySya according to
my abilities.
locas^Hy towards the fire.
R a ^ u erected a trophy or triumphal column on
every mountain.
172 SECOND BOOK OF SANSKRIT

^UTRUT *n. company, association gjl m. power, pith [ reign )

fTOtW^ past part. pass, of;irj4)JT m.n.f. imiversal (sove-
the caus. of with g^and 4th conj. Parasm. to sew
311, placed together
fjBJi; with and Sir, to be- m. n. f. fragrant
come attached
gt^FH m. n. f. having breath
^R3j 6th conj. Parasm. to be or
become ready ^ofS^in m. name of a sage

Abode 3 ) 1 ^ n. 3 ( 1 ^ m. Locust m.
Angada m. a kind of Love ai^<|4| m.
ornament Nature m.
Broad fti^M m. n. f. Overcome aif^R^ past part,
Celestial dam.sel ar^Rg; / . pass, of \with 9f(if, M<A^
m. n.f. anfSt w. « . / .
Chest ^srac n. Paid back SR<|f$!( ^ s i
Deposit m. fSt^ m. pass, of the caws, of m with
Different ^nr past part. pass. Sift [ a king
Parantapa "J^a'l w. name of
Every Stft prep. Prowess sraiq »n. qmilT m.
Fix SF'l 9th conj. Parasm. Sought Sftf^ past part. pass.
Hemafigada m. the name of apj wuVfe R •
of a king Spirit ? M n.
Keeping contented aigt^iR n. Towards vfy prep.
(as applied to the subjects Unfathomable 8RTO m. n. f.
of a king). Waist ^ n.

LESSON X X I

CAUSALS

L The causal of a root is formed by the addition of

ai«T, and making the same vowel changes as before the
aw of the 10th conjugation; ^ i f t 'he makes,' *R»ift
'he causes to make.'
 SECOND BOOK OF SANSKRIT 173

2. The causal forni takes either pada.

3. Roots ending i n SB^( except «n, «m and
and the roots:isi^, a i4th conj.), w{, 3^,
and several others, not very important, do not change
their vowel to its Vrddhi. Of these, snq;, aR(,-and ^
change their ai optionally, when not preceded by a pre-
poation; as «H«rft, TOTft, iipjft—'ipiwft,
4. Roots ending in SIT and the roots ^ and add
on the augment i before SPT ; as ^ r ^ m f t , ^Vf^, si'^jft.
5. Roots ending in i?, ^ or air substitute sn for their
vowels; as ^-w«irT«T^, ?h?r-?r<wfir. (See 14, p. 94 ).
6. ^ shortens its sir necessarily; »% and op-
tionally, when not preceded by a preposition; as wt^,
HJM*<fi or «A|(fl{f^, M'^iiwRl.
7. ^ substitutes ^ for ^ optionally; as ?rt«rilh?tpift.
becomes aiq;.
8. VI and 9>l insert a nasal before the final; as

9. sr. IE, %, and q i ' to drink' add ^ instead

of 1 before m; a i d «ii ' to protect' adds ^ ; as fftmfiT,
sra^rft, &c. The roots ^ , * a n d % with ajf^ substitute
an for their vowels; as a m r ^ , sfimft and s r a n q ^ .
10. '" The ending ai of aPT is dropped when followed
by the augment ^. m itself is dropped, the vowel changes
being retained, before ( a ) the past participial termina-
tion, {b) such as begin with q; and ( c ) those of verbal
derivatives which begin with a vowel; as ' to know,'
ftf^ ' known,' and ' made known,; prim., ^fei^f
caus. The aw with its last ai dropped is retained after

'•'The rules in this Article apply to the aPT of the 10th

conjugation also.
174 SECOND BOOK OF SANSKRIT

a root having a short penultimate before the zt of the

indecUnable past part; as JJOWBT.
11. The causal forms of roots of the 10th coajuga<
tion are the same as the primitive.
12. When the causal forms of intransitive roots, of
transitive ones having a literary work for their object
and of such as imply motion, knowledge or information,
and eating, and of ^ are used, the agent of the verb
in its primitive sense is put in the accusative case. This
rule is not applicable to sfl and ^ and is optional in
the case of s and In the other cases the primitive
agent is in the instrumental case.

131 I
 SECOND BOOK OF SANSKRIT 175

^ q^TRTOq 51 n ^ R i ^ II

^ g 5^: TTiJ * yid<<ft ^ II

^ f^^^ ?n^nf&r ^ ^if^r q r a ^ . i
i j ^ s f q i ^ JT 5If5Pcr^ JTT^: II
#itJTqf% f q ^ ift^PTlf^ Jit ^ r f ^ I
5»9S[ftra 5 ^ g q w w r t ? q ^ ii
q ^ ^Trqrl^T^^I^ 15Pt[li UeJWq I
isiq q ^ Tl qqrfoT f ^ t ^ I f ^ q% II
^i=?l^ J i q m f q ^Ttqr^^l
q>p?TOrei I c R ^i4i-s^d<«!i^iH. n
*f^*si"n*dvi«<ic«iq«t«i«Kr
«fttoT'mqcftq »T^nM»^ I

ft>tiqft?3?T Qiq II

The king makes the Brahmpas accept [ f IT{ with !#]

the money.
Vasistha caused Dasaratha to perform Im] a sacrifice.
*This refers to the soul whether of man or the universe.
tThe causal of the roots is to be used.
176 SECOND BOOK OF SANSKRIT

The wicked deeds of Bajiraja make us blush [ ^ ].

Indra caused MataU to bring [sft with sn] Arjuna to-
heaven in his own car.
He first makes men confide [ >m. with ft ] in him, and
then destroys [sr^, with sra or « r a ] them.
Being commanded [ ?! with «n ] by his Guru, he every
day fed [ ^ ] his cows and made them drink [ >ir ] water.
He finished [aur^ with w^] his morning devotions
after which he fed [ ^ ] sixteen Brahmaijas, and then
took his own meal.
Rama's going to a forest to live there for fourteen
years occasioned [ g s ^ w i t h j i ] Dasaratha's death.
Saiijaya made Dhrtarastra hear [ g ] (told him ) what
happened on the field of battle, where the Pa^davas and
the sons of Dhrtarastra were fighting.
It is fate that sometimes makes brothers and friends
fight [ ^ ] with each other, and occasionally causes a
man even to cut off [ ] his own head.
A father shouW marry [ ift with ^ with ft or 3^ J
his daughter to a well-behaved young man, of a respect-
able family and of good education.
The verses that this boy has repeated remind [ ^ ]
me of the times in which I lived on the top of mount
Prasravaiia with my beloved and my brother Laksmapa.
The .^yapanrias went to the sacrifice of Sausadmana
and took their seats within the Vedi, whereupon the king
ordered his men to unseat Lm with them; they
accordingly unseated them. While being unseated, they
cried aloud.

*The ^ of and ^sm. is dropped after the preposition g^.

 SECOND BOOK OF SANSKRIT 177

VOCABULARY XXI

3131 m. n. f. unborn 5ng=ft / . tiiD Ganges

anlSft tn. n. f. not of a sound or 3 ^ Istconj. Pamsm. to blaze,
grave mind, little-minded, to burn
impatient fti?T:»»- « • / • austere, severe
a i f t l ^ ^ / promise, determina- ^wn / . thirst
tion ^ 7s? conj. Parasm. to burst,
31^ 1st conj. Parasm. to move, to tear
the beverage of gods, m. n. f. inaccessible, un-
nectar approachable
ani m. meaning, true sense q f c * / . the earth
ajJ^H^Rt, nt. n. f. immutable, ^4^4 »«• the lord of mountains,
undergoing no transforma- the mountain Himalaya
tion ftw m. n. / . eternal, constant
V(SB(q m.'n.f. immutable ftjj^ «i. «. / . tenantless, lone-
tfcl^y^ m. sound some
m. a certain class of demi- ^fNn »M. «• / • resorting to a
gods low man, possessed by a
^«urc|4J4, rn. the name of a humble man; flowing down
person a sloping ground
<^41|<4> «• boyhood ijl4 w. son of name of the
^i^^H past part. (used as a Pandavas
substantive ) n. a, cry g c q ^ m. name of a king
^^4th conj. Parasm. to be «. manliness, prowess
•wet S^ft/. disposition
^ 1st conj. Parasm. to pine or JlftinCl/ female door-keeper
waste away Jtm^WT n. boldness
?lft/. walk, gait
<^^K »». sobbing
nf»l m. n. f. impassable, im-
wi. name of an architect
pregnable
Wrea; m. wind
secrecy, protection
JTT^ «. a couple, a pair
/ • greatness, grandeur,
majesty ^ 7sf conj. Parasm. to vomit
1st conj. Parasm. to become sr^ 7s« conj. Aim.togo, to cover
exhausted m. warlike feeling, one
q]f m. heat of the nine poetic sentiments
13
 178 SECOND BOOK OF SANSKRIT

^it^ tn. a name of the godi^iw n. power, greatness

Visnu IHM^ n. water
m. source m. sweat, perspiration

Accordingly ^ ^ , rPJT, ^SW^ | Respectable ftf^; of a res-

Cry ^ 2ttd conj. Parasm. SfiP^j pectable family 3lfiTJI!T^
1st conj. Parasm. j m. n.f. ^?ft»r til. n. f.
Education ftuf / . of good edu- jSausadmana tn. name
cation ^^^m m. n. f. Wit^' of a king.
^ in. n. f. gftsft?! m. n. f.
Sometimes ^^rfel
Family ^ggr n.
Syaparna ^^fM m. an indivi-
Occasionally H«|H*ll5t
Prasravana Sl^WOI tn. name of dual of the ^^nTJ} family,
a mountain. which was a family of priests
! Repeat ^Ist conj. Parsam. Well-behaved g^ftw m. n.f.

LESSON X X I I
AORIST

1. The so-called Aorist expresses simply the comple-

tion of an action without reference to any particular
time, or a recent, or this day's action. It is similar to
tne English Present Perfect, which, the student will re-
member, "defines an action as having happened in a
portion of time which is not yet expired; it brings a past
action into connection with the present time." The
Aorist should never be used in narratives'''. arsiR % %
g?t: [ Ait. BrShmana ] ' A son has been bom to thee';
gwm^ 5 ^ T ^ ¥^ii<*['i\: [ Ait. Brahmana ] ' I give that
to thee who has told only the truth;' 35 im 3 ^ i\MMH\
g^g: (Rgveda Samhita ) ' The bright splendours of the
dawn have arisen ( begun to appear )'.

2. The Aorist is used with the prohibitive particle m

* In the later Sanskrit literature the three past tenses are
promiscuously used, no distinction being observed among them.
 SECOND BOOK OF SANSKRIT 179

and has then the sense, of the Imperative. The temporal

augment is in this case dropped; as »rr w »w: ' D o riot go;'
w ^flNft33if5rm«r: ^rpmi: ' M a y he, who is the creator of
the earth, not hurt ( k i l l ) u s ! '
3. There are seven varieties of the Aorist. The
temporal augment 3i or aii is prefixed to the roots in this
tense as in the Imperfect.

I.—First Variety
1. The terminations of the Imperfect are applied to
roots with the exception of that of the third person
plural, which in this case is Before 38C the preced-
ing an, if any, is dropped.

Sing. Dual Plur.

1st pers. am ^ JT
2nd „ ^ ?m ?r
3rd „ ?I 3^

2. <n 'to drink', ^ , ^ , and other roots assuming

the forms of ^ and w in virtue of rule 14, p, 94, »ir which
is substituted for f ' t o g o ' i n the Aorist, and 'to be'
belong to this variety.
3. The third person plural termination in the case
of ^ is ai^; and before the terminations beginning with a
vowel q[ is added on to sj.
4. Hi,^, 5it, # and are conjugated in this way
optionally (remember rule 14. p. 94). Their other forms
are made up according to the sixth variety. > takes the
third Aorist also.
5. This variety is Parasmaipadi exclusively. Such
of the roots belonging to it. as are Atmanepadi also, take
the fourth or fifth variety in that Pada.
180 SECOND BOOK OF SANSKRIT

'to give'
Sing. Dual Plur.
1st iiers. 9H?TJ^
2nd » atcfr:
3rd s«5t
an being dropped before by 1 above,, we have aia[+
3 ^ = 3!f:. Similarly SRg:, sig:., &c.
11.—Second Variety
1. aj is added on to the root, and then the termina-
tions of the Imperfect of the first group of conjugations
are appended.
Parasm.
Sing. Dual Plur.
1st pers. ajJJt. ^ »T
2nd „ ^ ?r
3rd „ ?j an^

The ai is elided before au^and sj^, and lengthened before

^ and n. ( See p. 7 note§ and p. 5, F . B. )

Atm.
1st pers. 5 ^ Jift
2nd „ 5«n»^

The aj is elided before 3Rr and lengthened before ^ and

as above.

The radical vowels do not take their Gupa or Vrddhi

substitute.
3. This variety is Parasmaipadi with but a few
exceptions.
" Rule IL, p. 67 is applicable in this as in all such cases.
 SECOND BOOK OF SANSKRIT 181

4. Some roots are conjugated in this way optionally

and some necessarily. The most important of these are
given in the foUovdng lists :—
a. Necessarily
fe"^ to anoint ^ (Tg;) to fall
/{(^ to sprinkle ft^ to pulverize, to grind
*!; i%) to call g^ 4th conj. to nourish
ypti^4th conj. to wpnder, to err
These three roots when
Atmanepadi take this varie- to be mad
ty optionally sg^ to leave, to release
3rac ( ) to throw to be silly
3irt to obtain ^ to cut
to be angry ^ 4th conj. to covet [to speak
to be fatigued «R mParasm. and Atm.
^SPf^4th conj. to forgive ^ to be able
w ( ^ ) in Parasm. and Atm. to perish, to wither away
to tell 51^ to be calm [ to regulate
m^to go (fil^) to govern, to rule
to be greedy jtra; to distinguish
^B, to devour g«T to be purified
to be distressed in body or W ^ t o exert one's self
mind 4th conj. to adhere
^ to be satisfied to be dejected, to sit
to be thirsty ra'^ 4th conj. to be ready
^ to be tamed ^ to move, to creep
^ to be depraved ^ i l ^ to bear affection to
^ to hurt, to act the traitor fet3[ 4th conj. to perspire
SRT to perish jq; 4th conj. to be glad
b. Optionally
^ to reduce to powder ^ to cut off
^ to proclaim ^ ( ) to become old
to drop ^ to be satisfied
" The forms which some roots assume before 31 are enclosed
within brackets; as ajR^+8m=3IRSJ^; a>^+3m= auiW..
 182 SECOND BOOK OF SANSKRIT

to be proud first conjugation are gene-

( ) to see rally Atmanepadi, but when
to wash oil they take this variety of
the Aorist they become
to know
Parasmaipadi : [ wards
fi(^ to penetrate
to make for, to tend to-
gat to join ^*Ji to become agitated
to make empty to shine
^ to cry s*fT ( « ^ ) to perish
^ to obstruct ^ ( « ^ ) to fall
ft^ to separate ^ to shine
4th conj. to be pure ^ to be
( « ) to swell f tt to increase
Twaf) to jump upwards m to shine, to look decent
^ ( ^ ) to obstruct ( ^ ) to drop [ down
?3f5 7St conj. to break off ^ ( ^ ) to fall down, to drop
The following roots of the to perspire

5. Of these ik takes the third and fifth varieties

besides this, and the rest, the fourth [or the fifth according
as they are Ami or Set.
6. takes the seventh variety when it means * to
embrace.'

7. Such of the roots in the two lists are conjugated

in the Atmanepada, with the exception of those mentioned
above, take the fourth or fifth variety in that Pada.

Sing. Dual Plur.

1st pers.
2nd „
3rd „

^ Atm.
1st pers.
2nd „
3rd „
 SECOND BOOK OF SANSKRIT 183

m —Third Variety
1. The Aorist forms of roots of the tenth conjugation
and of causals are made up in this way.
2. a. The SPT is dropped, but the vowel changes and
others effected in the primitive root before it are retained.
b. The penultimate vowel is shortened, c. Then the
root is to be reduplicated according to the general rules.
If the syllable following the reduplicative one be short
and not prosodially* long, d. the ar of the reduplicative
syllable is changed to %; and e. its vowel generally,
when short and not prosodially long, is lengthened.
f. T o the base so prepared are to be appended ar, and the
terminations of the Imperfect as in the second variety.

Thus from *n?W (the causal of by dropping we

have ; by shortening the penultimate, ^ ; by reduplication,
W | ) by changing the reduplicative ai to 5, ; by lengthen-
ing the 55, and by applying ai, the termination and the
temporal augment, arft'T^. So from *H^*|ft (caus. of spj^ )
we have by a. m^^; tTW?; by c, and 2 e. p. 72; aiq^qs^ by / .
For b. there is no occasion, since the penultimate is not a
vowel, and none also for d. and e. since W, the syllable follow-
ing the reduplicative q, is prosodially long,~being' followed by
a conjunct consonant. ^I9«lft ( caus. of ); by a.; ^ P ^ l ^
by c. and 2 e., c. and b. p. 72 : by d.; ^H^m^ by / .
For b. there is no occasion, and also for e., since the vowel 5
or the reduplicative syllable f% is prosodially long.

3. a. If a root begins with a vowel, the following

consonant is reduplicated and 5 added to it in the
reduplicative syllable, b. When a conjunct consonant,
with q;, ^, or as its first member, follows the initial
vowel, the second member is reduplicated.
*A syllable is prosodially long when, being short itself, it
is followed by a conjunct consonant.
184 SECOND BOOK OF SANSKRIT

Thus ai^-sns^-aiisE by 2 o^.; an? by 2 6v; by 3 a.; anfej,

by adding the temporal augment 3IT ( F . B. p. 62); and aixfeg^
by 2 / So 35=|;-35:3!q-3'?-3f^ by 3 b.; by the rule on
p. 62 F . B. and ^ p ? ^ . Similarly 31^ has ail^f^. In the two
latter cases g ^ and SR; are set aside and a[ and f are reduplicated
and 5 added to them.

4. a. If a root ends in g, short or long, that vowel is

to be substituted for ^ in the reduplicative syllable, when
the following syllable does not consist of a letter of the
labial class or of q;, ^ , or sj, followed by ai.
Thus ^, causal ^ g f q - ^ r a j - ^ - g ^ andftcB^;but as the root
ends in 3, we have ^^-^Bf-at^RSR^j but in the case of \ or
% we have a i f i f l ^ or aitflq^ and not ajfjTcRi or arj;!^.
b. The;^ is optionally retained in the case c& ^ , g, g,
^, and ^ . : E x . a i g s i ^ or arf^i«Rg[ Aor. caus. of w.

5. The following roots shorten their penultimate

optionally :—
»iat, wra, Urn., Jti^i "ftf, and also I5, ^
and a few others; as arW^g; or aifttfrs?i;.
'ft3T-'ftf~fq'fi?r'3lWte^. 2 e. ha& no place here. When the
penultimate is shortened, we have 'fi^ftf-ftft^-^ft^-srW^S?!,
6. The vowel changes mentioned in Article 2, i. e.
the shortening of the penultimate (b.), the substitution
of 5; for 31 ( d ) , and the lengthening of the reduplicative
syllable ( e . ) do not take place in the case of the
following roots :—

SR;, % ^x as ^ i i j - s r a ^ ,

7. The 31 of the reduplicative syllable of |,

jiq;, 51^, ^ and w ^ is preserved, and the \ of those of | ^
 SECOND BOOK OF SANSKRIT 185

and ^ optionally changed to 9?; as sRRm^i:, a i ? ^ , &c.,

and ara^se^ or aifttsa[.
8. Tim two forms •SFJPTIRI^ or anftnoRi.

9. The roots i ^ , f, and ^ take the the third variety in

the primitive form, takes it optionally. ^ (see p. 179,
Art. 4 ) drops its air after reduplication.
In these cases reduplication alone is necessary. sft-f|l^ +
aig^artlrf^iPra; by II., p. 41, the ai being weak; ^-ai^vig;.
10. ^nm^ has 3if^Rw<; q m f t , aj#sj^-, and a m f t ,

11. The penultimate short 5R of a root is optionally

retained, the long m optionally shortened.
W?ftr caus. of by dropping the apT we have ^ or by
the above ; 2 d. and e. are not applicable. fRJ
""'Ilr5'"ftl5i; by 2d,—^tf?jby 2e.—aicfl^dcj;. ^ ^ J T prim, or caus.
of after the dropping of the aPT, and by the above,
which give two forms aif^^t^ or arafear^.
12. Some roots, the most important of which are
s l ^ , 5rra, w ^ , m{, ?rra:,
and 115^, do not shorten the penultimate; as a i ^ s l ^
and ara^pjtj;.
13. ^ and ^ are, in the Aorist of the causal, to be
taken as f and gq;, and optionally as g ; as ai^^pg; or
ajisrag; by Art.' 5, aRjgqg;, anjjfmn; or a i ^ w i ; .
14. This variety is both Atmanepadi and Para-
smaipadi.
K ' to carry ' caus.
Parasm.
Sing. Dual
1st pers.. a<4g<H. a)iils<l'4
2ftd „ anftp:
Jrd „ aisftSta: aivjfliSWlH,
186 SECOND BOOK OF SANSKRIT

Attn.
1st pers. ai^SU^fl 3J%7ffl^
2nd „ 31^1^: aJ^r^«Tn5t. a>^>??«^
3rd „ arafew ai^l^gra ar^l^cr

I
 SECOND BOOK OF SANSKRIT 18/

We have drunk [qr] Soma and have become l^]

immortal.
Devadatta has weighed [ ^ ] this gold, make orna-
ments of it.
The king of the Kalingas has besieged [ ^ ] Patali-
putra, but many of his soldiers have fallen out [ « ^ ] of
the line and are looking for plunder.
Astavakra, coming from a place twelve coss off, is
now tired [ w^]. Give him food and drink.
He has not been able [ 515 ] to convince me that my
belief in the existence of ghosts is unfounded.
The minister has governed Ujmt. ] the country justly.
He is loved by all the people.
Govinda looked for the lost book one whole day, but
has not found [ ^ with sij^, with ^ and ] it.
We have cut off [ f ^ ] a branch of the Palasa tree
for making a sacrificial post.
Have you not washed [ « ^ ] your hands yet ?
188 SECOND BOOK OF SANSKRIT

I have given a hot bath* [ ^ caus. ] to my children.

Hast thou not heated [ 3^ caus. ] the water yet, as I

told [ ^ ] you to do ?

The owner being dead, they have caused the house to'
be pulled down [ caus. with 3^ or caus. ] and his
clothes to be burned [ ^ caus. ] .

V O C A B U L A R Y XXII

n-/- helpless ^rPI Jst conj. Attn, to spread

S ^ t R m. an attendant, a ser- ^ 4th conj. Attn, to shine
vant ^ with 3 ^ , to draw out, to save
3I33( 11. a lotus ^ 1st conj. Parasm. to suck,
(past part, of ^ with to drink
aw) attentive SR^ 1st conj. Parasm. to sound
arei^ m. name of a person tti. n.f. new
ara; 4th conj. with f^, to i(Qc||i f«. retinue
repeal, to abolish »15JRt »»• a kind of tree
w. a friend, a well-wisher 5 ^ w. name of a deity
a n ^ / . a line or row >«. awakening
5 withft<E,to set out »»• name of a deity
m. n. / . doleful, lament- 7sf co«y. Atm and co«y.
able Parasm. to fall
e)>|^^j ^ijsi; ^a-ri. j!>(7ss. of the nv^q j«. temporary hall erect-
causal of 5F^, planned, in- ed on festive occasions
vented fl^lipT m. wish, desire
W^em m. n. f. desirous to go I T O ^ / . a female swan
qifriw tn. a sacred fire kept m. the son of the god
perpetually by a house- of wind, Maruti
holder, household duties 5<| in. f. a fist
?nf*W? tn. n. f. concerning mt 10th conj. Atm. to look for,
him to search

* Use 3OTli?^ with the caus. of H I .

 SECOND BOOK OF SANSKKIT 189

^ 10th conj. to quit to meet with, to find

m. a banian tree ? n n ^ tn. n. f. occupied with^
10th conj. to choose full of
^ with SI ( in the causal) to past part. pass, of S
introduce, to bring into prac- with gij^ and 3IT, collected
tice fRFt-oft/. path, disposition or
10th conj. to deceive, to arrangement of things
defraud ^rft^ nt. the sun
« n / . beauty ^ 10th conj. to indicate
^ wiV/j and 311, to obtain. •WlW-i, tn. owner

Belief V(^f. ^tm m. Justly pqiiM

Convince \ with Jift caus., Line 5 ^ tn. column of an army
Love ftt^ 4th conj.; he is loved
Existence m. aii^ftt «.
Ghost OT. »«• N^IN tn. Plunder n. ^ S ! T w.
ImmoiXaX^s^ past part, of 5JUnfounded w. «. / .
wsV^t 31, 3Rrt w. « . / . Yet 3raift ind.

LESSON XXIII
AORIST—confd
I. Sixth Variety

1. The sixth variety of the Aorist is formed by add-

ing to the root the forms of the third Aorist of sret, with
some changes, the si of 3RI: being dropped. These forms
may be considered as the terminations. They are as
follows:—

Si/tg. Dual Plur.

1st pers. RW
2nd „
3rd „ ^
190 SECOND BOOK OF SANSKRIT

To be able to commit them easily to memory, the learner

may regard them as made up of the Imperfect forms of with
the arr dropped and prefixed, this latter necessitating the
change of the following ^ to % Instead of ^f^, g5[ should be
taken to be the third person plural form, and m is not to be
prefixed to the second and third person singular.

2. Roots ending in an*, q ^ , and sp^ take this

variety.
3. This variety is Parasmaipadi only.
II. —Seventh Variety
1. This consists in adding to the root the forms of
the second Aorist of ara[' to be', the at of aj^ being drop-
ped. In other words, add ai to «5 and append the termina-
tions of the Imperfect with the modifications shown
below. These forms, considered as terminations, add on
to the root.
Parasm. Atm.
1st pers. a n aw W W
2fid „ W ^ra^ R?T
3rd „ aau;^ a?!
2. This variety is both Atm. and Parasm.
3. Anit t roots ending in ^ , 'j,, ^ and 5, and having
%, 3, 5R, or ^ for their penultimate, have their Aorist
formed in this way.
4. The root ^ is an exception.
5. The roots and ^ optionally take this
variety.
* Roots ending in i?, \, and ^ are to be considered as
roots ending in an, as observed in Art. 1+, Lesson XIII.
t See p. 89, Note*. Also those roots which are optionally
Set when they do not take
 SECOND BOOK OF SANSKKIT 191

6. The third person singular, second person singular

and plural, and first person dual of the Atmanepada of
the roots f^^, and are optionally formed by
dropping the ?i or ^rr and appending the remaining por-
tions of the terminations.
J5t Parasm.
Sing. Dual Plur.
1st pers.
2nd „
3rd „
Parasm.

Sing. Dual Plur.

1st pers.
2,id „
3rd „ 3ifev?r

1st pers. 3IMIW

2nd „
3rd „

5I+fe5+Wr; i^-T5!?Cby 1., p.56-is5by 1V-, p. 57-i^-t-

q t l = ^ ! ^ b y note +, p. 97 F . B.—Sli^SWt. 3f+ RR[+?Rt; I ^ - R ^
by v., p. Si-f^l by V l l . p. 5 9 . — b y notet p. 5, F . B.-ra^+
liRjas above -aira^Rj. by IX. p. 6 0 - %
by IV. p. 57-%-l-q?jas above—aif^SRf. 3I-l-fq:+^;
Sec. as above 315^. 3I+ili^-H?ra[; fe^-fg?;, &c. as above-
aifegra; also j%5-l-a—i%?r+W by 1., p. 5 6 — b y II., p.
56—^^+^ by note* p. 21, F . B . — b y III., p. 57—and with
the temporal augment, !
192 SECOND BOOK OF SANSKRIT

He embraced [ r%q: ] his child and wept [ ?saf ] bitterly.

We have mounted with an] our horses and are
now marching against the enemy.
The flowers, brought yesterday, have now faded [ *|t ];
throw them out and bring new ones.
Having told us how Chandraketu and Lava fought with
each other, and how Rama commanded them to be quiet,*
he has ceased [?Ji[^ with ft Parasm.].
I have not yet thought [ ^ with ft ] which would be
better for me, the study of law or of medicine.
 SECOND BOOK OF SANSKRIT 193

Have you smelt [ HI ] the flower ? It is very fragrant.

The king has sat [ ft^ with gq ] upon the throne and
is consulting with his ministers.

We have protected [qi] you so long from evil or

J injury and you now act the traitor towards us; what could
be more mournful ?

Why hast thou abandoned [ f i ] an affectionate wife

: who never did anything you did not like ?

V O C A B U L A R Y XXIII

? «• doing, executing SR)5 past part, of ^ to shine

sipr m. sunset toJfTt B, shining brightly
sjigf/ the sixth lunar mansion w. division
. vnfR past part. pass, of f with ftwf n. property, wealth
'S 8iT,filled,covered tiNcM m. n.f. palatable
~ SiraWWPl nt. n. f. (aUTOTT nt. n. ^^sses pot. part, of q ^ , fit.to
f. near, and JTPt «• death)
be bowed to
one whose death is near,
7st con/. Parasm. to rain
about to die
^ m. a bamboo
anjft/. sacrificial oblation
4Jq|<<| n. accomplishing
(Rl4>JMiOI / • method or the
OTpr m. n.f. equal
way of doing anything
Rlft^ the holy mantra or
^Toffq pot. part, what is to be
done verse of the Rgveda, gene-
rally called Gayatri, and re-
^ ^ ^ y . family deity
filftl n. darkness peated by all the Brahmanas
i T O ^ / a pipe every day
• ftw^l^ n. daily religious gt 4th conj. Parasm. to end ;
performance with qR and aiq, to end in,
fS^T m. rain to result in

I 14
194 SECOND BOOK OF SANSKRIT

Act the traitor 5^ 4th conj. Evil S R 4 m. ISRpa: n.

Parasm. Fragrant grfir m. n.f.
Bitterly Sfg^R^os^, used as Law HAkU*i n.
an adv. March against qj^ with a|f»T
Chandraketu t I t ^ ^ m. name Medicine (as a science)
of the son of Laksmana,
brother of Rama More mournful ^t^W? m. n. f.

LESSON X X I V
Part I
AORIST—cowirf.
Fourth and Fifth Varieties
1. The most general varieties of the Aorist are the
fourth and the fifth. Any root that does not belong to
any of the preceding ones takes one or other of these.
In the same manner a root that takes one of the others
optionally, or in the Parasraaipada only, has its other
or Atmanepada forms made up in either of these ways.
2. ( a ) The fifth difiiers from the fourth in prefixing
the augment ^ to the terminations and consequently it
is the Aorist of Set roots and the fourth that of Arat
roots. ( 6 ) ^ and g when Parasm. belong to the fifth
variety, though AMI/ ; and ( c ) f and roots ending in
preceded by a conjunct consonant or in long when
Atmanepadi, and such as are optionally Set
to either, ( e ) ^|^when Parasm. and sissi^take the fifth only.
_ 3. ^ and ^ do not admit \ when they take the
Atmanepada tenninations.
4. a. The forms of the Imperfect of an^' to be' with
the initial an dropped, are appended to the roots a
terminations, b. The third person plural has g : instea<
 SECOND BOOK OF SANSKRIT 195

of g% c. When in the fifth variety 5 is prefixed, the

of the second and third person singular is dropped.
d. The rule about the change of to | given in 4, p. 90,
holds good in the case of « ^ in this tense. « i n is changed
to m v?hen preceded by ^ also.
I. preceded and followed by any consonant
except a nasal or a semi-vowel is dropped; as

Fourth Variety Fifth Variety

Parasm. Parasm.
Sing. Dual Plur. Sing. Dual Plur.

Atm. Atm.
m wit
m^ w-
set 55
PARASMAIPADA
Fourth Variety
5. In the Parasmaipada forms of the fourth variety
the vowel of a root takes its Vrddhi substitute; as

Fifth Variety
6. In the Parasmaipada fifth, ( a ) the ending 3,
SR, and ^ , short or long, and the penultimate ai of •
roots ending in ^ or ^ and ( c ) that of q^ and take
Vrddhi necessarily; as ^ - a i ^ - a j g r j f t q ^ , 'SR:-aratRq»l,

7. The 31, if not prosodially long, of roots having

an initial consonant and ending in any consonant except
^ and ^ , takes Vrddhi optionally; as or a n n ^ .
196 SECOND BOOK OF SANSKRIT

8. Exceptions—Roots ending in 5, n , % and the

roots"«ir^, m, srrq, ^ , m, m, ft, and some others, do
not take Vrddhi; as TOL-srwftqc-
9. The penultimate short jj, 3, ?R, 55, and the final
vowels of and ft take their Guija in the fifth form; as
f ^ - 3 ^ I ^ , s^-3RfNk,
ATMANEPADA
Fourth Variety
10. In the Atmanepada fourth variety, (a) the
ending 5 or 3, short or long, takes Guna, while (b) the
ending m. and the penultimate vowel remain unchanged;
as #-31*18, g-srats, ^-3B|«»?r 3rd pers. plur.. f5j^-3ifi»^.
Ending ?ii (long ) is treated as in 9, p. 2; as ^ - 3 R ^ ,

11. After a short vowel the ^ oi ^ and is

dropped; asK-3ti?t.
12. In the Atmanepada, ^ , vn, and such roots as
assume those forms in the non-conjugational tenses, and
substitute 5 for the final 3IT, and this ^ does not take
Guna; as 3i%r, arf^qiarn..
Fifth Variety
13. The ending vowel or the penultimate short takes
its Guija substitute in the fifth variety; as crafts,

14. In the Atmanepada fourth Aorist, ^ drops its

nasal necessarily; and nn, and ^ when it means 'to
marry,' optionally, ^ra: is used instead of fq; in the
Parasmaipada and optionally in the Atmanepada.
does not take Vrddhi.
f^withsir Atni.-3ir+3i + ? ^ - l - W - f - f a by 11 above
—3»f?f-3n5?l; dual 3(|?HWI*^—plur. 3)1f^. Another form is
 SECOND BOOK OF SANSKRIT 197

SJPI =
sift?, &c. «m with Atm.-gqi'W) •iMWyWI'i^&c. or <»<<i<<Vi
im<fawiH) &c- ^ with a n Atm.—^nnw or awrer &c.
15. The third person singular of the Aorist of q8[
Is siqift, /. e., it is made up by using the termination 5
instead of ^ 4th conj., ^ , m., and<aira;,
substitute this 5 for ^ ( or ) optionally.
16. ( a ) A s in ± e case of other non<onjugational
tenses the passive of the Aorist is made up simply by
appending Atmanepada terminations to the prepared
base. (See also A r t 3, p. 118) ( 6 ) The first, second,
third and sixth Aorists are active, wherefore the roots
belonging to them take the Atm. fourth, fifth or seventh
in the passive, ( c ) In the passive of the Aorist all
roots take 5 for the third p e i ^ n singular instead of ?=a
(ori{B)or^.
17. Before this \ the ending vowel and the penul-
timate at take Vrddhi and any other penultimate short
takes Gupa. The «i of and of Set roots ending in ^
( except ^ with «IT, ^ and ^m^is not changed.
18. Final air takes the augment q; before the %.
19. 5 of F ^ i s changed to ^ when the vowel undergoes
Virddhi(See7,p. 173).
^ Parasm.
Sing. Dual Plur.
1st pers. a m i ^ awi«# anrpaf
2nd „ aiwi^: aroT#Bt
3rd „ ann^ anirefj^ 3wr|:
3 » + ^ + ^ — W n ; by 5, p. 195—aWT^k ( notelp.97, F. B.)
Atm.
1st pers. apj«rit ai^pT%
2nd „ apjirr: ^(^VldlH, "^f^
3rd „ v^ apgqiai^ anjqw
198 SECOND BOOK OF SANSKRIT

si+^j-l-^—the vowel remaining michfnged by 10 (6),

p. 196 —the is dropped by 11, p. 196—snja.

^Parasm.

^+^+i^--^+^hy 6 (a), p. 195 SI5SI#I.

Atm.

1st pers. sraftft

2nd „ araft^i:
3rd „ ai»*(98

3'+5S.+?8-5gr^ by 13, p. 196 — a r a m .

1. being Anit belongs to the 4th variety; ai|-l-J|f +
by 5, 195—sira; by IX., p. 60—m by IV, p. 57—sn^
+ ^ by note t, p. 97, F . B.—mn^. Dual, 3I+J(f 4-5aTH-«nf
-f^n'^by I and 5, p. 195-Iim;+arat^ircrat. by note* p. 21, F .
B.—araiHrat.; ^^w- ^Wfg'- pers. aUIRSft".—SWUE^—SCTIS.
1st pers. auireiJ^-awiiafq, aWRT.
2. ^-one form is 31<pR|[by 4 b., p. 181. The root takes
5 optionally by 6, p. 90; hence it takes both the 4th and 5th
varieties, si + ^ + ^ j ^ r j - ^ optionally by 19, p. 95-?irt by
5, p. 195—aWP^flg^; g<i;-?n^ by 5, p. 195.—?U?n';#J; duals,
araigm and SRTO^, ^ being dropped by I., p. 195. The fifth
is 3ra'fR^, Guna by 9, p. 196; dual, awf^isn^, &c. So this root
has four forms, sq; is similar.

3. ?!nt—9il4-5q3t;+?Sig[—WK by 5, p. 195—sn? by note 1

p. 97. F . B . — s n ? + # l notej p. 97, F . B.—aiWRift?!; dual
^mi-MHf ^ being dropped by I., p. 195.

* The initial ^ of the termination is, of course, a sign of

the Aor., and therefore non-personal.
 SECOND BOOK OF SANSKRIT 199

4. 3l4-^+?fl?t-^ by 5, p. 1 9 5 — ^ by V., p.
58—qR[by VII., p.,59—iTO5by note t p. 5, F . B.—awi8ift?t;
d«a/, -l-^grat-ai+?r^+?5nH. First of all ^ is dropped;
then we have «l-|-^+?irat-?iq+?im;by V., p. 5S^5I«J+i3rat.
by IL, p. 56—aj^lTCtrat by VI., p. 58; plur. spsitg:.
5. q 5 [ - 3 i + q ^ + ? f i g ; - ^ - ^ by I, p. 112*—swp^flgt.
Dual, sr+cJI^+^Wmj; Here the ^ of q^ must be changed to
before dropping the ^ of ?amby I, p. 195. So 3l4-5rat4-^m

6. 5(^-31+?l5+?fi?i-qi5-qRC by I., p. 56-cn? by IV., p. 57-

^?+^-swnifRt; dual, SI+q^+^am-wi5+3^-^15+awtr
?n^7t-«tra:by II., p. 56-qR[-|-3m-qreraLby III., p. 57—SRrt^
b^ IL, p.'.102. Similar changes take place before gjjjj^rand Attn.
?r, vm. and •est^n.
7. ^ is both Parastn. and Attn. By 4 b., p. 182 one form
of its Aorist is ai^«|^. As to the other, we have first 3 J + ^
+?fi?i:-fR by 5, p. 195-IRI; by note + p. 5, F . B.—sif^^^firj; dual,,
^+'!am;-?ra;4-?ITl3[,, ^ being dropped-lr«l+sira^_by IL, p. 56-
ftSra^ by V L , p. 5 8 — S i l l ^ ; plur. sn%., Atm. 3 1 ^ + ^ -
^i^+^r by dropping ^ , then ^ as above-si^, dual gi^??n?H%

si+55^4RRrrat-3ra!'^rraratby notet p. 5, F . B.
9. 5 ^ - 3 J W J ^ by 6 (6), p. 195; si^-3R#^ or S H I ^
by 7, p. 195 ; ;F^-3PFtl?i;.
10. ^ being Anit belongs to the 4th variety. Si + ^j^+^jjg^
— ^ b y 18, p. 9 4 — ^ b y 5, p. 1 9 5 - ^ by IX., p. 6 0 - ^ by
IV., p. 5 7 - ^ + # t b y note: p. 97, F . B.—sreiRjftgt.
11. f Parasw. and Atm. being Set belongs to the 5th
variety; Parasm. swrflg^. In the Atm. it takes both the 4th
and 5th varieties by 2 (c), p. 194. « l 4 - f 4-^—si+^+g by
n , p. 196—8Il?r;Sl4f+^-«n:+^by 13, p. 196—3^%;-
q ^ + ^ optionally by 3, pp. 110-111—swf)^.
200 SECOND BOOK OF SANSKRIT

12. f with Sifq being Anit belongs to the 4th variety;

«n^+3IT+5+^—an^+aiT4-q:4-^-aiI%+^+^-3I«^; or ^
+3H-nT4??r-»ft+?5rby 2, p. 113—siajTfte.

5 ^ ^Kt-Mi a ^ i # j i ^ B g r o u r n^m^ sqr^-

'g'^gq^mt :f5<s«ft*i'-ddt qx i

yuQ's^ jnftqr^qr'^qf'Hi^fq 'cj5iTS'ftMN;?Ttrf^5%st

«^<*i<5 MKpj^fl^Jn q q g ^ ^ n w i

gjf^JTiitrqT ftS*lfe^<dt^ ^M44<r^lMJ !T fk>^^-

q ^ l
 SECOND BOOK OF SANSKRIT 201

5Ri I

<p*rhft I

3TO?rtftq?ra5 ^ t ? j f ^ : s ^ O R E ^ I T : ^^iftgrm^

3l4|-e|<^+*l*ui<rl q i JP^SVUVIW I
51 ?q sg^ <^ ?i^^jmra?^ii

3 T w f i g i a inr^tri^ S R ^ W f | ? i ;r g II
igjiafeEiwqqgasri ft (ftw5JNi«ws(^i
3wi«flr'Wi«<4<4i>^Th44!^^£rrei H ?C5IF?RJ^ II
ddli»h"{i<i^iiO'^-w*{i(^^iw[<a(^>i^fttd[ I
202 SECOND BOOK OF SANSKRIT

5enF?i ^ r f ^ sropq^NFT i ^ ^ N r a qifes:

*:ttHi4°4l^^'i>^ ^wFcf ^fM! fl?5in t I ^

t <fm ^5fNfifer ^qnfti% 1 ^ # q r a

IftsiTScr ^ ^ 1 gic<4<if?i 5»T5i?ifftiira5ftt

The enemies have burned [ ^ ] twenty villages, and

are now marching against the capital.
The birds confined in the cage have all flown
Atm. with 3 ? ] away.
The friends, whom I expected so long, are come
[ n ^ o r ^ , withanT] and have just alighted [ q w i t h a r a ]
from their carriages.

* The changes of the final, which some words undergo at

the end of compounds, do not take place in the case o f
Tatpurusa compounds with 31 or ai^.
t Acc. sing, of 3H^<^.
+ Dative used in the sense of the Genitive.
§ here takes the seventh form, as it should by the
general rules, and its ^ is not changed to «l.
 SECOND BOOK OF SANSKRIT 203

We have lopped off [ g or fe^ ] the branches of the

trees in the gardea
They have dug many canals communicating with
the river Sindhu, for agricultural purposes.
When he said [ q ^ ] he could be a Sanskrit Pa^idita
in ten days, I smiled [ft»T] .
Yajnadatta has recently preformed [ f , with ft,
or ?8iT with ] his son's Upanayana ceremony. He gave
] much Daksipa on that occaion.
It was but just now that they remembered [ ^ ] they
had sent a man to call Govinda for aid.
Do not be afraid [ *ft with JJT ], it is not a cobra that
you see before you, but a rope.
The EngUsh have killed [SR] the ring-leaders and
reconquered with gpn;] the country.
From his constantly sitting at home and not doing
anything, have resulted [ 51^, or q f with ft^ ) poverty, and
many painful diseases.
Have you made [ ? ] the ornaments that I told you
to make ? Show them to me if you have.
The king's surveyors have not yet measured [in]
the whole land.
We have torn [ | ] all those papers, now that they are
of no use.
He has pounded [ gs[ ] the medicine, emptied [ ]
the vessel, put (ftq; with ft] that powder into it, poured*
water and placed it on <ire.
Govinda's wishes ore gratified [<rc] and he is now
happy.
*^ with 3ra«l or with ft. j ^ becomes Vf% after ft..
204 SECOND BOOK OF SANSKRIT

He has abandoned [ arse with qft ] all worldly affairs

and has now become a recluse [ sn; with qft ].
We have not yet accepted [ with stft ] the money
they gave us yesterday.
They have served [ ^ ] their king faithfully.
The traders, have bought [ ?S with ] all the cotton
in the market, and sent [ k with a ] it off to England.
The monkeys have broken [^fls^si;] the roof of the
house.
The brothers have divided [ ira; with ft ] the ances-
tral property.
I have endured [ ? ^ ] all the taunts of the people
calmly and borne [ ar^ ] the responsibility of governing
uninterruptedly.
The two kings have equipped [i!^ with m,] their
armies for a battle.

VOCABIJLA.RY XXIV

ni. n.y. unable •^1^ with to hold a sacrifi-

siftRST m.fire-carriage,railway cial session, to perform a
carriage [ triya succession of sacrifices
si?!RTft m. name of a Ksa- S^a^^W: fn. plur. name of a
aigfq pot. part, of ^ with W^, country beyond the Hima-
what is to be executed layas (probably the original
aifiil^ past part, of gs^ with seat of the Aryas )
I • an^, assiduous sqft adv. above
s i f ^ tn. an enemy [ manded <i*W m. n.f. invariable
3TT^ past part. pass, com-i^RRt: adv. invariably
airs m. n. f. from an and ^ 1 ^ tn. son of IlQsa
past part. pass, of ^ to give, «. a medicine
taken away m. name of a person
 SECOND BOOK OE SASNKRIT 205

^Baq in. a rogue, a dishonest <Rg[ 1st conj.- Parasm. to be

person, a swindler crowned with success
5^pr3? n. name of a town Ist-conj. Parasm.and Atm^
sm^f fn- n. f. that which with ft, to divide
brings victory vn^Ilft / • wife of Duryodhana,
^IRI^T^ «. birth- ceremony the eldest son of Dhjta-
3|sftft m. son of Janantapa rastra
^iqST »n. an oppressor Jj^with 3f=t; to disregard
^ co«y. Parasm. to be Tff^ n. lustre, greatness
gratified or satisfied n. greatness, power
7sf con/. Parasm. to bite
^M<4<4, in. name of a giant, the
^ • ^ ^ m. a snake
maternal grandfather of
state, condition
Ravana
^ /s? conj. Parasm. to burn
jj'tfe'^n / . having the hair dis-
1st conj. Atm. to conse-
ordered or dishevelled
crate and thus fit oneself for
jj^^jltifi »»• «• / • of a lovely
performing a sacrifice
form or shape
^flWlil n.f. rude
m. a barbarian
5fi^ftconj. Atm. with Sit, to
1st conj. Parasm. with H,
pay respect to, to regard
n. the land of the gods to speak, to prattle
ftqft/. destiny qs!^ 10th conj. Atm. to deceive
ft^iC m. n. f. powerless elll^B m. a descendant of Vasi-
adv. down, below m. \'egetable [ stha
%fil / . the circumference of a gf^n"! m. n. f. powerful
wheel [ into ttsq m. name of a king [ sorrow
9^ with St and 3^, to fly, to fly^ft^gft^ m.n.f. overcome with.
with uft, to know or under- n. a sacrificial session
stand, to accept, to do, to « w r f l / • name of a river
practise n. counsellorship
ql7(fd|^ m. one who reads and <4 lc4goM m. name of a priest
explains the Puranas ^NHW »i. n. f. modest
206 SECOND BOOK OF SANSKRIT

Agricultural purposes, for. Painful « n n ^ m. n. f. <#jre?

i m. n. / .
Ancestral ft^3RT¥ m. n. f. Paper Ji.
Cage qaf? tn. Poverty ^TRH 5»fl% /•
Canal f s q r /
Capital ?ra«ipft/. Powder 8ift^ »»• ^ «•
Cobra m. i m m. Property «.ftw«.
Communicating ?pnW past part.Responsibility of governing
or 4Ji|«MW pres. part.
Confined f^ql^ia' past part. Ring-leader SMHfM^llI'l.
pass. H4(4 ^<isf ^«r?. pass. Roof g f ^ «. qz^ n.
Cotton ?JJS w. iqg m. Surveyor ^|i|4> in.
Disease anw »». Taunt 3qi55WT m.
Faithfully *R??n, HOTI [Trader qf&ist; m.
Market q«Rr^lftw/. aiNin m. j Uninterruptedly a<H«IH, adv.
Medicine ailq^ n. alW?^ / . a 1 Yaijuadatta !T5R^ proper
medicinal herb, gener. an
herb name

Part II

BENEDICTIVE MOOD

1. The Parasmaipada terminations of this mood are

made up by adding ttm. to those of the Imperfect. The
3rd pers. plur. is «ng: and the « of Jira: is dropped before
the gc and H of the 3rd and 2nd pers. sing.

2. T o the terminations of the Atmanepada Potential

and to the and ^ occurring in them prefix ^ . These
will be the terminations of the Atmanepada Benedictive.
4t«R. becomes ^ R : ^ ^ i n the circumstances mentioned i n
4 d., p. 195.

3. The Parasmaipada terminations are weak, and

the Atmanepada strong.
 SECOND BOOK OF SANSKRIT 207

Rules regarding the Parasmaipada forms

4. Alts. 2 a, 6, c, e,fznAg, in Lesson X V . , Pt., IL,
hold good here also.
5. The roots enumerated in A r t 2d. on page 118
change their final vowel to«?.
6. Other roots ending in an (whether originally or
in virtue of Art. 14, p. 9 4 ) preceded by a conjunct con-
sonant change their sn to I? optionally; as»g5?iR[r'5n^,
&c., from j^.
Atmanepada forms
7. The terminations take 5 after Set roots and
optionally after those that are optionally Set.
8. Roots ending in 5||: ( l o n g ) and in 5R (short) pre-
ceded by a conjunct consonant, and \ admit of % option-
ally; as q f ^ , (see below) from f, ??rR^, ^itz
from
9. The final ^ or 5R: and the penultimate vowel do
not undergo their Guna substitute when the termi-
nations do not take \ ; as from s, ?afWl5, ^f'Wfe
from gsifts from g ^ .
10. In addition to the general rule for forming the
passive of non-conjugational tenses and moods by
appending the Atmanepada terminations to the pre-
pared base. Art. 3, p. 118 also holds good in the case of
this mood.

Parasm.
Sing. Dual Plur.
Ut pers. ft?n^
2nd „ ftsqr:
3rd „ fqsjra:
208 SECOND BOOK OF SANSKRIT

Atm.

Isf pers. ^(ftgrff

2'td „ ^fzi: i5#m«nn
3rd „ ^frareim *<fl*«^
a. Explain the following forms, referring to the several
rules applicable in each case :—

ftwiai fisifts, '5«nti, wfrac, •ft'lFt

^qra;, qiaifti, »nft^, sprrai;, srara^, <fl<<f^, "^ifet,

/j. Give the Benedictive forms of the following roots :—

5, ^, Tst, si^, ^ , l i ^ , ?T, f*I^, ^, l^l,

LESSON X X V
DESIDERATIVES

1. a. The termination ?i is appended to the root;

and then the root reduplicated according to the general
rules given in lesson X L and Art. 3, p. 183. In the
conjugational tenses ai is added to ^ .
b. The ai in the reduplicative syllable is changed to
2. T o this ^ the augment ^ is to be prefixed or not
according as the root is 5 ^ or Afdt; subject to the follow-
ing exceptions :—
a. n^, and roots ending in 3 or ^ do not admit of
as ^i^Rift, i'ijrit.
b. ? Attn., HI Mm., n, all of the 6th conj., \
Mm., 3I53I;, ! i ^ , ^ and ai^ admit of as fi>!iR;Wki,
ft>3f^iS, &c.
 SECOND BOOK OF SANSKRIT 209

c. Roots ending in (long ) and and the roots i ,

ft> 3, i ; , and gpi: take \ optionally; as * f^qft or
f^ftqft from f^wlqft or i f l w ^ f t from ft, & c .

3. The general rule § as to Guna should be applied

subject to the foUowmg exceptions :—
a. Roots ending in \, 3, and ( a l l of them short or
long), or having these vowels for their penultimates do
not admit of Guna, when the to be appended to them
does not take the augment 5; as 3^}jrfrr, ft^fiqft.
b. ft^, and gq; do not take Guna. Other roots
having 3 or ^ short for their penultimate, and beginning
with any consonant and ending with any except q; and q[
admit of Guija optionally, when the takes the augment
i[; as ^l^, ggfteft or g^ril^q^, & c .
4. Roots ending in a vowel lengthen it when the is
unaugmented; as ^r^iJqfir from ft ' to conquer.' pj; also
lengthens its st.
5. a. u^, ^n, and J i ^ change the and ^ to 5R and 3 ;
as g g ^ ; (see 6, p. 101).
b. The q; of ^ is changed to 5 in the reduplicative
syllable.
c. The vowel of the following roots is changed to
l[ and the roots are not reduplicated :—
m, »fl, w, ^ , "BR, and other roots assuming the forms of
^ and qi, 515, qg;, q^. Of these, those ending in
a vowel add a fi^,
d. wi has and and Rt;;jqp)mw.

* See note, p. 216.

§ See Art. 6, p. 14.

•
15
210 SECOND BOOK OF SANSKRIT

e. ^ has three forms, ft"^, vft'^gft. ft#*rqi%. asj*

has ftg:ffll%, ftsieft, i^dPlmd; and qg^, ft?^, f^'iftqft.
/. \ Mm. has fqtnlq^ and g, when it talces i ,

g. has siftRW, and % with sjfcr, when it means

'to be convinced,' sj?ffmft, \ in the sense of 'to go'
substituting n^.
h. The ^ of ft is changed to n, after the redupli-
cative syllable, the ^ of i% and to ^, and the ^ of i %
optionally to ?.
6. Desideratives may be formed from the causal
base, or roots of the tenth conjugation, according to the
general rules.
7. Art. 4, p. 184, is apphcable to the Desideratives
of the Causal and of roots of the 10th conjugation.
8. a. A root in its desiderative form takes the same
terminations (Parasmaipada, Atmanepada, or both) that
it does in the primitive.
b. The desideratives of gr, W and are
Atmanepadi.
§ by 4, g: not taking % by 2 - ^ by 9, p. 2, 5R
not taking Guna by 3 <2.-ftsft^ by 1 fl.-ft^)qj%, ^, being
changed to ^ and sf appended to it by 1; Parasm. by 8 a.

1 a.-fijnt, ^ not taking ? by 2 A. and g;

not being changed to Guna by 3 a.

* rRI^ and qg^ are optionally Se' in the case of this 5[.
§ Before an unaugmented ?l the prescribed vowel changes
are ma:de first and then the root is reduplicated.
 SECOND BOOK OF SANSKRIT 211

iJ?E + « - ! 3 W f + H;, not taking ? by 2 fl.by

5fl.- - Qpii>—iwiff + - fjTi^l^.
m + ^ - %n:by 5 b.* - or by 36., ^ taking 5
by 2 - f^wtfi>q% or ; by 8 fl.
fi^^+f^-ft/iracby 1 a ; no Gupa by 3 a. ^/dm^.
9.fl.By affixing 3 to the desiderative form, nouns sig-
nifying the 'wisher' are formed. These nouns govern
an accusative, asft^:^a^.
b. By affixing aji abstract nouns are formed; as ^mm
' desire of knowledge', curiosity.

<|^<|in<4§flW f^S^flTHJi: sdcFB^c^ ^f^^Tf^'JSfm^m

*See notet, p. 101.

212 SECOND BOOK OF SANSKRIT

^^q'5i^T*raHf <m q^nt ^mr^j ^ n ^ ^ r ^ aire i

ar^fe^ i^vii<^iw) ^PT^J I

The dog is eAout to die* [sg]; do not disturb him.

Wishing to bend [caus. of ^ } the branch of the tree
he raised his hand.
A very violent storm arose, the sun was invisibly
and it appeared as if the wind was gmng to tear up
with g^] all trees by the roots, and to destroy [
all houses.
Visvamitra practised austerities for a thousand years,
till his whole frame, instinct with the subtle principle
of Brahman, became refulgent, and he appeared to be
about to burn [^] the whole universe by his extraordinary
splendour.

Use desiderative forms for the expressions printed in Italics.

 SECOND BOOK OF SANSKRIT 213

Having seen his own kinsmen prepared to fight [ ^1

with him, his face became pale.
This child is inclined to sleep [ ]; put him into the
cradle, and rock him to sleep.
There is a man waiting at the door who wants to
speak [ ^ ] to you on matters of great importance.
He who wishes to be free [ g n ] from the trammels
of the world (life) should go to a philosopher, become
acquainted with the Brahman, and meditate on it.
Those who wish to introduce [ caus. of ^ with u ] the
system of widow-marriages should proceed at once to the
task; the time for discussion is gone.
In that battle there was a soldier, who, being wounded
was afaicted with a raging thirst (desire to drink [ qi. ]).
Dhrstaketu was about to strike [ g with a ] a Rsi
with his sword, mistaking him for his enemy, when I
caught hold of his hand.
I went to Kasi intending to bathe t ] in the holy
waters of the Ganges, and to live [ ^ w i t h f ? t ] there for
two years to study the Samkhya philosophy.
The two girls went into the garden intending to gather
C with »ra ] flowers.
The self-existent God, desirous to create [ the
world, appeared on the surface of the waters, which
covered the whole space.
The parrot that was confined in the cage this
morning is about to fly away [ or qq; with 7^ ].
214 SECOND BOOK OF SANSKRIT

VOCABULARY XXV

g n ^ ^ nt. fitness to perform S ^ P T m. ( n . a penance,

any ceremony andSPT three) three penances
aTOT^Hftr m. ( o t h e r , i. e., with to store
western, and ^Kt^P^ ocean) m. the end of the quarters,
the western ocean countries in all directions
a n ^ < § ^ adv. (from 4m m. the m. n. f. difficult to be
king of Chedi, who was understood, obscure
Krsna's enemy) towards gH<n3r»». a porter, a doorkeeper
Chaidya tft with to perform the
^nnil^ nt. violent heat ceremony of the investiture
^ loth conj. Atm. to beg with the sacred thread
3]$nqq' denom. Parasm. and q ^ / . a line, a row
Atm. to explain <ra; with sjfJr, to jump towards
^<8MH< ' <tl /• not comprehensive, MR^HIIS / end, accomplish-
whose range is small ment
^lfgi9 m. n. f. without obstacles m. w./. violent
aiwfilW *n. the western moun- n. an army
tain, on which the sun, the past part. pass, of to
moon, and the stars are sup- destroy, blown up, destroyed
posed to set ^ m. n. f. much
a)M|^ m. a religious teacher m. name of an enemy of
who invests the student with Vistiu or Kfsna
the sacred thread, and in-9J^fr#T m. n. / . pertaining to
structs him in the Vedas the continent of Europe
aURn/ hope : with sn^, to ascend
Tg^^ f. tutelar (desired) deity crijuj n. rain-fall, raining
gjl m. n. f. raging, severe 10th conj. with to oppose,
g§q m. n. a raft, canoe to dissuade from
^t4}N m. the sun m. n. J. belonging to a
5lS^i)»-o>j. several Veda
4>l4j^l^ m. n. / . distracted m. birth
by having two things to do
at. one time ^ireT n. name of a system of
« 9 n. bank philosophy
 SECOND BOOK OF SANSKRIT

^ ( caus.) with j ^ , to drive tn. the family of the s.

away, to expel the solar race
n. stairs, steps
fll% / . accomplishment f^jg^ c^v. by violence

Afflicted 3n# pest part, an??! Kinsman gii^^wg »«.

past part. pass. Pale qi"^ w. « . / • w.«. / .
Cage q s ^ m. Philosopher arq^^ »J.
Cradles!^/ 1 Raging m. n. /- ^«ftq^
Discussion qRtl^qRT m. | m. ti. f.
Disturb j Raise sp^ caus. with 3^.
Extraordinary m. n. f. \ Refulgent ^^panrH pres. part.
Importance »p5q «. n^rq n. ; ^VrTJWR pres. part.
a matter of importance ij^- Rock ^TST de«. or anf^te^ deti.
^tq «• j Subtle principle drt^N «•
Instinct -i'riMd ./)«s^ /nrrf. ^ass.! System w. q5;i%/.
g^NqS ^<JS? part. pass. \ Trammel gs>W «• HH^ «i. «.
Invisible 31^^^ m. «. / . ! Violent Vpafi^ m. n. f.

LESSON X X V I
VERBAL DERIVATIVES
1. After Set roots the augment ^ is to be prefixed
to the of the infinitive of purpose, and not -after
Anit ones, and optionally after those that are both Set
and Anit.
2. a. The «i of the past participle is to be consi-
dered as a weak* termination.
Therefore the Gu^ia change ( 6, p. 14 ) does not take
place; and such rules as 4, pp. 100-101, and 9, p. 2. are
appplicable; f-f?r, q^-gt%r.
* By this expression is meant such a termination as does
not occasion a Guna or Vrddhi change in the preceding.
 SECOND BOOK OF SANSKRIT

b. The general rule about the augment ^ (1, above )

should be attended to. There are, however, many
exceptions.
c. The following 4-oots do not admit 5—
( 1 ) Those endig in ^ and ^E; g-ga, ^•^t
( 2 ) Such as take \ optionally before any termination
whatever.
?^-?5 ( 2, p. 110 ), g m - ^ ( 2c., p. 209 ), 2c.,
p. 209 ), 5 5 - ^ or 1^ ( 6, pp. 90-91 and I a., p. 102) !R3(.-iBRT
( 6 a., p. 218 and h. below )
And there are several more.
d. After a final ^ and ^ the a becomes sr, and the
preceding ^ is also changed to s^-, as from #iS
from
c. It is also changed to ST after roots ending in an and
beginning with a conjunct consonant containing q;, \,
or ^ and also after several other roots.
Ekceptions—^^, 7th conj., %, sjr, and ^ change the
to !i optionally; and and H^, do not.
f. The vowels of 5ft, ftq^ 1st conj., ^ f , and
undergo Gupa substitutes when they admit of ^.
g. The nasals of q^, ?J3t jjjj;, m, Jl^. ISf^,
5R<H, and q^ are dropped; as m from ^ from a?);.
Other roots ending in sp^and lengthen their
vowel when they do not take \ as ^m-^n^, wi^-^irRr, ^
?ERr ( 6 a., p. 218 and 6, pp. 90-91).
* Final q[ is changed to gs before a weak termination begin-
ning with any consonant except a nasal or a semi-vowel. This
^ forms Vrddhi with the preceding a? or Slf.
 SECOND BOOK OF SANSKRIT 217

i. The penultimate nasal is dropped when ?r does not

take ^; as ?5gi:-TO, 3F3i;-9WK-
3. a. The active past participle is formed by affixing
^ to the passive; as faarra; from ?ss<wi^ from gn:,
b. The feminine of this is formed by adding ^; as

4. a. The active participle of the Perfect is formed

by adding m. Parasm. and ant Atm. to that form of the
root which it assumes before the weak terminations of the
Perfect, such as that of the third person plural.
b. When this form is monosyllabic, i. e., contains
one vowel only, and when the root ends in ajr, % should be
prefixed to q^; also-admits of as from ?f, vi^im
from q^; but riijiciy,—ttswui from s i g q ^ - a i ^ from
c. After 5^, % 6th conj., fiRi:, and q^c takes
% optionally; as ^(iU4ii or* smsara from n^.
d. Before SRI and aiTT, some roots such as J F ^ , ajssi;,
&c., drop the nasal and roots in long do not take Guija;
as arr^q^, f^?f|%. The first change, however, does not take
place in the Perfect and the last does.
e. The form of the 3rd pers. plural of the Perfect
should be taken as the base of the participle before the
vowel terminations of the cases beginning with the
accusative plural and before the f of the feminine and
of the dual nom., voc. and ace,of the neuter; as f^SSq^-
f^ifigqr Instr. Sing., ^ r % * f., SPIRIT or ^^Riq^-3pg«rT Instr.
Sing., gpg^ f.
The form, however, should be modified according to
d. in the particular cases.

* See Note t p. 90.

 218 SECOND BOOK OF SANSKRIT

5. The participle of the Second Future is formed by

adding Parasm. and w r Atm. to a form of that tense
divested of its personal termination. The preceding «» is
to be dropped before ^ as ^fM^l ' being about to do,'
^B^fernitCactive)'being about to do,' (passive) 'being
about to be done; s[^tf^ 'being about to see,' ^sj'wr'i
' being about to be seen.'
The feminine of ^ is ^ap€t or ^f^.
6. a. The i^i of the indeclinable past participle takes
5 in the case of Set roots, and optionally in the case of
ordinary Set roots ending in ain3^^ or ara;.
b. It is a weak termination; but in some cases when
it takes % the vowel takes its Guria substitute.
c. 2 g. and h. above are applicable when eqi does
not take 5.
a^-J!Rqi or ?tmsn by 6 fl and this, 5ffl;-5n*?qT or
^iftffll, &c.
d. q^, ?Ji^, ms^, and sjn drop their final nasal option-
ally before the ^ of the indeclinable past participle, and
the remaining roots out of those given in 2g. above
drop it necessarily.
7. fl. The terminations of the Potential* passive
participle are a^q, ai«ilq, and q.
b. Before fisq and apftq^ the ending vowel and the
penultimate short take their Guna.
c. ?rsq admits of 5 in the case of Set roots, &c.
d. ( 1 ) Before q the final and the penultimate 5 and 3
take their Guna, the final becoming as f - ^ - w ,
•ft-q^.
" This is passive when the verb is transitive, and imper-
sonal when the verb is intransitive.
 SECOND BOOK OF SANSKRIT 219

( 2 ) The ending sir is changed to q; as ^ from ^ .

( 3 ) Roots ending in 5R change it to its Vrddhi; as
ifipf from f.
( 4) 1 Parasm. and Aim., t, and roots having
a penultimate short ^ do not change their vowel before q.
After a short vowel ?t is prefixed to ^ ; ?gpr.
There are some exceptions to these rules, which are too
various to be mentioned.
8. a. The affixes !j and ara form nouns denoting the
' doer' of the action expressed by the root. b. Before the
former the ending vowel and the penultimate short take
their Gupa substitute; and c. before the latter, the end-
ing vowel and the penultimate ai ( except that of Set roots
ending in n ) take Vrddhi, and any other penultimate
short, Guoa; as STPT? from ift; from ^ ;
(frw from from ^ j ^ w i t h an forms arrqw^B.
d. Roots ending in aq have «r added on to them before
this m i as ^fPB from w and ^ .
e. The of is changed to 5t before a derivative
suflSx which effects a Vridhi change in the vowel; as
^ ( See 19, p. 197).
/. The feminine of g is ?ft and of ai^, ^ and some-
times ai*t.
9. a. api, aj, and j% form abstract nouns from roots.
b. ft is a weak termination. Before it, the roots
undergo nearly the same changes as before the termina-
tictti of the past participle; as spq;-gfe, gq:-gRl>
c. Before ai some roots take Gu^ia and some Vrddhi
and before apt the ending vowel and the penultimate
diort take Gu^ia; as ^^-wra-^rasr, ^-m, ^^-w^,
220 SECOND BOOK OF SANSKRIT

d. The final n or 5^ is changed to f or n before th

31; as <i^-'ii^, g3^-q1»I•
e. Nouns ending in ^ are feminine and those endir
in SI are masculine, while those ending in are neute
as a general rule.

% 55^ni|c sn^cnRr ^srecm^

RI^^MI 3[f'5qt5fqr ^nr^^f^ ^|«4*M«r4l

s?r a n r a snu i ?t « f ^ : <jt<d:^ra«i(t

q>m<^ w^T <j^'qRj-^*<<^)<:^<i<<<iq NTfif«i^«nfq?rar^i

*The metres of the verses repeated at a sacrifice are

supposed to carry the offerings to the gods.
 SECOND BOOK OF SANSKRIT 221

'ET ^^RJIITS* ^ q ^ s i n I era: M>Ji«,*li"^l<r44d

n d^ii^M^"^ dR*>'^i<J d^HWdtal ^^^Ssira: sirfsr-

d 4 « x n > d M ^ « T q;: ^ m i n ^ ii

Valmiki cursed Nisada, who had killed t [ f^;] one of

a pair of Krauficha birds.
The Rsi blessed the prince, who had promised [g
with aft ] to give him a hundred cows.
Vidura gave the Papdavas some advice when they
were about to go [m,or%] to Varanavati.
Before he burrd [^] the town, the General removed
all the women and children from it.
Before ordering [ with am ] that the money should
be restored to him, the judge counselled him to conduct
himself properly.
Be/ore Yajnadatta was permitted [ siji with 3>g ] to go
away from Kasi, Devadatta told him to perform penan-
ces for the sins he had committed.
* The termination JIRT, as applied to nouns, means " only,
simply;" ^4MVH, " simply or only hit. "
t The student should use verbal derivatives for the words
and expressions printed in Italics.
220 SECOND BOOK OF SANSKRIT

d. The final ^ or 3^ is changed to f or n before this

3j J as <n[-4TO, g^-qtn.
e. Nouns ending in ft are feminine and those ending
in 31 are masculine, while those ending in aw are neuter,
as a general rule.

*s»?H% % ^ w J t sn^cnf^ 5ra*n^ f?is^?r

31^5 ^ 4|r^44l«< qqT% I

jsr mttRT srm i ?r ^fcrfit: ^<iit<J^(Stq>t-

*The metres of the verses repeated at a sacrifice are

supposed to carry the offerings to the gods.
 SECOND BOOK OF SANSKRIT 221

^ dRvjc<i<j dc^Hwdftal f^^^Ssira: v(^-

d m ^ W 4 4 ^ « r %i ^ fli^nf^ II

Valmlki cursed Nisada, who had killed \ one of

a pair of Krauficha birds.
The Rsi blessed the prince, who had promised [g
with Jjft ] to give him a hundred cows.
Vidura gave the Pandavas some advice when they
were about to go [m,or%] to Varanavati.
B^ore he burnt [ ^ ] the town, the General removed
all the women and children from it.
Before ordering [ with sji ] that the money should
be restored to him, the judge counselled him to conduct
himself properly.
Before Ya^zdatta was permitted [^Twithaig] to go
away from Kasi, Devadatta told him to perform penan-
ces for the sins he had committed.
* The termination jjRf, as applied to nouns, means " only,
simply;"ft^^TTil," simply or only hit. "
+ The student should use verbal derivatives for the words
and expressions printed in Italics.
222 SECOND BOOK OF SANSKRIT

When she was about to be sent [ft or ^ with JI] to he

husband's house, Kapva told Sakuntala to go round the
fire, and counselled her not to be proud of her greatness.
The garments which are to be given [ ^ ] to Visnu
are very good and costly.
That tree is to be cut down [ ^ ].
What is to be understood [fq;] from the curious
message he has sent ?
Jarasandha, who had conquered [ ^ ] all kings and
imprisoned them, was killed by Krspa and Bhima.
His word is not trustworthy I'm. with ft] and his
deeds are censurable [ft*?;].
That is not an eatable [ or g with aifir and sjq ] nor
a drinkable [ qr ] thing; why shquld we seek it ?
He, having shown some signs of wisdom, is no more
to be regarded [ A ^ ] as a fool.

V O C A B U L A R Y XXVI
313 m. name of Raghu's son f; with grj, to do good
ajiqwer adv. or m. n. / . very HJ^ wjV^qft and to advance
far, very long towards
adv. down %?Rsr nt. the country or region
3ig?5JT m. n. f. in accordance of the Gandharvas
with «. a metre
3fV^ m. mule sreRpi (sraT n. the hip, the
a q ^ / name hinder part of any thing, and
^t^wSl/ the name of a lady 3r4 half) the latter or hinder
'i'WZ n. space near a town or part
village, or its boundary 4th conj. Parasm. to be dis-
• J K T nt. the frontal globe on the tressed
upper part of the forehead m. n- / . that which lights
of an elephant up
 SECOND BOOK OF SANSKRIT 223

q? with to make one a m. {in tfte ptur.) the

family priest name of a country, the
name of a river modern Berars
^•WWctJJI m. n.f. (<^<iw repeat- ft^ra »»• an arrow
ed or a repetition, and fft/. rain
become) like a repetition 5TI«T tn. curse
USBI m. n. / . or adv. recent, w»V^ ««I 2ttd conj. Attn, to
fresh wish, to bless
tn. a region ^intcn n. name of a miraculous
n. bank weapon
«• (5U»ft ^re: ^tw- aftBSrX/. hospitality
»<J<J^) another world OTSft/- fellow-wife
eT^ WJV^ 3ITl$lq<i^, to give a ^la^ «. (g4 all and ^ n.) all
blessing wealth or possession [army
qwr w. w. / . produced or exist- J^'tiT'l^a m. the camp of an
ing in a forest ^iHH «. good government
q ^ m. god of the sea fsir «. an offering

Conduct oneself properly Ni§adaft^n?«». name of a wild

tribe or an individual of it
Costly JTSrt »«. «. / Proud 3ftr?E past part., <d<df^
Curiousft^SHOItn. n. /. (—sft/-)
Go round H^iyufl* Restore ^ with Jjft
Imprison SBRP^ Sign ^ «.
Jarasandha 3171^ w. name of Varanavati qROIRRft/ name of
a king of Magadha [ birds a place
Krauilcha 5 ^ tn. a species of Vidur f». a proper name
224 SECOND BOOK OF SANSKRIT

SELECTIONS F O R EXERCISE
1. (From the AITAREYA BRAHMANA—PANCHIKA 7 )

^ "W^I t ^ t MrJi^W I

qi^rat srrf^Pri *j<4j»;|«l lMrj*rid: ll

I Is q s n ^ ^ r a K j i i t 5r snqm ^ f^r
f(rT I I cRT ? 5 ^ ^ f t ^ »ir*i i ^ ^ « i w i -
3ii5t ^ % *\<n*A I ^ ^t^i-d q ^ % qg^^tiot
5Erarq«i ^ ^arr ¥rai^ J ^ ^ f ^ ?gT tsjt ifcT I i
^ f m?[T I n ft^rsr M'JTi' f^Pi^sRq m^^Ri i ^
^rg^ q ^ I q ^ i r T T SlFTf^S'St ^ VrafrT 5F?n 5=3^
viiwrdin'q r^T 5raT 1 ^ I ?r3[% I i^req f ^ \ i ^

* Perfect of ara;' to be.' In classical Sanskrit it is used only

as an auxiliary to form the Periphrastic Perfect.
f Understand after this the corresponding case of TTWl
' a verse.'
X Of these only two and a half are given here.
§ <^ is optionally inserted between a final \ and ^ .
3rd pers. plur. Aorist of 3R[; ( Vedic).
 SECOND BOOK OF SANSKRIT 225

t Tmi%s«t g ^j^n M^TIIW

^f^Uff^Sn ^ vrai^ ^SrTT 5»i<ilI<4«TtWa ?T3IT

^srarTsr ^ #Eqt 5frafcr ^ s n f 3 snatrsrsr ?qT «niT 1

fT^icT I ^ g Wr?i S N T ^ 'OTlt g MIHt^^<:^ 441^^1^ I

5fra l^siTO g^'nt 3nTn? t f t ^ 31% I ?rf 5 ^fer?

^RP: I ^5<WJ|^W^<4|<4 I ^^^^ %*m.ria\ i(iJrMt«|H I

* $itS5Pi ^ qr^TH: «rlN qq^ I^T? II

* 3rd pers. plu. of ^ft pres. tense ( Vedic.)

16
226 SECOND BOOK OF SANSKRIT

^ife? WMl'M *i*lRl ^ ^ H f W g w i t s I

^i«5[Stm I ^ ! ^ 3^ l ^ i w fNrj#rf^ sit

Jim I ^ K JTsq^ 'aWJPSRtg: I

iWl^aqy^Kl^d rqi W fIrT I ^jqpl sn^TOi:

(Hf^<<lRfi! 1 ^ 1 « ^ <.M<^ aNl^ I

?req 1 ^ > 3 T f i i ^ €)<n<JV<tam'^fi><MJ4fe8l afnqTCq

•^sjm I ?iRm ^ q i » d w r«t4^ThK i I ^ |i<=ii-eiivift4r<Ss

«iq*; ^ ^ 5 I ^ S f ^fts^ITT"^qTT I 5 gsTJ^

i^Hi|>.S4<i^qi(i>ci t « i f^^n^nan^ f*?rn5: ^q?«T 'j'raRT-

* Instead of the first syllable of the root, the preposition

sejms to be reduplicated here.
 SECOND BOOK OF SANSKRIT 22T

qfes* ^i^s? '3?T*f! vKfijkujdw^si g ^ii«r rtic^jreqiw

f% I ^ !3q^ g s r a i «req § f ^ffsfs^rRiqt f^rqrot j R p ^ i

«h^HQM»M*«l^ q^«l4dl<« HTOffcR n?i: I ^ vSO^ni-

mk q r ^ J I «t q^WR ^MIlfil'^WMI^HIrqwi qJFUlPr
qif ^ n y A * * ! , I ^ ^ ?Rq ^JireftrR: 'ftqrag: q^J

* 3rd pers. sing. pres. Ved.; regularly it ought to be

§ This stands for the hymn sung by Sunahsepa-in praise of
U?as or the Dawn.
228 SECOND BOOK OF SANSKRIT

^ig^ cjgqrsT I ^ a^R, qjt qsi q ^ qg^^ts*

^ ?nt^q^?raT^ ^ ^ f n t j q ^ g ^ 53q% i ^i^q-

I ^5 fe*I«5t vraifqrq^ ^ « : ] | q q5[ftr I ^ S a q t -

^g^: ^r^req ?tgqtg l ^flt atj^ThAd<Uyj <:<1<A4

^«snf^TW 5ra1% <^Tq^d^i^^^ q i q ^ : q^qi^ r

qf ?f q ^ <:<K*iq*lt< wtmr^

•TO sti^ui: I 'q ^fq

i:q?i: ^ l | q ^ ^ 5 5 : ^stS^q^ I sr^qs^m^q^ ^
 SECOND BOOK OF SANSKRIT 229

rs( ^tmcsnm-' (^?R I ?Rjm ^

(^<:M,So<J4j[^ I I ^ q r ^ T fir?^3rt*I Tt^T S5T^cqqT

III. ( F r o m BHARTRHARI'S NITISATAKA)

asirt^ sn: 5T II ? II
230 SECOND BOOK OF SANSKRIT

^ H ^ R w i ^ ^ ^ q j i f r e i ^ n T ^ q w «R5nq; ii •^ ii
^ ST 51 aqt «T ^ ^nsf ST ST ijoit T ^ 5 I

5T ^4<HH<HM4t <a>.*^*«<^fi^ II \S II

^ apafcT w»^aM<jd ;pn: q*^? ^ ii <i it

1 wni ST fq^qsf ST dloi't^dl I

 SECOND BOOK OF SANSKRIT 231

^ T 5 «i*r ^ ^ n ^ i r : qgs ii u ii

prefer. ^ ^mrn

% r ! s r ^ m ^ V RI^H^H'
g% (^^qsrt^ifte^sd ^fiSr»T II ll

M«t»%<a^4<^^l 51 MRrMvrtl^ 11 KM II
WH-U4I ff%4feTO^5fri*5«^T5^-

^%!itf^(^qiTO^n5iTO2raft^ii

^ 5 ^ ^ s r a t ^ f ^ qjsgfn iPfs ^ i r g i g ^ ll K\ ll

^ ^ q ^ g^slmw ^ II K\s II
232 SECOND BOOK OF SANSKRIT

^ qi <HJ^1thtM fsi^t^ 5I%S«rai II ^«?. II

^ ifecntor q ^ I

«inn#?rat *raqt ^rsrf^ f^^req i

^ " 3^ <it^*^'^ft II II

q' q U'J^RH ^'^q ^ ^ 11W H

siRa T R ? ^ Jtid'ta-jj
^ Pi^uidi ffeiii(r«d( ftqi^rfqfSf I

g^t Sim ?yiTt ^i^c^gf^ 'it ^ i ^ 4 ^ d : ll ll

•^tsTRJ q^ ft ^ 5 ti*if^*ii 4i4rftd ft

^ifem q^ ft qtkimtt ^rafer ft ^f^srt ii II

^dHMlq H R ^ q m : II II
 SECOND BOOK OF SANSKRIT 233

^ ^ q ^ ? i fMssJjoire^ jftwfr iw: II II

^ Iv^t^ f^q*IHfeyC<Wdn^<H II I)

3nq?5 ^ *<g.i^<Afeigii<5Mtd^'=£:i.iH, II II

<JdHiq(^ Jirort^ ^ ? n q ^ i
iiThl*l<dqi 5lfesftq^f%£ra 1151% I

aiggsjT! i B ^ p q i : ^J^fir; 'Eqvnq 'KtqqJF^^ ii ^« ii

234 SECOND BOOK OF SANSKRIT

^54^ upraw^' q'i^?! wafq l ^ r s i ^ ^

^ 5 U f ^ ^ ^ T p : f e f % % s r 3 j r i f t « | 11 ^\sii

f^dd^^d fl?:^ ^ forvfrjg; ii ii

rsm fh^^ wsr siff qr^ ^ JTT
^ q ^t^^qife e r g q ^ i
*»-«MWq (^fe.qti'^gdq S T S ^ I ^ ^?!yni-
5 ^ qRsq ^ i f ^ irsj <<jiHdr<Hdi ^s^nnq; ll ll

l^g«»dg'4*K^(u|(*T5 sfl'JjqfcT: I

i^atR f^*«^: ftqJri: II «o ||

^ fqjiT T u<4ji(^<i4 !T j^ii^aTq^fe?:??!^ ll ii

^SH^ flpjqnr ^51H?TT qmiqjit

?rH^qi5W5 ^ c J ^ f^RqV qr^ sqq'J i

w^qwfq «4*i<<irffl^ ^ qr * j q ^ ii ii
 SECOND BOOK OF SANSKRIT 235

IV. (From KADAMBARI, PART 1.)

* ^ ftmr ^fmm ^^1% i ^ i T

v^a^mO^d dN<^4aymgidm I 3 » f ^ ^ ^

^ro5i^H^iwn^i»»R^ SJW ^ viidijd<^<

Jidl<*<<i<!i'HoiM<.lthl4 S I R rPPT ^ I ^JSX^JSRS

trar MRI^O^IMI aarpr f«t*ii«-s'*«4ig(»i^d'W^>ii^4:M
M<JKim<l<4U|^vri|PimM[d^dl^<V4tP)^|#mHMm
larat ^^^i I amtsTKgtr ft J T 5 i # n R ^ i ^

^^rqTSC I q ^ ^iRj^cj^JdMlRuTl S ^ -
Wl'Jt'^i^l ^1l<4tRd<R(44u<jt!t| ^J'illctldm HWH^fq^fd
^ I <a4N(«rfqM<^rfl3:«A4:i,it 'Tt'0-eidi(^f4id*«4^-

f^qWg[H I ^ 4T)<iT)dl'*>(^gl^(d<fg[:3R4.l'»<dQ4M<M<KJ-
•^i444imia^ff<^M^wiR4»iP<dl Ji^55st^ fq ^ ^ n t ^ s s i ^ -
gffi55Mer ^ t ^ « I q ^ fM^T?R5^55'?^ tiu<jp<mid
*w ^ ^ 'iR^WJRjnfpim;^! ^ %yRI^{^l^<a?

* This is a speech addressed by a king to. his queen who

was deeply grieved on account of her being childless.
236 SECOND BOOK OF SANSKRIT

I ^irT?!iR<t»i.i^!i<P>-

*iloi^<!i€Rl<.l'(:'<4H(%qrreq W 5?;: q4(4*qfa ^ W P r ^ I

d^^di ^ ? d t ^ i g q « i : i 3?ra)w?Tt I j ^ ^ vft: i

<«>44«^g«;qilHd444:q|; ITOTS I
1 . - G E N E R A L GLOSSARY OF SANSKRIT WORDS

OCCURRING IN T H E BOOK

3rf|i;i9 »«. «. / • (aro and

heated) heated by fire
m. n. S- not, and SlftRST w. fire-carriage, railway
^^/.compassion) ruthless, carriage
one who has no compassion 3 l f e ^ m. kind of sacrifice
3jf*gsT m. n. }. (31 not and 3iftj^ n. sacrifice to Fire
ragq n. something ) he who ^ w. the lap
has nothing, poor tn. n. blamed, censured,
gfiiT m. dice used in gambling found fault with
ajgraj m. n. f. one who knows n. limb
(the secret of playing at) dice n. a courtyard, a place
3(9^^ nt. n. / . destitute of
3l3fK m. n. burning charcoal
tn. n. f. inconceivable,
^mdkSf one ^ who is unimaginable
possessed of skill in playing 3ni m. name of Raghu's son;
at dice tn. n. f. unborn
anmr »»• «• / • unable ^SfSm tn. tl. / . continuous, fre-
a n j n r m / . (anSir tn. name of a quent.
plant or its seed, and WTB^/- 3Rn/- a she-goat
wreath or a string ) a rosary 3 r ^ ^ w. name of a Brahmana
of 31^ 35551, 7t/> conj. Parasm. to
SBJTOT: «dv. literally anoint; with f%, to make
mKg^^ n. the secret of manag- manifest, or lay open
ing dice n. a black pigment,
3J% n. the eye lamp-black
anfftwj- m. tl. / . not to be ruf- ai3T% m. the cavity formed by
fled, not to be frightened, joining the hands
immovable [ healthy 3ri( conj. Atm. to breathe,
3Wl^ tn. n. f. without disease, to live
3RI^ tn. the name of a sage 3ig »«. «. / . little; m. an atom,
SBtR n. house a small particle
238 S E C O N D BOOK O F SANSKRIT

ajfttr? m. «. / . (ajft very, tn. a sacrificial priest

very much) very horrible whose duty it is to prepare
or wicked and throw the oblations into
atI^ft<i+<i'J| m. n. / . very piti- the fire
less or cruel ajsj^ 2nd conj. Parastn. to
3traHWB5f tn. n. f. very fruitless breathe; with Ji, to breathe,
3tRnwi? m, a great error, great to live
carelessness s n r ^ tn. an ox
m. n.f. incomparable sjqgBR «• (3igBH ». doing,
^K^rapt^adv. exceedingly, great-execution ) not doing, omis-
ly, very much. sion to do
3I3WIJ% tn. name of a Ksa- aJTIsrai/. (anST «. a child)
triya childlessness
a^cMWd adv. or m. n. f. very a P T W r f ^ w . « . / guiltless
far, very long api«r tn. want of prudence
Slgg'm. n. f. wonderful 3H^ »». n. f. not deserving
araaT tn. n. / . of to-day, be- ajsiS tn. fire
longing to this day arfftjjot «. not taking care
arospjft adv. (SRI to-day, and 3i»nTO «• / • innocent, not
Sl^ft from) from to-day, or guilty
henceforward m. n. f. helpless
arw tn. n. f. low apnfR'=?r tn. n. J. (apnft with-
«riR m. n. /. pron. lower, low out beginning, and apRf
tn. a wicked action without end) having neither
arq^ ind. below, down beginning nor end
arf^^ tn. post, power, office, apTRWr tn. not beginning
fitness to perform any cere- 3I'TI<S'J(<lld tn. n. f. ( a i ^ not,
mony ajTS^ n. straightness,
ajrePTqsqs^; w. one whose bow straightforwardness, 3^
is strung past part. pass, of with aq
ajf^rew n. a place accompanied) not possessed
a r ^ tn. « , / . not of a sound or of straightforwardness, one
grave mind, little-minded, who is without straight-
impatient forwardness
^ir^PS^ m. road aiFiJTf tn. (ftlTf m. restraint)
 SECOND BOOK O F SANSKRIT 239

not restraining, want of re- seraglio, a woman

straint 3F?RB m. the god of death
arft^ tn. wind 3Fa?TO»r «. going to the end
Slfri^n^ adv. frequently, con- 31^^: adv. at last
stantly, continuously 3iseR «. difference
aiftrmt tn. n. f. not sitting aitriRd m. n. / separated from
n. an army pron. tn. n.f. another
wftsRST m. n. f. (sjsft^ 3RPT( adv. otherwise
^ to stand) one in the 3<f4^^: adv. on another day
army, a soldier aF^If ( SUf with 3ig ) he
Sl^+R^ »».«./. compassionate recites, repeats
3 ) ^ ^ m. an attendant, a ser- difniii ^ffsi ^art. ^ass. of \ with
3I^<^<(> m. humility [ vant 3ig, followed, accompanied
a|^V?<I tn. n. f. uninterrupted with, full of
3)^|9isr tn. continuance arfSarsq?!; {pres. part, of ^ 4th
sigiRilI n. following in death, conj. Parasm. with 3ig)
or dying after, as in the case searching
of widows burning them- ST^/. water ( used in the plur.)
selves with the dead bodies 3P}I%ft/. worship
of their husbands 3ITIW tt. any unwholesome or
3 i g ^ tn. love, liking wrong thing
3 i g ^ m. tl. f. in accordance atf<<^IH «• infamy
with 3|qi w. «. / . ^ro». other, an-
3g[%<PT n. an ointment other
at^Rl^q »»• n. f. to be followed, affwrtWg<;^ (?nnsi «. a thou-
to be done accordingly sand ) a thousand of faults
(aig and past pass.3(q<t*5I^r^ m. (3TO other, t. e.,
part, of gssi;) accompanied western, and 3l»fftfq ocean)
sigBR tl. doing, executing the western ocean
aigfSf pot. part, of ^ with 3iqft?l m. n. f. unsacred, sinful
3jg, what is to be executed 31^1%^ n. {past part. pass, of
3l^«r pot. part, cf ? n with w»V/t 3t«l)what is desired
3ig, to be recited aiDopT m. want of tenderness
3Pa m. end, destruction ^RiRl^Qq m. n. /. irremediable,
3H»?t:g^/- an inmate of the uncontrollable
240 SECOND BOOK OF SANSKRIT

siaftl^ m. n. f. unchecked, m. a ( male) gUest

irresistible 3 ^ 1st conj. Parasm. to move
yiWr! m. n. f. (31 and IOTTI snnqreqi /• the thirtieth day
careless) not careless, careful of the month, the day of the
3Biq^ m. one who does not new m C ^
speak or teach ai^T^ m. an enemy
ansa n. a lotus a^?( adv. in the next world
m. a year ai^a n. the beverage of the
ann^R n. not a receptacle, gods, nectar
something not destined' for a at^TQ m. n. / fruitful, real
particular purpose aiwra: «• water
.aifinfRf past part. pass, of fr siw^t^RT / . lotus plant. [ rise
1st conj. Parasm. with 9?f^,apj 1st-conj. Atm. with 3^ to
sung am^ n. iron
arfM^m adv. {%f€l m. the aRTRJcfig m. (aRnq «• forest
king of Chedi, who was and m. dwelling ) forest
Krsna's enemy ) towards residence.
Chaidya 3 1 H ^ / - the wife of an enemy
a i f i l ^ m. violent heat m. the charioteer of the
sjj^q m. n.f. new, fresh, tender sun
aifinn^ m. name of the son of 3 J ^ m. n. a sore or wound
Arjuna. ai^ffp^ m. ( m. hospi-
3lf5ig??r m. n. J. facing tality ) hospitality done by
gjp^^ m. n. f. assiduous, of means of ais|, i. e., the mate-
great merit or desert rials for worshipping or
a?iil^gjfi2T m. a particular honouring a guest
ceremony performed in the art; 1st conj. Parasm. and 10th
Rajasiiya sacrifice, or the day conj. to acquire, to obtain,
on which it is performed to earn
a?f5l#in/ promise, determina- aj^ 10th conj. Atm. to beg;
tion with a, to request
past part. pass, of q i 31^ m. meaning, true sense,
with 3 J ^ , spoken to object of desire
apainnei past part, of IH^ with a?^y%l*l m. (^RTT m. doubt,
311^ and an, come, arrived; danger ) danger to wealth
 SECOND BOOK OF SANSKRIT 241

aisjTipi denom. Parasm. a n d ^iFil^tTH n. residence

Atm. to explain ^/f^a^ipast part, of with
s r i ^ m. a suppliant, a b e g g a r ; ) attentive
m. n. f. arar^ m . « . /. southern
^ 1sta.ni 10th conj. Parasm. S i f t H m . « . /. w i t h o u t obstacle
a n d Atm. t o afflict, to t o r m e n t a j f t ^ n ^ w . « . / . i m p e r i s h a b l e ,
s i ^ y . n. half, undergoing n o transforma-
ten m i l l i o n s ) five m i l l i o n s tion
m. name of a deity, one
a n P t ^ ^ ^ g H a r f v w i t h o u t delay,
of the dead forefathers.
aioi)*) » » . « . /. i m m u t a b l e
m. a horse. j
SRI 5//i co«y. A i m . t o get, t o
31^ 1st conj. Parasm. a n d !
conj. t o deserve enjoy, t o p e r v a d e ; with ft,

/. b a d luck, poverty to pervade

m. n. f. d u l l , heavy, s l o w 9th conj. Parasm. t o eat

^R^PT » t . loss 3RT?I5 »»• weak, unable

^OoStV m. contentment, absence aj5Pt M. eating
of greed «RI!ir/. hunger
smq m. n. /. little, f e w ; S P l ^« R n 5 » « . name of a k i n d of t r e e
/». » . /. m a n y , m u c h ^sps?[i m. a mule
si^qftq^T m. n. f. whose range
m. the sacrifice of a h o r s e
is s m a l l , not comprehensive g t ^ a < ^ « • the secret of m a n a g -
SRI^ra past part. pass, of gJT i n g horses
with despised, dis- sjfia^ m. ( u s e d i n t h e d u a l ) t h e
regarded, disobeyed twin celestial physicians s o
«H<4^|d m. n. f. beautiful, white, called
pure, meritorious, v i r t u o u s 3)l>|<4i() m. name of a p e r s o n
SIcR m. n. /. pron. hinder, pos- 4th conj. Parasm. with ft^
terior, inferior to repeal, t o a b o l i s h
3ra^j!Rn«I pres. part. act. of 3R( 2nd conj. Parasm. t o be
with a i c f , ^ a n g i n g ^i^'^I^H, undoubtedly
^ O ^ t t m. pride ^m^^mf- {m,m. n.f. good,
m. n. /. being i n the power i ^ / . s e r v i c e ) service of a
of another, dependent, help- person w h o i s n o t good, ser-
less [ ably, necessarily vice done to a b a d o r w i c k e d
adv. certainly, inevit- SRR[;«. blood [person
17
 24i2 SECOND BOOK OF SANSKRIT

« r a i r m. n.y. {pot. part, of «tlf

xvith « t ) insufferable
^IBtR ft. n.f. (^ m. essence ) 31? a particle s h o w i n g up to
unsubstantial, unprofitable, 3iraR m. f o r m
useless aTTORRig m. the w i n d i n the
«ri^»Kr/. (W/. e d g e ) the sky

edge of a s w o r d a u i ^ m. reproach, slander

a j m r / . name
«lf^Wra!Rf n. a v o w a s severe
as that of l y i n g o n the edge s r n r r t ^ m. n. / c o m i n g
aiti5kfC m. a descendant of
of a s w o r d
^ m. v i t a l b r e a t h ; life ( i n t h i s
sJI^ll^ m. n. f. followed,
sense it i s used i n the plurjil, p r a c t i s e d ; n. practice, act
the v i t a l breaths b e i n g five m. a religious teacher
in number) [ death w h o invests the student w i t h
^ijgfTjf nt. destruction of life, the sacred thread, a n d i n -
«I^I?T denom. to w i s h i l l to, structs h i m i n the V e d a s
to bear m a l i c e to m. f. a fight, a battle
blood past part. pass, com-

m. sunset manded

^W(J|R m. the western m o u n - 3tr^ m. n. f. ( f r o m an a n d ^

past part. pass, to g i v e )
tain, o n w h i c h the sun, the
taken away
m o o n a n d the stars are sup-
posed to set an^HWa* m. n. ( a i T S I ^ self a n d
n. a bone ^[<\Ht d e s t r o y e r ) self-destroy-

«t?'5^ n. a day er, one w h o ruins himself

ind. every day an?»rari^ m. n. J. one w h o

c o m m i t s suicide
gtg^^madt'. day a n d n i g h t ; n.
n . self-restraint
coll. dvandva. day and
^ I « T » T K m. one possessed of a
night
soul, a m a n
a n ^ m. a s n a k e
aiT<*H}n<<S m. n. f. l i k e d b y one-
a i f t ^ m. day a n d night self
Sil^n^ ind. adv. instantly, soon, 3>l«+ll?<5 n. ( a n " ) ^ self, a n d
speedily g o o d ) one's o w n g o o d
 SECOND BOOK O F SANSKRIT 243

ansftT w. n. f. i n t i m a t e , one's aiT^N » « . a t a l k

SIR? m. a t t e n t i o n , r e g a r d [ o w n a i l ^ / . a l i n e o r r o w
s n f ^ l ^ m. t h e first cause ajlft^ra m. the s o n of a)ft%c];
aiHT n. the m o u t h a n ^ past part. pass, of \ with
SIFifl^ past part. pass, of sft aiT, filled, c o v e r e d
with 3JT, b r o u g h t VmJ- hope
»»• » . /. i n t e r n a l an^/-
blessing
a»?'^ 5th conj. Parasm, to a n i ^ f t ^ m. a s n a k e
o b t a i n ; with ai^, to a t t a i n aiRj; 2nd conj. Atm. t o s i t ; with
9IIM4lf||4> m. n.f. b e l o n g i n g to aif^i, to s i t ; with 3q, t o adore,
the latter part of t h e d a y to w o r s h i p ; with to h o l d
9tWI"i< f- s l i g h t l y pale a s a c r i f i c i a l session, to per-
aJIH m. a friend, a well-wisher f o r m a succession of sacri-
aip(f?r m. n. /. consecrated fices
by repeating c e r t a i n verses airas^ « • the m o u t h
called A p r i a n n W R t m. n. J. (ajraw m. « .
airft^ m . n. flesh, bait y . near a n d ;ROI « . d e a t h )
Stllfl^»». fragrant s m e l l , per- one whose death is near,
fume about t o die
m. n. /. dependent on, a^HI? m. n. /. obtainable
i n the p o w e r of airtSt^T m. n. f. s i t t i n g {pres.
? » p n w m. t h e n a m e of a R s i . part, of ajra)
*ll^*4>lfl m. one w i s h i n g t o a n ^ l H n. a h a l l of audience,
l i v e a l o n g life a n assembly-room
sjiga;». life «• m o u t h
«IKW«fl/ w o r s h i p a i i ^ l t ^ m. taste, t a s t i n g
S j R r t ^ m. n. f. pleased, pro- a n i ^ m. battle
pitiated ang<%/. s a c r i f i c i a l o b l a t i o n
a t ? ^ past part, of ^ with ait,
ascended %
*fl?f m. « . / . troubled, distressed ^ 2nd conj.Parasm. to g o ; t^izVA
ajl^ » t . wet 3IRT, to g o towards ; with aj^,
an?f/. t h e s i x t h l u n a r m a n s i o n to k n o w ; xvith ajT, to come ;
aii<s>qi<s n. basin for water with 3 ^ , to rise, to flourish
r o u n d the root of a tree with ft^, to set o u t ; with;
 244 SECOND BOOK O F SANSKRIT

qft, t o t r a n s f o r m oneself, t o
c i r c u m a m b u l a t e ; with «ri&,
t o pass a w a y ; with ft a n d f 4th conj. Atm. with 3 ? , to
ap?, t o separate ; with iJROn^ rise, t o rise u p
a n d 3^, to s u b m i t ; with ^ with srft, t o see, to care
to unite ; to c o m e together ^ 2nd conj. Atm. a n d 10th
\ 1st conj. Parasm, with to conj. t o praise
rise [ study ^?5r m. » . / . s u c h
%with^2nd conj. Aim. t o ^Ist conj Parasm. a n d 10th
ft. the progenitor of t h e conj. with 3 ^ , t o utter, t o
solar race of k i n g s speak [ of, t o r u l e
^ 2nd conj. Atm. t o be master
m. n. f. w i s h i n g , w i s h e r
%>Sl m. r u l e r [ to a i m
^aw<a; adv. t o a n d fro
^ 1st conj. Atm. to endeavour.
^R'»Kj««naf /. m e t h o d or the
w a y of d o i n g a n y t h i n g

%.'^i(k a n d stlft begin- 3 a p a r t i c l e

n i n g , I n d r a a t the h e a d ) ^JSJ 1st conj. Parasm. t o g o
I n d r a a n d others 3JI m. n. /. r a g i n g , severe
^Pi!5<f n. v i g o u r ( o f l i m b s ) '^iftj^adv. m i g h t i l y , powerfully.
^Pi{<4«i8i n. (^^^ n. l i m b formidably
or sense, a n d 4^ n. beauty, 3%: ind. adv. loudly, a l o u d
goodness ) h a n d s o m e m a k e , ^S^6th conj. Parasm. to t h r o w
healthy o r s o u n d f r a m e 3 ^ m. n. a raft, a canoe
^l^^mffq^^ n. m- 3 ^ m. n. f. last
object, 3 q # H n. resorting m. n.f. (3tRI»». « . / .

to, e n j o y m e n t ) enjoyment of good, excellent, w n. fruit,

the objects of t h e senses, a n d ^ suj.) of g o o d f r u i t or
sensual enjoyment result

%,'%,n^ / the n a m e of a lady3 t R m. n./. pron. over, upper,.

5?ti: 7th conj. Atm. to k i n d l e after, subsequent
3 t R 5 ? ^ ; m. plur, Tname of a
^B? m. n. /. g i v i n g what is
country beyond the H i m a -
desired
layas ( p r o b a b l y t h e o r i g i n a l
tutelar ( desired j d e i t y seat of the A r y a s )
 SECOND BOOK OF SANSKRIT 245

/. daughter of a king carelessly, t u m u l t u -

named V i r a t a ously
^WOT n. a n upper garment m. n. f. ( 3^?t pa^
•d^H ft. n. f. w i t h the back part, of JJ^ wiV/j 3 ^ to rise,
downwards, lying on the to be p r o d u c e d ) one i n w h o m
back wonder or amazement has
3 ? W r i ^ nt. n. /. ( m. a been b o r n
wrong path, airt^ past 3 ? W i 5 J l m. n. f. one w h o is
part, of with aif) one w h o industrious
has t a k e n to a wrong p a t h 3 5 1 ^ / . loftiness, m a g n a n i m i t y
3?Tff past part, of w i V h g ^ , •i'MK m. joy, b l o o m
born • i " ! * " ' * n. the space near a t o w n
3^q?J n. a lotus flower or village, o r i t s b o u n d a r y
3agiF m. l a p •mM< tn. a benevolent action,
35|g ^ a r i . pass, of <(f3i; d o i n g good to another
w i V ^ 3 ^ , let go, d i s c h a r g e d •J'I'blR'l, m. n. f. benevolent
3 ^ m. n. f. northern - i l * ^ / d o i n g good to others
water •iMrliJ m. store, s t o r i n g , gather-
3 ^ » . dropsy, stomach ing
3 ^ ? * l f t w . « . /. ( 3 ^ a n d J J to 3 q f ^ past part. pass, of
fill ) one w h o fills his belly or with 3"?, collected
s t o m a c h , selfishly greedy • i i M f l c l past part. pass, of the
3 ^ m. n. f. noble, generous causal of with 3<I, pro-
m. n a m e of a tree ; n. i t s duced
fruit n. the ceremony of
^SPT m. source, s p r i n g i n g up •„ • I the investiture w i t h
35J5 m. a s a c r i f i c i a l priest • ^ ^ ^ ^ J the sacred thread
whose duty it is to s i n g -i^THl'l tn. enjoyment
S a m a n s or verses f r o m the -i<l3Th » » . « . / used
Sama-Veda 3 ^ ^ ^ past part, of ^ with 3T,
3lSra^l% tn. n. /. of a w i l d dis- dead, deceased, ceased
position, i n o r d i n a t e , excessive 3'lft a<ii'. above
3CI«5¥ m. n a m e of a person 3 ' l f t ? H »t. n. f. w h a t is above
39[?r m. « . / . ( past part, of fq[ 3<1OT » » . satisfaction
with 3a[) haughty ^ i f l ^ d » » . n. y. brought
246 SECOND BOOK O P SANSKRIT

4<4M<f M. present
TqiQSniT m. n. J. blamable, de-
serving reproach flrfw. once
past pass. part, of \ with i ^ ^ m ^ m. n.f. of one m i n d
OT, united w i t h , possessing « . one night
^pron. both < ^ l ^ ^ m . » . / . alone, s o l i t a r y
^V^pron. m. n. /. belonging <?«BRr » t . n. f. invariable
to b o t h sides <t*(*<iyi » » . « . /. one w h o s e
34f/. the e a r t h p r o p e r t y i s c e r t a i n , of a n u n -
the name of a serpent- v a r y i n g v i r t u e o r efficacy
damsel, for some time a adv. invariably
wife of A r j u n a ^9 pron. m. n.f. one b y one,,
3 ! f R ^ m . n a m e of the preceptor each one
of the Asnras l a i H r m. n. f. of this k i n d
3 ^ 1st. conj. Parasm. to b u r n "jsrac n. s i n
the d a w n , the goddess
of d a w n \
3 « o i ^ adv. hotly m. a descendant of
ijuil^fl^ m. the s u n Ik?vaku
3«Jr^>n.: w a r m t h , heat ^ m. n.f. belonging t o I n d r a
m. son of Ilu§a
35

m. n. f. lofty, excellent,
n. a medicine
fat, stout
3 ^ m. n.y. erect, upper

*SiII/. a r o o m , a n a p a r t m e n t
m
n. a bracelet
m 1st conj. Parasm. t o go m . the h a i r
S R ^ 7s* conj, Atm. to acquire, ^ w . a mat
to o b t a i n m, the name of a R ? i
^ in. n. f. simple, straight, * f t ^ g [ i > r o « . several
plain « . gold
Wn n. debt ^F^rer/. a daughter, a g i r l
'KR«I«I. » » . a sacrificial priest Wl«ft w . « , head, s k u l l
^ ^ f ^ w . a name of I n d r a *('i<4 »w. » . / . y e l l o w i s h browa
 SECOND BOOK O F SANSKRIT 247

10th conj. Atm. to love 'Be. m. n./. distressed

^eP^ n. w h a t i s to be done, ^ adv. woe !
w o r k to be g o t t h r o u g h , ^ wjV/f ft /s< co«/. Parasm. t o
a duty b l o w out a s a flower, t o open
m. a n elephant ^[^^ m. a male descendant
5^ m. « . / doleful, lamentable of K a k u t s t h a , R a m a
<4)^v||((< m. n. f. m e r c i f u l <t>l^l4*l m. name of a great
m. n a m e of a serpent , Grammarian
cpo} m. proper name ? I ^ J ^ / name of a damsel
m. ( 5 J [ ^ a c t i o n , a n d ^ f l r « • a forest, a grove
a w a y ) w a y of a c t i o n , m. desire
i. e., the performance of c B R l ^ ^ w . « . / . one fulfilling a n y
religious ceremonies, &c., wish
as a w a y to eternal bliss ^mft m. one whose desires
«BB?I n. wife are fulfilled
« j . quarrel [ goose ^PT m . body
^Si^ m. a k i n d of a duck o r ^ R ? ! caws, of t o cause any-
< e ^ / a n art t h i n g t o be done
t^Vi m. bundle, a c o l l e c t i o n •iRf^Ki+K^n / (*l(?f=fl/- belong-
^ f e m . the K a l i age, i. e., the i n g to the m o n t h of K a r t i k a ,
age i n w h i c h the w o r l d a t and i4<i>K^n /• e l e v e n t h ) the
present i s , being the last eleventh d a y of K a r t i k a
a n d most sinful of the four c g p ^ n. meanness
a g e s ; the p r i n c i p l e of e v i l « . a b o w ; wtV^s 9 | f ^ « t .
c|)|^# m. name of a country « . /. one w h o has h i s b o w
( in the plur. ) strung
. duration ^ m. n.J. deserving o r fit t o
I
*5>TRr m. ( » «
of the w o r l d and m. the be done, business, w o r k
end ) the end of the d u r a t i o n ^»|4'W m. n. f. one w h o does
of the w o r l d some business ( for a n o t h e r )
<tlV4d past part. pass, of t h e MAm\^ m. n. f. d i s t r a c t e d b y
causal of planned, i n - h a v i n g t w o things to do a t
vented one t i m e
m. name of a person e B i ^ m. name of certain g i a n t s
^^Rll /. learning, poetry ^^scs n. a poem
248 SECOND BOOK O F SANSKRIT

SBRT ft. n. a k i n d of w h i t e flower f i n i ^ m . n a m e of a brother

tn. n. f. (^ n. w o o d , of R a v a c i a
tn. a n d n. a l u m p of n. name of a place where
earth, and ^ like) like the K u r u s fought
•wood a n d a l u m p of e a r t h 5 ». a family
<MS<ft tn. a sound tn. n.f. a n d 31 f r o m
flf^ tn. a c e r t a i n class of 315^, to be produced ) b o r n i n
demi-gods a f a m i l y , of the race of
fifeferat w h a t sort of a t h i n g ? ^ w.and ^ m. sons of R a m a
dishonest ^ g J i g ? n. name of a t o w n
>». a rogue, a
person, a swindler ^ ». a bank
'ft'!4<t >». » . /. h o w m u c h 5 8th conj. Parasm. a n d Atm.
m . a r a y of l i g h t to do ; with to betake
ftptri^ tn. name of a g i a n t oneself to, to a c c e p t ; with
R>*n<* tn. a c u b ( as of a l i o n ) 3ff^, to a i m a t ; s r f ^ ^ ^ ha\--
^^/. fame ing aimed at, 'i. e., refer-
^ ( as prefixed to nouns ) b a d , r i n g t o ; with ^ a n d m, to
censurable. remove ; with srajjjj to
: tn. a dog. adorn ; with Sfiftg;, to l a y
; tn. a n elephant bare, to o p e n ; with to d o
; n. f a m i l y g o o d ; with ft^g;, to despise;
5f|lT tn. n. g a v e d floor, a pave- with STTO, to bow to;
with ft, to injure, t o w r o n g ;
m e n t ; JT[v|fi%R' a pavement
with ft^and air, to repudiate,
of crystals
to g i v e u p , to forsake ; with
m . a measure of c o r n
aft, to retaliate, t o resist ;
r « . a k i n d of ear-ornament
with aRft, to conquer
: n . n a m e of a c i t y , the
c a p i t a l of the V i d a r b h a s or ^ 5th conj. Parasm a n d Atm.
to k i l l
Berars
W^^^ tt. ( 5 ^ n. a penance,
5q^5«9 n. wonder, c u r i o s i t y
and three ) three penan-
^ H K * tn. a y o u n g b o y
« . a n i g h t lotus
^ (J^A conj. Parasm. to cut
J R T w . the f r o n t a l globe o n
n . the first a n d best
the upper part of the fore- or the golden age
head of a n elephant of the w o r l d
 SECOND BOOK O F SANSKRIT 249

^^mf- adopted ( daughter ) n. fraud, deceit

f i ? t ^ m.n.f. one w h o has ac- a crore ,
complished his purposes, » « . anger, resentment
good, v i r t u o u s ^pfelPIR « • a store house, a
1 ^ ind. for, o n a c c o u n t of treasure house
<^WK4> n. boyhood [ Kurus
m. n. f. w h o l e
m. a descendant of the
^qoj m. n. J. m e a n , m i s e r l y ,
9BF5Err ( ^crsi ^ o r i . pass, used as
little-minded
a substantive ) n. a. c r y
^qTRl^ m. iw^f. mercy and
55^ 7s< co«/. Parasm. a n d <7<A
iSifg m. store) store of
co«/. Parasm. to walk, to
mercy, one very m e r c i f u l
s t e p ; Atm. to operate, to h a v e
t>VtlS m. n. /. k i n d effect; with a i f t , to step or g o
^51 m. n. /. weak, t h i n beyond, to part f r o m , to cross
1st conj. Parasm. to d r a w ; over, to transgress ; with
with ft a n d ST, to make arr, t o approach, to step o r
worse, to reduce tread upon, to rise, rise u p
^ f t / husbandry ^ 9th conj. Parasm. a n d Atm.
m. the eighth i n c a r n a t i o n to b u y ; with ft?C, t o b u y off,
of V i s n u to redeem, to r a n s o m ; with
^ i q q ^ m. the dark h a l f of the ft Atm. to sell
lunar month [ s o n l i t e ^ ^ r « « . ( ! ^ 3 T / amusement,
f^W4j^^ m the n a m e of a per- diversion, f l S m. a m o u n t a i n )
*««|«l< m. a n antelope a pleasure m o u n t a i n o r e m -
f » w w i g l « < n. help of K r s n a . bankment
* 6th conj. Parasm. to strew; ^ 4th conj. Parasm. to be en-
with ft, t o scatter raged ; with 3jf^ a n d to
^ 10th conj. Parasm.aind Atm. be a n g r y w i t h [ t o c r y out
^ 1st conj. Parasm. with ft,
to k i l l , t o destroy
^(fj stand 4th conj. Par asm. t o
SEfJ 10th conj. t o celebrate, t o
be o r become fatigued, t o be
praise, t o g l o r i f y exhausted, t o be depressed
Ife^ m. a k i n d of ornament I f R T past part, of S ? ^ fatigued,
w o r n above the elbow exhausted, l a n g u i s h i n g
%Bn m . a h a i r _ 4th conj. Parasm. t o be or
nt. a l i o n become w e t o r d a m p
 250 SECOND BOOK OF SANSKRIT

1st conj. Parasm. to 4i;gr7E m.«./. (^ « « . a sword >

lament one w h o has d r a w n out h i s
9th conj. Parasm. t o tor- sword
ture, t o g i v e p a i n t o ^ I 9 g ^ m. ( m. a v i l l a i n ,
}^ m. n. neuter, impotent gsHF m. a serpent) a serpent
^ 1st conj. Parasm. with i n the f o r m of a v i l l a i n
to b o i l [ wound ^ ind. v e r i l y
V'tt filT conj. Parasm. t o ^nft? »M. « . /. of a tree n a m e d
tgapsf^C^m. n. f. imi *»• ^
moment, « f l ^ perishing ) ftif 7th conj. Atm., dth coHj.
perishing i n a moment Stm., a n d 6th conj. Parasm.
y r i o i V ^ n. momentariness to be distressed, t o be d i s -
JjRT past part. pass, of tg<H, pleased o r oflfended
wounded 2nd conj. Parasm. to tell
tgtf^dth conj. Parasm. to forgive
t i r ^ i ^ m. n. /. patient, forbear-
ing [ crease T F I s n r ^ m. n. ( n. the s k y
8iW m. destruction, r u i n , de- JI«r m. n. the m i d d l e ) the
% f t / . the earth, the g r o u n d middle of the s k y
ftRft^r m. ( % f i r /. the earth ) 4|<MM<inia « • ( ^ /. a n a r m y ,
l o r d of t h e earth, a k i n g a host, ?Rr » . a hundred ) a
JjfR « . m i l k hundred a r r a y s o r hosts o f
7th conj. Parasm. and Atm. elephants
to p o u n d , to reduce to pow- T R I ^ m . the best of elephants.
der o r dust Tprs^ f. name of a river;
m. n. f. s m a l l , m e a n i r n r t W S ^ n. a bank of t h e
^^9th conj. Parasm. to agitate Gandaki
^iM^qni /. ( ^ « . a field, ^aRlT J f S ^ I ' S n. temples of a n ele-
/. a deity ) the deity of a field phant
ifr 1st conj. Parasm. t o pine o r m. n.y. dead
waste a w a y /. walk, gait, resource,
refuge
^ J^lst conj. Parasm, t o speak
^ « . cavity of the h u m a n body, a mace
as m o u t h , nose, & c . m. n.y. desirous to g o
 SECOND BOOK OF SANSKRIT 251

»T9"^4*Mn/. the daughter of a 1%/ speech

Gandharva goi m. efficacy, advantage
fflfti m. n. f. deep, grave jyi; 1st conj. Parasm. t o protect
f]^u>ith «lfJ(, to a t t a c k ; with n f t g f t y . secrecy, p r o t e c t i o n
a n d 3 ^ , t o advance towards /. greatness, grandeur,
m. a n eagle, the b i r d of majesty
that species used b y V i ? n u T^yem. of g^S, great, b u l k y
as h i s c a r gSJfUn^ m. ( g « T m. a f o r t ) p r o -
«TgV13!T /• order o r c o m m a n d of tector o r keeper of a fort
G a r u d a , the enemy of the g ^ 1st conj. Parasm. a n d Atm.
serpent-race to conceal
i n f m. foetus, e m b r y o ^ 4th conj. Parasm. t o be
iTVlfeiT w . n.y. ( » n f »»• concep- greedy for, t o covet
tion, a n d 3tB»r eighth) eighth 1st conj. Atm.' t o t h i n k
f r o m conception meanly of, t o s p u r n
Ijj^ 1st conj. Parasm. a n d 10th ^ 1 % ^ / . f a m i l y deity
conj. t o t h i n k meanly of, to ^ J g A ^ M ^ w . the householder w h o
nm m. the throat [ spurn performs domestic rites
Hftw past part, of ^ dropped, TJ 6th conj. Parasm. to s w a l l o w ;
m. n. y. impassable, with Atm. to promise
i m p r e g n a b l e ; « . a w o o d , ?I 9th conj. Parasm. with
thicket
to speak
win n. the n a m e of A r j u n a ' s
HI tn. b u l l ; / a c o w , speech,
bow
the earth
UPJ n. l i m b , body
TJRR m. reach, scope
n n ) ^ « • ( T W m. n. y. s h a l l o w
»}HJ^/. n a m e of a r i v e r
a n d 3 ^ n. w a t e r ) s h a l l o w
it^J^y. a teight y e l l o w pig-
water
ment
ITTO^ » » . a particular f o r m of
aqp^ 9th conj. Parasm. t o p u t
marriage i n w h i c h the only
together
t h i n g essential i s the m u t u a l
consent of the bridegroom i r i & I w t . a k n o t
a n d the bride ^ (^)9th conj. Parasm. a n d
ID^QK^ m. a sacred fire kept Atm. t o t a k e : with VS^ t o
perpetually b y a house- receive i n a friendly manner,
bolder, household duties to f a v o u r ; with ft, t o c u r b ;
252 SECOND BOOK OF SANSKRIT

with ft, to be a t w a r w i t h ; f l o w e r - s t a l k , a sprout) a blos-

with t o store som, &c., of the sandal tree
J J W f t fn. the leader or head- ^ r ^ g g m. name of a k i n g
m a n of a village ^F^TTtg m. name of a prince
K|c|<j^ m. a stone 7si co«7. Parasm. to l i c k
1st conj. Parasm. to become up, to d r i n k ; with an, to take
i n a little water into the
exhausted
m o u t h a n d d r i n k i t as a
• J ^ m. the m o o n religious ceremony, to l i c k
up, to d r i n k .
^ m. (gjq^ m. a
HV>iM /• a s m a l l b e l l k i n d of tree with fragrant
g i f j n . heat flowers, ? g m. pollen ) the
g#a m. ». /. produced or pollen in the flowers of
caused b y heat champakas
Sfa[ 1st conj. Parasm. to eat •cl^V^MH « . a collection or grove
^ m . « . /. horrible of champaka trees
a t 7 s i co«7. Parasm. with 3 7 , ^ 1st conj. Parasm. to go, to
to s m e l l stalk a b r o a d
=5R0Rni m. dyeing the feet, the
dye of the feet
x H i K i 2«<i cofi/. Parasm. to ^RpfT m. n. j. last
shine i^fe past part. pass, of gsf,
•dtMslI^ » » • « • /• (-^SM"! l i k e a practised or done
w h e e l ) one whose m o v e m e n t past part. pass, of
is h k e that of a wheel, ever- besmeared
revolving "^rf-^yy, n. ("suft^ n. hide, s k i n ,
^ 2nd conj. Atm. t o s p e a k ; a n d "^f^^ n. the e y e ) the
with am, t o t e l l ; with ft a n d p h y s i c a l eye
an, to explain ^ with a a n d ft, to remove,
^f!|3HU M. m o v i n g m o v e aside
^ i i ^ ^ T i % ^ » » • name of a sage ^15 m. n. a pleasing discourse
gSTR: numer. nom. plur. four ^inppT m. name of a person
•<4n^<| m. n. sandalwood <mo^I9 m. a pariah, a n outcast
qs^^OTSsrtt/. ( " g ^ w i - a san- "^1*11*51"* in. n. J. ( g R D i w . a
d a l tree, a blossom, a b a r d ) praised b y bards
 SECOND BOOK O F SANSKRIT 253

•*((^VI m. name of a person

g r e g ^ /. (gi^ beautiful,
^ 10th conj. with U, t o conceal
?RtlF a l l l i m b s ) h a v i n g all
n . a metre [ anything
l i m b s beautiful
ggs n . f r a u d
T||4'^ /. a beautiful woman,
n. c o v e r i n g
a belle ^ 10th conj. a n d 7th conj.
f% 5th conj. Parasm. and A ^ w . | Parasm. a n d Atm. t o c u t ,
to c o l l e c t ; with g^I, to g r o w i to c u t off, t o d i v i d e
f a t ; with ft^, to determine, ]
to conclude; with ft, to'
search, t o seek, to look for ; 51^ 2«<i c o n j . Parasm. to eat
with t o hoard 'jWr<jl<^'l, m. (^mn, t h e w o r l d ,
10th conj. Attn, t o have the universe, a n d aiISR[^ m.
life o r m o t i o n s o u l ) S o u l of the w o r l d
fT(i|c|<| n. name of a forest •^Vm m. (STOI; a n d tn.
RrilWI"^ tn. tn. n. /. l o r d ) the L o r d of the uni-
diversified, a n d am^TT tn. verse
conversation) c o n v e r s a t i o n v^JWI-ij* m. (5WFt a n d s j ^ q ^
o n diverse subjects m. the l o r d ) - the L o r d of
ftllitd m. n. f. variegated, the universe
adorned 3RHrl ». (srat « • the h i p ,
RuMf-d m . n . /. h a v i n g long the hinder part of a n y t h i n g ,
been i n practice. a n d aiij h a l f ) the latter o r
adv. after a l o n g t i m e hinder part
^ m. a m a n g o t r e e ; n. i t s ^Sl^f. the thigh
flower 5 K r / . m a t t e d hair
tn. n. dust, p o w d e r ; ^f<4^ m. n. f. besmeared with,,
l i k e dust, to dust mixed with
if [ m i n d 5!S m. n. f. i n a n i m a t e
^lera; n. the heart, intellect, with OTC t o be b o r n , t o
4s » « • the first m o n t h of the flourish
H i n d u year m. the n a m e of the
^ R S I tn. t h e c o u n t r y o r region son of Pariksit, grandson,
of the G a n d h a r v a s of A r j u n a
254 SECOND BOOK OF SANSKRIT

3RJr causal of 91^, t o cause, t o a w i with and 1st conj.

b r i n g a b o u t ; a ^ g ^ inf. Atm. t o endeavour, to at-
^HJ^ nt. a n a m e of K f s p a tempt, t o a c c o m p l i s h
a i ^ m. a creature m 1st,4th a n d 9th conj. Parasm,
^^TTPt nt. n. f. one w h o i s a n d 10th conj. to g r o w o l d ,
b o r n ; nt. a m a n to waste away, to w e a r out
3Rn*?R n. (sfara^JT ^ m. follower of J a i n , a person
»?RH) another birth belonging to the J a i n sect.
in, 1st conj. Parasm. to pro- W ( W ) 9th conj. Parasm. and
nounce i n a l o w voice, t o Attn, to k n o w ; with sg,
mutter ( a s prayers) [sasa to permit; with arfir, to
3 l « 3 i n % ^ m. n a m e of a R a k - recognize
9 W » « . victory, t r i u m p h grpWI'! « • ( 3fW »• knowledge,
m. n. /. that which m. a w a y ) the know-
brings v i c t o r y ledge of G o d as w a y t o
girg 2 « d conj. Parasm. t o be eternal bhss
awake 3!(!5; 1st conj. Parasm. t o blaze,
n. dullness to b u r n , to be ardent, to g l o w
«ITS » . a collection
4lfl4>4'i, birth-ceremony
a P I ^ ^ m. fire 1st conj. Parasm. to pare,
srpTSf^ w . s o n of J a n a n t a p a to chop ; with to c u t to
^ i g n . the k n e e pieces, t o w o u n d , to h u r t
^ p n / wife, w o m a n by words
g n i ^ / the Ganges TO m. n. f. bank, m a r g i n
gfijR « . l i v e l i h o o d ^ m. a. fond name for a n y
gift'imT / (^ftsT l i v i n g , life, relative
3|Rn /. hope, d e s i r e ) desire g n s i i f ^ w . n.f. one w h o k n o w s
for l i v i n g the t r u t h o r real philosophy
^A^^l^E m. the w o r l d of l i v i n g g ^ m. n.f. belonging to h i m
beings, this w o r l d adv. h k e that, i n the same
gftfta n. life manner
^Sftasq^ m. « . / disgraced dli<444> m. n.f. concerning h i m
o r degraded b y life or by 8th conj. Parasm. and Atm,
c o n t i n u i n g to l i v e to s t r e t c h ; t o spread, as a
 SECOND BOOK O F SANSKRIT 255

sacrifice, t. e., t o p e r f o r m i t ; adv. d u r i n g that time, i n

with n , t o spread the m e a n w h i l e
^PfH m. a s o n fifOT m. n. /. austere, severe
« 3 , a S ^ / body fin^ /. a d a y of the m o n t h
m. a t h r e a d fMiT< >«• « • darkness, d a r k
a m u s i c a l i n s t r u m e n t , ftiNl » » . a lower a n i m a l ; » » . n.
lute /. h o r i z o n t a l , sideways
daw. o r nom. verb ( f r o m <St^i^ n. iUfSln. a holy t h i n g
laziness o r stupor ) to s u c h as a river, a n d 3 ^ n.
be l a z y w a t e r ) h o l y water
?|SJT«^ ( and ) in the m. n. /. violent, tumul-
m i d s t of i t tuous
H ' l 1st conj. Parasm. to p e r f o r m m . a horse
religous austerities 5 ? R n ^ » « . a name of I n d r a
B H ; 4th conj. Atm. with^lfi^ to ^(^l^adv. q u i c k l y
be pained o r afflicted W l - ^ W x g n. ( ^ORTSf m . a p a l m -
^ P H m. a n oppressor tree ) a fruit of the palm-tree
?(<TJ«R m. one w h o s e peniten- ^ 4th conj Parasm. to be
tial virtues a r e h i s riches, gratified o r satisfied.
a n ascetic ^ 4th conj. Parasm. to k i l l ,
4th conj. Parasm. t o be thirsty [ ness
distressed (jwrr/. thirst, greed, covetous-
^ 7th conj. Parasm. to fill,
a f t / a boat
to destroy
1st conj. Parasm. a n d 10th
l i R r f e l ^ w . n.f. b r i l l i a n t , splen-
conj. Atm. t o threaten, to
did, bright, s p i r i t e d
menace, to r e p r o v e
a>T n. water
are^; m. n. f. l i k e that, i n that !!n?I m . g i v i n g alms, c h a r i t y
manner ?PT M. a collection of three
a r a m. heat ^ 7s* and co«;. Parasm.
a i T 1st conj. Atm. to spread to tremble, to be a f r a i d ;
ar? « . a s h r i l l s o i l n d ; m. n. J. with QJ3^, to be a f r a i d

shrill n. protection

4M<<l>l4'i, adv. for so l o n g a ft: adv. thrice

time w . collection of three, v i z .
256 SECOND BOOK OF SANSKRIT

Dharma o r religous merit, <+l<4'rfl /. name of a woman,

Ariha o r ' w e a l t h , axid. Kama, the wife of N a l a
i. e., desires, or fulfilment of <W|tfl » » . dw. wife a n d h u s b a n d
desires ^ W T » i . hypocrisy
ftftWIWH n. ( fil^req n. hea- ^Ist conj. Atm. to have c o m -
ven, an^IR n. assembly ) passion
the heavenly assembly, the •t^ll"^** n. k i n d n e s s
assembly o f the gods (^[Rsf m. n. /. poor
3?[ 4th a n d 6th contj. Parasm. ^ f t ^ 2nd conj. Parasm. t o be
to break, t o s n a p poor
^ a i / . the second or s i l v e r age ^ » » . pride [ t o tear
of the w o r l d ^ 7s/ cow/. Parasm. to burst,
l|(A)<H< « . the threeworlds » » . a tooth
W(M(cb m. a n epithet of R u d r a , ^5RT « t . « . / . t e n t h
Siva* ^5n/- state, c o n d i t i o n
ftl^y. light, splendour, bright- ^ 7 s i conj. Parasm. to b u r n
ness ^ 3rd conj. Parasm. a n d .J*»«.
to g i v e
^ 2 n t i c o « / . Parasm. to c u t
1st conj. Parasm. and 10th »». a demon
conj. Atm. t o bite, t o s t i n g f « . a male c h i l d , s o n
im^f.a. j a w , a fang ^ m . a forest conflagration,
^f|S^^ m. a n animal having a forest
s h a r p teeth, a snake ^ R l f l ^ m. son of D a ? a r a t h a
<^l5)U| m. n. J. pron. southern ftlFaw. the end of t h e q u a r t e r s ,
?%ofl«r m. n. J. deserving of countries i n a l l directions
T)ak^i'^^a ftfJ^RW m. ( f t ^ /. quarter,
^ w . a tooth (^MHI m. c o n q u e s t ) conquest
( ahsol. of ?T ' t o g i v e ' ) of the quarters, or of a l l
having given regions
^ 7s< conj. Atm. to g i v e f ^ S g m. n. /. desirous of seeing
^^pres. part, of ^ to g i v e f ^ ^ f ^ adv. every d a y , day by-
^ n. curdled m i l k day
^5?r m . a t o o t h ft^ /. a day, heaven
<t*<^ »»• a snake ftqi ind. adv. b y d a y
 S E C O N D BOOK O F SANSKRIT 257

I^ar m. n. f. celestial, beautiful m. n. /. difficult to obtain

n. improper words, words
n. hermitage ) beautiful her- not w e l l spoken
mitage ^ « . a place beset w i t h diffi-
ft^/. direction, quarter culties and inaccessible
2nd conj. Parasm. a n d g l i a m. n. f, distressed, miser-
Aim. to besmear able.
7sfco«/. A i m . to consecrate m. n. f. difficult to be
a n d thus fit oneself for pet^ controlled or put d o w n
forming a sacrifice m. n, f. inaccessible,
?fiT m. n. f. poor, needy, unapproachable
afflicted, helpless ^sfra n. a n e v i l or imprudent act
w. m. b r o t h e r ) ^ 5 m. n. /. difficult to be
brother of those that are understood, obscure
poor m. n.f. one who has a b a d
^•IK m. a particular coin m o u t h , one w h o speaks e v i l
( Roman ) g!TNRifW^4'l m. dual gqrapt
^ 4th conj. Atm. to shine •and W f f ^ ( comp. )
m. n. f. that w h i c h hghts ^fsf<4q m. n. f. v a i n l y proud of
up one's learning
^ h % / . splendour ^ R s f t a m. n.f. rude
i^l^H adv. for a long time, n. a wicked deed,
long, deeply wickedness
5 5th conj. Parasm. to give ^ m. n. f. w i c k e d
pain to, to tease, to afflict 5?=a? m. n. f. difiicult to be sur-
J t ^ r t t f t a m. n. f. afflicted w i t h mounted, insurmountable
pain ^ 2nd conj. Parasm. and
m. n. f. one w h o suf- Atm. to m i l k
fers pain, unhappy ^4th conj. Atm. to be pained
g t ^ r a a n m. (5:'!r,garq m. heat) ? 6th conj. Atm. with ajl, to
heat of p a i n , sorrow, affliction pay respect to, to regard
J t f t w m. n.J. afflicted 5 5 m. n. f. firm, strong
^ K l n. m i l k sq^ dth conj. Parasm. to be
5 ^ m. n. f. whose end i s diffi- proud
cult to be reached, infinite fSaf. sight, a n eye
18.
258 SECOND BOOK OF SANSKRIT

^ 9th conj. Parasm. to tear ftgoi m . « . / two-fold

% m. n.f. s h i n i n g (|4«HH|, fn. ( f t t w o , a R » ^ n.
^TOT/. m o t h e r of Kr§na birth) one w h o has t w o
« . the l a n d of the gods births, o n e belonging t o a n y
l^ar/. a deity of the first three castes, a
^ e i ^ ^ / . the b i t c h of the gods Brahmana
^%3|;, m. n. f. worshipper of gods m. (fiHJ / tongue )
^ m. country one w h o has t w o tongues,
m. he w h o h a s a body, a serpent
man; m. n. f, embodied, ft;tra»T m. one w h o i s best
h a v i n g a body among B r a h m a n a s [ t o hate
%7st conj. Parasm. with aw, ^^2ndconj. Parasm.a,nd Atm.
to purify, to cleanse m. a n e n e m y
^:4th conj. Parasm. with ajsf,
- to cut, to cut off ^
^ m. censure o r c a l u m n y q T R T T / desire for w e a l t h
^^^m. n. a n a r m ^ J ^ ^ / . ( mf. the s t r i n g [ o f
^ g ' l * ! ' * m. ( ^ f i T n. m i l k i n g ,
a b o w ]) the s t r i n g of a b o w
m. t i m e ) t i m e of m i l k i n g
•ef^f. a pipe
n. weakness
q^lf^TT m. ( /• the earth,
i?l*(w<i n. bad o r e v i l counsel
arftq m. a l o r d ) l o r d of the
gft/. complexion
earth, a k i n g
5 f l n. w e a l t h
H l f t * / . the e a r t h
^f. heaven
i ^ j } ^ ^ m. n. f. one w h o con-
4 A " ! n. wealth, money
taminates or violates what
n. a t h i n g
is right
g 1st conj. Parasm. t o r u n
^joj m. a proper name '^jJ^'r^TTRI m. one-sixth p a r t
n. collection of t w o of religious m e r i t as a share
Jjft/. two-fold q j ^ ^ ^ m. (VRT m. law, ^
gT:?«r »»• « • / door-keeper n. a n a p h o r i s m ) one w h o
g T O » » . the t h i r d age of the composes a p h o r i s m s o n l a w ,
world a wrtier o n l a w
f R n. door ^ 3rd conj. Parasm. and
STRin^ m. a porter, a door- Atm. to hold, t o p u t ; with
keeper ajsa^, to hide or conceal.
 SECOND BOOK O P SANSKRIT 259

with «ift or ft, t o s h u t ; with ^ with 3 ^ t o d r a w out, t o save

vn, to a t t e n d ; with 3 q a n d ^ 5th conj. Parasm. t o dare,
to j o i n , t o cause to to brave
a t t a i n ; with ft, t o place, t o ^ 1st conj. Parasm. to suck,
keep; with q^, to wear! to d r i n k
with t o m a k e one a »./ n. courage,
family p r i e s t ; with ft, to fortitude) one whose w e a l t h
execute, t o do, t o c o m m a n d i s fortitude
( a s i n religious w o r k s ) ; with vtfilst conj. Parasm. t o b l o w
Wl^t to m a k e peace, to p u t ^ 1st conj. Parasm. to con-
o r l a y o n , to fix on template o r meditate u p o n ,
wXt/. a nurse with » i g , to contemplate,
'^m^n. lustre, glory to meditate.
StRI / continuous flow a s of T^n.^adv. certainly
water, edge. «^ 1st conj. Parasm. t o sound
ft 6th conj. Parasm. with
to m a k e peace w i t h
•15 m. a crocodile
dm ind. fie u p o n !
m. the l o r d of m o u n t a i n s ,
intellect
the m o u n t a i n H i m a l a y a
^ f t ? m. a fisherman
•I^ 1st conj. Parasm. t o sound,
g or %^5th conj. Parasm. a n d
to roar, t o thunder
Atm. to shake
with arfir, t o h a i l , to w e l -
gi;/. ayoke
come
tj^ 1st a n d 9th conj. Parasm.
^ m. n a m e of a r o y a l race,
and Atm. a n d 6th conj.
a n i n d i v i d u a l of i t
Parasm. t o shake, to set i n
s r a m. n. f. h u m b l e
motion, t o agitate m. n. h e l l
•<i [ ^ ] 10th conj. with ft, to iftsSf m. a k i n g
shake name of a r i v e r
^ 1st conj. Parasm. to heat ;i^g5«nfft«»- (^m.,^n
m. incense m. n. f. h k e , a n d S f f f f t /•
"^m.a. rogue form) h a v i n g the f o r m of
^Sre m.n.f. dirty, dust-coloured Nala
^ with sj^, 10th conj. or causal,
to k n o w exactly, t o resolve f o r m , a n d i^tft^ assuming,
260 SECOND BOOK O F SANSKRIT

one w h o has assumed the ftqimH pres. part, of with

f o r m of N a l a ft, l y i n g d o w n
Tfeift /. a lotus plant ftft^ m. ft. /. without inter-
JlcRft /• n i n t h d a y of the fort- stices, dense
night ftq^H adv. v e r i l y
^^t^T fn. n. f. n e w ftqft/. destiny
i j ^ •with, f%, to perish ftjqt^ » j . one w h o binds or ties
^>a? m. ti. /. perishable fts^jft^ m. a minister, an
/. the nose officer
i f j 4th con/. Parastn. a n d Atm. ft^q^ m. n. y . useless, v a i n
with OTt t o prepare oneself, ftW?>^ adv. w i t h o u t i n t e r v a l ,
to m a k e oneself ready
closely
iTRf ind. different, m a n y
ft^{^<4«K m. n.f. " h a v i n g t h e
STR^ n. n a m e of a R s i
highest excellence " ( Prof.
•I'KI^UI m. n a m e of V i s n u
Benfey ), where there i s n o
•^vsm pres. part, of ^ (2nd contempt, respectful
conj. Atm. Vedic ) with H ^ ,
ftw m. h e l l
sharpening
ft^ past part. pass, of ara; t o
ft:^ m. n. f. powerless
t h r o w with ft^, dispersed
i%:SPI?t « • final beatitude
Pr<l€K >«• « • / n o t h a v i n g
ft? 3rd conj. Parasm. a n d
eaten, fasting
Atm. t o purify ; with to
wash ft^BRTT/. cruelty

ftji; m. n. f. one's o w n ( re- ft^ tn. n. f. tenantless, lone-

lations ) some
2nd conj. Atm. with u , t o ftsj? m. a g o d
wash ft^ m.n.f. w i c k e d
ftarra^ adv. greatly, excessively ft^ m. n. f. ten days o l d { a
ft^T m. n. /. eternal, constant child )
ft<^*ll'i; n. daily religious fti^ m. n. f. without wealth,
performance [ mer poor
ft^jar m. the hot season, sum- m. n. f. filled w i t h , f u l l of
ft>W n . death, d e s t r u c t i o n ftsfrsRti/. t r u t h , reality
ft^ fn. sound, noise P|et<j«1 n. desisting, a b s t a i n i n g ,
^1^^ past part. pass, of ft*^, abstinence
censured, censurable ^f. night
 SECOND BOOK O F SANSKRIT 261

I N ^ w r nt- l o r d or k i n g of a part, of fR|; with S) t o proceed,

country n a m e d N i s a d h a one whose conduct i s just o r
drmpf »»• n. f. ( f t w / fixity, upright
^p«r nt. n. f. v o i d ) v o i d of 'TPrai^ m. « . / . ( s i W w i .
fixity, unsteady what is right) one who
fH"''h<4<l| /. fruitlessness speaks w h a t i s right
ft*M? m. nature «TPB8T m. n. /. just, right, proper
^ v)ith g q , to perform the cere-
m o n y of the investiture w i t h ^
the sacred thread 1 % /. a fine, a r o w
i f f g m. n. f. mean, l o w , i n a TO numer. nom. aad acc. plur.
l o w position five [ to read
•sfN^ nt. n. J. resorting to a l o w qij 7s* cowy. Parasm. t o repeat,
m a n , possessed by a humble T H W S I ( pres. part. pass, oi fSi:
m a n ; flowing d o w n a s l o p i n g to recite o r read ) w h a t i s
ground b e i n g recited
sft%: adv. d o w n , b e l o w ijoj 1st conj. to praise, t o b e t
* f i r i % S O i m. n.J. ( i f t f t / . p o l i - o r stake a t play, t o g a m b l e
tics o r prudence, P i g ^ t w . n. f qq; with aifir, t o j u m p t o w a r d s ;
proficient) proficient i n poli- with Ji a n d 3 ^ , to fly, to
tics, o r v e r y prudent
fly i n t o
g 2nd conj, Parasm. t o praise
q a ] F ^ adv. l i k e m o t h s
g ind. a particle s h o w i n g doubt
(|a^{^ m. n a m e of t h e a u t h o r
o r guess
of a great g r a m m a t i c a l w o r k
q s r n t « d . certainly, v e r i l y
c a l l e d the M a h a b h a s y a
m . n. a n ornament w o r n o n
the a n k l e , a n a n k l e t <RPI n. falhng, falling from

m. n. f. living among v i r t u e , depravation, r u i n

q f t m. master, h u s b a n d
m e n , fixed t o one place
q f t a m. n. f. sinful, apostate
the circumference of a
wheel q i j : ( ablative sing, of q f t ^ » n
I g w i « . skill road ) f r o m t h e w a y
' ^ T * m. k i n g of a c o u n t r y n a m e d qftq^ »w. p a t h , a w a y
Nisadha, N a l a Xfetf n. w h a t i s wholesome o r
« J t « W f « m. n.f. ( w i W m. jus- salutary
tice, uprightness, SFpEI pafi q^ conj. Atm. t o drop, t o b e
262 SECOND B O O K O F SANSKRIT

dislocated, to fall; with sn&, t / ^ % ^ m . son of 4(1^44^ and

to know or understand, to grandson of
accept, to do, to practise, to qftg^lf /. service, attendance
attain; with^H^ to become, on, worship
to amount to; causal with ^ R ^ K * fn. attendant
Jlft, to think, to consider, to qftsPT tn. attendant, a servant
set forth, to prove, to make qftoRT fn. n. f. old, advanced
over, to give; causal with <|%!T^ past part. pass, of STO
to strike a bargain wtV/j qft, abandoned
q ^ m. the foot MR'i^l'i'i » « • »• /. ( pot. part, of
q ^ » . a footstep srsi; with qft) deserving to
q ^ / . a road, a way be abandoned
m. a thing, an object MR'JPU'J;. fn. ft. f. one who
VfS^f, a way, a mode stands in the way or ob-
TO « . a lotus that blooms by day structs ;?wjft«|^isft/. stand-
Vff^ 1st conj. to praise ing in its way
m. the sun, a protector qRqi¥ m. becoming mature,
I R pron. m. n. f. other, belong- maturity
ing to another or the other ><R^8 past part, of with
party lift, scorched, burnt
iR m. n. the highest thing, G o d q R « 8 i > a s i part, of « ^ with
H i r o / . a Une, a row, a succes- qft, deprived of, fallen, de-
sion praved
tRU conj. but n. change [ ing
vf^Vl fn. the supreme Ruler 'jR'lfif'l^ fn. « . / . turning, chang-
of the Universe, G o d w. retinue
m^f^tn. the god Brahma qi^f3 tn, a master, owner
(Rpior n. object of attention or tn one who distributes
devotion food at the table
qn^Nn^ m. n. /. one who i f e j p ^ m. a recluse
brings about the good of
q R ^ » « . embrace
others q^ia7T# /. end, accomplish-
iRjg m. n.f. dead ment
f^^^ past part. pass, of ^ q f t a i q tn. pain, afHiction
with vikt emmierated m l i H K m. a benevolent deed
 SECOND BOOK OP SANSKRIT 263

m. rain ftgR m. n. a yellow-red powder

"T^l^TRr m, n. /. one round ftff^ m. n. f. one who gives a
•whom fire has been carried. morsel of food
Fire is carried round the (<)<i«l<4-ft* m. a red dye
victim before it is slaugh- m. name of 6iva
tered. m. n. f. malicious
ft^RIT/. malice
adv. fully, to one's
f?J^ 7th conj. Parasm. to grind
heart's content
4 h n ^ »w. « . /. that which
tri* nt. the name of a sage
giVes pain
IWWITPT (pres. part, of »Pt
n. nectar
1st conj. Atm. to go, with^ m. a man
TOi the V being changed to
^ p i ^ » » . a proper name; a
m) running
lotus flower
qVRT m, a kind of tree
^1^^ m. n. f. ( ^ n. merit
q ^ m. n. a tender leaf
and f to do ) meritorious
qi 2nd conj. Parasm. to protect li^^Iit^ m. a holy or virtu<ms
tna nt falling, fall man
qjftn (past part. pass, of the J i ' l W ^ nt. n. f. ( r e -
causal oi79.) thrown peated or repetition, and 'tfSi
qra « . afitobject ( of charity ) become ) like a repetition
qptr w. a traveller JST^/. a widow remarried
t i m p ^ w . « . / . ("nq sin and g^/. a town
^ to do ) one who has com- 5?!^ m. name of a deity
mitted sin giJIW n. the gate of a city
q r o r m. n. f. one who takes ind. in front, to the front
a^way sin ^H^X^adv. before, in front
MKI^WJ<I44 nt. n.f. able i n the g^tVR; m. a family priest

highest degree to a<xomplish g ^ ) ^ m. a family priest, a

anything chaplain
qift%?r m. son of Pariksit ^9th conj. Parasm. to nourish
cn4 f». son of ^qr, name of the m. a proper name
Pan^avas g|%/. nourishment
q i ^ m. fire [ holy m. name of a king
qWT w. « . /. purifying, pore, g « W I ^ / . ( g ^ » . and ^Wi/.a
qRT a net, a snare garland) a garland tA flowers
264 SECOND BOOK O F SANSKRIT

gi^<?oft /. having flowers, sra»3 m. n. f. hot, fierce, violent

fruitful SRfR m. progress, prevalence
^9th conj. Parasm. and Atm. STsga past part, of to fall
to purify •with Jt
1?? past part. pass, of q, filled, vmm m. the god Brahma
full ^ 33Iiqu+|*f (JRIT /. progeny,
HyWw n. a present given to m. cattle, and cBRT m.
servants and others on joyful wish) one wishing for
occasions progeny and cattle
«^ m. 11. f. pron. former, pre- J T S n i f t ^ m. n. f. (jRIf /.
vious, eastern subjects, tftlH 1!. oppression
"^fera m. prior, ^fft / and 51 from arising)
the night) the prior or first arising from the oppression
part of the night [ day of the subjects
<^lf^ m. the first part of the Sff&l%3 past part. pass, of «n
5 or q 3rd conj. Parasm. to fill •with JT and R , placed ; ?IWT-
^ 1st and 7th conj. Parasm., ^ l f & ( ^ well-disposed, well-
2nd conj. Atm. 10th conj. controlled
with to come in contact, SRnqRTI^ m. (SBIT m. heat)
to associate store of heat
an army 5tft°PR) w. help against an
m. a low person, a SRfNSR i evil, a remedy
mean fellow Jiwwfia w. n. / . inveterate,
^ m. n. f. large, great irremediable, self-willed, ob-
q 3rd and 9th conj. Parasm. stinate, perverse
^ to fill J l f t q ^ m. an enemy
^Tlfdl^ m. one who reads and Jncfrawr « . an image reflected
explains the Puranas as in a mirror
n. manliness S t f t f ^ M s f i>rtn!. i:>ass. of
illuWl^ / the day of the full u'lV/t jn%, forbidden, prohi-
moon bited

SIP% /. disposition ; plur. sub- H f t ? ! ^ / . a female door-keeper

jects, people, ministerial offi- USIH m. n. / . or adv. recent,
cers fresh
JlSg m. n. / . magnificent, great a?q'^ w. n. f. western
 SECOND BOOK O F SANSKRIT 265

Jiat^ ind. (ijfir every, « l f ^ HOT »>. a n y t h m g that i s pro-

n. day ) every d a y duced, produce, f r u i t o r pro-
«. restoring to life duct
again, r e v i v a l s n m ^ n. boldness
JK3WI4)fil m. n.f. (si^?TOi>ffst jaj% nt. n. f. eastern
part, of with Jjfir a n d ga[) inoi m. ( p l u r a l ) life
ready-witted, quick, s h a r p KCIIWM *n. destruction of life
m. d a w n , day-break adv. o r prep. ( used w i t h
"V!^ past Part, oi t o shine verbs) visible, manifest
with JJ, shining b r i g h t l y JTPa nt. bordar
m . a region Mlf<)d«(ij. past part. act. of the
J j g a fn. the god of love caus. of aJTI with a, h a v i n g
5[«ir » » . « . / . keen, acute, talented made to get, h a v i n g g i v e n
mUf »n. n.f. (past part, of ' J ^ s(m^ n. f. ( s n a past
with R ) one who has s u b m i t - part, of arrt "''^'^ arrived,
ted or surrendered h i m s e l f a n d 5Bi5f m. t i m e ) that
m f t ^ m. a great l o r d whose time has arrived,
SWra » « . « . / . i)as* part, of * n s u i t e d to the occasion
wtVA S ) disappeared . ( a s s n ^ ind. mostly, i n m o s t
darkness) and appeared cases, generally
( a s l i g h t ) ; n, daybreak s n ^ / . seeking
m. prowess, greatness IMK^fn nt. n. f. one w i t h a
SfUft m. n a m e of a m a n pleasing look
HKgJXf. n a m e of a w o m a n
ftq^n^ nt. name of a B r a h m a n a
snnoT measure, extent
P P J f R r a nt. ( n t . dweUing
J i m t » « . a mistake
together) dwelling together
s m o i n. starting, m a r c h [ SI, used
of beloved persons, the com-
SKJUB past part, pass of with
p a n y of beloved persons
i m ^ l ^ m. a traveller
sft 9th conj. Parasm. a n d Atm.
Jff^^^ f. (Vt^f. intelli-
to love, to please
gence, a n d d W i ^ / get-
sfia past part. pass, of sft, pleased
t i n g ) getting intelligence
53»m m. a m o n k e y
Jffym past part, of tfm with SI,
exiled or turned a recluse 7st a n d 9th conj. Parasm.
5WW i w s t i«art. of w»V/t SJ, to b u r n [ devour
pleased, propitious 2nd conj. Parasm. to
 266 SECOND BOOK OF SANSKRIT

shower of a r r o w s
Wl^raq m. m o r n i n g sun-shine
1st conj. Parasm. to go wrfew/. a girl
" 5 ^ 1st conj. Parasm. t o be
9JWf m. n. a tear
crowned w i t h success, to
m. the name of N a l a dis-
bear fruit
guised as a charioteer
MwsJfli^ m. n. f. one who gathers
ftuftqoi m. a name of a brother
the fruit of, or i s benefitted
by a certin course of R a v a n a a n d ally of R a m a

^- «• /• ( W r o o t ) ^^mn. (gfe/.talent,!
fruits, roots and others n. a sign ) a sign of talent
^<*M m. sobbing
t f g f t r i a m.n.f. hungry
f ??«r m. name of a k i n g o f
^ Magadha, father of Jara-
W^m.a. boy sandha
Jra ind. particle i m p l y i n g sur- ^ t g m. a w a k i n g
prise, sorrow, & c .
a f P j ; n. the D i v i n e Cause a n d
^iPH9th conj. Parasm. to t i e ,
Essence of the U n i v e r s e ; m.
to fasten
a sacrificial priest whose
n. restraint, i m p r i s o n -
duty i t i s t o exercise a
ment
general superintendence over
TO n. a n a r m y
the performance
m. (3^1!^ m. a n a t t r i -
bute, a peculiarity, environ- *l^=l'tfl'&«^ m. n. f. i l l u m i n e d b y
m e n t ) o u t w a r d attributes, the V e d a s , possessing t h e
peculiarities.or environment splendour conferred b y the
adv. out practice of the V e d i c rites
^ adv. highly, m u c h a w f t m. ( l^g^ m. a n d snf^
3|gft9 m. n.J. of v a r i o u s sorts beginning ) the god B r a h m a
^lORItSr ri, ( n . a c o l l e c t i o n ) a n d others
a n u m b e r o r multitude of m. a particular f o r m of
arrows marriage i n use among B r a h -
^v\yn m. (<?ft^ m. -way ) the manas
w a y o r range of a n a r r o w ^ 2nd conj. Parasm. and Atm,
""ffe (ffe /• shower) to speak
 SECOND BOOK OP SANSKRIT 267

« T R ; 10th conj, with g j ^ a n d ft,

to a d m i t t o a share, t o
«lf%qi^ tn. ( v r i ^ /. love, bestow upon
devotion a n d flnf^ tn. a w a y ) m. the s u n
devotion to, o r love of G o d v n g n a t /. wife of D m y o d h a n a , ,
as a w a y to eternal bliss the eldest s o n of D h f t a -
* m tn, name of a deity, l u c k , ra?tra
prosperity wp'ft m. n a m e of a R j i
HST pcest part, pass, of arssi^. m, a thing [ answer
destroyed, b r o k e n d o w n , r u n 1st conj. Atm. with Stft t o
a w a y ( f r o m the field ) » j . t h e w r i t e r of a
^SfSl, 1st conj. Parastn, a n d Attn. B h a s y a o r explanatory d i s -
to take, t o resort t o ; with ft, course, a commentator
to d i v i d e ; with Wt, a n d ft, M\*AA. m. the s u n
to a d m i t t o a share, to f5ri%/. a w a l l
bestow u p o n ftl^ 7tA cow;. Parasm. a n d
»J53t 7th conj, Parastn, to J f w . to split
destroy, to break finr » « . « . /. different
«I2 m . a soldier i l l ' i r d cow;. Parasm. to fear
1st conj. Parasm. t o speak *ftqoi w . w. /. dreadful
m. n. f. ( 3 m > l ^ past g f t j / . possession, enjoyment
part, pass, of SEfl^ with am, g s ^ 7th conj. Parasm, to enjoy ;
overtaken, o v e r c o m e ) over- Atm, to eat
come b y fear gsjjpT-gam m. a cobra, a
m. the w o r l d , w o r l d l y serpent
existence •^f. the earth
OTT M. a house ^ w i V / f afifir, to o v e r c o m e ; with
^jftaarar/. fate, destiny qft, to despise, t o treat
* n 2 « d conj, Parasm, t o seem, contemptuously
to appear, t o shine ^ ^ 4 4 W W m. coming together o r
*rpi division u n i o n of a n i m a l s or beings
« n T i ^ « . lot m. n. f. m u c h
W p f i n m. ( » n « ? » . l u c k , good i j t g m, n.f. about t o become
fortune, w . accession ) ^ J r d cowj. Parasm. a n d A i m .
the accession of good l u c k to support, to bear
or fortune. »j5r » » . « . / . m u c h , m i g h t y
 268 SECOND BOOK OF SANSKRIT

^ m. a frog [ joyment ( f t /.) i r f ^ » » . a c h u r n i n g liandle

m. n. J. producing e n - ffdv. for me
^ R T ? " ' ! ? / . (»f|?T w . w o r l d l y en- J W « . spirituous liquor
joyment, ?JWHT/ t h i r s t ) thirst I ^ f i ^ m. a n oflfering of honey,
for w o r l d l y enjoyment curdled m i l k , etc. to a guest
^ 1st conj. Atm. a n d 4th. conj. on his a r r i v a l
parasm. to fall.
JT^CT^ adv. sweetly
~'S^1st ? n d 4th conj. parasm.
m. a black bee
to wander, to revolve
»T«nT » » . n.f. m i d d l e ; n. waist
^^rc^ conj. Parasm. a n d
»T«'nif m. (;t(«r middle, a n ^
A * w . to bake, to scorch
3 l | ^ n. day ) midday, noon
?B(tK 1st conj. Atm. to shine
Hf^ with ara, to disregard
511^ 1st. conj. Atm. to shine
J J / . a n eyebrow inifeRt intelligent
/s* cow/. A * » i . to shine Srgsi m . a m a n
flg3FJH:»i. ( J 7 g » t . one of the
progenitors of m e n ) one born

JRfSR^ m. a name of I n d r a of M a n u , a h u m a n being, a

JT3f^ « . welfare, prosperity, man

what i s holy, a n y t h i n g for- m. a w i s h , desire
tunate o r auspicious 10th. conj. Atm. to hold a
*I#*M>1«» m. ( Jr*5r n. a n d consultation, to consult
time ) c n auspicious occasion flssgRiR n. a syllable of a holy
inF^Slfra m. a n auspicious or V e d i c verse
lamp J15^ coji/. Parasm. to c h u r n
j p g m. n. f. agreeable, sweet J ? s ^ / . dullness, withered con-
ITOVT « . decoration o r orna- dition
ment jp?»nnrar /. dull, nm
m. a temporary hall fortune, i p ^ v n ' ^ one w h o i s
erected o n festive occasions, unfortunate) misfortune
a shed, a n enclosure Mtf m. name of a n architect
WVS n. a n orb, a circle m. ray
JRT n. o p i n i o n , advice, counsel * K I W / . female s w a n
JTSr past part, of intoxi- m. a god
cated SRPBf m. name of a k i n g
 SECOND BOOK OF SANSKRIT 269

• m. the son of the W i n d , I T R ? m. m a n

Maruti, a monkey soldier *{M'=KWW tn. a n e v i l spirit i n
devoted to R a m a the form of a m a n
/• bound, l i m i t 4(|^WI4i n. the whole race o f
j(^6th conj. Parasm. to sink, men, m a n k i n d
to be immersed J T R h l f t /. (HPT w . r e s p e c t )
WSSK m. n. the head loftiness of respect, great
5 R m n. lustre, greatness self-respect
J ^ f ^ n. greatness, power mn<ti m. n. f. m i n e
H K H l ( a n d « R I ) w . a great J T R I / . jugglery, deceitful tricks-
goat H r e s tn. w i n d
*». n. f. ( * T O a n d m m. the son of t h e
m. speed) very swift god of w i n d , M a r u t i
J J r g j U W tn. n.f. of great nobi- Jrnim m. a gardener
lity, noble n. darkness, dirtiness
i n r f t p ^ m. ( a n d a i f i i ^ I T F ? | ^ m. name of a giant,.
w. s p r i n k h n g water a s on the m a t e r n a l grandfather of
the head of a k i n g w h e n he i s Ravana
crowned ) great coronation
flesh
IT^Rni tn. lord, a great k i n g I -
H f t I m. n. f. of great virtue ITRt m. a m o n t h
or value ftw: adv. m u t u a l l y , w i t h e a c h
«Wr<»W'^lfiw tn. n. f ( u ^ , other, together
5I»nf n. a bed, a f t w m. n. f. nrgsr « . a couple, a p a i r
used t o ) accustomed or used filwn t « d . a d v . falsely
to costly or r i c h beds
4t co«y. Parasm. a n d A i w .
n f l ^ N r / name of the daughter to destroy
of a G a n d h a r v a
g^i'^l'Wl'jM «• ( S f Z «• a
JWftfT m. i^t/am. a b u l l ) a great
bull c r o w n ) the water [ i n the
f o r m ] of the light o r l u s t r e
TTft^f^ m. the great ocean
of c r o w n s
H l l w R - l , m . n. f. very bene-
volent g ^ l ^ ^ / . h a v i n g the h a i r dis-
^\ 3rd conj. Atm. to measure ordered o r dishevelled
<R|<T m. respect, self-respect,
1 a pearl
pride, arrogance
270 SECOND BOOK OP SANSKRIT

g^lWIT/. g a r r u l i t y Irwr « . /. fit o r destined t o

be sacrificed
breathing, j p g « « . perfume, f. name of a celestial
s m e l l ) the fragrance of the damsel
mouth i r f t ^ /. princess of M i t h i l a j
^r^T^ tn. n. f. of a lovely Sita
f o r m o r shape ^ » « . foolishness, infatuation
rti. the name of a n enemy of « . silence
Vi§nu or K r ? n a j f W n . folly
/s* cow/. Parasm, to repeat
g f e w . / . afist
o v e r i n the m i n d , t o r e p e a t ;
^ 9th conj. Parastn. t o steal
with 1^ and srr to repeat,
^ with XT, t o faint
to repeat b y tradition, t o
tn, dumbness
prescribe, t o rule
1st conj. Parasm, t o faint,
» » . a barbarian
g ^ m. head
7s< cow;. Parasm. to g r o w
^ « . a root, basis
weary, to become faint or
g<FC » » . a mouse ; g j P B l R m,
languid
a k i n g of m i c e
^ 10th conj, Atm. t o look for,
to search ^
livpi^imf. mirage ^lanTH m. a sacrificer
T J > m / . chase, h u n t i n g qgi » t . a sacrifice
^ [ T i g W R ^ » » . n. f. following «I9!|>^ m. a portion of a sacri-
o r pursuing a n antelope ficial ceremony
T^2ndconj.Parasm. a n d /0*/i q ^ T T O ^ m. a n enclosure pre-
conj. t o w i p e , t o w i p e off; to pared for a sacrifice
c l e a r ; with H, t o w i p e o f f ; Jjgg^ra;^ fw. a proper name
with ? l ^ t o sweep «TraT » « • ti. f. pertaining to
liU||<A w . « . the stalk of the sacrifices
lotus plant with g j ^ t o struggle
9th conj, Parasm, to pound, ind. for whose (relative)
to reduce t o a t o m s sake, for w h o m
i j q j ind, falsely q s r a : adv. w i t h efforts
/. a girdle r o u n d the j p n f t f q a d u . according to the
waist rules l a i d d o w n i n ceremonial
 SECOND BOOK OF SANSKRIT 271

w o r k s , a c c o r d i n g to the gsT w«*ft ft, »'« the pass, to be

sacred precepts separated f r o m
^itgHadv. a c c o r d i n g to fancy, gsq:/. a battle
to one's heart's content, a s gsift/. a young lady o r w o m a n
one chooses g^R^»». a youth, a y o u n g m a n
Jnj^/st con}. Parasm. to restrain ^ m. a sacrificial post to
m. the g o d of death, the w h i c h the a n i m a l is tied
deity presiding over death g^riflT m. n. /. pertaining to
JigsTT/- name of a r i v e r the continent of E u r o p e
«pft m. a w a y ^f>K)ct4. past part. act. of the
4th conj. Parasm. to strive, caus. of gsi;, having joined
to endeavour ; with Ji ^ y W M m. ( % s t m. a warrior,
?n 2nd conj. Parasm. to go ; HUM m. a multitude ) a m u l -
with ft a n d ft^ to go away> titude of warriors, a n a r m y
to pass a w a y n. youth
4i|<|JtO^*l adv. as long a s life
endures I
adv. for which while, 7 ^ n. blood
while, as long as wt. the place where a n y great
g 2nd conj. Parasm. to join t h i n g i s done, stage
g » ! « . a pair, a couple ;• ^ R n g n tlflJt'J w . n.y. come to the stage
n. a p a i r of clothes xvith. ft, to arrange, to effect,
g i t » t . n. a yoke to perform
«. (gn age, period, arope
3pa? another ) another age V^l m. n. a battle, a battlefield
or period f. ( ?oj a n d ^ /. yoke )
g j l 1st conj. Parasm. a n d 10th the b r u n t of battle
conj. to u n i t e ; xcith ft, to love
appoint
4th conj. Parasm. to hurt
gs^ 7th conj. Parasm. and 4 tm.
m. hastiness, rashness
to j o i n : 3tg, to put a
?J3^ with. 3Tt> 1st conj. Parasm.
question to ; with 3 ^ , to
to die ; with ft, to stop
endeavour, to exert ; with ft,
^vst m. n. f. pleasant [ sun
to appoint
? f ^ ^ m. ( ?f?R m. a ray ) the
gj^ conj. Atm. to c u r b
1st conj. Parasm. to s c r e a m
one's m i n d
272 SECOND BOOK OF SANSKRIT

? 5 10th conj. t o quit ^ 7th conj. Parasm. ani

n. secrecy, solitariness, a Atm. to obstruct, to preveni
secret; adv. secretly, soli- t o besiege
tarily ^ m. the name of a m a n
lft«f m. n. / deprived of, anger
bereft of ^ wth SRfft to ascend
2nd conj. Parasm. to g i v e ^ ft. f o r m
% f»». dust
I H R m. a descendant of R a g h u
\ m. wealth
^ 1st conj. Parasm. a n d Atm.
7)TT m. disease, sickness
with ft, t o shine
^t^ft n. dual, heaven a n d eartl
m. a k i n g ; m. n. f. s h i n i n g
n. a bank
m(3e$n. multitude of k i n g s , a l l
ftf^ ffj. name of the son oi
the k i n g s
Hariscandra
« . ( ?I3R^ m. a n d «. a
house, a p a l a c e ) a r o y a l palace
m. a sacrifice performed S ^ l f t / . the goddess of wealth
by kings a n d beauty ; splendour, glory
with wr, caus. to propitiate s g j fn. a stick, a staff
TlfiTimf/. the wife of R a m a s g fn. n. f. s m a l l
^nnft *n. ("tisr proper name a n d ? ! g ^ n. littleness, dishonour
s i r f t b e g i i m i n g ) R a m a a n d ^ c g ^ adv. early
others 55f^7s< a n d 10th conj. Parasm.
Xt^ n. a k i n g d o m , a nation a n d Atm. to go ; with 3a[, t o
ftW « . property, wealth violate, to transgress
ft^ 7*/t co»y. Parasm. a n d Wllst conj. Parasm. with H, to
A i m . t o evacuate speak, to prattle ; with ft, to
^ 2»id conj. Parasm. to make lament
noise, to c r y aloud ^ wjV/j air, to get or design a
^ m. n. f. harsh certain a n i m a l a s a v i c t i m t o
^ 4 > < m. n. f. palatable be sacrificed
m. n. f. agreeable, hand- S i q ; wtV/i 3Rr, /s* cofi/. A/»J. to
some depend o n
^ 2nd conj. Parasm. to weep, g i ^ 7st a n d conj. Parasm.
to b e w a i l , t o lament for to desire ; with sifJr, to desire,
^ m. g o d S i v a to covet, to crave
 SECOND BOOK OF SANSKRIT 273
«

55T 2nd conj, Parasm. to give or ^nsn^ m. censure of people

take n. (aiBft ^ro-
m. acquisition, g a i n $ 9 ^ ) n. another world
S r e m n. indulgence, i n d u l g i n g ^ l ^ n a r n f « « • censure by people,
n. beauty, loveliness i l l repute
^6th conj. Parasm.and Atm- n. the eye
to smear, to anoint ^lt(^n. hair
j l s ^ 2nd conj. Parasm. a n d <!*Twi m. the name of a R s i
Atm. to l i c k ^15! m. n. f. m o v i n g , unsteady
5ft 4th conj. Atm. to c l i n g or ^ n p F 9 m. (^IPJ m. n. iron, «I9q
press closely, to be absorbed, « » . a bond, a fetter ) a fetter
to be dissolved of iron
^ 9th conj. Parasm. to melt, to
be dissolved, to be absorbed ;
•with ft, to melt ^JR: m . plural, the name of a
^ f t past part, of concealed. people or their country [ i p g
hidden ^ ain%(|i^, to g i v e a bless-
^ 1st conj. Atm. to roll o n the Sf^ with !?ft, to answer
ground
^ /«. « . adamant
Ig^ 4th conj. Parasm. to be
10th conj. Atm. to deceive
destroyed, to disappear or
vanish !|<Ef9 » i . a banian tree
^ 6th conj. Parasm. and Atm- <I4<4H4 the fire supposed to
to take away, to rob, t o i e x i s t ^ t the tettom of the sea
plunder, to deprive of ?riSp3R m. (wjBpi; JH. a mer-
^ d O T m. a hunter, a fowler chant ) merchants
^9th conj. Parasm. a n d Atm « p ? w f t / heifer
to cut, to lop off i?j??ir/. dear, a female cSiild
^mf. a hne ^vpfiJT » « . the process or m a n -
with W( 1st conj. Atm- ner of k i l l i n g
a n d 10th conj. to look at, to m. ( a r a ' » . k i l l i n g , a n d
^QKT m. a p o s t ) gallows
see
6R^J?</i co«y. 4 * m . to beg
* * H M W l f t m. ( « . a collec-
tion of three, i f t m. lord ) ^f^[ac!T ^o/. /xir*. of c|«f, fit to
the lord of the three worlds, bowed to
viz.. H e a v e n , the E a r t h a n d JRT / « . n . /. produced or exist-
the lower regions i n g i n a forest
19
272 SECOND BOOK OF SANSKRIT

10th conj. t o quit 7th conj. Parasm. and

? f H n. secrecy, solitariness, a Atm. to obstruct, to prevent,
secret; adv. secretly, soli- to besiege
tarily i m. the name of a m a n
?ft?r nt. n. /. deprived of, Wi,f. anger
bereft of ?S][ wth siftr to ascend
K 2nd conj. Parasm. to give ^ n. f o r m
Vlf^ nt. a descendant of R a g h u ^ m. dust
1st conj. Parasm. a n d Atm. \ m. wealth
ftn w . disease, sickness
with ft, to shine
ft^Cft n. dual, heaven and earth
Wi. nt. a k i n g ; m. n. f. s h i n i n g
n. a bank
n. multitude of kings, a l l
ftfta m. name of the son of
the k i n g s Hariscandra
TOIfi® « . ( m . and «.a
house, a palace ) a royal palace
? r J ! ^ m. a sacrifice performed 9 ^ /. the goddess of wealth
by kings a n d beauty ; splendour, glory
Xt-X. with «lt, caus. to propitiate m. a stick, a staff
^ p r t l P l f / • the wife of R 5 m a m. n. f. s m a l l
TIHlft m. ( ?RT proper name a n d n. littleness, dishonour
« n f t begirming ) R a m a a n d adv. early
others 5 f ^ / s < a n d 10th conj. Parasm.
n. a k i n g d o m , a nation a n d Atm. to go ; with to
ftw n. property, wealth violate, to transgress
ft^ 7th conj. Parasm. a n d 5591; 1st conj. Parasm. with a , to
Atm. to evacuate speak, to prattle ; with ft, to
^ 2nd conj. Parasm. to make lament
noise, to c r y aloud ^ with sjt, to get or design a
^SiT m. n. f. h a r s h certain a n i m a l as a v i c t i m to
^{^^ m. n. /. palatable be sacrificed
m. n. f. agreeable, hand- gsiq; with 31^, 1st conj. Aim. to
some depend o n
^ 2nd conj. Parasm. to weep, gri; 7 s* and 4th conj. Parasm.
to b e w a i l , to lament for to desire ; with «nif, to desire,
m. g o d S i v a to covet, to crave
 SECOND BOOK OF SANSKRIT 273

5512nd conj. Parasm. to g i v e or 4^|<MI<< m. censure of people

take n. ( S R l t 3 t 5 : ^ 1 ^ -
m. acquisition, gain ^ 1 ^ ) n. another world
«4ltft«f n. indulgence, i n d u l g i n g <^4>m4l4. m. censure b y people,
gransf n. beauty, loveliness i l l repute
%^6th conj. Parasm.aaA Aim- ^ R s f « . the eye
to smear, to anoint « . hair
2nd conj. Parasm. a n d m. the name of a R s i
Atm. to l i c k ^1® m. n. f. m o v i n g , unsteady
^ 4th conj. Atm. to c l i n g or ^ I f l F S t m. ( m . n. iron, «p«I
press closely, to be absorbed, m. a bond, a fetter) a fetter
to be dissolved of iron
55t 9th conj. Parasm. to melt, to
be dissolved, to be absorbed ;
with ft, to melt ^ffl'. m. plural, the name of a
^5ft past part, of concealed,
people or their country [ i p g
hidden
^ with 3n%qi|^, to give a bless-
^ 1st conj. Atm. to roll o n the
T ? , K'lV/f Sjft, to answer
ground
SRI »«• n. adamant
4th conj. Parasm. to be
^ i M ^ 70</i co«y. Atm. to deceive
destroyed, to disappear or
q < ! ^ m . a banian tree
vanish
^ 6th conj. Parasm. and Atm- 4«<4MtA >«• the fire supposed to
to take away, to rob, t o i e x i s f ^ t the tottom of the sea
llSjijpft m. (^jBrat wi. a mer-
plunder, to deprive of
chant ) merchants
m. a hunter, a fowler
heifer
^9th conj. Parasm. a n d Atm^
to cut, to lop off a!OT/- dear, a female cSiild
; ^SflSIK m. the process or m a n -
% ^ / . a line
! ner of k i l l i n g
with ^ 1st conj. Atm-
^^^^emr m. ( TO m. k i l l i n g , a n d
a n d 10th conj. to look at, to
XSfS( m. a p o s t ) gallows

collec- *°
tion of three, irft m. lord ) pot. part, of fit to
t « bowed to
the lord of the three worlds,
viz.. H e a v e n , the E a r t h a n d m. n. f. produced or exist-
the lower regions i n g i n a forest
19
274 SECOND BOOK OF SANSKRIT

g^C 1st conj,, Parasm. a n d Attn. ar 2 « d conj. Parasm. to blow

to shear, to cut, to s o w ; with arnarar / censurableness, iiabi-
ft^, to offer sacrificial food, Uty to censure
to present « r r w caws, of 5T, with ft^ to
iC55 n. the body extinguish
^ff^lst conj. Parasm. to v o m i t ant^RJ^ adv. often
9n[ 10th conj. to choose «tlR<OT.a cloud
m. the g o d of water or WlfegJT m. the s o n of V a l i , a
the sea monkey-chief
^if^ n. armour ^T5»fH% m. name of a sage
n. rain-fall, r a i n i n g aiTOR w . « . a day
^^ijJj^w. a frog »n. the god Indra
^ 1st conj. Atm. to cover »». a descendant of
m . « . a n anthill I Vasistha
^ 2wd cony. Parasm. to w i s h ft<^ »«. « . /. blown out,
^q!^R w . the c r y at the opened
time of t h r o w i n g a n oblation ftiBRf » « . « . /. courageous,
into the fire; this i s con- possessing prowess
sidered a deity. ft'^I^RmU (past part, of *fee
^ 2nd conj. Atm. to d r e s s ; pass, of */te caws, of ^ to
caus. with ft, to p u t o n a go, with ft) being thought
garment, to dress or considered
W T n. cloth, a garment RirW »n. «. /. wonderful,
curious
n a m e of a w o m a n a n d ^ ^ 3 *ft^ 1st conj. Parasm. to go,
» ! . destroyer) murderer of to approach
ft^ (Ji/t conj. Atm. a n d 7<A
^ H T / . fat, m a r r o w cortj. Parasm. with 3 ^ , to
^^f. the earth tremble, t o fear, to be dis-
i^tj'rfld'«. { ^ a n d ijiiw « . a gusted
collection) a collection of ftjt. i r d co«y. Parasm. and
things Aim. to separate, to
x^lst conj. Parasm. a n d Atm. d i s t i n g u i s h ; with ft
with 3JI, to b r i n g ftsi^ 10th conj. to distort, to
m. fire m a k e ridiculous, to m o c k
 SECXJND BOOK OP SANSKRIT 275

f l R W ^ m.n.f. wealthy ft^ m. n.f. separated

m. n. f. { f t : d e v o i d of, ft^ m. o p p o s i t i o n ; s r i M h l » » .
and (fmr/. desire )Tfree f r o m harmony
any desire ft^raa n. a w a n t o n pastime
2nd conj. Parasm. to k n o w past part, of ^ with ft,
ft^ 7th conj. Atm. to reason destroyed
upon, to discuss I ftmf^»M.(ftf^>«. marriage
ft^ caus. with ft, to offer, to and fti«t m. a ceremony) the
ceremony of inarriage
present, t o i n f o r m
! ftfti^ m.n. J. of several k i n d s
ft^ m. (in the plur. ) the
i ft^ wtV/i a n d ajf t o enter
name of a country, the
i n , come i n
modern B e r a r s
ft^ m. the t h i r d order or caste
ft^nrWW n. ( [ f t ^ m. a foreign
among the H i n d u s ; /. pi.
country ) going t o a foreign
i subjects, people
country [theplural)
ft^ri^ m. a slaughterer
fttf m. name of a country ( i n
ftftra m. a n a r r o w [ sons)
ft^ past part. pass, of a w ; ,
ftfjflg » » . » . /. respectable ( per
pierced, s t r u c k , wounded
ftga w . ( p a s t part. pass, of
ftfn /. learninK, lore
^ with ft) famous, famed as
ft8?5' pres. part, of ft^ to
ft^aa: a d v . i n a l l directions
know, knowing
ft)Ci;mr L o r d of the U n i -
ftftq; m. a n enemy
verse, G o d
ft^I?{ m. the creator, fate
PI "Mil w«. the P r o t e c t o r of a l l ,
ft^TO ^ s i ^ r / . of ^ ft>
destroyed God
ft^Rt m. bondage, tie ft^l^n^ f « . the P r o t e c t o r or
ftj^ n. a forest Supporter of the U n i v e r s e
ftsi m . a B r a h m a n a
ftwfprai/. capacity to inspire
ftfij m. a g o d confidence
ft^ »M. destruction
ft«^ m. the creator, B r a h m a
ft«n"19''m. name of a sage
ft^nat^ f». the name of a G a n -
ft^ft:/. wealth, prosperity,
dharva
power o r greatness
ft%tW »«• Plttr. a l l the gods
ftwSar/. w a n t of intelligence
ft«^ 3rd conj. Parasm. and
m. n. /. w i t h the face
turned a w a y from A * m . to surround
276 SECOND BOOK O F SANSKRIT

m. an object g i v i n g f i t 1st and 7th conj. Parasm.,

sensual pleasure 2nd conj. Atm. a n d 10th cotij.
ft^"! " » . « • a horn to avoid, to shtui
ftWlR''^ >«• he w h o pleases f f t R m. a w i c k e d person
lieavenly beings, V i s n u ^ with »lft, to pass away;
f-iimjI^I^Hl, a proper name with an, to t u r n round, to
faref^a: adv. i n detail . turn back
A W K » « . extent [ ment f ^ with a, ( in the causal) to
ftWT m. admiration, amaze- introduce, to bring into
practice [ a n event
ft, surprised ^ n . w h a t has taken place,
ftfW w . « . / interrupted ftfRT m. account, occurrence,
ftS1«r (aft.so. of ff to abandon history
with ft) having abandoned ^yiM«i4ui n. ( f a p ^ r . s a w « •
ft%a /)as/ ^crr*. pass, of '^f hearing) hearing of History
UJiY/j ft, prescribed by the or account
scriptures livelihood, maintenance
ft^ m. n. f. destitute of m. k i l l e r or f ? l , Indra
ftf;^ m. n. f. overwhelmed, ^Vfi adv. i n v a i n , uselessly
afflicted ^ » « . « . /. old
4[WH m. w a r l i k e feeling, one of prosperity
the nine poetic sentiments w . a scorpion
4tW».ft4t /. ( ^ 5 5 ^ /• a n ^Ist conj. Parasm. to rain, to
a r m y ) a n a r m y of warriors shower d o w n , to pour d o w n
or heroes g^m. a ^ u d r a , a sinner, a
5 ^ m. n. f. desirous of
reprobate
choosing
f f t / rain
^ Sth conj. Parasm. and Atm.
^ 9th conj. Parasm. a n d A * » i .
to c o v e r ; with 3W and 3IT. to
o p e n ; with a n , t o restrain, to to choose
c u r b ; with ft, to expound, to I m HI. speed, velocity
express; with WH, to shut ^ 4 M t / . braided hair
\ 10th conj. with ft, to oppose, ^ » « . a bamboo
to dissuade from ^^f. agony
V H I ^ « . ( f a r >«. tree a n d ^
1 ^ I m . dress
n. r o o t ) the root of a tree
 SECOND BOOK O F SANSKRIT 277

% ind. a n expletive wife of a k i n g named D u s -

• n. agony, affliction yanta
• n. s k i l l JJPPT » i . n. /. possible
^ f t % m. n. f, belonging to a ^1% m. a name of Indra
Veda i(IM>i«M. m. the conqueror of
^ITO m. son of Vedhas ^ a k r a or Indra, the son of
m. a grammarian Ravana
: n . difficulty, c a l a m i t y in. a c o n c h - b l o w e r
RTO past part. pass, of ajss^ ^ 10th conj. to deceive, to
with ft, plain, manifest defraud
c q f t ^ m. exclusion or absence i S r a i w m. the husband of
a f f t a past part, of a p j ; , affli- 5 r # , Indra
cted 5RfJ55 //. /. l i v i n g for a
-ff/t couj. Parasm. to pierce, hundred years
to wound adv. from a n enemy
apT «t. expenditure ^ 1st conj. to peiish, to decay
arWI grammar s f t : adv. gradually, slowly
a i r i ^ m. II. f. sick ^ 1st conj. Parasm. and A * m .
sqi^ a m a d elephant to curse; ind. past part.
a r r a >«. the reputed author of i / « . voice, a word
the M a h a b h a r a t a , a R s i 'stttj^i/ui. happiness, welfare
<ld^r<4 in. a. /. one w h o has a SROJTW^ /n. II. f. one seeking
l i k i n g for fasts and other refuge
devotional vows ^T^rrrgq ni. II. f. a bower or shed
a»-X conj. Parasm. to cut, made of arrows
;r?I^ in. a k i n d of [xit
to mow, to tear
5lfff^'«- /- one having a
^tef /- shame
liody; in. a human being, a
man
^ li-it/i an, / v/ <.'o«j. Afm. tu iiT<5Cl*l (5T#ft/. the n i g h t )
hope the lord of the iiigiit, the
jj-^ , W i c'07tf'. P a r a s m . to be able moon
/H. It. a c a r l 5T?r m . a rabbit, a iiare
SRS^/i a n i m a l - d u n g 5I5fTJ » t . the moon
Sfsasi / name of a lady. 5tWt adt'. prepetually
278 SECOND BOOK O F SANSKRIT

WW fs/ conj. Parasm. with ft, ^ 1 ^ / . a n o y s t e r - s h e l l

to k i l l , to destroy » i . rt. /. pure
5raftw/ a n d fttti) a r t g;T:gqS m . a proper name
or knowledge of w a r g:T^t<i:m. a proper name
5 r e F 3 W in. (^19, yiJW m. fall- m. a proper name
ing on ) a stroke of a weapon m. n. the money given'' to
?rerrei n. weapons of a l l k i n d s the [parents of a : bride, ori-
5fR5 m. a vegetable ginally as a purchase price
^ITT a curse gsfjnf/. service, attendancel'.on
?naRB the young of beasts g^|Q| m. n. y . powerful
S r r a a w . « . /. eternal, ever- ^ j j ^ m. n. S. vacant, empty
lasting ^ J H J 3 # / . h a v i n g no liveliness
Sira 2«d conj. Parasm. to on the face, pale - faced, of a
govern, to regulate, to dis- dejected countenance
cipline • y j ^ ^ m. a name of .Siva
5n?C 2 « d co;y'. A*ff». tuJi/i am, to ^ n. a horn
w i s h , to desire, t o bless 51 with ft, to fade (as pass.)
%riWH(>^ t"- (^tm n. scripture
^ » i . « . remainder, a l l others
and ! l f t ^ m. p r o h i b i t i o n )
^ s g » » . name of a k i n g
scriptural prohibition
%fl4)(^4>^ »»• « • /• overcome
4$)7§|^ m. a peacock
with sorro^
f ^ r ^ n. the head
jpfW w . « . /. dark green
n. a k i n d of flower
ystn m. fatigue
m. a collection of
iStf 2nd conj. Parasm. to cook
stones
8tFff past part, of SIflJ, fatigued
fij^ 7th conj. Parasm. to dis-
snsC'I m . the fifth month of
tinguish : with ft, to particu-
the H i n d u year
larise
f a 7st conj. Parasm. a n d Atm.
^ 2nd conj. Atm. to l i e d o w n ,
with m, t o c l i n g to, to go to,
to sleep; with 3lft, to surpass
to resort t o ; with W^, to re-
^fla m. n. f. cold
sort to, to rest on, t o depend
^ftq^IDT « . protection from
upon
cold
^ f t a ^ m . » . /. cool ^ 9th conj. Parasm. and Atm.
^ t e M. good disposition to cook
 SECOND BOOK OF SANSKRIT 279

wealth, goddess of wealth, a n d i n the noon prayers a r e

beauty offered b y B r a h m a n a s ]
'JiV^ m. the name of the god ^ftr? m. a r m o u r
Vi?nu ^i<^ m. contact
^ 5th conj. Parasm. to hear OTI^ n. accomplishing
gfiBR)57 m. n. /. ( wft /. ear iXt^W nt. c u s t o m , a traditional
andH^tg? m.n.f.charming) observance
c h a r m i n g to the ear ? h r a m. possibihty, probability,
silBi-oft /. a line i b i r t h , source
s J H ^ m. splendour j ^ W l f t a past part. pass, of the
«^ n, ear caus. of ^ w i t h thought
5?ragq n. a pair of ears of, thought possible
«9:^r4 n. to-morrow's duty or H^rtrftf^ m. bustle ( o n account
^ m. a dog [ work of the a r r i v a l of a guest ),
»9)E( 2nd conj. Parasm. to hospitality
breathe; with ft to respire '< ?ilft?«t n. name of a miraculous
with ft to believe, to con- weapon
fide ; with ?w^and SJI to c a l m OTJT nt. restraint
oneself, to take courage OT)^ tn. a sage who has curb-
Wl? ni. a beast of prey, a j ed his passions, a n ascetic
beast I ?ftoa? tn. a year
! OTtf tn, the name of a priest
j OT^'M-a species of submarine
W»i<l<fi?r m. n.f. ( f f e ' n / -num- i fire
ber, Sta'ft m. n. f. gone be- jcftrg m. company, l i v i n g to
yond ) innumerable gether w i t h
past part, oi i p j ; with g ? R % % /. the abandoning of
united connection
g J l R m . a battle mm in. the w o r l d
^few >M. a proper name *l«Ka^st « . ( 4 m m. worldly
^gg ^ a s t i w r i . of with existence, n, happiness,
pleased, satisfied, gratified enjoyment ) enjoyment of a
m. d o u b t ' worldly existence
^wfT / t w i l i g h t [ at the m o r n - a ^ i f t n a f / . ( i ^ i f t / this w o r l d ,
ing a n d evening twilights worldly existence, »Rlf /. a
280 SECOND BOOK OF SANSKRIT

p i t ) the pit of this w o r l d or ^ with JI ( i n the c a u s a l ) to

w o r l d l y existence please, to propitiate
fj^n^isiT m. II. f. to be remem- tn. n. f. good a n d bad
bered g ^ r ^ m . n. iWt^tn. n. f. good
ill. 11. f. entire, whole, a l l a n d a t r ^ R tn. c o n d u c t ) good
^^S!^ m. nearness, p r o x i m i t y c o n d u c t ; tn. n. f. one whose
in. n. f. angry { conduct is good
^ m. a friend, a companion g f l . ad'", instantly, at present
m. attachment to worldly gsiPT tn. n. f. occupied, filled
things, contact w i t h , protected
» ( W W ^ «. (^ « . a vow) t h e j g i p i f t / . fellow-wife
v o w of good or virtuousi ^t%T|^ tn. a member of an
conduct assembly or court
« S K Ut conj. Parasm. to cling,j^jfrt^pj m. n.f.(m equal, a n d
to adhere t o ; with ft a n d s j f t | ^ f_ ^^iag) doing equally.
[ w r f t ^ s ^ J . to join together; evenhanded
with ^ and Sff, to become ^piff^pj^adv r o u n d about
attached ^mi^n^adv. round about
1 / a meritorious deed, mHil*H^adv. by mantras, «. e.,
good action by repeating mantras
^Ssmf. hospitality «41W m. n.f. all
^T«n tn- n. f. test WTI^S! m. n. f. occupied w i t h ,
« . (Xjwer, greatness full of
t4«4lj4»A4 m. n. /. worthy of m. company, association
one's power or greatness g J l H m. n. f. equal
^ n g f ^ m. a good m a n ? W R > i ^ past part. pass, of the
?ra « . a sacrificial s e s s i o n ; OT caus. of ^ with g ^ a n d aw,
v^f. the place of sacrifice placed
/. company 'of the ^ n m s a past part. pass, of (
virtuous with a n a n d an, collected
ga[/s< coMj Parasm. to s i t ; g ^ r ^ / . s m a l l s t i c k s of a sac-
with air, to approach, to red tree, s u c h as udumbara,
come to; with a, to be to be t h r o w n into the sacri-
gracious or pleased; with g n ficial fire
a n d aiT, to o b t a i n , to meet g i f t ^ « • /• what i s d e s i r e d ;
w i t h , to find n. a desired obiect
 SECOND BOOK O F SANSKlilT 281

m . exertion \ ?f5J^ 6th conj. Parasm. to be

ggqre^ m. u. f. grown, or become ready
increased Q|[ with 3^, to be able, to be
adequate, to be up to, to feel
^^qiXa past part. pass, of 5
equal to
with 3T and S T T ) . col-
n. a thousand [ parts
lected
g f ^ ^ adv. into a thousand
gnn^ adv. correctly, well
g ^ ^ : adv. by thousands
fJWR. « . / . good [ peror
HSW m. a helper, companion
ff5JR >». a great king, an em-
m. n. f. mightiest
?R|5l-oft / . .path, disposition or
n. name of a system of
arrangement of things philosophy
mW f. name of the bitch of
«MI§* n.f. one wearing an
the gods
I armour
H t ^ I ^ / • name of a river
I adv. in the presence of,
f f ^ : adv. in e\ery ilirection
in sight of
M^*ijl'lPi " . Noiii. Acc. plur. gRR in. the ocean
all existing things «I(%5M counsellorsliij).
R^ft^ tn. n. f. one wlio knows gjSJfWT in. name of a priest
everything PTW 5th conj. Parasm. to ac-
g ^ n. ( Q# and ^ n. ) all compUsli
wealth or possessions giqROl in. 11. f. ordin.-uy
OTWtSatg in. ( «?fit&rr ^«.s< OTg adv. well
^ r * . /xr.ss. of \ with 31]^ and 5 1 1 ^ ^ in. n. /. ( W% in. 11. f.
5f, desired, aimed at ) the good and f r l « . conduct )
cause of [ the attaintnent of I well-conducted
all desired objects igUTRT n. f. ordinary, com-
n, water mon to one with others
g f t ^ m. the sua HlftrWt /- a verse repeated at
<;lfit*<<< /«. II. f. with wonder, the time of kindling the
xvondering sacred fire
ill. n. f. ( vt with, # B g r a ^ ind. in the evening
; « . sorrow ; Mftlicted with OTt power, pith [ dog
sorrow the son of Sarania, a
g ^ f t v m. n. f. accoiiipamcjd ind. with ( used with the
by soldiers instrumental)
282 SECOND BOOK OF SANSKRIT

m . n. /. u n i v e r s a l ( sove- g v n n / a wife of A r j u n a
reign ) g f l n i r n. abundance of food
^criTOR m. n./. ( « a n d anTOR g i l ^ m. n.J. fragrant
n. ) attentive m. ( » « . a god, i
gniRft /. the holy mantra or m. a place of abode) the abode
verse o f t h e R g v e d a , gene- of the gods, heaven
rally G a y a t r i , a n d g ^ f o ^ n. (
called m. a golden
repeated b y a l l B r a h m a n a s c o i n , a n d 5Rf n. a hundred )
every day a hundred coins of gold
g r a ^ ^ »«• n. f. ( Bah. comp.) gfl»fl<J m. It. J. modest
of wonderful conduct g S ? q ? B T in. n. J. intimate,
n. friendship, help dearest
g|%;!T n. literature, composi- ^ 2nd conj. Atm. to give
tion birth t o ; wifh'.Jl, to produce
ftsai/ sand 4th conj Atm. with Jf, to
fer^ /. accomplishment produce
1st conj. Parasm. to regu- ^ 6th conj. Parasm. to i m p e l ,
late, to turn out w e l l o r to push forward
auspiciously ?JJRB/. ( g a n d 3ffe /. speech )
4th conj. Parasm. to sew good words o r s[)eech, cor-
together rect exposition
g 5th conj. Parasm. a n d Atm. ^ 10th conj. to indicate
to extract S o m a juice qjr w . a charioteer
g 1st conj. Parasm. a n d 2nd m. n. J. agreeable, plea-
conj. Parasm. with S , to sant
produce ^ j f r o m. the f a m i l y of the sun,
g ( as prefixed to words} good, the solar race.
well ^ 1st conj. Parasm. to r u n
^ j h r m. name of a monkey- %{caus.) with to drive
chief a n d a l l y of R a m a away, t o expel
«. the day o n w h i c h with to bring i n con-
S o m a juice i s d r u n k i n the tact w i t h , to imite with;
S o m a sacrifice x'nth <ta[, to abandon
g y i w P ^ H L fn. n. /. ( / ^5nft^ m. the c a m p of a n
nectar ) dropping nectar army
 SECOND BOOK O F SANSKRIT 283

^( m. II. J. w i t h Indra ^ 2nd conj,Parasm.andAtm.

n. serving, resorting to, to p r a i s e ; with to praise
practising ^5th conj. Parasm. and Atm.
service to cover, to spread, to s t r e w ;
conj. Parasm. to b r i n g to xvith
a n end, to finish, to destroy; ^ 9th conj. Parasm^ a n d Atm.
with qft and aiSf, to e n d i n , to c o v e r ; with aiT, to cover,
to result i n ; with ft a n d to spread
to determine, to resolve, to
^f. w o m a n , wife
endeavour, to strive.
W with arar, to stay, to a b i d e ;
? i N g r a m. n. /. h a v i n g breath
with g q , to go to
MI<{N n. stairs, steps ^ i m 3 l f f J r m. ( m . n.
U t H ^ ^ l f t ^ u i m. n. /. (^fjf m. f. immoveable a n d 513PT tn. n.
the m o o n ) one w h o adorns /. moveable ) immoveable
the lunar race, an ornament a n d moveable
of the lunar race ( of k i n g s ) fi«Rr past part, of abiding,
^fCH m. n. /. gentle being, existing
m. son of S u y a v a s a ^ S J ^ ^ r m. the name of a sage
<j)<|vi4 n. good government ^ 2nd conj. Parasm. to bathe
m. n. /. golden a muscle
H<(<*< pres. part. tumbUng, ^4th conj. Parasm. to bear
tripping affection to
W/clcT n. a slip, a mistake g 2iid conj. Parasm. to flow,
7st conj. Parasm. to c r y , to drop, to ooze
to thunder [ nipple ^ m. n. s u m m i t
^asT m. the feinale breast, the ? ^ / . w i s h , desire
m. a bunch 6th conj. Parasm. to break,
^ a n ^ 1st conj. Atm. a n d 5th to spht asunder
conj. Params. to become ^ f e a i f t g ^ r a . a n opened ati-
ri.xed or rigid, to Income mukta flower
haughty % i a n. smile
^HPiH 9th conj. Parasm. to stop,^ with ft; to forget; ft^^
to become stiff o r rigid, to forgotten
become haughty Xt>^ m chariot
WJWf m. a post, a column « . one's duty
284 SECOND BOOK OP SANSKRIT

^^H^ m. n. f. one's o w n s q ; Z « d co»y. Parasm. to k i l l ;

4:4MMI<)4)4| m. separation from twVfe sifir o r « r , to s t r i k e ;
one's o w n m e n o r relations xuith^ to k i l l , to destroy,
?^sr fn. noise, roar to r u i n
2nd conj. Parasm. to sleep m. name of a monkey
m. a dream devotee of R a m a
^qjipr denom. Atm. t o be i n a ind. interj. expressing
d r e a m , to speak i n a dream wonder o r sorrow
^ P T ^ w « . / . self-existent m. n.f. a, k i l l e r
*q«*qwi<» m. ( ^ < i < « w . choice m . a horse
of a husband b y a w o m a n 5? m . the god ^ i v a
herself, a n d m. t i m e ) f m name of a B r a h m a n a
time.of choosing a husband f f t S R n. name of a holy' place
i^PIH » « d . i n person, of himself at the foot of the H i m a -
^ m . a sound layas
^ R ^ ^ n r m. n. f. one longing f f t i l ^ m. name of a k i n g
after heaven f w f n. a n offering
? ^ f t a « . one's o w n good 57 i r d conj. Parasm. to
^ ; ^ / . a lunar m a n s i o n , name abandon
of a constellation ST 3rd conj. Atm. to g o ; xvith
^ ( I T » « • taste, tasting 3^, togo upwards, t o ascend ;
m. n.f. sweet, palatable xjuith a n to be sitting
m. o w n e r f l T ^ m.n.f. dyed yellow w i t h
riiMTi m . « . /. dependent o n turmeric
oneself n. smile, laughter
^ 1st conj. Parasm. to sound 8l4r!|°l>l4' « . a ludicrous a c t
« » . sweat, p e r s p i r a t i o n ft 5<fe c o n ; . Parasm. to g o ;
^ ^ ? 5 ^ m. a particle o r drop of w i t h SI t o send
perspiration fira 7s< a n d 7tfe co«y. Parasm.
and 70*fc co«y. to k i l l , to
I destroy
f a n expletive used i n narra- w. murderous, carni-
tions voroiis
^f^adv. b y violence i^mnt m. frost, snow, cold
^ past part. paas. of IR^ struck weather
 S E C O N D BOOK O F SANSKRIT 285

f l n r ^ III. the H i m a l a y a s i n g the v i t a l parts of the

ft^wWS m. name of a mouse heart
fPT in. n.f. destitute of t interj. a vocative particle, O !
f l i W l O ) m. a diamond m. a cause
5 3rd conj. Parasm. to ft^ » t . a sacrificial priest
sacrifice whose duty it i s to repeat
1 with 3tj a n d 3W 1st conj. the mantras
Parasm. a n d Atm. to take ^ 2nd codj. Atm. to conceal
down with aw or with ft
^ 3 m. n.f. short
the heart, « . the v i t a l ^ 3rd conj. Parasm. to blush,
parts a n d fe^ to c u t ) pierc- to be ashamed
 U — G E N E R A L QLOSSARY O F ENGLISH WORDS

OCCURRING IN T H E BOOK

month
Abode an^l^ n. MHIH m. A t i m u k t a creeper aiftjjTUMII/.
A b s u r d augrR past part. 3»gq- A t t r a c t e d ft^)f$I?r /ws* ^ w r t .
W Past part. ^ s s . of the caus. of ^ wi/A
A c c o r d i n g l y ?ran % a«n> f ?«P3(, Axeq^gw. [ft
A c q u i r e 3 1 ^ 1st conj. Parasm- B
a n d 10th conj. with S T B a b h r u v a h a n a SfW^TW^ son
A c t the traitor ^ conj. of A r j i m a , the P a n d a v a
Parasm. B a d (adverse) S l f t ^ > » . « . / .
A d j o i n i n g 5 f f t ^ past part. Battle-field VP^f.
pass, of W w i Y ^ g j ^ a n d R Because ?Rt; ind. ^ ind.
Afflicted s n ^ iftasf part, a r f ^ Bee "I.
^cjsf ^ a r f . /xjsx. P>eginning 3BJ /». s n f t / « .
Agricultural purposes, for, Belief ?J57 /. ftwra /w-
B e n t infira A ^ r * . /lass. of
A j a 3151 m. name of a person
the causal of '^^[ft
A h v e s f i i f ? ^ / . ^res. part. act. H l l ^ d ' R a m a h a v i n g bent
of 3ftq> y J l c i l /. (ojft m . life, the b o w '
and B for g f t W . w i t h ) Bhfgu ^ m . the name of a
Alliance m. g ^ n. Rsi
Aloud ind. B i d ftg: ff^/f co«/. ii-iV/f 3fr
A n c e s t r a l ft^aWf m. «./. Bitterly (wept) iiy**«44^
A n g a d a 3 ^ m. a k i n d of or- Msed a s a M a d v .
nament Blessing S T T ^ / .
Afigas aiffi: plur. name of a Blind apq w. «./.
people or their country B l o o d ;ftfdia « .
Aphorism ^ n. B o d i l y form /. i g S »•
Assistance n. sn^ft/-
A s t r a y 3?q«madr. Brahmana-king XIIIUHM m.
A i v i n a snftpT » « . name of a BrShmana-murder n m m r /•
 SECOND BOOK OF SANSKRIT 287

B r a n c h 51^1 /• Common SPWt tn. n. f.

Breast ar§f^ n. a W P T tn. n. f.
Bright half (of the lunar C o m m u n i c a t i n g (with the
month ) gSFRfr tn. river) past part, or
B r i n g u p wit, causal of fi? *Wr»sWH pres. part.
with ^ n , qiqo} or ^ROT ^ Conceited past. part.
B r o a d fts^l^ ««. n.f. Conclave <441M »«• iR'^ /•
B r u t e m. [ft?
B u i l d Vn 3rd conj. Attn, with C o n d u c t oneself properly
B y hundreds ^ a f t q ^ ^ i ^ n ^ p :
C Confined ftjrfs^Rt past. part.
Cage q^R m . pass, ft^ /xzs* part. pass.
C3.!f TO >n. [ ed Conqueror ftf^pflg
C a U g i a)iV;j9lfiT; aifirfta call- Constantly Stft^P^ adv.
C a l l i n g 3J6I^>^ pres. part, of Construct JTI with ftj;
C o n v i n c e ^ w i t h Sift cans.,
Canal f^qi/. JRftftf
C a n t o ??jf m . C o o k i n g utensil ? « r ^ /.
Capital Costly nST^ ti. f.
C a p t u r e d ^ t ? T ^as/ ^ r < . pass. C o t t o n ^ m . ftg in.
of Counsellor fll^SR^ ni. W)<:tF<i<^ »«•
Carpet ^ tn. C r a d l e ?ljgl /.
Celestial damsel a»«;?TO /. C r o a k VS, 1st conj Parastn.
with 31T
C h a n d r a k e t u Tfc^Jbjj m, name
C r u e l ^ j r a m . n. /.
of the son of Laksmana,
Cry ^ conj. Parasm.
brother of R a m a
7si con/. Parasm,
Chest SRira: n.
Curious ft^^ w. n. f.
C h u r n i n g handle 41«<Hi.u« m.
Cutting m.
{ flWR n . c h u r n i n g and ^05
m. h a n d l e ) , J?WTR m. D
C o b r a 'Rf&R[ " i . I P T D a r k ^ q w » « . « . /.
C o l u m n ^gJW D e a t h TO tn.
Commander ^I^Jjftm.^PHqft m. Deceive q i with 3 l f t and g ^ ,
Commentator ttvisgji m. tf^- ^ with ft a n d si, 10th
m»'- conj. Atm.
288 SECOND BOOK OF SANSKRIT

Deposit WTO m . ft#q m . Eastern ^ m. n. f. pron. S U ^

D e p r i v e of K 1st conj. with ST? m. n. f.
Descendant in. n. f. E d u c a t i o n ftw /. STWPR « -
m. n.f. ftq^ n ; of good education
Desire ^SffT/ ?BW » « . ^jfttr m. n. f. m.
Desperately ! ] ^ ifid. adv. »• / gft'fta m. n. f.
adv. End n. «B5J n . <hUI<41U<)
ms<r. used as a n a d v . da<. for the attainment of
Destroy 7<7» co>y. with^^, the fruit or end
Wth conj. with ft; 3 ^ E n d 3 ^ m. n. vRv||44
» » . 3 ^ & c . i n the end
Destroyed «reat i>as< ;ter/. of E n r a g e d 5 5 past part, of 5^
aftaW ^ r f . pass. E n u m e r a t e d (ii^<Clf$<l past part.
of ft(^ ie>jV/t 3 ^ pass. q%n6t?r ^r(.^ss.
Destruction w . STRT » « . E t e r n a l SIT'Sa w . « . /.
•WWW»». [ f i i ^ E v e r y Sjft ^re^.
Different fiw />as* ^ r t . ^ s s .E v e r y year u f t ^ R W W t a d v . i « d .
of Different ( v a r i o u s ) ftft^ E v i l W I ' J m . "ftsr/ ».
m. n.f. E x c a v a t e ^ with 3 f ; 3*?lft-
Diflficulty 9t^(^ n. ^ n.
D i r g h a t a m a s ^ f l i J H m. name E x c e p t J«d.
of a R s i Existence WW m . s i f e w « .
D i s c u s s i o n 4l4f^<|ld; m. E x p l o i t TO!RT m . a|^<l'<(lUa »•
Disease wnftl nt. Exterminate ^ 10th conj.
Dishonest g a m b l i n g ^HfSips n. with 3 ? : ; 4Mi<*ft94i»«/
( 5673 n . fraud, a n d mx n. E x t r a o r d i n a r y «rg?f m . n . /
gambling) F
Disturb ^
Faithfully ftw
Doctor nt. t « l tn.
F a m i l y 355 « .
D r a m a t i c play TO* » .
F a s t e n e d ftg^ ^ s i ^f-<. ^ s s . ;
Drive co«y. St
gft i^g'B: fastened to the
Duty 1^»«.
yoke
E Fasting-day <d*WKl(^<l « • ( 3<Wa
E^rn s n f 7st co»y. Parasm. m a fast,ft^T»• a day )
Ease M. F a t h e r - in- l a w m.
 SECOND BOOK O F SANSKRIT 2S9

Felicity «. , H
Fellow « i g ^ m. I Harmless a n w ^ m. n. f.
Field of battle ^ o n i j i r / . i Harsh q ^ m. n. f. ; (words )
Fight, to, ^m, gt. 'ftf^ TOW tn. n. f.
Fix q « j 9th conj. Parasm. Haste, in, Hiii^mi^adv.
First adv. s p m ^ adv. 31T?T; Haughty 3 ^ past part.
loc. sing, of anft 1 Held (as a meeting ) ww<i
Flame /
Helpless 3RTW w. n. /.
Flee aiq; 7sf co»v. Aim. xvith \
Hemangada t^TIS^ " i . t^ic
TO changed to W t j
name of a king
Fleet of ships ifl^nVH n. |
Hermit <AHim tn. q f t >k.
Floor /. j
High 3 ^ wt. « . /
Food snr n.
H o w many times ind.
Fortress ^ ni.
Found T I ^ S Q past part. pass.
Iksvakus, the, ^Sf^T^ m. ( used
Wff^ past part. pass. in the plural) name of tJie
Fragrant gifir m. n. J. line of kings to which I^aiii.i
Fraudulent scheme *q3S|^«^ m. belonged
Free past part. pass, of g ^ 111 m. It. f.

( 5 ^ / • ) ; to be free g ^ pass. Immortal past part, o f ^

Furniture 4^5*1 <ft<M • » • xvith 31, a n ^ ^ m. n. f.
0 Importance n. H^rSf //.
Gadhi nn^ m. the name of a a matter of importance
king
Gamble ^ 4th conj. Parasm. Imprison cbKIJ^g 1%%^
Gate n. In person ?5Rm ind.
Gently fls^^adv. Indiscretion w.
Ghost »«. 1RIT55 >«• fen^ w*. Indrajit ^r^^lt^ m. t h e sun
Go round SJ^i^TrflJf \m.n./. of Ravana
Good wit^Pr w. n. f. O l ^ Inexpressible 3?{?i#g?fft /«• ''. /
Gourd 4>HU4^ m.
Grain ^ I W T « . n. / . tt'jV/i 3>fq added
Greed ^ P T w. Ingratitude p I T R n / .
Grief 5h<P w. Inhuman 41M<4H^ tn. n. f. P R -
Guardian of a quarter ftfW tn. 3!Bl5f )
20
>.9() SI-COND B O O K O F S A N S K R I T

I n s t i n c t ^ - H M r t pa^t pari. pa:y>.,

past pari. par,-:. I,a St =3RJT in. n.f.

I n s t n i c t c r sjvanq^p m. n.f. L a s t night n?n?rra/.

Invade ^ 7,'./ conj. Parasm. L a w q^f^W n.

Lazy »i. /
I m i s i h i c srCfT in. it. f. nt. II. f.
i L e n g t h STRIIT in.
Uiii;i(la;jni 3TJr3T3 " ' • n a m e o f L i n e sa|^f »!. coliinin of aj.
army
l a r . i ;;UK11i;I 3J?fJlvi in. n i u n c i i f Littleness Si^m/.
.•I k i i v , ' of M a g a d l i . - i Locust
l u i ' - e 5fq in.
l - o r d «TPT m
justly y^n^ Lore /.
K L o s t TO /)(TS< ^ a r t .
I'Caikeyi '•JK^'A\ f. n a m e o i o n e of
L o v e , tOjfer^ 4th conj.Parasm.
the w i v e s of 1 ) a s a r a t h a
he i s k^ved ?n?ni*wgira
K a l i f h ' a s ^f^JfVpliir. n a m e of a
L o v e aig^TI ) « .
people or of t h e i r country
M
kartavirya ^^S^fi^ in. the
Magadha JTTrai: " i . ( used tn
name of a Isin-- kiUeil by
the pltiral) n a m e of a c o i i n l r ; . '
I 'arasurama
or U s people
i v a u s a l y . - i ^H<f'-([/. n a m e o f o n e
M a h a b h a r a t a J T ^ W R ? ! « . naa^c
of th(; w i v e s o f D a ^ a r a t h a
of a n e p i c poem celebiaiin--;
K e e p ('onteiited catis. icilli
the rjuarrels a n d wars Ix-

l\''c(>in;,' c o n t e i i l i d s r a T S a r f ;/. t w e e n t l i e s o n s of F ' a n d n a n d

( as appli'^d l o t l u ; subjects Dlirtarastra

I li a k m ; ; ) M a h e n d r a I f k ^ ^ in. n a m e ..', a,

ix'ick f; ?r^-7r ! T ^ ^ - u'i\es moinitain a n d the adiaeei:;

aki. k country

'•Ml'd A'.sV /•.?/•/. ^ j s s . v l a n d i a;,'ainst rm^ivith i;{fi\

i ' . : . : " ' i ,n iTTR 'T^-J .Market iVim\C'^ f. mm :)'•

i^r.uiii^ i i ; i "T;ra a !-iici'i-^; o f 'Mathnra t l ' J f t /• n a m e of a

had; place

K ' n n r i.isaiakb I,-, a ^ HUJi'vi^ in^ M a n r y a ^vi in. i ; a m e of a d y -

na'me of a p o e m l i y K a l i d a s ^ j , n a s t y , a n i n d i v i d u a l of i t
 SECOND ^OOK OF SANSKKIT

Means gqPI »«• ai^qi^I m. i Originally ^ loc: sing, uf sm

Medicinal drug 3 ^ ^ / . loc sing, of snft
Medicine n. aTRfq / a Overcome arfJpjJT
medicinal herb, gener. an ! ^ a s s . of ^ aifvT, <W%!?5
herb j tn. n.f. a i T ^ tn. n.f.
M e d i c i n e ( a s a science ) O w n ^??r f » . w./
« . sngaf^ j«. P
MiglitipTRw. P a i d back a«H<ii|a ^as/ ^f'Y.
Miser »i. J ^ a s s . of the caus. of wjV/j
M o i s t s n ^ (H. « . / I J#
Moment ^ i Painful 5«n„T5? w;. 7/. /.
M o r e mournful gt'jra^ m. n. f. \ if|^|iti< »«. « . /.
Moth in. \ P a l e i q F f m. n. f.
M o v e m e n t a m R m. [ P a i i c a l i Mi^ltA /. princess of
N I the country of the P a i i c a k i s
N a k e d !R? in. n. f. ' Paper n.
Nala ^ m. name of a k i n g P a r a n t a p a qiRtq in. name of a
Named ind. snflT in'str. king
.'iin.ii. of • n n ' ^ • P a r n a d a qoif«[ 11c. a proper name
N a t u r e ft^pf wi. I Parvau n. a section, a
Necklace IH. | canto
Met 311^ n. Passage, o r i g i n a l , JJ5rei»T m.
N e v e r flf ^ ««d. ^ ^ Passion JpfN^T ^f%T£f;5:
^M^itid. : /. f f ? ? ^ « .
Nisada fiiqi^ in name of a; Patala qww n. the n-.:(ii, ,
w i l d tribe or an individual! region
of it Pataliputra qrafeg^J nan,,
Now-a-days #rft adv. ind. of a city in M a g a d h a
Number /. ; Person ; i f R ^
O j Pliilosopher r R s r f ^ ni.
Object V^mH n. 3^551 m. j P i e t y *Tf^/. ^^ftw /.
Occasionally +1^+1^, SQg^^^iFi;' P i l g r i m a g e ^rrar/
Ocean SJifk wj. i Pity ' . ^ /.; : ^ ; f m. n. j.
Office a i f t ^ tn. ; melted w i t h p i t y
Officer of the k m g wi.'Place of refuge sitiflqwnTr
292 SECONU BOOK OF SANSKRIT

PluDtler i s t ^ n. ^["3^ n. Q
P o l i t i c s sftferrei « . Quarter ( g#Tt xm: ) ( of the
Post n. day or n i g h t ) '«.
Pot f wr)». j R
Poverty ;t. ^rfft/. j R a g h u v a i i i s a X^ m. name of
Powder ^ m. ^ «. a poem by K a l i d a s a
P o w e r !PTR Raging a w w. n. f. si^TO
P r a s r a v a n a a^isfl m. name ofj „j. « . /
a mountain i R a i n s cTBif plur.
Prepared 3?ra past part, of | R a i s e H»3[. caws. WJY/J 3?;
rm^xvith^ Rajagrha ?I3PJ? « . natne of r.
Presence, i n one's, frc/i;'..| city i n M a g a d h a
a^''^ i liead /sf con;. Parasm.
Pressing against each olherj Recovery (regaining ) aarj-
"TOT?««!15T«. ! Jlfj in.
(Principle ^ n. ^ m. ] liefulgent prc.i. part.
Proper ^ past part, of ftviTiOTH /^rcs. ^ a r i ' .
vj(^c( m. n.f. : I^egion between Sisa^ n. aRf-
Pro[)erty fe«r « . ftrt n. ^ «•
Proud 3fc??r»; ^asf ^(Trf. 3s^-1 I^elation ^ ^5^5!
n.f. ( -sft/. ) J 5tft
Prowess KRUq »». "KPRT i Iteleased grR /).7,sf. ^irrf. pass.
Prudent ?5RT?R[ w . « . /. of !p[
)». n. f. I Iteligious austerities ?rqrfa
Punishment >«. ! plur,
P a r a n a g^T"! « . name of a class i Religious lx)ok Vl^tVPf in.
of w o r k s containing legend-TKemarriage m.
ary accounts of m a n y things j R e n u k a ^ g ^ / . wife of Jauia-
and of a religious and j dagni and mother of J'ara-
ritualistic character ; surania
Pure ftffgsflsr in. n. f. Repeat q? 1st conj. Parasm.
Purpose a'JtSH n. ^ n. \ Reprove 10th conj. Atm.
Pushed afar -fVflcMlRd ; T^after; xtnth i ^ 6th conj xvith
past part. pass, of the caus. \ aft and an
of with 3 ^ i Reputed snWTtl ptfsl part. pass.
 SECOND BOOK O F SANSKKIT 293

JJ^Pf past part.; ^«Ri7*RT?rr Satyabhama a^zr^rmT /. name

reputed as authors ( t w o ) of one of the wives of
Respectable ft%B « . / ; of a Krsna

respectable family SlfwiR- Sausadmana name

of a k i n g
n. f. in. n. f.
S a y i n g TOT 3 % /•
Responsibility of governing
Self-repect <<4llwWW >«.
Sense 3W » » .
Restore ^ icitli a f t
S i g n 1 ^ M.
Return ^ 7.s; conj. Atm.
S i m p l e 5 R g m . « . /. a(l4t)^*h
li'itli ft m. n. f. m. n. f.
R e v i v e intr. 3fta[ with gjfSf Simply adv.
l i c l k a ^v^TRE name of a R s i Sinful qtq f « . n . /.
I^gveda ^ J ^ ^ » t . name of a S k i l f u l sag? f M . M . /. f5ra
\^eda m. n. f.
R i n g l e a d e r a^TTTO^I^tf?^"!. Slavery ^RJf n.
R o c k ^ t e ^ den. or aiP^teT d e " . Smite ^ S/fe c o n ; , with aiq or
Roof 3ft?l « . qz^ « . ft, q}f 10th conj.
Root ^ M. Snatched away atTnilH past
Rudeness 3 { f t ^ w . part. pass, of with 3?I
Rukmini ^f^JTift /. wife of Sometimes *({|/^^
'Krsna Sought a r i ^ past part. pass.

R u n n i n g ft^^ n. of 3is| a
Ruthless ft^ m. n. f. Spirit n.
S i Spiritual adviser aqiwrtT m.

Sagara WK m. n a m e of a k i n g
Spray ^ m. «i.
Saketa « . name of a town
Stay Wf; stayed ^ r s / /JIT/-/.
S a m a v e d a H l ^ f t ^ nt. name of
a Veda Stem n.

SaiTidhya-adoration ^fsc([- S t r e a m <?i1d<i «.

n. Street VTl f.
S a m l ; n f t / . a k i n d of tree Subject ftqT m.
Sarayu /. a river near Subtle principle dWIM
Ayodhya Suddenly adv.
294 SECOND BOOK O F SANSKRIT

Sudeva in. a proper naim- Unguarded S R ^ S past part,

Supreme power H I ^ M « • TR- jias'i.
n. Uninterruptedly 3jft??m;.r(/r.
S u r v e y o r >J*4N* » « .
U s u a l l y ai^oT ind. adv. aPT:
^ y a p a n i a ^muj ) « . an indi\'r
ind. adv.
dual of the family
w h i c h was a family of V
priests Varaiia\ati tJKUIHctl /• name
System ftfsf » i . qgjft/. of a place
T V e r y v^T^Pf^adv.
T a k e n , ha\ ing, Jjtf^rMl absoUr V i d u r a ft^ m. a proper name
live of Jl|[ X'iolenl a ^ " ^ in. ii. f.
T a l i cTI^/. a kitid of palm tree \'irata ft^ m. name of a king
T a u n t 3qr^W? m. \ i s i t SIRWK >«.
Tenantless R^«T m. n. f.
\'isr,ima-|)alace ftywuiHI'^ / « .
Territory ni. \
\'rtra ^ in. an enemy of luilra
T h i c k r * ! ^ in. ii. f. ft^y » . / . '
W
Thought I
W a i s t JTOT /;.
Thoughtlessly adv. ?WTFI. i
W a n t ( need) 7.^/ to;j/', Ahn.
let III
T o u c h i n g t5a ; i . /.
Towards aft (governing an jW a t f l i , to, M^;<jp1i3»^ of
accusative ), arfii /)'-c/). | ^ lOlh cunj. with H
Trader ^ J i ; ni. j W e l k h e h a x c d <jx|Ra /«. /.
T r a m m e l g^vq^ ftrR; /;. \\-elI dis|.osed I^SR^ /A^//.
Traverse 7.v/ a n d 'lilt cy/y, i W h a t sort of )«. /.
Parasm. villi STf , W h i r h v i i i d gsfiSfRT USfn^nfl
T r u e G o d , true <H(^<^<».it m. ii\
J. God iRWT?JR[, in. ' \\ icked ( (leison ) ^ in. ;«
T r u t h 'SR^t /f.
U W i n g trei » i .
Unfathomable awrfq i/i. //. /. W itk, 'lit wealth /«. /
Unforgiving /. Wcanen of \ raja iRnS^Hf:/.
Unfounded ft%J » i . « . / . nom, pinr.
 b E C U N D BOOK OF S A N S K K I T 295

W o r d ap5r?( II. TOT n. Yavana !JcPT m. a foreigner, a

Work q^'STH' ^ Sth conj. Mahomedan; a Creek ( i n an-
Pani.wi. a n d Atm. cient times )
Y ; Yet SBirft ind.
Yajnadatta H^iri nt. a proper j Youngest ^ 1 % m. n. f.
name L Veda; Your reverence WMIH^ or
^' ijurveda in. ^f^^f. name of a i nom. sing.