„Mihai Bravu” Technical College

Henry VIII of England

Student: Coordinating teacher :

Abdulac Elisa-Beatrice Vasilescu Ani

May 2018

1
Introduction :

Henry was the King of England who had six wives. But Henry did lots of other things besides
marrying six times. He wanted to make England strong. Most of all, he wanted a son to be
king after him.

2
Henry VIII (born June 28, 1491 in Greenwich, died on January 28, 1547 in London) was one of
the most important and known kings in England's history.

Henry VIII was the second monarch of the House of Tudor, succeeding his father, Henry VII. He
was famous for having six wives: Catherine de Aragon, Anne Boleyn, Jane Seymour, Anne de
Cleves, Catherine Howard and Catherine Parr.

Henry VIII was the second son of Henry VII and Elisabeth of York. His older brother, Arthur,
Prince of Wales, died in 1502, leaving Henry the heir to the throne.

In 1493, at the age of two, Henric was named the Convent of Dover Castle and Lord Warden and
in 1494 the Duke of York. Henric received a first-rate education and fluent Latin, French and
Spanish fluency. Because the throne was expected to be inherited by Henry's older brother,
Prince Arthur, Henry was ready for a monastic life.

In 1502, after the death of his brother Arthur at the age of 15, Henric becomes Prince of Wales
and heir to the throne. As Prince Arthur's premature death broke the marriage alliance between
England and Spain, the Council, who wanted to keep Queen Caterina, begs the new prince of
Wales to accept her as a wife. Because a Leviticus text banned the marriage between a brother-
in-law and a married couple, a papal bull had to be obtained (in 1503) and evidence that the first
marriage of Catherine was not consumed. At 14 months after her husband's death, Caterina is
engaged to Henry. Caterina was the youngest surviving child of King Ferdinand II of Aragon and
Queen Isabel I of Castile. In 1505 when Henry VII lost interest in an alliance with Spain, young
Henric declared that the engagement was arranged without his consent.

3
After the death of King Henry VII, at only 17, Henry VIII married Caterina on June 11, 1509,
and on June 24, 1509, the two were crowned at the Westminster Abbey.

At the beginning of the reign, Henric did not rule himself, but all the authority returned to the
minister he chose, Chancellor Wolsey, the son of a rich butcher of Ipswich.

Two days after the coronation, Henry arrested two of his father's most unpopular ministers, Sir
Richard Empson and Edmund Dudley. They were charged without high treason and executed in
1510.

Henry cultivated the image of the Renaissance man and his court was the center of artistic
education and innovation. The young king had a literary taste, composed poems, music, and sang
lute. He was also an excellent athlete and liked hunting and tennis.

In 1511, Pope Julius II proclaimed the Holy League against France. This new alliance grew
rapidly and included Spain, the Holy Roman Empire, and England. Henric decided to use this
opportunity as an excuse to expand his territories to northern France. He concluded the
Westminster Treaty, a pledge of mutual aid with Spain against France in November 1511, and
prepared for involvement in the Cambrai League War. In 1513 Henric invaded France and his
troops defeated the French Army in the Battle of Spurs. His brother Jacob IV of Scotland
invaded England at the command of Louis XII of France but failed to distract Henry of France's
attention. The Scots were defeated in the Battle of Flodden Field on 9 September 1513. Among
those killed in the battle was the Scottish King, whose death ended Scotland's brief involvement
in the war.

4
On February 18, 1516, Queen Catherine gave birth to a girl, Maria Princess of England, who
later reigns under the name of Mary I. The King, who was fond of a son who had begun,
wondered if his marriage had been cursed.

From 1514 to 1529, Thomas Wolsey (1473-1530), a Catholic cardinal served as Lord Chancellor
and practically controlled the internal and external policy of the king. Henry VIII was in love
with Anne Boleyn whom she wanted to marry in order to get a legitimate heir. Because civil
divorce does not exist, you have to ask the Pope for the annulment of marriage.

Wolsey is commissioned to treat Rome, but Queen's nephew, Carol Quintul opposes divorce.
Pope Clement VII sent England to Cardinal Campeggio, who had to deal with Wolsey with the
case, but the queen would get the trial in Rome. Convinced that he was a traitor, Anne Boleyn
insisted and succeeded that Wolsey was dismissed from office in 1529.

The Cardinan began a secret plot to force Anne to go into exile and began communicating with
Queen Caterina and the Pope for this purpose. When this was discovered, Henric ordered
Wolsey's arrest and if he had not died because of his illness in 1530, he would have been
executed for treason.

At the beginning of the reign, Henric did not rule himself, but all authority came back to the
minister he chose, Chancellor Wolsey, the son of a rich butcher of Ipswich.

Two days after the coronation, Henric arrested two of his father's most unpopular ministers, Sir
Richard Empson and Edmund Dudley. They were charged without evidence of high treason, and
executed in 1510.

Henry cultivated the image of the Renaissance man and his court was the center of artistic
education and innovation. The young king had a literary taste, composed poems, music, and sang

5
lute. His most famous musical composition is "Pastime with Good Company" or "The Kynges
Ballade". He was also an excellent athlete and liked hunting and tennis.

In 1511, Pope Julius II proclaimed the Holy League against France. This new alliance has grown
rapidly and included Spain, the Holy Roman Empire and England. Henric decided to use this
opportunity as an excuse to expand his territories to northern France. He concluded the
Westminster Treaty, a pledge of mutual aid with Spain against France in November 1511, and
prepared for involvement in the Cambrai League War. In 1513 Henric invaded France and his
troops defeated the French Army in the Battle of Spurs. His brother, James IV of Scotland,
invaded England at the command of Louis XII of France but failed to distract Henry's attention
to France. The Scots were defeated in the Battle of Flodden Field on 9 September 1513. Among
those killed in the battle was the Scottish King, whose death ended Scotland's brief involvement
in the war.

Henric has extended the Royal Navy from 5 to 53 ships. She loved palaces; At the beginning of
the reign he had a dozen, and when he died he was fifty-five, housed 2000 tapestries. He
proudly showed his collection of weapons that included an exotic archery equipment, 2250
pieces of field ammunition and 6500 Of pistols.

On February 18, 1516, Queen Catherine gave birth to a girl, Maria Princess of England, who
later reigns under the name of Mary I. The King, who was fond of a son who had begun,
wondered if his marriage had been cursed.

From 1514 to 1529, Thomas Wolsey (1473-1530), a Catholic cardinal served as Lord Chancellor
and practically controlled the internal and external policy of the king. Henry VIII in love with
Anne Boleyn wants to marry her to get a legitimate heir. Because civil divorce does not exist, it
has to ask the Pope to cancel marriage.

6
Anne Boleyn was the second wife of King Henry VIII.

Wolsey is commissioned to treat Rome, but Queen's nephew, Carol Quintul opposes divorce.
Pope Clement sent England to Cardinal Campeggio, who had to deal with Wolsey with the case,
but the queen would get the trial in Rome. Convinced that he was a traitor, Anne Boleyn insisted
and succeeded that Wolsey was dismissed from office in 1529.

The Cardinan began a secret plot to force Anne to go into exile and began communicating with
Queen Caterina and the Pope for this purpose. When this was discovered, Henric ordered
Wolsey's arrest and if he had not died because of his illness in 1530, he would have been
executed for treason.

His replacement Sir Thomas More initially co-operated with the King on his new policy
denouncing Wolsey in Parliament and proclaiming that Henry's marriage to Ecaterina was
illegal. As the king began to deny the authority of the Pope, More's reproaches grew. Thomas
Cranmer, former Boleyn family chaplain, is named archbishop of Cantebury. On January 25,
1533 he secretly celebrates Henry's marriage to Anne. On May 23, 1533 marriage between
Henry and Caterina is declared null and five days later the marriage between Henry and Anne is
declared valid.

7
Caterina was formally dispossessed as a queen, and Anne was crowned on June 1, 1533. The
new queen gave birth prematurely on September 7, 1533 to a girl named Elizabeth in honor of
Henry's mother, Elizabeth of York. ] Rejecting the Pope's decisions, Parliament validated the
marriage between Henry and Anne with the Sequence Act of 1533. Caterina's daughter, Lady
Mary, was declared illegitimate removed from the line of succession. All adults in the kingdom
were required to recognize the provisions of the Act by oath, and those who refused were
imprisoned for life.

The most surprising action of King Henry VIII, and one that had the longest-lasting effects, was
breaking the ties with Rome. In the 1530s, he quashed the papal jurisdiction and declared himself
the supreme head of the Church on earth. Of course, in many respects the church of England was
more closely linked to the monarch than the pope - the bishops were nominated by the king from
among his counselors and diplomats. But such a dignified act as the proclamation of royal
supremacy before the Pope was unparalleled throughout Europe.

Henry's daughter, Maria, returned to ties with the Papacy during her short reign. But after her
death, in 1558, Elisabeth continued the policy of rejecting papal authority. Since then, the
English church has remained independent, which has affected England's attitude and relations

8
with the Continental European countries. No other action of any monarch Tudor has so much
influenced the history of the country.

Henry was not limited to breaking relations with Rome. See yourself as a prophet king like the
Old Testament, called by God to purify the church. In the 1930s the English monasteries were
closed and the practice of the pilgrimage prohibited. Both measures have had important
consequences. A society with men and women who, at least in principle, devotes itself
exclusively to God's worship, is very different from a society without monks, that is, a society
whose population is all active (and contributory).

The King also directly involved in codifying what his country's Christians were supposed to
believe. Although he broke up from Rome, dissolved the monasteries and banned the pilgrimage,
he also rejected the Lutheran doctrine. He authorized the publication and reading of the Bible in
English, action with many long-term implications. In fact, the Anglican church was a hybrid
between the Catholic and the Protestant. Perhaps a very small proportion of the country's
inhabitants were completely in agreement with the king, most may have preferred to remain
Catholic, while only a minority accepted the reform without any doubt.

In many ways, Henry's influence proved to be decisive when Elisabeth had to decide by her own
church her kingdom. She chooses the Protestant way, but doctrine and rituals preserve that
ambivalence characteristic of Henry's time. The Anglican Church was not supposed to be
Catholic, but not Protestant in the true sense of the word.

Henry VIII was also a warrior king. In 1513, 1523 and in the mid-40s he invaded France and
continued claiming he was the real king of France. Ambitiously, he spent a fortune on military
campaigns in Scotland and France. The King was also a passionate builder. Few monarchs have
invested so much in grand palaces and hunting lodges.

9
As the Religious Reform was triggered on the continent, H. was also concerned about this
problem. In order to reform the English Church, the King acted to provide political and religious
support and convened several times the Parliament (between 1529 and 1532) and the clergy (in
November-December 1534). H. was proclaimed the supreme chief of the Church of England in
1531, and by the 1534 Supreme Deed was recognized by the Parliament as the supreme chief of
the Church of England. Chancellor Thomas Morus, who opposed these measures, was sentenced
to death and beheaded on July 7, 1535. Between 1536 and 1539, it followed the dissolution of
the monasteries and the secularization of their possessions, which made it the property of the
English Crown to Between important land funds of the Church. The reform contributed to the
consolidation of the absolute monarchy in England, with documents showing that, between 1536
and 1547, the Crown obtained 1.5 million pounds from the sale or lease of secular goods.

Besides the desire to obtain funds from the secularization of church property, H., who was
initially deeply attached to Catholicism, was determined to reform the Church for other reasons
as well. He wanted the Pope to no longer be able to exercise authority in the English state. Last
but not least, personal confrontation with Pope Clement VII, who, in 1527, refused to cancel his
marriage to Catherine de Aragon, his first wife, led him to refuse the authority of the Catholic
Church and Confiscated, that is, the incomes for the Pope. And these facts formed the basis of
the schism of the Church of England towards Catholicism. The Pope excommunicated H. in
1533, and the other religious events taken by the King in England between 1531 and 1534 are
known.

In relations with other great European powers of the time, such as France or Spain, H. VIII
Tudor has been noted in a policy of balance. As for her personal life, after repudiating Catherina
de Aragon in 1533, she also had other wives (Anne Boleyn, mother of Elisabeth I, wife beheaded
in 1536, Jeanne Seymour, mother of the future king Edward VI, Who reigned between 1547 and
1553, Ana de Cleves, Catherine Howard, also executed in 1542, and Catherine Parr).

10
Through his actions, through his attitude towards the Catholic Church and the Papacy, he helped
strengthen the absolutist monarchy in England.

The adultery committed with his own brother by Anne Boleyn, the second wife of King Henry
VIII, was confirmed by a poem discovered by British professor George Bernard, an expert in the
history of the royal house of the Tudor.

The testament of Henry VIII, the second king of the Tudor dynasty, one of England's most
powerful monarchs, was written on December 30, 1546, less than a month before his death . At
that time, Henric emitted heavy odors due to painful and overwhelming ulcers, perhaps even
syphilis, that had to be patched several times a day. Because of a chronic hydropysea (a
condition now called edema), the king's legs were like an elephant and his body was obese, over
180 pounds. Irritably, immobilized in bed, breathing hard, he understood that the end was
coming to him and dictated a prolix testament of nearly seven thousand words.

Although Henric had separated from the church in Rome, he remained in most of his beliefs a
Roman Catholic. His testament began with a pious preamble, in which he declared himself an
exemplary Christian, and in the event that his soul was destined to a purgatory stop (in his
opinion, he had nothing to look for in hell!), He ordered a series of recriminations In his memory
to shorten his stay. Of a monstrous egotism, he did not consider himself condemnable for the
execution of the most important humanists and intellectuals of England, and saw no sin in the
gesture that had joined two of his six wives on the long list of those who had set their heads
down For accusations invented by treason.

Towards the end he was a pathetic, shaken man who complained that life had cursed a soul so
benevolent as his with countless misfortunes - mainly chronic conditions and spouses who had
suffered miscarriages. As expected, he never took into account the possibility that the disastrous
tasks of his wives might be the result of his alleged

11
Biography :

wikipedia.org

bbc.co.uk

Google images

12