Scribd
Upload
87 views3 pages

Glucose: Copper Reduction (Chemical)

This document summarizes several methods for analyzing glucose, blood urea nitrogen, creatinine, uric acid, and ammonia in clinical chemistry. For glucose, methods include chemical reductions using copper or ferric ions, condensation reactions with aromatic amines or phenols, and enzymatic reactions using glucose oxidase or hexokinase. Blood urea nitrogen methods involve direct colorimetric assays or using the enzymes urease or diacetylmonoxime. Creatinine assays include the Jaffe reaction, enzymatic reactions using creatinine amidohydrolase, or measuring creatinine on analyzers. Uric acid methods involve enzymatic reactions using uricase or measuring differential UV absorption,

Uploaded by

AudreySlit
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
87 views3 pages

Glucose: Copper Reduction (Chemical)

This document summarizes several methods for analyzing glucose, blood urea nitrogen, creatinine, uric acid, and ammonia in clinical chemistry. For glucose, methods include chemical reductions using copper or ferric ions, condensation reactions with aromatic amines or phenols, and enzymatic reactions using glucose oxidase or hexokinase. Blood urea nitrogen methods involve direct colorimetric assays or using the enzymes urease or diacetylmonoxime. Creatinine assays include the Jaffe reaction, enzymatic reactions using creatinine amidohydrolase, or measuring creatinine on analyzers. Uric acid methods involve enzymatic reactions using uricase or measuring differential UV absorption,

Uploaded by

AudreySlit
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 3

GLUCOSE

Copper Reduction (chemical) Cupric oxide -> Cuprous oxide(red orange)


Folin Wu Phosphomolybdate Phosphomolybdenum Not speciifc
rgt (alk soln) BLUE complex
Somogyi Nelson Arsenomolybdate Arsenomolybdenum True glucose
BLUE
Neocuproine Neocuproine YELLOW to ORANGE Adapted in automation
(2,9-dmethyl 1,10 RED
phenanthroline
hydrochloride)
Benedict’s - - Modification of Folin-Wu;
more specific; Urine
Schaeffer- Iodine - Titrimetric Method
Hartman- Somogyi (excess iodine titrated w/
thiosulfate)
Ferric Reduction (chemical)
Hagedorn-Jensen Yellow Ferricyanide COLORLESS Measure  in OD; less
Ferrocyanide susceptible to reoxidation
by air
Condensation with Aromatic amines (chemical)
- O-toluidine in hot GREEN Most specific non-
glacial acetic acid N-glycosylamine + enzymatic;
Schiffs base Heat – converts D-glucose
to L-glucose
Condensation with Phenols (chemical)
Anthrone Hydroxymethylfurfur GREEN -
condensation al in hot strongly
acidic sol’n
ENZYMATIC
Glucose Oxidase Gluconic acid, H2O2, FAINT PINK Specific to B-D-glucose;
Coupled Reaction chromogen, Vit C -  glucose
Peroxidase
Polarographic Gluconic acid, H2O2, Acetaldehyde / Iodine O2 consumption;
GOD ethanol, catalase Acetaminophen-
interfere
Hexokinase ATP, hexokinase, 6- Most specific for glucose;
Glu-6-PO4, NAD, phospogluconolactone Reference method; F-
G6PD  bilirubin/ gross
hemolysis; measure  in
OD @340nm
Tabares, M.A
BLOOD UREA NITROGEN
Fearon (Direct) Diacetylmonoxime YELLOW diazine -
Xanthydral (Direct) Xanthdral reagent Dixanthydral Urea Measured
Spectrophotometrically
Nesslerization - - Ex. Urease, Mod. Kaar,
Gentzkow-Mersen, Folin-
Svedberg
Berthelot - -
Acid Titration - - Ex. Urograph (Conway
microdiffusion/ paper
chromatography) and Van
Slyke-Callen method
a. Urograph Urease- hydrolyze urea BLUE color Height (mm) x 5 + 10 =
K carbonate- release BUN (mg/dL)
NH3
Plastic bariers- stop the
rxn
Indicator system
(BCG&Tartaric acid) –
measure NH3
Tabares, M.A

CREATININE
Jaffe Saturated Picric acid, 10% Janovsky complex Not specific due to
(chemical) NaOH (RED tautomer) ERGOTHIONINE and
GLUTATHIONE
Folin-Wu - RED-ORANGE Measures Non-creatinine
(chemical) tautomer chromogen
Lloyd’s Sodium Aluminum silicate (SAS) - Reference method,
(chemical) measures true creatinine
Fuller’s Earth Aluminum Magnesium silicate - -
(chemical) (AMS) / Floridin
CAH CAH, ATP, CK, NAD NADH consumption,
(enzymatic) Phosphoenolpyruvate, PK, Spectrophotometrically
pyruvate, LD, Lactate @ 340nm (dec OD)
CIH CIH, ammonia, alpha- NAD Fluorometry
(enzymatic) ketogluatarate, NADH, GD,
glutamate
Coupled CAH CAH, sarcosine, sarcosine - Adapted to KODAK
(enzymatic) oxidase, glycine, H2O2, EKTACHEM, minimal
peroxidase interference with
LIDOCAINE metabolites
3,5- DNBA PURPLISH ROSE- Adapted to Dry strip,
Dinitrobenzoic colored product Spectrophotometric
acid/ DNBA quantitative end-point
(enzymatic)
Tabares, M.A
URIC ACID
Direct Redox Phosphotungstic acid, Tunsgten BLUE Adaptations:
NaCN/NaCO3, NaCN (Folin, Newton,
Allantoin Brown, Benedict);
NaCO3 (Archibald,
Henry, Caraway)
Differential UV - Allantoin (source of Uricase:
Absorption/ Bacillus fastidosus,
BLAUNCH & KOCH Candida utilis)
(enzyamtic) UA OD @ 290-293nm
Allantoin no OD @
290-293nm
Coupled Uricase H2O2, Peroxidase, - -
(enzyamtic) chromogens
(O-dianisidine,
Dimethyl aniline,
p-formaldehyde)
Hantzch (enzyamtic) H2O2, methanol, YELLOW -
catalase, diacetyldihydrolutidine
formaldehyde, acetyl
acetone
Polarographic Uricase - - Measures O2
(enzyamtic) consumed w/c is
directly proportional
to UA in sample
Tabares, M.A

AMMONIA
Conway - - NH3 measured by
Microdiffusion titration/colorimetry
Ion-Exchange Resin - - After IEC NH3 is
(Berthelot) measured by the
indophenol blue rxn
Enzymatic Alpha-ketoglutarate, - -
NADH, glutaric DH,
Glutamate
Ammonia-sensing - - Control of pH is critical
electrode
Tabares, M.A

You might also like