Construction Site

Storm Water Quality Sampling

Guidance Manual

December 2003

State of California
Department of Transportation

CTSW-RT-03-116.31.30
Construction Site

December
State of California
Storm Water Quality Sampling

2003
Department of Transportation
CTSW-RT-03-116.31.30
Guidance Manual
Construction Site

December
State of California
Storm Water Quality Sampling

2003
Department of Transportation
CTSW-RT-03-116.31.30
Guidance Manual
Construction Site

December
State of California
Storm Water Quality Sampling

2003
Department of Transportation
CTSW-RT-03-116.31.30
Guidance Manual
Contents
Section 1 Introduction
1.1 Purpose of Document ..............................................................................................1-1

1.2 Background ...............................................................................................................1-2

1.2.1 Impaired Water Bodies for Sediment/Siltation or Turbidity .............1-2

1.2.2 Non-Visible Pollutants..............................................................................1-2

1.3 Purpose of Sampling ................................................................................................1-3

1.4 Organization of the Manual ....................................................................................1-3

Section 2 Monitoring Program for Sediment/Siltation/Turbidity

2.1 Permit Requirements/SSPs.....................................................................................2-1

2-2 Designing a Sampling Strategy ..............................................................................2-2

2.2.1 Sampling and Analysis Plan (SAP).........................................................2-2

2.2.2 Is Sampling Required?..............................................................................2-4

2.2.3 Data Requirements....................................................................................2-5

2.2.4 Where to Sample........................................................................................2-5

2.2.5 When to Sample.........................................................................................2-8

2.2.6 Sampling Methods and Equipment ........................................................2-9

2.2.7 Data Analysis and Interpretation Methodology.................................2-10

2-3 Implementing the Sampling Program .................................................................2-11

2.3.1 Training.....................................................................................................2-11

2.3.2 Preparation and Logistics.......................................................................2-13

2.3.3 Sample Collection Procedures ...............................................................2-16

2.3.4 Quality Assurance/Quality Control (QA/QC) ..................................2-21

2.3.5 Laboratory Sample Preparation and Analytical Methods.................2-22

2.3.6 QA/QC Data Evaluation........................................................................2-25

2.3.7 Data Management and Reporting.........................................................2-27

2.4 Data Evaluation ......................................................................................................2-28

2.4.1 Identifying Water Quality Impacts .......................................................2-29

2.4.2 Assessing the Need for Corrective Measures......................................2-30

2.4.3 Implementing Corrective Measures .....................................................2-30

2.4.4 Reporting Non-Compliance...................................................................2-31

Section 3 Monitoring Program for Pollutants Not Visually Detectable in Storm Water
3.1 Permit Requirements/SSPs....................................................................................3-1

3.2 Designing a Sampling Strategy ..............................................................................3-2

3.2.1 Sampling and Analysis Plan (SAP).........................................................3-2

3.2.2 Is Sampling Required?..............................................................................3-3

3.2.3 Data Requirements....................................................................................3-6

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Construction Site Storm Water Quality Sampling
Guidance Manual

3.2.4 Where to Sample........................................................................................3-7

3.2.5 When to Sample.........................................................................................3-9

3.2.6 Sampling Methods and Equipment ......................................................3-10

3.2.7 Data Analysis and Interpretation Methodology.................................3-11

3.3 Implementing the Sampling Program .................................................................3-11

3.3.1 Training.....................................................................................................3-11

3.3.2 Preparation and Logistics.......................................................................3-14

3.3.3 Sample Collection Procedures ...............................................................3-17

3.3.4 Quality Assurance/Quality Control (QA/QC) ..................................3-21

3.3.5 Laboratory Sample Preparation and Analytical Methods.................3-26

3.3.6 QA/QC Data Evaluation........................................................................3-29

3.3.7 Data Management and Reporting.........................................................3-32

3.4 Data Evaluation ......................................................................................................3-33

3.4.1 Identifying Water Quality Impacts .......................................................3-34

3.4.2 Assessing the Need for Corrective Measures......................................3-35

3.4.3 Implementing Corrective Measures .....................................................3-35

3.4.4 Reporting Non-Compliance...................................................................3-36

Section 4 Model Sampling and Analysis Plans

4.1 Sediment/Siltation/Turbidity ................................................................................4-1

4.2 Non-Visible Pollutants...........................................................................................4-22

Section 5 Further Assistance .................................................................................................. 5-1

Section 6 Glossary.................................................................................................................... 6-1

Section 7 References ................................................................................................................ 7-1

Appendices
Appendix A State Water Resource Control Board 303(d) Listed Water Bodies for
Sedimentation/Siltation or Turbidity

Appendix B Section 600.4, Sampling and Analysis Plan for Sediment; Section 600.5,
Sampling and Analysis Plan for Non-Visible Pollutants; SWPPP/WPCP Preparation
Manual (March 2003)

Appendix C Weather Tracking

Appendix D Bottle and Equipment Cleaning Protocols

Appendix E Data Screening and Validation Protocols

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Guidance Manual

List of Tables

2-1 Sample Collection, Preservation and Analysis for Monitoring

Sedimentation/Siltation and/or Turbidity
2-2 Control Limits for Precision and Accuracy for Water Samples
3-1 List of Common Potential Non-Visible Pollutants at Construction Projects
3-2 List of Water Quality Indicators Associated with the Common Potential Non-Visible
Pollutants at Construction Projects
3-3 Recommended QC Sample Frequency
3-4 Sample Collection, Preservation and Analysis for Monitoring Indicators of Non-
Visible Pollutants
3-5 Control Limits for Precision and Accuracy for Water Samples

List of Figures
2-1 Telephone Tree
2-2 Field Equipment Checklist
3-1 Telephone Tree
3-2 Field Equipment Checklist

iii
Section 1
Introduction
1.1 Purpose of Document
This manual presents guidance for Department management, staff, and Contractors to
use in the planning and implementation of storm water monitoring programs
conducted at construction sites in order to comply with the following regulatory
requirements:

„ National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) Permit, Statewide Storm

Water Permit and Waste Discharge Requirements (WDRs) for the State of California
Department of Transportation (Caltrans), Order No. 99-06-DWQ, NPDES No.
CAS000003, Sections H, J.1, and J.2

„ National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) General Permit No.

CAS000002, Waste Discharge Requirements (WDRs) for Discharges of Storm Water
Runoff Associated with Construction Activity, herein called the “General Permit”,
Sections B.7 and B.8

„ Department’s Statewide Storm Water Management Plan (SWMP), Section 6.2

The manual is designed and organized to provide descriptions of the processes used
to plan and implement a successful water quality monitoring program specific to
runoff from construction sites. The manual is specifically prepared to address the
monitoring of storm water runoff from construction sites, and provide supporting
information for the sampling requirements of the General Permit.

The main objective of this manual is to provide consistency in monitoring methods

among the Department’s various construction sites, as well as consistency in
monitoring protocols over time. Such consistency is essential to provide for data
comparability, and for ease of data entry in the Department’s storm water database. In
addition to consistency of monitoring methods, it is essential that monitoring data be
collected so as to ensure that the data are accurate and precise. This manual therefore
features detailed information on quality assurance and quality control procedures.

The sampling requirements and guidance provided in this manual will apply to most
construction projects, but may not apply to all construction projects. It is the
responsibility of each construction site Resident Engineer (RE) and Contractor’s Water
Pollution Control Manager (WPCM) to evaluate their construction project and
develop a site-specific sampling and analysis strategy in compliance with the General
Permit and Storm Water Pollution Prevention Plan’s (SWPPP’s) requirements. For
further guidance and/or direction about what must be accomplished to comply with
the General Permit, the District Construction Storm Water Coordinator or the local
Regional Water Quality Control Board (RWQCB) can be contacted.

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 Section 1
Introduction

The sampling requirements discussed in this manual are intended to supplement the
visual monitoring program previously required by the General Permit. All
construction projects must continue the visual monitoring program that requires
inspections before predicted rain events, during extended rain events, and following
actual rain events that produce runoff.

1.2 Background
The California State Water Resources Control Board (SWRCB) reissued the General
Permit for Storm Water discharges Associated with Construction Activities (General
Permit) in 1999. Several non-government organizations filed a court petition
challenging the General Permit. In 2000, the Court issued a judgment and directed the
SWRCB to modify the provisions of the General Permit to require permittees to
implement specific sampling and analytical procedures to determine whether Best
Management Practices (BMPs) implemented on a construction site are (SWQTF 2001):

(1) Preventing further impairment by sediment in storm waters discharged directly

into waters listed as impaired (Clean Water Act Section 303(d) List) for
sedimentation, siltation, or turbidity; and

(2) Preventing other pollutants, known or should be known by permittees to occur on

construction sites and that can not be visually observed or detected in storm water
discharges, from causing or contributing to exceedances of water quality
objectives.

The monitoring, sampling and analysis provisions in the General Permit were
modified in 2001 pursuant to the court order and were issued as Resolution No. 2001-
046. The Department adopted the new provisions and included them in the Standard
Special Provisions (SSP) Section 10.1.

1.2.1 Impaired Water Bodies for Sedimentation/Siltation or

Turbidity
Certain lakes, streams, rivers, creeks and other bodies of water in California have been
determined by RWQCBs to be impaired for sedimentation, siltation, or turbidity.
Discharges of storm water from construction sites into a 303(d) listed body of water is
not prohibited as long as the type and level of pollutant(s) does not cause or
contribute to an exceedance in the current levels of sedimentation, siltation, and or
turbidity.

1.2.2 Non-Visible Pollutants

RWQCBs have established “designated uses” for most lakes, streams, rivers, creeks
and other bodies of water in California. These uses apply to navigation, water
supplies, recreation, and habitat. Associated with these uses are “water quality
objectives.” These objectives identify the level of water quality required or degree of

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Introduction

impact that can be imposed without preventing or negatively impacting the

designated use.

Discharges of storm water from construction sites into a 303(d) listed body of water is
not prohibited as long as the type and level of pollutant(s) does not cause or
contribute to an exceedance in the specific water quality objectives of the receiving
water. The presence of non-visible pollutants on construction sites is known or should
be known by the RE and WPCM.

1.3 Purpose of Sampling

The Contractor is required to implement specific sampling and analytical procedures.
These procedures will determine whether the BMPs employed on a construction site
are effective in controlling potential construction site pollutants from leaving the site
and causing or contributing to an exceedance of water quality objectives in the
receiving waters. The mode of transportation of pollutants is often storm water. The
results of the sampling are evaluated to determine whether BMPs implemented on the
construction site are:

„ Preventing further impairment by sediment in storm waters discharged into water

bodies listed as impaired due to sedimentation, siltation or turbidity.

„ Preventing pollutants that are not visually detectable in storm water discharges, to
cause or contribute to exceedances of water quality objectives

Sampling and analysis for non-visible pollutants is required only when construction
materials that could pollute runoff are exposed to rain and runoff (SWQTF 2001). The
presence of a material on the construction site does not mean that dischargers must
automatically sample for it in runoff. The Contractor can limit the amount of
sampling and analysis they perform by limiting the exposure of construction
materials to rain and storm water runoff. Materials that are not exposed do not have
the potential to enter storm water runoff, and therefore do not need to be sampled in
runoff. In cases where construction materials are exposed to rain water but the rain
water that contacts them is contained, then sampling only needs to occur when
inspections shows the containment failed. Many common BMPs already limit
exposure to most materials. Improving these practices to prevent exposure is a better
approach to preventing pollution of runoff and will limit the amount of sampling and
analysis. Improved BMPs are likely to be less costly than an on-going sampling and
analysis program.

1.4 Organization of the Manual

This manual is organized to assist the Department management, staff, and
Contractors through the process necessary to develop a sampling and analysis
strategy in compliance with the SSP and General Permit.

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 Section 1
Introduction

Section 2 provides information on developing a sampling and analysis strategy for

sediment, silt and turbidity.

Section 3 provides information on developing a sampling and analysis strategy for

non-visible pollutant sampling and analysis, including what to sample for in
construction storm water runoff.

Section 4 provides two model sampling and analysis plans (SAPs) as defined in the
document, SWPPP/WPCP Preparation Manual (2003), for sediment/silt and non-visible
pollutants.

Section 5 provides other sources to obtain more information.

Section 6 provides a glossary of terms used throughout the manual.

Section 7 provides a list of references used in the preparation of this manual.

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Section 2
Monitoring Program for Sediment/
Siltation/Turbidity
2.1 Permit Requirements/SSPs
The standard requirements for monitoring sediment/silt or turbidity at Department
construction sites are presented in Special Provisions (SSP) Section 10.1, Sampling and
Analytical Requirements. These requirements are based on the requirements listed in
both the Department’s NPDES Storm Water Permit, and the Statewide General Permit
for Construction Sites. According to Section 10.1:

“The contractor is required to implement specific sampling and analytical

procedures to determine whether BMPs implemented on the construction
site are….preventing further impairment by sediment in storm waters
discharged into water bodies listed as impaired due to sedimentation,
siltation or turbidity.”

Sampling and analysis for sediment/silt or turbidity are only required when the
runoff from a construction site discharges directly into a water body that has all ready
been identified by the State of California as being impaired by sedimentation, siltation
or turbidity. Water bodies impaired by sedimentation, siltation, or turbidity in
California are identified on the state’s 303(d) list published by the SWRCB. The 303(d)
list of water bodies impaired by sedimentation, siltation and or turbidity are listed in
Appendix A. Sampling is not required for water bodies that are not included on the
303(d) list for one of these impairments.

Another key point in the SSP and Permits is that the sampling and analysis for
sediment, silt and or turbidity are only performed for discharges of runoff from a
construction site that directly enter the impaired water body. Storm water runoff from
the construction site is not considered a direct discharge to a 303(d) listed water body
if it first flows through:

(1) A municipal separate storm sewer system (MS4)

(2) A separate storm water conveyance system where there is co-mingling of site
storm water with off-site sources

(3) A tributary or segment of a water body that is not listed on the 303d list before
reaching the 303d listed water body or segment

Even if the flow eventually enters an impaired water body, construction site runoff is
not considered a direct discharge if it first flows through a tributary or municipal
storm drainage system (General Construction NPDES Permit Section B7, 6th sentence).

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Monitoring Program for Sediment/Silt/Turbidity

At Department facilities, the potential for runoff to directly enter a water body is the
greatest at bridge crossings or where the road is located in close proximity to a water
body such as along the shoreline of a lake or bay, or the stream bank of a river.

Sampling will not be required at construction sites that do not directly discharge to
impair water bodies. Sampling is also not required if all runoff is contained on-site
and allowed to infiltrate or evaporate.

If sampling and analysis will be performed at a specific site for sediment/silt and or
turbidity, a sampling strategy needs to be formulated. The basis of the strategy will
involve:

„ The locations where sources from the construction site discharge directly into the
303(d) listed water body, and the locations of run-on to the project with the
potential to combine with runoff that discharges directly from the construction
site.

„ The sampling schedule that specifies water quality samples will be collected
during the first two hours of discharge from rain events during daylight hours
(sunrise to sunset), and shall be collected regardless of the time of year, status of
the construction site, or day of the week.

„ The sampling locations for collecting water quality samples and the rationale for
their selection.

„ A list of analytical parameters associated with sediment/silt (total suspended

solids, settleable solids, suspended sediment concentration) or turbidity.

2.2 Designing a Sampling Strategy

The SSP, along with the General Permits, identify specific requirements that must be
included in any sampling and analysis program for sediment/silt and or turbidity.
The incorporation of these requirements into an overall sampling strategy will be
discussed in this section. The contractor must include in the SWPPP a sampling and
analysis plan (SAP) for sedimentation/silt and or turbidity monitoring if required by
the project SSP.

2.2.1 Sampling and Analysis Plan (SAP)

The purpose of the SAP is to provide standard procedures to be followed every time a
sample is collected and analyzed, and the results evaluated. Following the plan
maximizes the quality and usefulness of the data.

The SAP shall be prepared in conformance with protocols and guidelines discussed in
this document and the Department's Guidance Manual: Stormwater Monitoring
Protocols (Caltrans July 2000). The Guidance Manual is available on the Department's
Internet site http://www.dot.ca.gov/hq/env/stormwater/special/index.htm.
Properly trained staff in field water quality sampling procedures, laboratory

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Monitoring Program for Sediment/Silt/Turbidity

analytical methods, and data validation procedures should prepare the SAP. The
analytical laboratory should provide input to ensure that the SAP (especially the
QA/QC portion) is realistic, and consistent with the laboratory's operating
procedures. Sampling personnel should also provide input regarding logistical details
to maximize the practicality and usefulness of a SAP.

The SAP should include a thorough description of all activities required to implement
the monitoring program. The plan should be organized to provide an overview of the
project goals and organization, followed by a description of all monitoring activities
in the chronological sequence in which they will typically occur. That is, pre-
monitoring preparations should be described, followed by activities to be undertaken
during storm events, followed by post-storm activities. The plan should specify the
quality assurance/quality control protocols that will be followed by sampling and
laboratory personnel, and how the field and laboratory results will be managed and
reported.

A standard template to be used when preparing a SAP for monitoring sediment/ silt
and or turbidity at all Department construction sites is presented in Section 600.4,
Sampling and Analysis Plan for Sediment, in the SWPPP/WPCP Preparation Manual
(Caltrans March 2003). Section 600.4 can be found in Appendix B.

The required SAP for Sediment, as it is referred to in Section 600.4, will contain the
following sections:

„ Scope of Monitoring Activities

„ Monitoring Strategy (including sampling schedule and locations)

„ Monitoring Preparation

„ Sample Collection and Handling (including collection procedures, handling

procedures, documentation procedures)

„ Sample Analysis

„ Quality Assurance / Quality Control

„ Data Management and Reporting

„ Data Evaluation

„ Change of Conditions

Standard language, required site-specific information, and instructions for completing

this SAP are provided in Section 600.4.

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Monitoring Program for Sediment/Silt/Turbidity

2.2.2 Is Sampling Required?

The first step in developing a strategy is to determine if sampling is necessary. The
following question needs to be answered:

Is the construction site adjacent to a water body listed on the 303(d) list
for impairment due to sedimentation/silt or turbidity?

The construction site should be located on a map that shows all water bodies along
with their names, such as a USGS quad. Any water body located within the vicinity of
the construction site should be noted. These names should be checked against the
current list of the 303(d) water bodies that are impaired from sedimentation/silt or
turbidity located in Appendix A. All matches should be noted. Maps have been
developed by the various RWQCBs that highlight the water bodies or portions of
water bodies included on the 303(d) list. These maps for water bodies listed for
sedimentation/siltation or turbidity are also included in Appendix A. For some of the
larger or longer water bodies, only a portion (e.g. stretch of river) may be listed. Make
certain the portion located in the vicinity of the construction site is identified on the
303(d) list. A GIS-program has been provided to define the coordinates at specific
points on the RWQCB maps of 303(d) listed water bodies.

Department construction sites are considered “adjacent” to a water body if any

portion of the construction area crosses over the water body or the area shares a
border with a stream bank or shoreline and storm water runoff will enter the
waterway. For each identified 303(d) water body in the vicinity of the construction
area, the proximity of the construction area needs to be checked. If the proposed
construction area is close to 303(d) listed water body, such as within 50 meters (150
feet), an assessment should be made concerning the possibility of runoff from the area
reaching the water body and if sampling will be required.

Finally, determine if the runoff from the construction site is first directed to either a
municipal storm drain or a tributary prior to discharging into the impaired water
body. In urban areas, it is common for the runoff to be directed to the municipal
drainage system. In rural areas, runoff is commonly directed to the nearest natural
drainage channels. However, the nearest natural drainage channel may be the 303(d)
listed water body.

If the construction site is found to be adjacent to a 303(d) listed water body and runoff
from the site may directly discharge to the water body, than a sampling strategy will
need to be developed because the site has the potential for causing a negative impact
to the water body as defined in the General Permits. Sampling will not have to be
performed nor a sampling strategy developed if the construction site is not near a
listed water body, a significant distance away, or first directs the runoff to a municipal
or tributary drainage system.

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Monitoring Program for Sediment/Silt/Turbidity

2.2.3 Data Requirements

Sediment or Silt. If the water body is listed as impaired for sedimentation or siltation,
water samples are to be analyzed for several parameters as listed in Table 600.1 of the
SWPPP/WPCP Preparation Manual (March 2003). One option is to analyze the
samples for settable solids (SS) and total suspended solids (TSS). A second option is to
analyze the samples just for the suspended sediment concentration (SSC). The USGS
considers SSC to be a more accurate and representative measurement of suspended
sediment than TSS (USGS 2000). However, commercial laboratories often do not offer
SSC analyses.

The use of either TSS or SSC, or both is acceptable for suspended solids analysis. It is
important that the same method be used to analyze all samples. Costs for TSS, SSC,
and SS typically range from $10 to $25 per sample.

Turbidity. If the water body is listed as impaired for turbidity, samples are analyzed
for the level of turbidity. Samples can be collected and sent to a laboratory for
analysis. The cost is typically $10-$15 per sample. Or the turbidity can be measured in
the field using any number of the commercially produced turbidity meters. The use of
the turbidity meter will provide instantaneous results as oppose to having to wait a
number of days for results to come back from the laboratory. If turbidity is the only
required parameter and no other sampling is being performed, a turbidity meter may
be the method of choice.

Once again, the measurement method should be consistent during each sampling
event to maximize the comparability of the various samples. Samples analyzed by
different methods cannot be easily compared.

A State-certified laboratory is required to perform the analyses in conformance with

the EPA requirements listed in 40 CFR 136. A list of State-certified laboratories that
are approved by the Department is available at the following Internet site:
http://www.dhs.ca.gov/ps/ls/elap/html/lablist_county.htm.

2.2.4 Where to Sample

The SSP requires sampling to be performed at the following locations at the
construction site:

(1) Instream in the 303(d) water body, downstream from the last point of direct
discharge from the construction site

(2) Instream in the 303(d) water body, upstream of direct discharges from the
construction site

(3) Immediately down gradient of run-on point(s) to the construction site

The upstream location is required to establish the water quality of the water body
prior to coming in contact with the discharges from the construction site. The

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Monitoring Program for Sediment/Silt/Turbidity

downstream location is required to establish the water quality of the water body after
coming in contact with the discharges. The run-on location is required to establish the
water qualify of runoff coming on to the construction site prior to commingling with
runoff from the site. This run-on runoff may be a source of sediment, silt, and
turbidity.

Upstream and downstream sampling may take place on a variety of water bodies,
including rivers and creeks, lakes, or tidally-influenced bays, estuaries, and sloughs.
Each type of water body will have a unique pair of upstream/downstream sampling
points.

Rivers and Creeks. Establishing upstream and downstream on rivers and creeks is
relatively straightforward because the flow is always in the same direction. The
upstream sampling location should be established at a point along the bank that is
upstream all possible direct discharge points from the construction site. The actual
samples should be collected in or near as possible to the main current. If the discharge
creates a visible plume in the river or creek, avoid collecting a sample near this plume.
However, the water quality of the river or creek may be impacted from sources
further upstream during rain events and sampling crews need to be prepared to
change sampling points so the most representative sample is collected. Further details
of this sampling process are presented in Section 2.3.3.

The downstream sampling location should be established along the bank downstream
all direct discharge points from the construction site. If possible, the location should
be far enough downstream so the discharge(s) has mixed with the upstream flows.
Avoid establishing the sampling location near the point of discharge or in the initial
zone of dilution (within 5 meters or 20 feet). Establishing the sampling point at least
15 meters (50 feet) downstream from the discharge is a good general rule.

Be prepared to change locations for each event. The actual downstream sampling
location will depend on the size of the plume and most likely vary for each event. The
size of the plume will depend on the upstream flow rate and associated sediment load
and the discharge flow rate and associated sediment load. Further details of the
sample collection process are presented in Section 2.3.3.

Lakes. Establishing upstream and downstream stations along lakes will be a

challenge because there is no consistent flow direction. Wind direction usually
dictates the direction of flow. Sampling personnel should expect to identify both the
upstream and downstream locations during each individual sampling event.

The upstream sampling location should be established well away from any discharge
point. Wave action may stir up sediments near the shore so samples should be
collected out from the shore and away from any visual plume.

The downstream sampling location should be established based on the direction the
plume travels. The actual sample should be collected at the point where the plume
has mixed with the surrounding water. The sample should be collected before the

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Monitoring Program for Sediment/Silt/Turbidity

plume commingles with another discharge or with sediment stirred up by the action
of waves. If the plume heads out from shore, sampling may have to be performed
from a boat.

Bays, Estuaries, and Sloughs. Establishing upstream and downstream stations along
bays, estuaries, and sloughs will be similar to lakes except the flow direction is
dictated by tides and or wind. The direction of the flow will probably change
throughout the day as the tide flows in and out. Sampling personnel should consult
daily tide charts to know whether the tide is coming in or going out. Upstream and
downstream locations will depend on the flow patterns at the time sampling takes
place.

The upstream sampling location should be established at a point along the shore that
is upstream all possible direct discharge points from the construction site. Wave or
tidal action may stir up sediments near the shore so samples should be collected out
from the shore and away from any other visual plume.

The downstream sampling location should be established based on the direction the
plume travels. The actual sample should be collected at the point where the discharge
has mixed with the surrounding water. The sample should be collected before the
plume commingles with either another discharge or sediment stirred up by the action
of waves. If the plume heads out from shore, sampling may have to be performed
from a boat.

Run-on Points. The up gradient boundary of the construction site should be

inspected for evidence of runoff coming on to the site from outside areas. Existing
drainage channels (large and small) should be noted and marked in the field and on
site maps. All these channels are potential points to collect samples of runoff from
outside sources. Only runoff that is concentrated can be sampled. Run-on may enter
as overland sheet flow, which will require the use of sand bags to concentrate the
flow.

In general, each potential sampling station should be visited to confirm the expected
site characteristics and verify whether the site is suitable for the needs of the program.
When possible, a visit should be conducted during a storm, when the instream flow
conditions can be observed. A wet-weather visit can provide valuable information
regarding logistical constraints that may not be readily apparent during dry weather.
However, a dry weather visit should also be conducted to observe any non-storm
water flows. A number of potential sampling locations will have to be identified at
constructions sites along lakes, bays, estuaries, and sloughs since the actual direction
of the flow will not be known until the time of the discharge.

Information to gather during a site visit may include whether an appropriate

sampling location exists, potential safety issues, and site access. In addition, it is
useful to identify potential contributions of runoff from adjacent areas and instream

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Monitoring Program for Sediment/Silt/Turbidity

conditions such as other point sources, backwater effects, tidal or wind influences,
and poorly mixed flows.

Sampling locations shall be shown on the SWPPP Water Pollution Control Drawings
(WPCDs). GPS coordinates or post miles can be used to define locations. A unique
number should be selected for each construction site by which samples can be
identified.

2.2.5 When to Sample

The SSP requires that:

„ Water quality samples shall be collected at each sampling locations during the
first two hours of a discharge.

„ Sampling will only be performed during daylight hours (sunrise to sunset).

„ Samples shall be collected regardless of the time of year, status of the construction
site, or day of the week.

„ A minimum of 72 hours of dry weather shall occur between rain events to

distinguish separate rain events.

„ No more than four discharge events need to be sampled per month.

Based on these criteria, sampling will only be performed if the discharges begin
during daylight hours. No sampling is required if the discharges start during the
night, even if the discharge continues into daylight hours.

Discharges to the water body can occur anytime during a rain event. Runoff may not
occur for some time after the start of the rain. Therefore, the site will need to be
monitored throughout each day when rain is falling.

An attempt shall be made to collect samples that are representative of upstream and
downstream water quality as defined by the following considerations:

„ Suspended solids and turbidity levels are highly variable in water bodies,
especially during wet-weather events. Collecting a single sample at the upstream
and downstream sites during a discharge event may not provide a set of samples
that represent the typical conditions at either location.

„ To overcome this variability, a series of five (5) samples shall be collected at the
downstream and upstream stations sometime during the first two hours of
discharge.

„ The interval between the five (5) samples can vary. If the distance between the
upstream and downstream stations is short enough to walk, the sample interval
can be extended over a longer period (i.e., taking a sample every 10 to 15 minutes).

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If the distance is far enough so the sampling station will only be visited once
during the two-hour period, then the five samples will need to be collected over a
short period, say five to ten minutes.

„ One (1) sample shall be collected at each of the run-on sites sometime during the
first two hours of discharge.

„ All samples are sent to the laboratory for analysis. The laboratory shall be given
instructions to combine all the individual samples from a given site into a single
sample. This combined or composite sample is then analyzed and a single result is
provided for each site.

„ Multiple field measurements collected at a single station (upstream, downstream,

or run-on) for a given event will need to be averaged and a single value reported.

2.2.6 Sampling Methods and Equipment

Manual grab sampling techniques will be used to collected samples for TSS, SS, SSC,
or turbidity. A grab sample is an individual sample collected at one specific site at one
point in time. Analysis of a grab sample provides a “snapshot” of the quality.

Grab samples are most often collected using manual methods as opposed to using
automatic sampling equipment. Water samples for both the sediment/silt and
turbidity monitoring will be collected manually into sample bottles or, in the case of
turbidity, possibly measured directly in the water body with an electronic meter.
Manual sampling entails a person reaching into the flow stream and either collecting
a sample of the flow into a container or taking a measurement with an electronic
device.

Manual sampling equipment is designed to collect the required sample volume from
the flow stream. The equipment includes bottles or intermediate containers to collect
the sample. Intermediate containers are used to collect a larger sample volume and
then immediately distribute this sample to individual bottles. A grab pole is often
employed as a means to extend the sample bottle or container out or down into the
flow stream. The pole is designed so the sample bottle or container can be attached to
the end. Using a pole avoids having to wade into a stream.

For all collection efforts, water-sampling devices must be made of chemical resistant
materials that will not affect the quality of the sample. For sediment/silt or turbidity,
the possible materials include high-density polyethylene plastic, glass, and stainless
steel. All three are known to be inert in terms of adsorption or desorption of inorganic
compounds such as sediment. Polyethylene is preferred over glass and stainless steel
because of its durability, resistance to breakage, and lightweight. Stainless steel is
often used for intermediate containers. It is important to evaluate each component
used to collect a sample for possible sources of sample contamination including bottle
lids and protective gloves.

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Electronic equipment is available for certain field-measured analytical parameters

including turbidity. The electronic equipment provides instantaneous results, which
reduces the time between sampling and analysis.

Turbidity meters come with either a probe that is directly immersed into the sample,
or a small grab sample is manually collected using a standard container that is then
placed in the meter for analysis. Intermediate containers can be used to collect a
sample. The probe can be immersed into the container. Turbidity meters range in
price from $700 to over a $1000. However, it is important to realize the limitations
associated with the use of electronic equipment:

„ The equipment may not provide low enough detection limits to meet the specific
reporting limits

„ The meter needs to be calibrated prior to each event to maximize its accuracy

„ Assuring the quality and reliability of the results may be difficult

„ This equipment is sometime susceptible to fouling and clogging

„ Turbidity meters that use a probe may require substantial flow for accurate
readings

2.2.7 Data Analysis and Interpretation Methodology

Results from the upstream and downstream stations need to be compared to one
another for each event. The downstream water quality sample analytical results will
be evaluated to determine if the downstream sample(s) show elevated levels of the
tested constituent relative to the levels found in the upstream sample (SWPPP/WPCP
Preparation Manual 2003). This comparison will indicate whether a net increase of
sediment, silt, or turbidity has occurred to the receiving water body as a result of
runoff discharges from the construction site. If the data from the downstream station
has higher values than the upstream station, the runoff from the construction site may
be impacting the water body. The comparison will look at the percent difference for
all tested parameters.

The result from any run-on samples and the required visual inspections performed
before, during and after events, should provide the information needed to identify the
cause(s) and or source(s) of any elevated levels of sediment, silt, or turbidity. Sample
results of the run-on discharges may demonstrate elevated levels of TSS, SSC, SS, or
turbidity in the run-on. If elevated levels are found, the run-on should be included in
the source identification. As a result of this offsite source of pollutants, a corrective
action may include the identification of adjacent landowner discharges to the RWQCB
in the Notice of Potential Non-Compliance and other BMP measures to remove
pollutants from run-on.

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Corrective actions may need to be implemented to reduce the loading during future
events. These procedures are discussed further in Section 2.4.

2.3 Implementing the Sampling Program

This section covers topics relevant to implementing the sampling program, including:
training, preparation and logistics, sample collection, quality assurance/quality
control, laboratory sample preparation and analytical methods, QA/QC data
evaluation, and data reporting. The information presented in this section is adopted
from Sections 8-13 of the Caltrans Guidance Manual: Stormwater Monitoring Protocols
(Second Edition) for the sediment/silt or turbidity sampling to be performed at the
construction sites.

2.3.1 Training
Familiarity with the requirements of the sampling and analysis plan (SAP) and
competence in the techniques and protocols specified in the plan are essential for the
collection of water samples in a manner that meets the goals of the plan, while
protecting the health and safety of the sampling crewmembers. This section briefly
describes the training necessary to provide members of the contractor’s sampling
crew with the knowledge and skills to perform their assigned duties competently and
safely.

Field monitoring training should include the following basic elements:

„ Review Sampling and Analysis Plan

„ Review Health and Safety

„ Training/Sampling Simulation (Dry Run)

All the contractor’s sampling personnel must receive training prior to conducting any
sampling activities. Because storm-related sampling events are difficult to predict and
construction projects often run for a year or more, there is a good chance that one or
more members of the sampling crew may be unavailable to sample a given event due
to sick leave, vacation, etc. Thus, it is necessary to designate alternate sampling
crewmembers that can fill in when primary members are unavailable. These alternate
sampling crewmembers should receive the same training as the primary members in
the event that a primary crewmember is unavailable.

Review SAP and Health & Safety. All the contractor’s sampling crewmembers and
alternates should read the entire SAP developed for the construction site to obtain the
background information required for an overall understanding of the project.
Including, project organization (event criteria, sampling frequency, etc.),
responsibilities, monitoring sites, analytical constituents, monitoring preparation and
logistics, sample collection, laboratory methods, QA/QC, data management, clean
sampling techniques, and health and safety.

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The contractor’s sampling crewmembers should also be made aware of potential

hazards associated with sampling. These hazards can include slippery conditions,
cold or hot temperatures, open water that may be fast moving and or deep,
construction site traffic, and contaminated water. Crewmembers need to become
familiar with the methods to be employed to cope with those hazards.

Training/Sampling Simulation (Dry Run). A training session should be held for all
of the contractor’s sampling crewmembers and alternates to review the sampling
techniques and protocols specified in the SAP. Ideally, the training session should
occur shortly before the expected onset of the wet season.

The contractor’s training session should be organized in a chronological fashion, in

order to follow the normal train of events from pre-monitoring preparations through
post-monitoring activities. All standard operating procedures should be covered,
along with the site-specific responsibilities of individual crewmembers. In addition,
any questions arising from the document review should be addressed during this
session.

Training personnel should circulate a copy of the SAP, and all other appropriate
documentation during the training session. The following is an example of items,
which should be on hand during a training session:

„ Documentation (SAP, equipment manuals, etc.)

„ Storm kit and sampling supplies

„ Monitoring equipment (and water for demonstration purposes)

„ Sample bottles and example bottle labels

„ Chain-of-custody form

Key sections of the SAP should be highlighted during the training session, and use of
equipment should be demonstrated. To emphasize the importance of minimizing
sample contamination, special attention should be given to proper sample handling
techniques. Ample opportunity should be provided to answer questions posed by
sampling crewmembers.

The training should include a visit to the construction site where a sampling
simulation, or “dry run,” can be conducted under the supervision of the project
manager or sampling crew leader. During the “dry run” sampling crewmembers
travel to their assigned sampling locations and run through the procedures specified
in the Sample Collection section of the SAP, including:

„ Site access and parking at the site

„ Traffic control measures (if any)

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„ Calibrating field equipment

„ Preparing the stations for monitoring

„ Taking field measurements

„ Collecting water samples

„ Completing sample labels and field log forms

„ Packing samples

„ Delivering or shipping samples to the laboratory

All of the equipment and materials required for a wet weather sampling event should
be mobilized and used to simulate, as closely as possible, the conditions of an actual
sampling event. All sampling crewmembers (including alternates) should receive
hands-on training with all field equipment and sample handling procedures. The
project manager or sampling crew leader should re-emphasize health and safety
considerations during the field sampling simulation.

2.3.2 Preparation and Logistics

Adequate pre-storm preparations are essential for a successful sampling event. Prior
to deployment of sampling crews and the initiation of sampling, it is imperative that
weather systems are adequately tracked, sampling personnel are prepared, and all
necessary equipment is inventoried. Sampling preparation and logistics should
include the following basic elements:

„ Weather Tracking

„ Communications

„ Ordering Sample Bottles

„ Sample Bottle Labels

„ Field Equipment Preparations

„ Mobilization of Sampling Crews

The above listed elements are discussed in this section.

Weather Tracking. Weather tracking is an important element so both the site and
sampling crews can prepare prior to the arrival of rain. During the wet season, when
the sampling program is active, the resident engineer or Department inspector and
the Water Pollution Control Manager (WPCM) or other assigned contractor staff
member will need to be assigned to track weather conditions and potential storms.

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The frequency of weather tracking increases as incoming storms are identified as

candidates for impacting the site and sampling may be required. Weather can be
tracked using a number of sources including local newspapers and TV news
programs, the Weather Channel, private weather forecasting services for custom site-
specific forecasts, the National Weather Service (NWS) at www.nws.noaa.gov, and
other Internet sites for radar imagery and hourly weather observations from a
network of surface weather monitoring stations throughout California. Appendix C
provides information regarding California meteorology and weather tracking.

Communications. A telephone tree should be developed to clearly define lines of

communication and notification responsibilities. The telephone tree is used for site
and sampling preparation activities, personnel notification of forecasted events,
communications during sampling, and coordinating site and BMP evaluations
following an event. The telephone tree graphically shows the notification sequence
from the resident engineer to WPCM to sampling personnel. The telephone tree
should list laboratory personnel numbers for the purpose of sample delivery.
Emergency telephone numbers should be listed, including numbers of hospitals
nearest the construction site. The telephone tree should include office, pager, cellular,
home and any other pertinent telephone numbers for each person involved in the
project. It is essential that each person listed on the telephone tree have access to a
copy of the telephone tree at all times during the sampling season. An example of a
telephone tree is presented as Figure 2-1.

Figure 2-1. Telephone Tree

Department Personnel Contractor Site Superintendent

Resident Engineer
SWPPP Inspector WPCM
District Construction Storm Water
Coordinator

Analytical Laboratory Field Coordinator Sampling Crew

Courier Service

Emergency Weather Forecasters

Hospital
Police
Fire
Paramedics

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Ordering Sample Bottles. Prior to the first event of each sampling season, a sample
bottle order is placed with the analytical laboratory. The bottle order is based on all
planned analyses that will be performed by the laboratory (TSS, SS, SSC, and or
turbidity). Enough bottles should be ordered to cover multiple events, and QA/QC
samples. Bottles are only used once and cannot be re-used without being cleaned.
Therefore, the first order should include two-dozen of each bottle type, more if
available storage space is available.

The laboratory provides clean bottles as part of their analytical services. For sediment
and turbidity samples, the lab should provide bottles made of polyethylene plastic in
a size to collect the required volume, typically 500 or 1000 milliliters. The order
should specify wide-mouth bottles; grab sampling is easier to perform with wide-
mouth bottles. All bottles must be pre-cleaned according to the procedures specified
in Appendix D. Immediately following each monitoring event, the bottle inventory
should be checked and additional bottles ordered as needed.

Sample bottles and laboratory-cleaned sampling equipment are handled only while
wearing clean, powder-free nitrile gloves. All laboratory-cleaned sampling equipment
and bottles are double bagged in plastic bags for storage and stored in a clean area.
Sample bottles are stored with lids properly secured.

In addition to bottles, bottle labels need to be ordered. This is another service the
laboratory typically provides. Standard labels need to be applied to each sample
bottle. Pre-labeling sample bottles simplify field activities. The laboratory should be
able to provide pre-labeled bottles with space for writing in site- and event-specific
information. A standardized bottle label should include the following information:

„ Project name

„ Project number

„ Unique sample identification number and location.

„ Collection date/time (No time applied to QA/QC samples)

„ Analysis constituent

Field Equipment Preparations. Prior to the first storm event of each sampling season,
and immediately after each monitored event, the sampling crews will inventory,
restock, replace, clean, calibrate, maintain, and test field equipment as needed. A
standard checklist is used to perform an inventory of field equipment (tools, sample
bottles, safety equipment, first-aid kit, cellular telephone, etc.). An example field
equipment checklist is provided as Figure 2-2. Field equipment should be kept in one
location, which is used as a staging area to simplify sampling crew mobilization.

Mobilization of Sampling Crews. When a storm approaches that may generate a

discharge, the WCPM shall alert the sampling crew and analytical laboratory. When

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first alerted, sampling crewmembers should consult their sampling plan and check
field equipment and supplies to ensure they are ready to conduct any sampling. The
sampling crew will need to obtain ice (for sample preservation). Ice for grab samples
should be kept in ice chests where full grab sample bottles will be placed. Keeping ice
in zip-lock bags facilitates clean easy ice handling. Refreezable ice packets are
generally not recommended because they are susceptible to leakage. If a discharge is
observed, the sampling crewmembers will be ready to perform the required tasks
within the first two hours of the discharge.

Figure 2-2. Field Equipment Checklist

First aid kit Sampling and Analysis plan

Log books/log sheets Chain of Custody forms

“Rite-n-Rain” pens Markers – fine point

Paper towels Coolers and ice

Required grab sample bottles Spare bottle labels

Grab pole Intermediate container

Weather –resistant camera Powder-free nitrile gloves

Rubber bands / Duct tape Zip-lock baggies

Cellular phone Hardhat/Orange safety vest

Personal rain gear Health and Safety Plan

Sand bags

2.3.3 Sample Collection Procedures

A series of five (5) water samples or measurements (turbidity) will be collected at each
upstream and downstream station and one (1) sample collected from each run-on
location during each event. All the samples will be sent to the laboratory. The
laboratory will develop a single composite sample by mixing together equal volumes
from each of the five samples collected at a given site. Field measurements will be
recorded on the standard field forms.

The following are basic sample collection and handling elements required during
sampling:

„ Personnel Safety

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„ Sampling Equipment and Bottles

„ Clean Sampling Techniques
„ Grab Sample Collection
„ Sample Preservation
„ Sample Delivery/Chain of Custody
These elements are described below to provide sample collection and handling
guidance for sampling personnel.

Personnel Safety. Before samples are collected, personnel must ensure the safety of
such activities at each sampling location. Personnel safety should be considered when
selecting monitoring sites. Adherence to the following recommendations will
minimize risks to sampling personnel:

„ At no time during storm conditions or when significant flows are present should
sampling personnel enter a river or creek.

„ Two-person sampling crews should be available for all fieldwork to be conducted

under adverse weather conditions, or whenever there are risks to personal safety.

„ Personnel must be trained regarding appropriate on-site construction traffic

control measures.

Sampling Equipment and Bottles. It is important to use the appropriate sample

bottles and equipment for each parameter to be measured. Improper bottles and
equipment can introduce contaminants and cause other errors, which can invalidate
the data. Immediately prior to the filling of grab sample bottles, the bottle labels
should be checked, and site- and event-specific information added using a waterproof
pen. Attempting to label grab sample bottles after sample collection may be difficult
because of wet labels.

Clean Sampling Techniques. Storm water quality sampling at Department’s

construction projects shall employ “clean” sampling techniques to minimize potential
sources of sample contamination, particularly from trace pollutants. Experience has
shown that when clean sampling techniques are used, detected concentrations of
constituents tend to be lower. Clean sample collection techniques that should be
followed during the collection of water samples are described below. More extensive
clean sampling techniques may be required under certain conditions, such as
monitoring to assess receiving water impacts. See Appendix D for a detailed
description of more extensive clean sampling techniques. Care must be taken during
all sampling operations to minimize exposure of the samples to human, atmospheric,
and other potential sources of contamination. Care must be taken to avoid
contamination whenever handling bottles and lids.

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Whenever possible, grab samples should be collected by opening, filling and capping
the sample bottle while submerged, to minimize exposure to airborne particulate
matter. Additionally, whenever possible, samples should be collected upstream and
upwind of sampling personnel to minimize introduction of contaminants. To reduce
potential contamination, sample collection personnel must adhere to the following
rules while collecting storm water samples:

„ No smoking
„ Never sample near a running vehicle. Do not park vehicles in immediate sample
collection area (even non-running vehicles).
„ Always wear clean, powder-free nitrile gloves when handling bottles, containers
and lids.
„ Never touch the inside surface of a sample bottle or lid, even with gloved hands.
„ Never allow the inner surface of a sample bottle or lid to be contacted by any
material other than the sample water.
„ Never allow any object or material to fall into or contact the collected sample
water.
„ Avoid allowing rainwater to drip from rain gear or other surfaces into sample
bottles.
„ Do not eat or drink during sample collection.
„ Do not breathe, sneeze or cough in the direction of an open sample bottle.

Grab Sample Collection. Manual grab samples are typically collected by direct
submersion of each individual sample bottle into the flow stream. It is also acceptable
for intermediate containers to be used to collect samples. This intermediate sample is
then poured immediately into the appropriate grab sample bottle(s). Intermediate
containers are used to collect one large sample to be distributed to several smaller
sample bottles to help reduce the sampling time. Intermediate containers are also
helpful when a sampling pole is employed because a single container can be attached
to the pole and then used to collect multiple samples.

When transferring the sample from the intermediate container to the bottle, it is
very important that the sediment be kept in suspension by stirring or swirling the
container. Otherwise a portion of the sediment may settle out in the intermediate
container and not be included in the sample that will be analyzed.

Samples bottles should be filled to the top. If possible, grab samples should be
collected by completely submerging the bottle or container below the surface of the
water to avoid collecting any material floating on the surface. When submerging the
bottle, avoid hitting the bottom of the water body. Hitting the bottom may disturb the
sediment and impact the sample.

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For flow depths less than the diameter of the bottle, filling the bottle will not be
possible unless an intermediate container is used.

Each bottle should be rinsed out at least once with a small amount of the source water
before taking the actual sample. This same procedure should be followed when using
an intermediate container to fill a bottle. Both the container and bottle should be
rinsed.

The bottle should be opened at the last possible moment and the lid screwed back on
immediately after the sample is collected. The lid should be handled carefully during
this time to avoid contaminating the inner lining. Hold the lid around the rim and
face it down. If possible open and close the bottle under water when collecting a
sample.

When collecting samples at the upstream/downstream stations, samples should be

collected at the downstream station first. Sampling may disturb the bottom sediment.
If the upstream station is sampled first, the disturbed sediment will be carried past the
downstream station and possibly impact the downstream sample. At both sites, face
upstream to collect a sample.

Wading into a water body to collect a sample should be avoided. Wading will disturb
the bottom sediment and increase the suspended sediment levels in the water column
where the samples will be collected. Wading into a river or creek is also dangerous
during wet-weather events because flow rates are often higher. Wading should only
be performed if the flow depth is less than 25 cm or one foot. Approach the sampling
point from the downstream.

Standing on the bank and using a sampling pole to collect a sample is a better
method. A boat can be used to access sites out in lakes, bays, estuaries, sloughs, and
large slow moving rivers.

To collect turbidity measurements using an electronic field meter with a probe, the
probe is immersed into the flow stream or a sample contained in the intermediate
container. The probe may be attached to the end of the sampling road in order to
reach the flow stream. If the meter analyses a small volume of sample, the standard
container that comes with the meter can be immersed into the flow stream to collect a
sample or immersed in the sample collected by an intermediate container.

As mentioned previously, sampling locations for upstream and downstream

sampling stations may vary with each event. Sampling crews should be prepared to
modify sampling locations or points in order to maximize the representativeness of
the samples. Detailed field notes and or photographs should be used to document the
conditions and reasons for selecting a specific location to collect a sample.

Collecting samples of run-on runoff coming on to the construction site from outside
sources (run-on) should follow similar procedures. The collection procedures are a
little different because run-on will arrive on site as sheet flow or in small drainage

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channels. To collect samples, the run-on flows will need to be at least 1 centimeter or
0.5 inches. Flows in the drainage channels may reach this depth. If not, several sand
bags can be used to constrict the flows. Be careful the flow is not concentrated to the
point the channel starts to erode and increases the amount of sediment in the flow.

If the run-on enters the site as sheet flow and does not concentrate in a natural
drainage channel, sand bags can be used to concentrate the flow to a depth where
samples can be collected.

Filling a sample bottle is difficult when the bottles cannot be completely submerged.
An intermediate container should be used. For example, one sample bottle can be
designated as the intermediate container and used to collect multiple grab samples to
fill the remaining sample bottles. Keep the sediment in suspension during each
transfer.

Sampling stations should be approached from the downstream with samples

collected facing upstream. Hitting the bottom with the bottle probably cannot be
avoided, so lower the bottle slowly into the water to minimize the disturbance.

Information regarding the final sampling locations selected for the event and the
actual sample collection should all be documented in the Sampling Activity Logs.
Photographs are helpful to show the discharge(s), instream conditions, run-on flows,
and sample collection methods.

Sample Preservation. All samples are kept on ice or refrigerated to 4 degrees Celsius
from the time of sample collection until delivery to the analytical laboratory. The grab
samples are placed in an ice chest with ice immediately following collection. In
addition to keeping the samples cool it is also important to minimize the exposure of
the samples to direct sunlight, as sunlight may cause biochemical transformation of
the sample, resulting in unreliable analytical results. Therefore, all samples are
covered or placed in an ice chest with a closed lid immediately following collection.
No other preservatives are required.

Sample Delivery/Chain of Custody. All samples must be kept on ice, or refrigerated,

from the time of onset of sample collection to the time of receipt by laboratory
personnel. If samples are being shipped to the laboratory, place sample bottles inside
coolers with ice, ensure that the sample bottles are well packaged, and secure cooler
lids with packaging tape. It is imperative that all samples be delivered to the
analytical laboratory and analyses begin within the maximum holding times specified
by laboratory analytical methods (see Section 2.3.5). The holding times for TSS and
SSC are 7 days. The holding times for SS and turbidity are 48 hours. To minimize the
risk of exceeding the holding times for SS and turbidity, samples must be transferred
to the analytical laboratory as soon as possible after sampling. The sampling crew
must in such cases coordinate activities with the analytical laboratory to ensure that
holding times can be met.

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Chain-of-custody (COC) forms are to be filled out by the sampling crew for all
samples submitted to the analytical laboratory. The purpose of COC forms is to keep
a record of the transfer of sample custody, and requested analyses. Sample date,
sample location, and analysis requested (TSS and SS, SSC, and or turbidity) are noted
on each COC.

Any special instructions for the laboratory should also be noted. A note to remind the
lab that composite samples need to be developed from the five (5) samples collected at
the upstream and downstream stations. The lab should develop the composite by
taking equal volumes from each sample. Other instructions can include specifications
of lab quality control requirements (e.g., laboratory duplicate samples and matrix
spike/matrix spike duplicate (MS/MSD) samples).

Copies of COC forms are kept with field notes in a field logbook. COC forms should
be checked to be sure all analyses specified by the sampling plan are included.
Review of the COC forms immediately following a storm event gives the data
reviewer a chance to review the sampling crews’ requests and then to notify the
laboratory of additional analyses or necessary clarification. An example of a
customized COC form is presented in Section 4.1.

2.3.4 Quality Assurance/Quality Control (QA/QC)

The quality of analytical data is dependent on the ways in which samples are
collected, handled and analyzed by the sampling crew and laboratory personnel.
Procedures for both field and laboratory measures should be included in the SAP to
maximize the data’s quality and usefulness. Precision is the major category of QA/QC
checks for suspended sediment-related analyses. Comparing the results of duplicate
samples that should be the same assesses precision. The following QA/QC elements
need to be incorporated into all the sample collection efforts for sedimentation/silt
and turbidity:

„ Duplicate Samples

„ QC Sample Schedule

Duplicate samples, the relevant responsibilities of sampling personnel, and

recommended minimum frequencies for creating duplicate samples are discussed
below. The results of the field QC samples are then used to evaluate the quality of the
reported data (data evaluation is discussed in Section 2.3.6).

Duplicate Samples. Analytical precision is a measure of the reproducibility of data

and is assessed by analyzing two samples that are intended to be identical. Any
significant differences between the samples indicate an unaccounted-for factor or a
source of bias. There are typically two types of duplicate samples that require special
sampling considerations: field duplicates and laboratory duplicates.

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Field Duplicates. Field duplicates are used to assess variability attributable to

collection, handling, shipment, storage and/or laboratory handling and analysis. For
grab samples, duplicate samples are collected by the sampling crew simultaneously
filling two grab sample bottles at the same location. If intermediate containers are
used, first pour an incremental amount into one sample bottle and then pour a similar
amount into the second. Continue going back and forth until both bottles are full.
Field duplicate samples should be submitted to the laboratory "blind" (i.e. not
identified as a QC sample, but labeled with a different site identification than the
regular sample). A field duplicate sample should be collected at one station once
every 10 samples.

Laboratory Duplicates. Laboratory duplicates (also called laboratory splits) are used
to assess the precision of the analytical method and laboratory handling. For the
laboratory duplicate analysis the analytical laboratory will split one sample into two
portions and analyze each one. When collecting samples to be analyzed for laboratory
duplicates, typically double the normal sample volume is required. This requires
filling a larger size sample bottle, or filling two normal size sample bottles, labeling
one with the site name and the second with the site name plus “laboratory duplicate.”
Laboratory duplicate samples are collected, handled, and delivered to the analytical
laboratory in the same manner as environmental samples. Enough extra sample
volume for the laboratory to create a duplicate should be collected at a frequency of
one for every 10 samples.

A QC sample schedule should be developed, included in the SAP, and followed

closely by sampling personnel. The project QC sample schedule should meet the
minimum QC sample frequency criteria over the term of the project.

2.3.5 Laboratory Sample Preparation and Analytical Methods

This section describes the steps to be taken by analytical laboratories to prepare for
monitoring events, and the procedures laboratories will use for sample analyses. The
following topics are discussed:

„ Laboratory Selection and Contracting

„ Pre-Sampling Preparations
„ Sample Storage and Handling Prior to Analysis
„ Reporting Limit Requirements
„ Analytical Methods
„ Laboratory Data Package Deliverables

Samples will be analyzed for one or more of the constituents presented in Table 2-1.
Required analytical method, sample bottle type, target reporting limit, volume
required for analysis, sample preservation, and maximum holding time are also
presented in Table 2-1. The importance of these elements is incorporated into many of
the following discussions.

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Table 2-1
Sample Collection, Preservation and Analysis for Monitoring Sedimentation/Siltation and/or Turbidity
Minimum Maximum
Sample Reporting Estimated
Constituent Analytical Method Sample Sample Bottle Type Holding
Preservation Limit Cost
Volume Time

(a) Suspended Sediment ASTM D3977-97 Store at 4˚ C Polyethylene plastic

500 mL 7 days 1 mg/L $15-30
Concentration (SSC) (A, B, or C) (39.2˚ F) or glass

EPA 160.5 Store at 4˚ C Polyethylene plastic 0.1

(b) Settleable Solids (SS) 1000 mL 48 hours $15
Std Method 2540(f) (39.2˚ F) or glass mL/L/hr

(c) Total Suspended EPA 160.2 Store at 4˚ C Polyethylene plastic

100 mL 7 days 1 mg/L $15
Solids (TSS) Std Method 2540(d) (39.2˚ F) or glass

EPA 180.1 Store at 4˚ C Polyethylene plastic

(d) Turbidity 50 mL 48 hours 0.1 NTU $10
Std Method 2130(b) (39.2˚ F) or glass

Notes: Adapted from Table 600-1 of the SSWPPP/WPCP Preparation Manual (March mg/L – Milligrams per liter
2003) ASTM – American Society for Testing and Materials
°C – Degrees Celsius mL – Milliliters
°F – Degrees Fahrenheit NTU – Nephelometric
EPA – U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Turbidity Unit
L – Liter Std Method – Per the Standard
mL/L/hr – Milliliters per liter per hour Methods for the
Examination of Water
and Wastewater, 20th
Edition, American
Water Works
Association

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Laboratory Selection and Contracting. Important considerations in selecting an

analytical laboratory include location, past performance, ability to meet analytical
reporting limits (RLs), and experience with the type of samples that will be generated
by the monitoring program. Department of Health Services (DHS) certification is
required for Department analytical work. A list of State-certified laboratories that are
approved by the Department is available at the following Internet site:
http://www.dhs.ca.gov/ps/ls/elap/html/lablist_county.htm.

Pre-Sampling Preparations. The analytical laboratory will be involved in a number of

activities prior to the actual analysis of samples, including:

„ Determination of key laboratory performance requirements (e.g., maximum

reporting limits, turnaround times, report formats) for analytical services contract.

„ Develop the procedure for combining the five samples into a single composite
sample.

„ Review and comment on the data quality evaluation procedures, QC sample

schedule, and QC sample volumes.

„ Providing sampling crew with clean sample containers and other equipment.

„ Coordination with sampling crew prior to each anticipated storm-sampling event

including number of samples anticipated, approximate date and time of sampling
(if known), and when sample containers will be required

Sample Storage and Handling Prior to Analysis. To minimize the chance of sample
contamination and unreliable analytical results, special measures must be taken
during the storage and handling of samples prior to analysis. For example, samples
must be collected and stored in the appropriate containers and preserved. Samples
must be analyzed within established holding times to ensure reliability of the results.

Maximum acceptable holding times are method-specified for various analytical

methods. The holding time starts for each individual grab sample when it is
collected and the time is counted until analysis of the sample. If a sample is not
analyzed within the designated holding times, the analytical results may be suspect.
Thus, it is important that the laboratories meet all specified holding times and makes
every effort to prepare and analyze the samples as soon as possible after they are
received. Prompt analysis also allows the laboratory time to review the data and, if
analytical problems are found, re-analyze the affected samples.

Reporting Limit Requirements. The reporting limit (RL) is the minimum level at
which the analytical laboratory can reliably report detectable values. It is important to
ensure that the RLs derived for the project are low enough to provide useful results.
The RLs listed in Table 2-1 match the RLs required by the Department in the
Stormwater Monitoring Protocols Guidance Manual.

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Analytical Methods. The recommended analytical methods for measuring TSS, SS,
SSC, and turbidity are shown in Table 2-1. All of these methods are described either in
“Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater or in the listed EPA
method.

Laboratory Data Package Deliverables. As a part of the laboratory contract, the data
package that will be delivered to contractor and the timing of its delivery (turn
around time) should be defined. The data package should be delivered in hard copy
and electronic copy (on diskette).

The hard copy data package should include a narrative that outlines any problems,
corrections, anomalies, and conclusions, as well as completed chain of custody
documentation. A summary of the following QA/QC elements must be in the data
package: sample analysis dates, results of method blanks, summary of analytical
accuracy (matrix spike compound recoveries, blank spike compound recoveries,
surrogate compound recoveries), summary of analytical precision (comparison of
laboratory split results and matrix spike duplicate results, expressed as relative
percent difference), and reporting limits. Because the laboratory must keep the
backup documentation (raw data) for all data packages, raw data (often called
Contract Laboratory Program (CLP) data packages) should not be requested.

In addition to the hard copy, an electronic copy of the data can be requested from the
laboratory. The electronic copy includes all the information found in the hard copy
data package. Data should be reported in a standardized electronic format.

Common turn around times for laboratory data packages are two to three weeks for
faxed data and three weeks to thirty days for hard copy and electronic copy.
Receiving the faxed data quickly allows an early data review to identify any problems
that may be corrected through sample re-analysis.

2.3.6 QA/QC Data Evaluation

Data Screening. When the laboratory reports are received following each sampling
event, it is important to check the reported data as soon as possible to identify errors
committed in sampling, analysis or reporting. The laboratory must report results in a
timely fashion (as defined in the contractor’s contract with the laboratory) and the
results must then be reviewed immediately upon receipt. This may allow for re-
analysis of questionable (out-of-range) results within the prescribed holding time. The
initial screening includes the following checks:

„ Completeness. The chain of custody forms should be checked to ensure that all
laboratory analyses specified in the sampling plan were requested. The laboratory
reports should also be checked to ensure that all laboratory analyses are
performed as specified on the chain of custody forms, including the requested
QA/QC analyses.

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„ Holding Time. The lab reports need to be checked to verify that all analyses were
performed within the prescribed holding times.

„ Reporting Limits. The reported analytical limits should meet or be lower than the
levels agreed upon prior to laboratory submission.

„ Reporting Errors. On occasion laboratories commit typographical errors or send

incomplete results. Reported concentrations that appear out of range or
inconsistent are indicators of potential laboratory reporting problems, and should
be investigated when detected. Examples of this would be a reported value being
an order of magnitude different than concentrations reported for the same
constituent for other events.

Irregularities found in the initial screening should immediately be reported to the

laboratory for clarification or correction. This process can identify and correct errors
that would otherwise cause problems further along in the data evaluation process, or
in subsequent uses of the data for higher-level analysis. When appropriate, reanalysis
of out-of-range values can increase confidence in the integrity of questionable data.

The laboratory data can also be reviewed using the Department Stormwater
Management Program Laboratory EDD Error Checker. The laboratory will need to be
trained to use the tool and report the data in a standard electronic format.

Data Validation. The data quality evaluation process is structured to provide checks
to ensure that the reported data accurately represented the concentrations of
constituents actually present in water quality samples. Data evaluation can often
identify sources of contamination in the sampling and analytical processes, as well as
detect deficiencies in the laboratory analyses or errors in data reporting. Data quality
evaluation allows monitoring data to be used in the proper contest with the
appropriate level of confidence.

QA/QC parameters that should be reviewed are classified into the following
categories:

(1) Contamination check results (method, field, and equipment blanks)

(2) Precision analysis results (laboratory, field, and matrix spike duplicates)

(3) Accuracy analysis results (matrix spikes and laboratory control samples)

Each of these QA/QC parameters should be compared to the data quality objectives
listed in Table 2-2. The key steps in the analysis of each of these QA/QC parameters
are:

(1) Compile a complete set of the QA/QC results for the parameter being analyzed.

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(2) Compare the laboratory QA/QC results to accepted criteria.

(3) Compile any out-of-range values and report them to the laboratory for
verification.

(4) Attach appropriate qualifiers to data that do not meet QA/QC acceptance criteria.

(5) Prepare a report that tabulates the success rate for each QA/QC parameter
analyzed.

Refer to Section 13 of the Department Stormwater Monitoring Protocols Guidance Manual

provided in Appendix E for specific direction on evaluating the results of
contamination, accuracy, and precision checks, and on qualifying data that do not
meet data quality objectives.

Table 2-2

Control Limits for Precision and Accuracy for Water Samples

Maximum Recovery Recovery

Constituent Method Allowable RPD Lower Limit Upper Limit
ASTM D3977-97
SSC 20% 80% 120%
(A, B, or C)
EPA 160.5
SS 20% 80% 120%
Std Method 2540(f)
EPA 160.2
TSS 20% 80% 120%
Std Method 2540(d)
EPA 180.1
Turbidity 20% NA NA
Std Method 2130(b)

Notes: RPD = relative percent difference between duplicate analyses.

Recovery, lower and upper limits refer to analysis of spiked samples.

2.3.7 Data Management and Reporting

To facilitate data management, analysis, and the comparison of results, a standard
system for data reporting should be developed for the project. Both electronic and
hardcopy data must be filed in Category 20 of the project files in an organized and
easily accessible fashion.

To keep the data organized, each monitoring site, station, and sampling event should
be assigned a unique identification number. All the data should be organized and
associated with these numbers.

The SSP requires the results of field analyses (turbidity) must be submitted to the
resident engineer within five (5) days of taking the measurement. Results from
laboratory analyses (TSS, SS, SSC, or turbidity) must be submitted within 30 days of
collecting the samples. QA/QC data must accompany the field and or analytical data.

Attribute date should also be collected to assist with interpreting the data. The
attribute data usually describes the sample, event, and site. The sample description

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may provide information on the sample itself: when and how it was collected, what it
was analyzed for, the method and lab used to perform the analysis, and the result of
the analysis. This section also can characterize the sample source, as well as the
portion of a rain event that is represented by the sample.

The event information describes the discharge event itself. This includes when the
rain started and stopped, when runoff started and ended, when the discharge to the
receiving stream started and ended, and antecedent dry days. Site description
information span a range of categories from geographic information and boundaries,
such as coordinates, hydrologic sub-area, land use, and size of the watershed, to
political data like county, Department and RWQCB district.

All original data documented on sample bottle identification labels, Chain of Custody
forms, Sampling Activity Logs, and Inspection Checklists will be recorded using
waterproof ink. These will be considered accountable documents. If an error is made
on an accountable document, the individual will make corrections by lining through
the error and entering the correct information. The erroneous information will not be
obliterated. All corrections will be initialed and dated.

Electronic results will be submitted on diskette in Microsoft Excel (.xls) format, and
will include, at a minimum, the following information from the lab: Sample ID
Number, Contract Number, Constituent, Reported Value, Lab Name, Method
Reference, Method Number, Method Detection Limit, and Reported Detection Limit.
The project may want to consider reporting the electronic data in a format consistent
with Department’s 2003-2004 Water Quality Data-Reporting Protocols (November 2003).

2.4 Data Evaluation

The data will be evaluated to identify impacts on the receiving water quality caused
by discharges from the construction site and the conditions or areas on the
construction site that may be causing the sediment, silt, and or turbidity in the runoff.
The data involved in the evaluation include:

„ Information gathered from the required site inspections before, during, and after
storm events

„ Sampling results from upstream and downstream of discharges from the

construction site to the receiving water

„ Sampling results of runoff that enters the construction site from areas upstream of
the site

The upstream sample, while not representative of pre-construction levels, provides a

basis for comparison with the sample collected downstream of the construction site.
The downstream water quality sample analytical results will be evaluated to

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determine if the downstream sample(s) show elevated levels of the tested constituent
relative to the levels found in the upstream sample.

The run-on sample analytical results will be used as an aid in evaluating potential
offsite influences on water quality results. The result from any run-on samples need to
be evaluated to determine if the run-on is contributing to elevated levels of sediment,
silt, or turbidity. Sample results of the run-on discharges may demonstrate elevated
levels of TSS, SSC, SS, or turbidity in the run-on. If elevated levels are found, the run-
on should be included in the source identification process.

This evaluation will be performed for every discharge event that samples are
collected. Results of the evaluation, including figures with sample collection locations,
will be submitted to the resident engineer along with the water quality analytical
results and the QA/QC data. Should the downstream sample concentrations exceed
the upstream sample concentrations, site personnel will evaluate the BMPs, site
conditions, surrounding influences (including run-on sample analysis), and other site
factors to determine the probable cause for the increase. As determined by the data
and project evaluation, appropriate BMPs will be repaired or modified to mitigate
increases in sediment concentrations in the water body. Any revisions to the BMPs
will be recorded as an amendment to the SWPPP.

2.4.1 Identifying Water Quality Impacts

To identify water quality impacts within the 303(d) listed water body, the percent
difference between the upstream data and downstream data are calculated for TSS,
SS, SSC or turbidity. The percent difference is calculated using the following formula:

(Upstream result – Downstream result) / Upstream result * 100

If any of the results are reported as non-detects (ND), a value of one-half the reporting
limit (RL) should be used.

A percent difference greater than 25 percent indicates a substantial impact. Any

negative value indicates the downstream concentration was lower than the upstream
concentration, which indicates an improvement in water quality and no impact.

The results of the run-on samples should be compared to the results from both the
upstream and down stations. If the levels of TSS, SS, SSC, and or turbidity in the run-
on are higher than the upstream levels, this indicates the run-on could impact the
instream levels and should be investigated further. If the levels in the run-on are
higher than the downstream levels, the potential for instream impact may be even
greater.

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2.4.2 Assessing the Need for Corrective Measures

If a comparison of the upstream and downstream samples indicates an increase in silt,
sediment and/or turbidity has occurred, the source needs to be identified and
corrective measures identified.

Information gathered from the required site inspections before, during, and after
storm events will be used to identify the source(s). SWQTF (2001) developed the
following list of conditions or areas on a construction site that may cause sediment,
silt, and/or turbidity in runoff:

„ Exposed soil areas with inadequate erosion control measures

„ Active grading areas

„ Poorly stabilized slopes

„ Lack of perimeter sediment controls

„ Areas of concentrated flow on unprotected soils

„ Poorly maintained erosion and sediment control BMP

„ Unprotected soil stockpiles

„ Failure of an erosion or sediment control BMP

If any one of these conditions and areas is found during the inspections, their
presence should be documented, preferably with GPS coordinates and photographs.

All discharges to the receiving water should be traced back to their sources.
Document if any of the routes cross one or more of the conditions or areas listed
above. If the source of the discharge is run-on to the construction site, the levels of
sediment/silt or turbidity from run-on samples should be evaluated. High levels will
indicate that the sources outside of the construction site may be contributing to the
sediment load. The identification of adjacent landowner discharges should be
included in the Notice of Potential Non-Compliance and other BMP measures as the
first step to remove pollutants from run-on.

2.4.3 Implementing Corrective Measures

If the construction site or run-on is found to be contributing sediment and silt to the
runoff, the following steps should be taken as soon as possible:

(1) Repair or replace any BMP that has failed, resulting in a discharge and or elevated
levels of sediment/silt or turbidity in the runoff

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(2) Improve maintenance at all BMPs that did not function as designed, resulting in a
discharge and or elevated levels of sediment/silt or turbidity in the runoff

(3) Implement BMPs in areas identified as generating discharges or sources of

sediment/silt or turbidity

(4) Implement additional or alternative BMPs to provide an effective combination of

erosion and sediment control measures on the site

2.4.4 Reporting Non-Compliance

Reporting requirements are discussed in section C-2, Receiving Water Limitations for
Construction Activities, of the General Permit. Should the data and evaluations
indicate storm water and/or authorized non-storm water discharges are causing or
contributing to an exceedance of an applicable water quality standard of a 303(d)-
listed water body, the following shall occur:

(1) The contractor shall notify the resident engineer verbally within 48 hours of the
identification that a discharge occurred. The Department shall notify the RWQCB
by telephone within 48 hours of a discharge that a discharge occurred.

(2) A Notice of Discharge will follow verbal notification to the RE and a Notice of
Potential Non-compliance to the RWQCB. These reports will include:

a) The nature and case of the water quality standard exceedance

b) The BMPs currently being implemented

c) Corrective actions performed or to be performed to reduce the pollutant loads

including any maintenance or repair of BMPS

d) Additional BMPs which will be implemented to prevent or reduce pollutants

that are causing or contributing to the exceedance of water quality standards

e) Implementation schedule for corrective actions

The contractor shall submit a Notice of Discharge pursuant to section 600. 2 of the
SWPPP to the resident engineer within 7 days. The Department shall submit a
report of Potential Non-compliance to the RWQCB within thirty days.

(3) Amend the SWPPP and monitoring program for the construction site to reflect
any additional BMPs that have been and will be implemented, the implementation
schedule, and additional monitoring requirements.

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Visually Detectable in Storm Water
3.1 Permit Requirements/ Special Provisions
The standard requirements for monitoring non-visible pollutants at Department
construction sites are presented in Special Provisions (SPs) Section 10.1, Sampling and
Analytical Requirements. These requirements are based on the requirements listed in
both the Department’s NPDES Storm Water Permit, and the Statewide General Permit
for Construction Sites. According to Section 10.1:

“The contractor is required to implement specific sampling and analytical

procedures to determine whether BMPs implemented on the construction site
are preventing pollutants that are known or should be known by Permittees to
occur on construction sites that are not visually detectable in storm water
discharges, to cause or contribute to exceedances of water quality objectives.”

Potential non-visible pollutants at the construction site are identified in the project
SWPPP and construction material inventories. Sampling for non-visibly detectable
pollutants is required under the following two conditions:

„ Visual inspections performed before, during and after storm events, indicate that
there has been a breach, malfunction, leakage or spill of a BMP that is designed to
contain the pollutants and the pollutants may or have come in contact with runoff

„ Storm water runoff comes into contact with soil amendments, other exposed
materials, or site contamination

However, sampling and analysis are only required if the suspected contaminated
runoff is discharged from the construction site and enters a storm drain system or
water body. Sampling is not required if all runoff is contained on-site and allowed to
infiltrate or evaporate. Prior to conducting sampling and analysis at a construction
site for non-visible pollutants, a sampling strategy needs to be formulated. The basis
of the strategy will involve:

„ Where construction materials and potential sources of pollutants are located on

the construction site.

„ The sampling locations for collecting water quality samples and the rationale for
their selection.

„ A list of analytical parameters or indicators associated with non-visible pollutants

located on the site.

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„ The sampling schedule that specifies water quality samples will be collected
during the first two hours of discharge from rain events during daylight hours
(sunrise to sunset), and shall be collected regardless of the time of year, status of
the construction site, or day of the week.

3.2 Designing a Sampling Strategy

The SPs, along with the General Permits, identify specific requirements that must be
included in any sampling and analysis program for non-visible pollutants. The
incorporation of these requirements into an overall sampling strategy will be
discussed in this section. The contractor must include in the SWPPP a sampling and
analysis plan (SAP) for non-visible pollutant monitoring if required by the project SPs.

3.2.1 Sampling and Analysis Plan (SAP)

A sampling and analysis plan (SAP) for non-visible pollutant monitoring must be
included in the SWPPP. The purpose of the SAP is to provide standard procedures to
be followed every time a sample is collected and analyzed, and the results evaluated.
Following the plan maximizes the quality and usefulness of the data.

The SAP shall be prepared in conformance with protocols and guidelines discussed in
this document and the Department's Guidance Manual: Stormwater Monitoring
Protocols (Caltrans July 2000). The Guidance Manual is available on the Department's
Internet site http://www.dot.ca.gov/hq/env/stormwater/special/index.htm.
Properly trained staff in field water quality sampling procedures, laboratory
analytical methods, and data validation procedures should prepare the SAP. The
analytical laboratory should provide input to ensure that the SAP (especially the
QA/QC portion) is realistic, and consistent with the laboratory's operating
procedures. Sampling personnel should also provide input regarding logistical details
to maximize the practicality and usefulness of a SAP.

The SAP should include a thorough description of all activities required to implement
the monitoring program. The plan should be organized to provide an overview of the
project goals and organization, followed by a description of all monitoring activities
in the chronological sequence in which they will typically occur. That is, pre­
monitoring preparations should be described, followed by activities to be undertaken
during storm events, followed by post-storm activities. The plan should specify the
quality assurance/quality control protocols that will be followed by field and
laboratory personnel, and how the field and laboratory results will be managed and
reported.

A standard template to be used when preparing a SAP for monitoring non-visible

pollutants at all The Department’s construction sites is presented in Section 600.5,
Sampling and Analysis Plan for Non-Visible Pollutants, in the SWPPP/WPCP
Preparation Manual (Caltrans March 2003). Section 600.5 can be found in Appendix B.

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The required SAP for Non-Visible Pollutants, as it is referred to in Section 600.5, will
contain the following sections:

„ Scope of Monitoring Activities

„ Monitoring Strategy (including sampling schedule and locations)

„ Monitoring Preparation

„ Analytical Constituents

„ Sample Collection and Handling (including collection procedures, handling

procedures, documentation procedures)

„ Sample Analysis

„ Quality Assurance / Quality Control

„ Data Management and Reporting

„ Data Evaluation

„ Change of Conditions

Standard language, required site-specific information, and instructions for completing

this SAP are provided in Section 600.5.

3.2.2 Is Sampling Required?

Sampling is required if the following three criteria are satisfied:

(1) Materials are known to be on-site that:

a) Are a source of non-visually detectable pollutants in storm water runoff; and

b) Cause or contribute to changes in the quality of receiving waters

(2) The materials come in contact with storm water

(3) The contaminated storm water is discharged from the site

Potential non-visible pollutants at the construction site are identified in the project
SWPPP construction material inventory section. This includes the following materials
(SWQTF 2001):

„ Those being used in the construction activities

„ Those stored on the construction site

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„ Those spilled during construction operations and not cleaned up

„ Those stored (or used) in a manner that presented the potential for a release of the
materials during past land use activities

„ Those spilled during previous land use activities and not cleaned up

„ Those applied to the soil as part of past land use activities

Construction material inventories and the project SWPPP shall provide information
on materials currently in use or proposed for use on the construction site. Common
materials used at construction sites that can contaminate runoff with non-visible
pollutants are listed in Table 3-1, adapted from Attachment S of the Model SWPPPs.
This list is not meant to be inclusive but to provide direction to construction site
operators. The State Water Resources Control Board plans to conduct research into
non-visible pollutants to provide further guidance and information on appropriate
analytical and field tests for common construction pollutants (SWQTF 2001).

Table 3-1

List of Common Potential Non-Visible Pollutants at Construction Projects

Potential Pollutant Potential Pollutant

Category Category
Source Source
Masonry products Pesticides/Herbicides
Portland Concrete
Sealant (MMA) Fertilizers
Cement & Masonry Landscaping
Products Ash, slag, sand, waste Lime and gypsum
Curing compounds Aluminum sulfate, sulfur
Resins ACZA, CCA, ACA
Treated wood
Thinners Cu Naphthenate
Paint Strippers Gypsum
Painting Solvents Polymer/Copolymer
Soil amendments &
Lacquers, varnish,
Stabilization Lignin Sulfonate
enamels, turpentine
Products
Sealants Psyllium
Acids Guar/Plant Gums
Bleaches Line flushing Chlorinated water
Cleaning
TSP Portable toilets Bacteria, disinfectants
Solvents Adhesives Adhesives
Lead Dust Palliative Prod. Salts
Contaminated Soil
Mining & Ind. waste Vehicle Batteries
Source: Attachment S (SWPPP/WPCP Preparation Manual 2003)

To determine if potential pollutants exist on the construction site as a result of past

land use activities, existing environmental and real estate documentation maybe
included in the resident engineer pending files should be reviewed (SWQTF 2001).
Good sources of information on previously existing contamination and past land uses
recommended by the SWQTF include environmental assessments, initial studies,

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environmental impact reports or environmental impact statements prepared under

the requirements of the National Environmental Policy Act or the California
Environmental Quality Act, and Environmental Assessments prepared for property
transfers. In some instances, the results of soil chemical analyses may also be available
in the resident engineer pending file and can provide additional information on
potential contamination.

If a material is identified to be on a site, than a sampling and analysis plan needs to be

developed because the potential exists for the material to come in contact with storm
water and the contaminated storm water exit the site.

The SPs require that water quality sampling will be triggered when any of the
following conditions are observed during the required storm water inspections
conducted before or during a rain event:

(1) Materials or wastes containing potential non-visible pollutants are not stored
under watertight conditions.

(2) Materials or wastes containing potential non-visible pollutants are stored under
watertight conditions, but (a) a breach, leakage, malfunction, or spill is observed;
and (b) the leak or spill has not been cleaned up prior to the rain event; and (c)
there is the potential for discharge of non-visible pollutants to surface waters or
drainage system.

(3) Construction activities, such as application of fertilizer, pesticide, herbicide,

methyl methacrylate concrete sealant, or non-pigmented curing compound have
occurred during a rain event or within 24 hours preceding a rain event, and there
is the potential for discharge of pollutants to surface waters or drainage system.

(4) Soil amendments, including soil stabilization products, with the potential to alter
pH levels or contribute toxic pollutants to storm water runoff have been applied,
and there is the potential for discharge of pollutants to surface waters or drainage
system (unless independent test data are available that demonstrate acceptable
concentration levels of non-visible pollutants in the soil amendment).

(5) Storm water runoff from an area contaminated by historical usage of the site is
observed to combine with storm water, and there is the potential for discharge of
pollutants to surface waters or drainage system.

Sampling and analysis is not required under the following conditions (SWQTF 2001):

„ Where a construction project is self-contained and does not allow any

contaminated runoff to exit the site.

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„ Where construction materials and compounds are kept or used so that they never
come in contact with storm water (e.g., in water-tight containers, under a water­
tight roof, inside a building, etc.).

„ Where for specific materials, the BMPs implemented at the construction site fully
contain the exposed pollutants (e.g., bermed concrete washout area).

„ For building or landscape materials that are in their final constructed form or are
designed for exposure (e.g., fence materials, guardrails, painted structures,
support structures and equipment that will remain exposed at the completion of
the project, etc.).

„ Where pollutants may have been spilled or released on-site, but have been
properly cleaned-up and storm water exposure has been eliminated prior to a
storm event.

3.2.3 Data Requirements

Samples of runoff will be analyzed for water quality indicators that are associated
with each exposed construction material. The results will identify the level of
contamination, and the potential impacts to receiving waters and their water quality
objectives.

For some materials, the water quality indicator will be the compound itself. For
example, if the pesticide, Diazinon, is used on the site, samples of runoff will be
analyzed specifically for the Diazinon concentration. For sites contaminated by
historic practices, the runoff samples are typically analyzed for specific compounds.

For other materials, an associated indicator will be measured. In the case of general
masonry products, their potential impact on water quality involves alteration of the
pH level. Therefore, the pH levels will define the impacts curing compounds have on
water quality.

Table 3-2 lists the water quality indicators to be used for each of the materials
commonly found at construction sites. Some of the indicators can be analyzed in the
field and others required analysis in laboratories. Table 3-2 identifies which indicator
can be measured in the field and or laboratory.

It is important that the method of measurement be consistent during each sampling

event and throughout the program to maximize the comparability of the various
samples. Samples analyzed by different methods cannot be easily compared.

A State-certified laboratory is required to perform the analyses in conformance with

the EPA requirements listed in 40 CFR 136. A list of State-certified laboratories that
are approved by the Department is available at the following Internet site:
http://www.dhs.ca.gov/ps/ls/elap/html/lablist_county.htm.

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Table 3-2

List of Water Quality Indicators Associated with the Common Potential

Non-Visible Pollutants at Construction Projects

Potential Pollutant Water Quality Field Laboratory

Category
Source Indicator Analysis Analysis
Masonry products pH, alkalinity X X
Portland Concrete
Sealant (MMA) Methyl methacrylate X
Cement & Masonry
Ash, slag, sand, waste Al, Ca, Vanadium, Zn X
Products
Curing compounds pH, VOC, SVOC X - pH X
Resins COD, SVOC
X
Thinners
VOC, COD X
Paint Strippers VOC, SVOC X
Painting Solvents COD, VOC, SVOC
X
Lacquers, varnish,
COD, VOC, SVOC
X
enamels, turpentine

Sealants
COD X
Acids
pH X X
Bleaches
Residual chlorine X X
Cleaning

TSP Phosphate X X
Solvents VOC, SVOC
X
Lead Lead X
Contaminated Soil
Mining & Ind. Waste Contaminate specific
Pesticides/Herbicides Contaminate specific X

Phosphate, TKN, NO3,

Fertilizers X - NO3 X
Landscaping TOC, COD

Lime
pH, alkalinity X X
Aluminum sulfate, sulfur Al, TDS, sulfate X - sulfate X
ACZA, CCA, ACA As, Cr, Cu, Zn X
Treated wood
Cu Naphthenate Cu
X
pH, Ca, sulfate, Al, Br, X – pH,
Gypsum X
Mn, Va sulfate
Soil amendments & TKN, NO3 , BOD, COD,
Polymer/Copolymer X - sulfate X
Stabilization DOC, sulfate, Ni
Products Lignin Sulfonate Alkalinity, TDS X – alka. X

Psyllium
COD, TOC X
Guar/Plant Gums
COD, TOC, Ni X
Line flushing Chlorinated water Residual chlorine X X
Portable toilets Bacteria, disinfectants Total/fecal coliform
X
Adhesives Adhesives COD, Phenols, SVOC X
Dust Palliative Prod. Salts Chloride, TDS, cations X - chloride X
Vehicle Batteries pH, lead X - pH X

Note: Bolded water quality indicator indicates lowest analysis cost or best indicator. However, the composition of the

specific construction material, if known, is the first criterion for selecting which analysis to use.

Source: Attachment S (SWPPP/WPCP Preparation Manual 2003)

3.2.4 Where to Sample

The SPs require that the sampling for non-visible pollutants be performed at the

following locations:

(1) Down gradient of areas identified by visual observations/inspections where

known sources of non-visible pollutants have come in contact with storm water.

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Material storage may be confined to small areas of the construction site. Sampling
locations from this type of site will be limited to the area immediately down
gradient of the sites or their BMPs.

(2) Control area within the construction site where the runoff does not come into
contact with materials, wastes or areas associated with potential non-visible
pollutants or disturbed soil areas.

The control site for collecting the uncontaminated runoff sample will be a location
that is not affected by material storage activities or by runoff from material storage
areas.

(3) Immediately down gradient of the run-on to the Department's right of way if the
run-on comes in contact with the non-visible pollutant source.

Historic contamination or exposed materials, such as soil amendments, may be

widely spread throughout the construction site. There will probably be a number of
potential sampling locations. Points where the runoff leaves the site would be the
most suitable. Locating a control site or runoff stream may be more difficult. A
sampling location may not exist on the site itself and may have to be located at the
perimeter of the construction site. Areas with historic contamination or where soil
amendments have been applied need to carefully mapped so the control site can
avoid these areas.

The use and application of products throughout the construction site will require
sampling be performed down gradient of where these product were applied. For
example, the application of fertilizer, herbicides, or pesticides during landscaping will
require sampling down gradient if storm event occurs during or soon after
application. Other sampling points for product applications include bridge drains in
order to monitor concrete sealant applied to bridge decks or down gradient of where
paint has been applied or solvents have been used to clean equipment.

Uncovered stockpiles of material containing non-visible pollutants will require

sampling down gradient of where these products were stored. For example, the
storage of aerially deposited lead contaminated soils, pressure treated wood in
stockpiles without plastic covers, or applied soil stabilization materials will require
sampling down gradient.

The boundary of the construction site should be inspected for evidence of runoff
coming on to the site from outside areas. Existing drainage channels (large and small)
should be noted and their paths followed through the construction site. If any of the
paths flow through a material storage or contaminated area, the sampling station
should be established at the upstream boundary of the construction site. These
potential sampling stations should be marked in the field and on site maps. Only
runoff that is concentrated can be sampled. Run-on that enters as overland sheet flow

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will require the use of sand bags to either concentrate the flow or create a pond from
which to draw a sample.

In general, each potential sampling station should be visited to confirm the expected
site characteristics and verify whether the site is suitable for the needs of the program.
When possible, a visit should be conducted during a storm, so the runoff path can be
observed. A wet-weather visit can provide valuable information regarding logistical
constraints that may not be readily apparent during dry weather. However, a dry
weather visit should also be conducted to observe any non-storm water flows.
Information to gather during a site visit may include whether an appropriate
sampling location exists, potential safety issues, and site access.

Sampling locations shall be shown on the SWPPP Water Pollution Control Drawings
(WPCDs). GPS coordinates or post miles can be used to define locations. A unique
number should be selected for each construction site by which samples can be
identified.

3.2.5 When to Sample

The SPs require that:

„ Water quality samples shall be collected at each sampling locations during the
first two hours of a discharge

„ Sampling will only be performed during daylight hours (sunrise to sunset)

„ Samples shall be collected regardless of the time of year, status of the construction
site, or day of the week

„ A minimum of 72 hours of dry weather shall occur between rain events to

distinguish separate rain events

Discharges from a construction site can occur anytime during a rain event. Runoff
may not occur for some time after the start of the rain. Therefore, the site will need to
be monitored throughout each day when rain is falling.

An attempt shall be made to collect samples that are representative of upstream and
downstream water quality by considering the following considerations:

An attempt should be made to collect samples that are representative of the runoff
from the test and the control stations as defined by the following considerations:

„ Collecting a single sample at each station during the first two hours of a discharge
event

„ All samples are sent to the laboratory for analysis

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3.2.6 Sampling Methods and Equipment

Manual grab sampling techniques will be used to collect samples for all the potential
non-visible pollutant analyses. A grab sample is an individual sample collected at one
specific location at one point in time. Analysis of a grab sample provides a “snapshot”
of the quality.

Grab samples are most often collected using manual methods as opposed to using
automatic sampling equipment. Water samples for the non-visible pollutant
monitoring will be collected manually into sample bottles or, in other cases, possibly
measured on-site with an electronic meter or a field kit. Manual sampling entails a
person reaching into the flow stream and either collecting a sample of the flow into a
container or taking a measurement with an electronic device.

Manual sampling equipment is designed to collect the required sample volume from
the either overland sheet or stream flow. The equipment includes bottles or
intermediate containers to collect the sample. Intermediate containers are used to
collect a larger sample volume and then immediately distribute this sample to
individual bottles.

On construction sites, the runoff is in the form of overland sheet flow. It does not
follow a define channel. The depth of sheet flow is very shallow; often too shallow to
completely submerge a sampling bottle. Under these circumstances, an intermediate
container can also be used to collect multiple samples to fill a single sample bottle.

A grab pole can be employed as a means to extend the sample bottle or container out
or down into the flow. The pole is designed so the sample bottle or container can be
attached to the end.

For all collection efforts, water-sampling devices must be made of chemical resistant
materials that will not affect the quality of the sample. For non-visible pollutants, the
possible materials include high-density polyethylene plastic, glass, and stainless steel.
Polyethylene is preferred over glass and stainless steel because of its durability,
resistance to breakage, and lightweight. However, glass is required for the collection
of most organic compounds such as PAHs and pesticides. It is important to evaluate
each component used to collect a sample for possible sources of sample contamination
including bottle lids and protective gloves.

Field kits and electronic equipment is available for certain field-measured analytical
parameters as listed in Table 3-2. These kits and meters provide instantaneous results,
which reduce the time between sampling and analysis. Field kits range in price from
$20 to $1000. Electronic meters range in price from $100 to over a $1000. It is also
important to realize the limitations associated with the use of field kits and electronic
meters:

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„ The equipment may not provide low enough detection limits to meet the specific
reporting limits

„ The meter needs to be calibrated prior to each event to maximize its accuracy

„ Assuring the quality and reliability of the results may be difficult

„ This equipment is sometime susceptible to fouling and clogging

The cost to have the samples analyzed by a laboratory typically ranges from $10 to
$30 per sample, but can be over $100 for some organic compounds.

3.2.7 Data Analysis and Interpretation Methodology

Results from the test and control sites need to be compared to one another for each
event. This comparison will indicate that the construction site’s storm water
discharges may cause or contribute to a water quality exceedance in the receiving
water. When the water quality results from the test site are considerably above (or
below) the control or background concentrations, the BMPs need to be evaluated to
determine what is causing the difference. The comparison will look at the percent
difference for all tested parameters.

The result from any run-on samples and the required visual inspections performed
before, during and after events, should provide the information needed to identify the
cause(s) and or source(s). Corrective actions may need to be implemented to reduce
the loading during future events. These procedures are discussed further in
Section 3.4.

3.3 Implementing the Sampling Program

This section covers topics relevant to implementing the non-visible pollutant
monitoring program, including: training, preparation and logistics, sample collection,
quality assurance/quality control, laboratory sample preparation and analytical
methods, QA/QC data evaluation, and data reporting. The information presented in
this section was adapted from Sections 8-13 of the Department’s Guidance Manual:
Stormwater Monitoring Protocols (Second Edition).

3.3.1 Training
Familiarity with the requirements of the sampling and analysis plan (SAP) and
competence in the techniques and protocols specified in the plan are essential for the
collection of water samples in a manner that meets the goals of the plan, while
protecting the health and safety of the sampling crewmembers, while protecting the
health and safety of the sampling crewmembers. This section briefly describes the
training necessary to provide members of the sampling crew with the knowledge and
skills to perform their assigned duties competently and safely.

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Field monitoring training should include the following basic elements:

„ Review Sampling and Analysis Plan

„ Review Health and Safety

„ Training/Sampling Simulation (Dry Run)

All contractor’s field personnel must receive training prior to conducting any
sampling activities. Because storm-related sampling events are difficult to predict and
construction projects often run for a year or more, there is a good chance that one or
more members of the sampling crew may be unavailable to sample a given event due
to sick leave, vacation, etc. Thus, it is necessary to designate alternate sampling
crewmembers that can fill in when primary members are unavailable. These alternate
sampling crewmembers should receive the same training as the primary members in
the event that a primary crewmember is unavailable.

Review SAP and Health & Safety. All the contractor’s sampling crewmembers and
alternates should read the entire SAP developed for the construction site to obtain the
background information required for an overall understanding of the project.
Including, project organization (event criteria, sampling frequency, etc.),
responsibilities, monitoring sites, analytical constituents, monitoring preparation and
logistics, sample collection or field measurement, laboratory methods, QA/QC, data
management, clean sampling techniques, and health and safety.

The contractor’s crewmembers should also be made aware of potential hazards

associated with sampling. These hazards can include slippery conditions, cold or hot
temperatures, construction site traffic, and contaminated water. Crewmembers need
to become familiar with the methods to be employed to cope with those hazards.

Training/Sampling Simulation (Dry Run). A training session should be held for all
of the contractor’s sampling crewmembers and alternates to review the sampling
techniques and protocols specified in the SAP. Ideally, the training session should
occur shortly before the expected onset of the wet season.

The contractor’s training session should be organized in a chronological fashion, in

order to follow the normal train of events from pre-monitoring preparations through
post-monitoring activities. All standard operating procedures should be covered,
along with the site-specific responsibilities of individual crewmembers. In addition,
any questions arising from the document review should be addressed during this
session.

Training personnel should circulate a copy of the SAP, and all other appropriate
documentation during the training session. The following is an example of items,
which should be on hand during a training session:

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„ Documentation (SAP, equipment manuals, etc.)

„ Storm kit and sampling supplies

„ Monitoring equipment (and water for demonstration purposes)

„ Sample bottles and example bottle labels

„ Chain-of-custody form

Key sections of the SAP should be highlighted during the training session, and use of
equipment should be demonstrated. To emphasize the importance of minimizing
sample contamination, special attention should be given to proper sample handling
techniques. Ample opportunity should be provided to answer questions posed by
sampling crewmembers.

The training should include a visit to the construction site where a sampling
simulation, or “dry run,” can be conducted under the supervision of the project
manager or sampling crew leader. During the “dry run” sampling crewmembers
travel to their assigned sampling locations and run through the procedures specified
in the Sample Collection section of the SAP, including:

„ Site access and parking at the site

„ Traffic control measures (if any)

„ Calibrating field equipment

„ Preparing the stations for monitoring

„ Taking field measurements

„ Collecting water samples

„ Completing sample labels and field log forms

„ Filling out COCs for each laboratory

„ Packing samples

„ Delivering or shipping samples to the laboratory

All of the equipment and materials required for a wet weather sampling event should
be mobilized and used to simulate, as closely as possible, the conditions of an actual
sampling event. All sampling crewmembers (including alternates) should receive
hands-on training with all field equipment and sample handling procedures. The

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project manager or sampling crew leader should re-emphasize health and safety
considerations during the field sampling simulation.

3.3.2 Preparation and Logistics

Adequate pre-storm preparations are essential for a successful sampling event. Prior
to deployment of sampling crews and the initiation of sampling, it is imperative that
weather systems are adequately tracked, field personnel are prepared, and all
necessary equipment is inventoried. Sampling preparation and logistics should
include the following basic elements:

„ Weather Tracking

„ Communications

„ Ordering Sample Bottles

„ Sample Bottle Labels

„ Field Equipment Preparations

„ Mobilization of Sampling Crews

The above listed elements are discussed in this section.

Weather Tracking. Weather tracking is an important element so both the site and
sampling crews can prepare prior to the arrival of rain. During the wet season, when
the sampling program is active, the resident engineer or Department inspector and
the Water Pollution Control Manager (WPCM) or other assigned contractor staff will
need to be assigned to track weather conditions and potential storms. The frequency
of weather tracking increases as incoming storms are identified as candidates for
impacting the site and sampling may be required. Weather can be tracked using a
number of sources including local newspapers and TV news programs, the Weather
Channel, private weather forecasting services for custom site-specific forecasts, the
National Weather Service (NWS) at www.nws.noaa.gov, and other Internet sites for
radar imagery and hourly weather observations from a network of surface weather
monitoring stations throughout California. Appendix C provides information
regarding California meteorology and weather tracking.

Communications. A telephone tree should be developed to clearly define lines of

communication and notification responsibilities. The telephone tree is used for site
and sampling preparation activities, personnel notification of forecasted events,
communications during sampling, and coordinating site and BMP evaluations
following an event. The telephone tree graphically shows the notification sequence
from the resident engineer to the WPCM to field water quality sampling personnel.
The telephone tree should list laboratory personnel numbers for the purpose of
sample delivery. Emergency telephone numbers should be listed, including numbers

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of hospitals nearest the construction site. The telephone tree should include office,
pager, cellular, home and any other pertinent telephone numbers for each person
involved in the project. It is essential that each person listed on the telephone tree
have access to a copy of the telephone tree at all times during the sampling season. An
example of a telephone tree is presented as Figure 3-1.

Ordering Sample Bottles. Prior to the first event of each sampling season, a sample
bottle order is placed with the analytical laboratory. The bottle order is based on all
planned analyses that will be performed by the laboratory. Enough bottles should be
ordered to cover multiple events, and QA/QC samples. Bottles are only used once
and cannot be re-used without being cleaned. Therefore, the first order should include
two-dozen of each bottle type, more if available storage space is available.

The laboratory provides clean bottles as part of their analytical services. For most
samples, the lab should provide bottles made of either polyethylene plastic or glass in
a size to collect the required volume, typically 250, 500, or 1000 milliliters. The order
should specify wide-mouth bottles; grab sampling is easier to perform with wide­
mouth bottles. All bottles must be pre-cleaned according to the procedures specified
in Appendix D. Immediately following each monitoring event, the bottle inventory
should be checked and additional bottles ordered as needed.

Sample bottles and laboratory-cleaned sampling equipment are handled only while
wearing clean, powder-free nitrile gloves. All laboratory-cleaned sampling equipment
and bottles are double bagged in plastic bags for storage and stored in a clean area.
Sample bottles are stored with lids properly secured.

Figure 3-1. Telephone Tree

District Personnel Contractor Site Superintendent

Resident Engineer
SWPPP Inspector WPCM
District Construction Storm Water
Coordinator

Analytical Laboratory Field Coordinator Field Crew

Courier Service

Emergency Weather Forecasters

Hospital
Police
Fire
Paramedics

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In addition to bottles, bottle labels need to be ordered. This is another service the
laboratory typically provides. Standard labels need to be applied to each sample
bottle. Pre-labeling sample bottles simplify field activities. The laboratory should be
able to provide pre-labeled bottles with space for writing in site- and event-specific
information. A standardized bottle label should include the following information:

„ Project name

„ Project number

„ Unique sample identification number and location.

„ Collection date/time (No time applied to QA/QC samples)

„ Analysis constituent

Field Equipment Preparations. Prior to the first storm event of each sampling season,
and immediately after each monitored event, the sampling crews will inventory,
restock, replace, clean, calibrate, maintain, and test field equipment as needed. A
standard checklist is used to perform an inventory of field equipment (tools, sample
bottles, safety equipment, first-aid kit, cellular telephone, etc.). An example field
equipment checklist is provided as Figure 3-2. Field equipment should be kept in one
location, which is used as a staging area to simplify sampling crew mobilization.

Figure 3-2. Field Equipment Checklist

First aid kit Sampling and Analysis plan

Log books/log sheets Chain of Custody forms

“Rite-n-Rain” pens Markers – fine point

Paper towels Coolers and ice

Required grab sample bottles Spare bottle labels

Parameter-specific field kits Sand Bags

or electronic meters

Weather –resistant camera Powder-free nitrile gloves

Rubber bands / Duct tape Zip-lock baggies

Cellular phone Hardhats /orange safety vests

Personal rain gear Health and Safety Plan

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Mobilization of Sampling Crews. When a storm approaches that may generate a

discharge, the WCPM shall alert the sampling crew and analytical laboratory. When
first alerted, sampling crewmembers should consult their sampling plan and check
field equipment and supplies to ensure they are ready to conduct any sampling. The
sampling crew will need to obtain ice (for sample preservation). Ice for grab samples
should be kept in ice chests where full grab sample bottles will be placed. Keeping ice
in zip-lock bags facilitates clean easy ice handling. Refreezable ice packets are
generally not recommended because they are susceptible to leakage. If a discharge is
observed, the sampling crewmembers will be ready to perform the required tasks
within the first two hours of the discharge.

3.3.3 Sample Collection Procedures

A single water sample or measurement will be collected at each station during each
event. Samples will be then be sent to the laboratory. Field measurements will be
recorded on the standard field forms.

The following are basic sample collection and handling elements required during
sampling:

„ Personnel Safety

„ Sampling Equipment and Bottles

„ Clean Sampling Techniques

„ Grab Sample Collection

„ Sample Preservation

„ Sample Delivery/Chain of Custody

These elements are described below to provide sample collection and handling
guidance for field personnel.

Personnel Safety. Before samples are collected, personnel must ensure the safety of
such activities at each sampling location. Personnel safety should be considered when
selecting monitoring sites. Adherence to the following recommendations will
minimize risks to sampling personnel:

„ Two-person sampling crews should be available for all fieldwork to be conducted

under adverse weather conditions, or whenever there are risks to personal safety.

„ Personnel must be trained regarding appropriate on-site construction traffic

control measures.

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Sampling Equipment and Bottles. It is important to use the appropriate sample

bottles and equipment for each parameter to be measured. Improper bottles and
equipment can introduce contaminants and cause other errors, which can invalidate
the data. All field kits or electronic meters should be used in accordance to
manufacturer’s instructions. The meter’s calibration is typically checked prior to each
event.

Immediately prior to the filling of grab sample bottles, the bottle labels should be
checked, and site- and event-specific information added using a waterproof pen.
Attempting to label grab sample bottles after sample collection may be difficult
because of wet labels.

Clean Sampling Techniques. Storm water quality sampling at Department’s

construction projects shall employ “clean” sampling techniques to minimize potential
sources of sample contamination, particularly from trace pollutants. Experience has
shown that when clean sampling techniques are used, detected concentrations of
constituents tend to be lower. Clean sample collection techniques that should be
followed during the collection of water samples are described below. More extensive
clean sampling techniques may be required under certain conditions, such as
monitoring to assess receiving water impacts. See Appendix D for a detailed
description of more extensive clean sampling techniques. Care must be taken during
all sampling operations to minimize exposure of the samples to human, atmospheric,
and other potential sources of contamination. Care must be taken to avoid
contamination whenever handling bottles and lids.

Whenever possible, grab samples should be collected by opening, filling and capping
the sample bottle while submerged, to minimize exposure to airborne particulate
matter. Additionally, whenever possible, samples should be collected upstream and
upwind of sampling personnel to minimize introduction of contaminants. To reduce
potential contamination, sample collection personnel must adhere to the following
rules while collecting storm water samples:

„ No smoking

„ Never sample near a running vehicle. Do not park vehicles in immediate sample
collection area (even non-running vehicles)

„ Always wear clean, powder-free nitrile gloves when handling bottles, containers
and lids.

„ Never touch the inside surface of a sample bottle or lid, even with gloved hands.

„ Never allow the inner surface of a sample bottle or lid to be contacted by any
material other than the sample water.

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„ Never allow any object or material to fall into or contact the collected sample
water.

„ Avoid allowing rainwater to drip from rain gear or other surfaces into sample
bottles.

„ Do not eat or drink during sample collection.

„ Do not breathe, sneeze or cough in the direction of an open sample bottle.

Grab Sample Collection. Manual grab samples are typically collected by direct
submersion of each individual sample bottle into the flow. To collect samples, the
flows will need to be at least 1 centimeter or 0.5 inches. Overland sheet flows may not
reach this depth. If not, several sand bags can be used to either constrict the flows or
create a temporary pond. Be careful the flow is not concentrated to the point the
channel starts to erode and increases the amount of sediment in the flow.

Filling a sample bottle is difficult when the bottles cannot be completely submerged.
An intermediate container should be used. For example, one sample bottle can be
designated as the intermediate container and used to collect multiple grab samples to
fill the remaining sample bottles. Keep the sediment in suspension during each
transfer.

Collecting grab measurements with either electronic meters or field tests kits will
most likely require a sample of the water to be collected. Flows may not be
sufficiently deep enough to completely submerge the meter’s probe. Therefore, a
sample will need to be collected in a container of sufficient volume to submerge the
probe. This container should be clean and rinsed once with a sample of the source
water.

Most field kits will have a container to collect the required sample volume. This
container should be rinsed prior to collecting the sample. Since each kit will probably
have only one container, a clean laboratory sample bottle may be used at each site to
avoid cross contamination. However, if a specific sample volume is required, the test
kit container may have to be rinsed with both distilled water and source water in
between each sample.

Sampling stations should be approached from downstream of the suspected sampling

site. Samples or field measurements shall be collected facing upstream to avoid
stirring up any sediment in the soil. Hitting the bottom with the bottle probably
cannot be avoided, so lower the bottle slowly into the water to minimize the
disturbance.

Samples bottles should be filled to the top. If possible, grab samples should be
collected by completely submerging the bottle or container below the surface of the
water to avoid collecting any material floating on the surface. When submerging the

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bottle, avoid hitting the bottom of the water body. Hitting the bottom may disturb the
sediment and impact the sample.

As mentioned earlier, intermediate containers can be used to collect certain samples.

This intermediate sample is then poured immediately into the appropriate grab
sample bottle(s). Intermediate sample bottles are used to collect a series of small
samples that are used to fill a single sample bottle. When transferring the sample
from the intermediate container to the bottle, it is very important that the sediment
be kept in suspension by stirring or swirling the container. Otherwise a portion of
the sediment may settle out in the intermediate container and not be included in
the sample that will be analyzed.

Each bottle should be rinsed out at least once with a small amount of the source water
before taking the actual sample. This same procedure should be followed when using
an intermediate container to fill a bottle. Both the container and bottle should be
rinsed.

The bottle should be opened at the last possible moment and the lid screwed back on
immediately after the sample is collected. The lid should be handled carefully during
this time to avoid contaminating the inner lining. Hold the lid around the rim and
face it down. If possible open and close the bottle under water when collecting a
sample.

Sampling locations may vary with each event depending on the location of a breach
or storage yard. Sampling crews should be prepared to modify sampling locations or
points in order to maximize the representativeness of the samples. Detailed field notes
and or photographs should be used to document the conditions and reasons for
selecting a specific location to collect a sample.

Information regarding the final sampling locations selected for the event and the
actual sample collection should all be documented in the Sampling Activity Logs.
Photographs are helpful to show the discharge(s), instream conditions, run-on flows,
and sample collection methods.

Sample Preservation. All samples are kept on ice or refrigerated to 4 degrees Celsius
from the time of sample collection until delivery to the analytical laboratory. The grab
samples are placed in an ice chest with ice immediately following collection. In
addition to keeping the samples cool it is also important to minimize the exposure of
the samples to direct sunlight, as sunlight may cause biochemical transformation of
the sample, resulting in unreliable analytical results. Therefore, all samples are
covered or placed in an ice chest with a closed lid immediately following collection.

Sample bottles for nutrients, metals, and some volatile organics may contain acid or
other chemical preservatives. Laboratories clearly mark each bottle if it contains a
preservative. Normally the volume added is very small, such as 1 or 2 milliliters, so
the actual preservative may be hard to see. Do not rinse or over fill sample bottles

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that contain a preservative. Use an intermediate container to carefully fill the bottle.
Do not submerge the bottle in the flow. Rinsing and overfilling the bottle may flush
out the preservative or dilute it to the point where it will no longer be effective.

Be careful when handling bottles that contain acid. Spilling the acid can cause burns
to the skin and eyes or damage clothes. Flush the area with water, even runoff, if an
open bottle containing an acid preservative is accidentally spilled.

Sample Delivery/Chain of Custody. All samples must be kept on ice, or refrigerated,

from the time of onset of sample collection to the time of receipt by laboratory
personnel. If samples are being shipped to the laboratory, place sample bottles inside
coolers with ice, ensure that the sample bottles are well packaged, and secure cooler
lids with packaging tape. It is imperative that all samples be delivered to the
analytical laboratory and analysis begun within the maximum holding times specified
by laboratory analytical methods (see Section 3.3.5). The holding times for the water
quality indicators range from six hours to 28 days. To minimize the risk of exceeding
the holding times for bacteria (6 hours), BOD (48 hours), and metals (48 hours),
samples must be transferred to the analytical laboratory as soon as possible after
sampling. The sampling crew must in such cases coordinate activities with the
analytical laboratory to ensure that holding times can be met.

Chain-of-custody (COC) forms are to be filled out by the sampling crew for all
samples submitted to the analytical laboratory. The purpose of COC forms is to keep
a record of the transfer of sample custody, and requested analyses. Sample date,
sample location, and analysis requested are noted on each COC.

Any special instructions for the laboratory should also be noted, such as specifications
of lab quality control requirements (e.g., laboratory duplicate samples and matrix
spike/matrix spike duplicate (MS/MSD) samples).

Copies of COC forms are kept with field notes in a field logbook. COC forms should
be checked to be sure all analyses specified by the sampling plan are included.
Review of the COC forms immediately following a storm event gives the data
reviewer a chance to review the sampling crews’ requests and then to notify the
laboratory of additional analyses or necessary clarification. An example of a
customized COC form is presented in Section 4.2.

3.3.4 Quality Assurance/Quality Control (QA/QC)

The quality of analytical data is dependent on the ways in which samples are
collected, handled and analyzed. Procedures for both field and laboratory measures
should be included in the SAP to maximize the data’s quality and usefulness. The
information presented in this section was adapted from Section 11 of the Department’s
Guidance Manual: Stormwater Monitoring Protocols (Second Edition).

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Improved control of data quality is achieved by incorporating the following elements

within the sample collection effort:

„ Duplicate Samples

„ Blank Samples

„ Matrix Spikes/Matrix Spike Duplicate Samples

„ QC Sample Schedule

Each of these types of samples and the relevant responsibilities of monitoring field
personnel are described below, followed by a discussion of recommended minimum
frequencies for the various types of QC samples. The results of the field QC samples
are then used to evaluate the quality of the reported data (data evaluation is discussed
in Section 3.3.6).

Duplicate Samples
Analytical precision is a measure of the reproducibility of data and is assessed by
analyzing two samples that are intended to be identical. Any significant differences
between the samples indicate an unaccounted-for factor or a source of bias. There are
typically two types of duplicate samples that require special sampling considerations:
field duplicates and laboratory duplicates. Duplicates should be evaluated for all
analytical samples to be performed during the non-visible pollutant monitoring.

Field Duplicates. Field duplicates are used to assess variability attributable to

collection procedures. For grab samples, duplicate samples are collected by
simultaneously filling two grab sample bottles at the same location. If intermediate
containers are used, first pour an incremental amount into one sample bottle and then
pour a similar amount into the second. Continue going back and forth until both
bottles are full. Field duplicate samples should be submitted to the laboratory "blind"
(i.e. not identified as a QC sample, but labeled with a different site identification than
the regular sample). Field measurements should also be performed on duplicate
samples but it will not be a blind test. Still, the results will indicate variability in the
sampling and analysis. A field duplicate sample should be collected once every ten
samples collected at a given sampling location or once per sampling station per
project, whichever is more frequent

Laboratory Duplicates. Laboratory duplicates (also called laboratory splits) are used
to assess the precision of the analytical method and laboratory handling. For the
laboratory duplicate analysis the analytical laboratory will split one sample into two
portions and analyze reach one. When collecting samples to be analyzed for
laboratory duplicates, typically double the normal sample volume is required. This
requires filling a larger size sample bottle, or filling two normal size sample bottles,
labeling one with the site name and the second with the site name plus “laboratory
duplicate”. Laboratory duplicate samples are collected, handled, and delivered to the

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analytical laboratory in the same manner as environmental samples. Enough extra

sample volume for the laboratory to create a duplicate should be collected once every
ten samples collected at a given sampling location or once per sampling station per
project, whichever is more frequent

Blank Samples
Contamination is assessed using blank samples to identify sources of contamination.
Blanks are prepared to identify potential sample contamination occurring during field
collection, handling, shipment, storage, and laboratory handling and analysis. Blanks
are evaluated during various stages of the sampling and analytical process to
determine the level of contamination, if any, introduced at each step. The collection
and uses of the types of blank samples associated with typical stormwater monitoring
field procedures are described below. “Blank water” refers to contaminant-free water
provided by the laboratory performing the environmental and blank analyses.
Typically, this water is the laboratory’s reagent water that is used in the analytical or
cleaning processes, as well as for their method blanks. The analytical laboratory
should be consulted when selecting the source of the blank water.

Equipment Blanks. Equipment blanks are typically used only when samples are
being collected for metals, nitrates, and organic contaminates such as pesticides,
herbicides, PAHs, organic carbon, and phthalate compounds. Before using sampling
equipment for sample collection activities, blanks should be collected to verify that
the equipment is not a source of sample contamination. The non-visible pollutant
monitoring program normally includes equipment blanks to check sample bottles and
intermediate containers. To account for any contamination introduced by sampling
containers, blanks must be collected for laboratory bottles used for sample storage. A
sampling container blank is prepared by filling a clean container with blank water.
The concentrations of the specific parameters of concern are then measured. These
blanks may be submitted “blind” to the laboratory by field personnel or prepared
internally by the laboratory.

Collection of sample container blanks may not be required if certified pre-cleaned

bottles are used. The manufacturer can provide certification forms that document the
concentration to which the bottles are “contaminant-free”; these concentrations
should be equivalent to or less than the program reporting limits. If the certification
level is above the program reporting limits, 2% of the bottles in a “lot” or “batch”
should be blanked at the program detection limits with a minimum frequency of one
bottle per batch.

Field Blanks. Field blanks are typically used only when samples are being collected
for metals, nitrates, and organic contaminates such as pesticides, herbicides, PAHs,
organic carbon, and phthalate compounds. Field blanks are necessary to evaluate
whether contamination is introduced during field sampling activities. Field blanks are
prepared by the sampling crew, under normal sample collection conditions, at some
time during the collection of normal samples. Field blanks are prepared by filling a

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large carboy or other appropriate container with blank water, transporting the
container to the field and processing the water through the same sampling procedures
to be used for sample collection. Grab sample field blanks should be prepared by
pouring a sample directly from the bottle of blank water, into the grab sample
containers. Grab sample blanking should imitate environmental sampling as closely
as possible by using clean intermediate containers, and other clean equipment in the
same manner. The filled blank sample bottles should be sealed and sent to the
laboratory to be analyzed for the required constituents.

It is important that field blanks are collected at a frequency no less than once per field
sampling crew per sampling season. Additional blanks should be collected when
there is a change in sampling personnel, equipment, or procedures. It may also be
desirable to prepare field blanks prior to any actual sampling events as an advance
check of the overall sampling procedures.

Trip Blanks. Trip blanks are typically used only when samples are being collected
for volatile organic compounds (VOCs). Trip blanks are used to determine whether
sample contamination is introduced during sample transportation and delivery. Trip
blanks are prepared at the analytical laboratory, by filling the sample bottle with
blank water and securing the bottle lid. Trip blanks are transported to and from the
sampling station with normal sample bottles. Trip blanks are analyzed like normal
samples.

Method Blanks. For each batch of samples, method blanks (also called control blanks)
should be run by the laboratory to determine the level of contamination associated
with laboratory reagents and glassware. The laboratory prepares method blanks by
analysis of laboratory reagent or blank water. Results of the method blank analysis
should be reported with the sample results. At a minimum, the laboratory should
report method blanks at a frequency of 5% (one method blank with each batch of up
to 20 samples).

Matrix spike (MS) and matrix spike duplicate (MSD)

MS and MSD analyses are typically used only when samples are being collected
for metals, nutrients, and organics. MS/MSD analyses are used to assess the
accuracy (MS) and precision (MSD) of the analytical methods in the sample matrix.
The analytical laboratory prepares matrix spike samples by splitting off three aliquots
of the environmental sample and adding known amounts of target analytes to two of
the three environmental sample aliquots. The results of the analysis of the unspiked
environmental sample are compared to the MS analysis results, and “percent
recovery” of each spike is calculated to determine the accuracy of the analysis. The
results of the MS analyses are compared to calculate relative percent difference (RPD)
as an additional measure of analytical precision. When collecting samples to be
specified for MS/MSD analysis, typically triple the normal sample volume is
required. This will require filling a larger size sample bottle, or filling three normal
size sample bottles, labeling one with the site name and the other two with the site

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name plus “MS/MSD”. MS/MSD samples are collected, handled, and delivered to
the analytical laboratory in the same manner as environmental samples. Analytical
laboratories often will perform MS/MSD analyses at no charge on a specified sample
when a certain minimum number of samples are submitted for analysis.

QC Sample Schedule
Table 3-3 summarizes the minimum frequencies of QC sample collection/preparation
for the Department’s storm water monitoring programs based on EPA Guidance
(EPA, 1995). These frequencies are minimal and may be increased depending on the
nature and objectives of the study being undertaken or if QA/QC problems (e.g.
contamination) are discovered.

A QC sample schedule should be developed, included in the SAP, and followed

closely by field personnel. The project QC sample schedule should meet the minimum
QC sample frequency criteria over the term of the project.

Table 3-3

Recommended QC Sample Frequency

QA/QC Sample Type Minimum Sampling Frequency Constituent Class

Field Duplicate Once every ten samples All
collected at a given site or once
per sampling station per project,
whichever is more frequent.
Lab Duplicate Once every ten samples All
collected at a given site or once
per sampling station per project,
whichever is more frequent.
Equipment Blank Sample bottles should be Metals and other common
blanked every batch [2]; or organic contaminants. [1]
manufacturer or laboratory­
certified to concentrations below
the reporting limits used for the
sampling program.
Field Blank Once every ten samples Metals and other common
collected at a given site or once organic contaminants. [1]
per sampling station per project,
whichever is more frequent.
Trip Blanks Once every three trips to a given VOCs
site or once per sampling station
per project, whichever is more
frequent.
Method Blanks Performed by lab as part of their All
internal QA/QC program
Matrix Spike/Matrix Once every ten samples Metals and other common
Spike Duplicate collected at a given site or once organic contaminants. [1]
per sampling station per project,
whichever is more frequent.
Notes:
[1] Other common contaminants include phthalate compounds, pesticides, and organic carbon
(TOC and DOC), nitrate as N, and PAHs. Analyze blanks for these constituents as appropriate for constituents
monitored in specific projects.
[2] A batch is defined as the group of bottles that has been cleaned at the same time, in the same manner; or, if
decontaminated bottles are sent directly from the manufacturer, the batch would be the lot designated by the
manufacturer in their testing of the bottles.

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3.3.5 Laboratory Sample Preparation and Analytical Methods

This section describes the steps to be taken by analytical laboratories to prepare for
monitoring events, and the procedures laboratories will use for sample analyses. The
following topics are discussed:

„ Laboratory Selection and Contracting

„ Pre-Sampling Preparations

„ Sample Storage and Handling Prior to Analysis

„ Reporting Limit Requirements

„ Analytical Methods

„ Laboratory Data Package Deliverables

Samples will be analyzed for one or more of the constituents presented in Table 3-4.
Required analytical method, sample bottle type, target reporting limit, volume
required for analysis, sample preservation, and maximum holding time are also
presented in Table 3-4. The importance of these elements is incorporated into many of
the following discussions.

Laboratory Selection and Contracting. Important considerations in selecting an

analytical laboratory include location, past performance, ability to meet analytical
reporting limits (RLs), and experience with the type of samples that will be generated
by the monitoring program. Department of Health Services (DHS) certification is
required for the Department’s analytical work. A list of State-certified laboratories
that are approved by the Department is available at the following Internet site:
http://www.dhs.ca.gov/ps/ls/elap/html/lablist_county.htm.

Pre-Sampling Preparations. The analytical laboratory will be involved in a number of

activities prior to the actual analysis of samples, including:

„ Determination of key laboratory performance requirements (e.g., maximum

reporting limits, turnaround times, report formats) for analytical services contract.

„ Review and comment on the data quality evaluation procedures, QC sample

schedule, and QC sample volumes.

„ Providing sampling crew with clean sample containers and other equipment.

„ Coordination with sampling crew prior to each anticipated storm-sampling event

including number of samples anticipated, approximate date and time of sampling
(if known), and when sample containers will be required

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Table 3-4
Sample Collection, Preservation and Analysis for Monitoring Indicators of Non-Visible Pollutants
Maximum
Minimum Sample Reporting Estimated
Constituent Analytical Method Sample Preservation Holding
Sample Volume Bottle Limit Lab Cost
Time
VOCs-Solvents EPA 8260B Store at 4˚ C, HCl to pH<2 3 x 40 mL VOA-glass 14 days 1 µg/L $ 120
SVOCs EPA 8270C Store at 4˚ C 1L Glass-Amber 7 days 10 µg/L $ 275
Phenols EPA 420.1 Store at 4˚ C, H2SO4 to pH<2 500 mL Glass-Amber 28 days 0.1 mg/L $ 35
Pesticides/PCBs EPA 8081A/8082 Store at 4˚ C 1L Glass-Amber 7 days 0.1 µg/L $ 140
Herbicides EPA 8151A Store at 4˚ C 1L Glass-Amber 7 days Check Lab $ 150
Residual chlorine SM 4500 Do not expose to light 500 mL Glass or PE Immediate 0.1 mg/L $ 10
Cations (barium, potassium, calcium, iron,
EPA 200.7 Store at 4˚ C 500 mL Glass or PE 6 months 1 mg/L $ 75
sodium, magnesium)
Anions (chloride, sulfate)) EPA 300 Store at 4˚ C 500 mL PE 28 days 1 mg/L $ 45
TDS EPA 160.1 Store at 4˚ C 100 mL Glass or PE 7 days 1 mg/L $ 15
BOD EPA 405.1 Store at 4˚ C 500 mL Glass or PE 48 hours 1 mg/L $ 45
COD EPA 410.1 Store at 4˚ C, H2SO4 to pH<2 100 mL Glass or PE 28 days 10 mg/L $ 30
TOC /DOC EPA 415.1 Store at 4˚ C, H2SO4 to pH<2 100 mL Glass or PE 28 days 1 mg/L $ 70
TKN (organic nitrogen) EPA 351.3 Store at 4˚ C, H2SO4 to pH<2 100 mL Glass or PE 28 days 0.1 mg/L $ 40
NO3-N (nitrate – inorganic nitrogen) EPA 300.0 Store at 4˚ C, H2SO4 to pH<2 100 mL Glass or PE 48 hours 0.1 mg/L $ 30
Phosphate (inorganic phosphorus) EPA 300 Store at 4˚ C 100 mL Glass or PE 48 hours 0.1 mg/L $ 30
pH EPA 150.1 None 100 mL Glass or PE Immediate 0.01 pH units $ 10
Alkalinity SM 2320B Store at 4˚ C 250 mL Glass or PE 14 days 1 mg/L $ 20
Metals (Al, Sb, As, Be, Cd, Cr, Co, Cu, Pb, Borosilicate
EPA 200.8 Store at 4˚ C, HNO3 to pH<2 250 mL 6 months 0.2 - 5 µg/L $ 150
Mn, Mo, Ni, Se, Tl, V, Zn) glass or PE
Borosilicate
Metals (Chromium VI) EPA 7199 Store at 4˚ C 500 mL 24 hours 1 µg/L $ 50
glass or PE
Store at 4˚ C, sodium thiosulfate Sterile glass 1 MPN/100
Coliform bacteria (total/fecal) SM 9221B/9221E 200 mL 6 hours $ 60
in presence of chlorine or plastic mL

Notes: Adapted from Attachment S of the SWPPP/WPCP Preparation Manual (March 2003) and Department's Guidance Manual: Stormwater Monitoring Protocols (Caltrans July 2000)

°C – Degrees Celsius – Micrograms per Liter

BOD – Biochemical Oxygen Demand mL – Milliliter

PE – Polyethylene plastic – Polychlorinated Biphenyl

EPA – Environmental Protection Agency – Standard Method

HCl – Hydrogen Chloride – Volatile Organic Compound

2SO4 – Hydrogen Sulfide 3 – Nitric Acid

L – Liter – Milligrams per Liter

SVOC – Semi-Volatile Organic Compound MPN – most probable number

SM
TKN – total Kjeldahl nitrogen COD – chemical oxygen demand

H TOC – total organic carbon – dissolved organic carbon

VOC
µg/L
HNO
PCB

DOC
mg/L
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Sample Storage and Handling Prior to Analysis. To minimize the chance of sample
contamination and unreliable analytical results, special measures must be taken
during the storage and handling of samples prior to analysis. For example, samples
must be collected and stored in the appropriate containers and preserved. Samples
must be analyzed within established holding times to ensure reliability of the results.

Maximum acceptable holding times are method-specified for various analytical

methods. The holding time starts for each individual grab sample when it is
collected and the time is counted until analysis of the sample. If a sample is not
analyzed within the designated holding times, the analytical results may be suspect.
Thus, it is important that the laboratories meet all specified holding times and makes
every effort to prepare and analyze the samples as soon as possible after they are
received. Prompt analysis also allows the laboratory time to review the data and, if
analytical problems are found, re-analyze the affected samples.

Reporting Limit Requirements. The reporting limit (RL) is the minimum

concentration at which the analytical laboratory can reliably report detectable values.
It is important to ensure that the RLs derived for the project are low enough to
provide useful results. The RLs listed in Table 3-4 match the RLs required by the
Department in the Stormwater Monitoring Protocols Guidance Manual.

If the project is considering the use of field test kits or electronic meters, reporting
limits these devices can achieve need to be checked against the limits in Table 3-4.

Analytical Methods. The recommended analytical methods are shown in Table 3-4.
All of these methods are described either in “Standard Methods for the Examination
of Water and Wastewater or in the listed EPA method.

Laboratory Data Package Deliverables. As a part of the laboratory contract, the data
package that will be delivered to contractor and the timing of its delivery (turn
around time) should be defined. The data package should be delivered in hard copy
and electronic copy (on diskette).

The hard copy data package should include a narrative that outlines any problems,
corrections, anomalies, and conclusions, as well as completed chain of custody
documentation. A summary of the following QA/QC elements must be in the data
package: sample analysis dates, results of method blanks, summary of analytical
accuracy (matrix spike compound recoveries, blank spike compound recoveries,
surrogate compound recoveries), summary of analytical precision (comparison of
laboratory split results and matrix spike duplicate results, expressed as relative
percent difference), and reporting limits. Because the laboratory must keep the
backup documentation (raw data) for all data packages, raw data (often called
Contract Laboratory Program (CLP) data packages) should not be requested.

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In addition to the hard copy, an electronic copy of the data can be requested from the
laboratory. The electronic copy includes all the information found in the hard copy
data package. Data should be reported in a standardized electronic format.

Common turn around times for laboratory data packages are two to three weeks for
faxed data and three weeks to thirty days for hard copy and electronic copy.
Receiving the faxed data quickly allows an early data review to identify any problems
that may be corrected through sample re-analysis.

3.3.6 QA/QC Data Evaluation

Laboratory Data Screening. When the laboratory reports are received following each
sampling event, it is important to check the reported data as soon as possible to
identify errors committed in sampling, analysis or reporting. The laboratory must
report results in a timely fashion (as defined in the contractor’s contract with the
laboratory) and the results must then be reviewed immediately upon receipt. This
may allow for re-analysis of questionable (out-of-range) results within the prescribed
holding time. The initial screening includes the following checks:

„ Completeness. The chain of custody forms should be checked to ensure that all
laboratory analyses specified in the sampling plan were requested. The laboratory
reports should also be checked to ensure that all laboratory analyses are
performed as specified on the chain of custody forms, including the requested
QA/QC analyses.

„ Holding Time. The lab reports need to be checked to verify that all analyses were
performed within the prescribed holding times.

„ Reporting Limits. The reported analytical limits should meet or be lower than the
levels agreed upon prior to laboratory submission.

Reporting Errors. On occasion laboratories commit typographical errors or send

incomplete results. Reported concentrations that appear out of range or inconsistent
are indicators of potential laboratory reporting problems, and should be investigated
when detected. Examples of this would be a reported value that is an order of
magnitude different than levels reported for the same constituent for other events.

Irregularities found in the initial screening should immediately be reported to the

laboratory for clarification or correction. This process can identify and correct errors
that would otherwise cause problems further along in the data evaluation process, or
in subsequent uses of the data for higher-level analysis. When appropriate, reanalysis
of out-of-range values can increase confidence in the integrity of questionable data.

The laboratory data can also be screened using the Department’s Stormwater
Management Program Laboratory Electronic Data Delivery (EDD) Error Checker. The

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laboratory will need to be trained to use the tool and report the data in a standard
electronic format.

Laboratory Data Validation. The data quality evaluation process is structured to

provide checks to ensure that the reported data accurately represented the
concentrations of constituents actually present in water quality samples. Data
evaluation can often identify sources of contamination in the sampling and analytical
processes, as well as detect deficiencies in the laboratory analyses or errors in data
reporting. Data quality evaluation allows monitoring data to be used in the proper
contest with the appropriate level of confidence.

QA/QC parameters that should be reviewed are classified into the following
categories:

(1) Contamination check results (method, field, and equipment blanks)

(2) Precision analysis results (laboratory, field, and matrix spike duplicates)

(3) Accuracy analysis results (matrix spikes and laboratory control samples)

Each of these QA/QC parameters should be compared to the data quality objectives
listed in Table 3-5. The key steps in the analysis of each of these QA/QC parameters
are:

(1) Compile a complete set of the QA/QC results for the parameter being analyzed.

(2) Compare the laboratory QA/QC results to accepted criteria.

(3) Compile any out-of-range values and report them to the laboratory for
verification.

(4) Attach appropriate qualifiers to data that do not meet QA/QC acceptance criteria.

(5) Prepare a report that tabulates the success rate for each QA/QC parameter
analyzed.

Refer to Section 13 of the Department’s Stormwater Monitoring Protocols Guidance

Manual provided in Appendix E for specific direction on evaluating the results of
contamination, accuracy, and precision checks, and on qualifying data that do not
meet data quality objectives.

The laboratory data can also be validated using the Department’s Stormwater
Management Program Laboratory EDD Error Checker. The data manager will need to
be trained to use the tool.

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Table 3-5
Control Limits for Precision and Accuracy for Water Samples

Maximum
Allowable Recovery Recovery
Constituent Method RPD Lower Limit Upper Limit
VOCs-Solvents EPA 8260B Constituent specific
SVOCs EPA 8270C Constituent specific
Phenols EPA 420.1
Pesticides/Herbicides EPA 8081/8151A 25% Constituent specific
Residual chlorine SM 4500
TDS EPA 160.1 20% 80% 120%
BOD EPA 405.1; SM 5210B 20% 80% 120%
Total Phosphorus EPA 365.3 20% 80% 120%
NH3-N EPA 350.3 20% 80% 120%
NO3-N EPA 300.0 20% 80% 120%
pH EPA 150.1 20% NA NA
Alkalinity SM2320B 20% 80% 120%
Phosphate EPA 300
MBAS (for surfactants) EPA 425.1
Metals EPA 200 series 20% 75% 125%
Coliform bacteria SM 9221B / 9221E N/A N/A N/A
Notes: RPD = relative percent difference between duplicate analyses.
Recovery, lower and upper limits refer to analysis of spiked samples.

Field Data Screening and Validation. When the field data sheets are received
following each sampling event, it is important to check the reported data as soon as
possible to identify errors committed in sampling or reporting. The WPCM must
report results in a timely fashion (i.e., within 5 days of the sampling event) and the
results must then be reviewed immediately upon receipt. The initial screening
includes the following checks:

„ Completeness. The field sheets should be checked to ensure that all field tests and
measurements specified in the sampling plan were performed, including the
requested QA/QC analyses.

„ Reporting Errors. On occasion sampling crews commit typographical errors.

Reported values that appear out of range or inconsistent are indicators of potential
field reporting or equipment problems, and should be investigated when
detected.

Irregularities found in the initial screening should immediately be reported to the

sampling crews for clarification or correction. This process can identify and correct
errors that would otherwise cause problems further along in the data evaluation
process, or in subsequent uses of the data for higher-level analysis.

Field QA/QC parameters that should be reviewed are classified into the following
categories:

(1) Precision analysis results (field duplicates)

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(2) Accuracy analysis results (equipment calibration)

Each of these field QA/QC parameters should be compared to the data quality
objectives established for the study. The key steps in the analysis of each of these field
QA/QC parameters are:

(1) Compile a complete set of the QA/QC results for the parameter being analyzed.

(2) Compare the field QA/QC results to accepted criteria.

(3) Compile any out-of-range values and report them to the sampling crew for
verification.

(4) Attach appropriate qualifiers to data that do not meet QA/QC acceptance criteria.

(5) Prepare a report that tabulates the success rate for each QA/QC parameter
analyzed.

Refer to Section 13 of the Department’s Stormwater Monitoring Protocols Guidance

Manual provided in Appendix E for specific direction on evaluating the results of
contamination, accuracy, and precision checks, and on qualifying data that do not
meet data quality objectives.

3.3.7 Data Management and Reporting

To facilitate data management, analysis, and the comparison of results, a standard
system for data reporting should be developed for the project. Both electronic and
hardcopy data must be filed in Category 20 of the project files in an organized and
easily accessible fashion.

To keep the data organized, each monitoring site, station, and sampling event should
be assigned a unique identification number. All the data should be organized and
associated with these numbers.

The SPs require the results of field analyses must be submitted to the resident
engineer within five (5) days of taking the measurement. Results from laboratory
analyses must be submitted within 30 days of collecting the samples. QA/QC data
must accompany the field and or analytical data.

Attribute date should also be collected to assist with interpreting the data. The
attribute data usually describes the sample, event, and site. The sample description
may provide information on the sample itself: when and how it was collected, what it
was analyzed for, the method and lab used to perform the analysis, and the result of
the analysis. This section also can characterize the sample source, as well as the
portion of a rain event that is represented by the sample.

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The event information describes the discharge event itself. This includes when the
rain started and stopped, when runoff started and ended, when the discharge to the
receiving stream started and ended, and antecedent dry days. Site description
information span a range of categories from geographic information and boundaries,
such as coordinates, hydrologic sub-area, land use, and size of the watershed, to
political data like county, the Department, and RWQCB district.

All original data documented on sample bottle identification labels, Chain of Custody
forms, Sampling Activity Logs, and Inspection Checklists will be recorded using
waterproof ink. These will be considered accountable documents. If an error is made
on an accountable document, the individual will make corrections by lining through
the error and entering the correct information. The erroneous information will not be
obliterated. All corrections will be initialed and dated.

Electronic results will be submitted on diskette in Microsoft Excel (.xls) format, and
will include, at a minimum, the following information from the lab: Sample ID
Number, Contract Number, Constituent, Reported Value, Lab Name, Method
Reference, Method Number, Method Detection Limit, and Reported Detection Limit.
The project may want to consider reporting the electronic data in a format consistent
with the Department’s 2003-2004 Water Quality Data-Reporting Protocols (November
2003).

3.4 Data Evaluation

The data will be evaluated to identify potential impacts on the receiving water quality
caused by discharges of non-visible pollutants from the construction site and the
conditions or areas on the construction site that may be the source of these pollutants
in the runoff. The data involved in the evaluation include:

„ Information gathered from the required site inspections before, during, and after
storm events

„ Sampling results from test and control sites on the construction site

„ Sampling results of runoff that enters the construction site from areas upstream of
the site

The control sample, which may not be completely representative of pre-construction

levels, provides a basis for comparison with the test sample. The results of the test
sample will be evaluated to determine if the constituent of concern is different than
the levels found in the control sample. If substantial changes in the water quality of
the runoff are identified, additional BMPs must be implemented in an iterative
manner to prevent a net increase in pollutants to receiving waters.

The run-on sample analytical results will be used as an aid in evaluating potential
offsite influences on water quality results. The result from any run-on samples need to

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Monitoring Program for Pollutants Not Visually Detectable in Storm Water

be evaluated to determine if the run-on is contributing to concentration changes in the

pollutant of concern. Sample results of the run-on discharges may demonstrate
similar concentration changes. If different levels are found, the run-on should be
included in the source identification process.

This evaluation will be performed for every discharge event that samples are
collected. Results of the evaluation, including figures with sample locations, will be
submitted to the resident engineer along with the water quality analytical results and
the QA/QC data. Should the concentrations in the test sample be substantially
different than the control sample, site personnel will evaluate the BMPs, site
conditions, surrounding influences (including run-on sample analysis), and other site
factors to determine the probable cause for the change. As determined by the data and
project evaluation, appropriate BMPs will be repaired or modified to mitigate
increases in non-visible pollutant concentrations in the runoff. Any revisions to the
BMPs will be recorded as an amendment to the SWPPP.

3.4.1 Identifying Water Quality Impacts

To identify substantial changes of non-visible pollutant in the runoff, the percent
difference between the control data and test data are calculated for the constituents of
concern. The percent difference is calculated using the following formula:

(Control result – Test result) / Control result * 100

Remember, field measurements may be collected at the control and test locations
during each event because of potential variability in the water quality. All
measurements for a given sampling location should be averaged together. This mean
or average value is used in the calculations.

If any of the results are reported as non-detects (ND), a value of one-half the reporting
limit (RL) should be used.

A difference between the control and test concentrations greater than plus/minus 25
percent (±25%) indicates an impact from a non-visible pollutant. Twenty-five percent
has been selected to represent a substantial change in water quality.

To identify contributions of any run-on, the percent difference can be calculated

between the run-on quality and both the control and test data for the constituents of
concern. The percent difference is calculated using the following formulas:

(Control result – Run-on result) / Control result * 100

(Test result – Run-on result) / Test result * 100

Once again, if any of the results are reported as non-detects (ND), a value of one-half
the reporting limit (RL) should be used.

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A difference between the run-on and either the control or test concentrations greater
than plus/minus 25 percent (±25%) may indicate the run-on could be a source.

3.4.2 Assessing the Need for Corrective Measures

If a comparison of the control and test samples indicates a water quality impact from
a non-visible pollutant has occurred, the source needs to be identified and corrective
measures identified. Information gathered from the required site inspections before,
during, and after storm events will be used to identify the source(s).

If the source of the discharge is run-on to the construction site, the levels of pollutants
from run-on samples should be evaluated. Substantial differences in the
concentrations will indicate that the sources outside of the construction site may be a
pollutant source. The identification of adjacent landowner discharges should be
included in the Notice of Potential Non-Compliance and other BMP measures as the
first step to remove pollutants from run-on.

Possible solutions may include repairing the existing BMPs, evaluating alternative
BMPs that could be implemented, and/or implementing additional BMPs (cover
and/or containment) which further limit or eliminate contact between storm water
and non-visible pollutant sources at the site. Where contact cannot be reduced or
eliminated, storm water that has come in contact with the non-visible pollutant source
should be retained on-site and not discharged to a storm drainage system or a water
body (SWQTF 2001).

3.4.3 Implementing Corrective Measures

If the construction site is found to be contributing non-visible pollutants to the runoff,
the following steps should be taken as soon as possible:

(1) Identify the source

(2) Repair or replace any BMP that has failed or cleanup any spilled non-visible
pollutants.

(3) If there are elevated levels in run-on, notify upgradient sources and RWQCB.

(4) Maintain any BMP that is not functioning properly due to lack of maintenance

(5) Evaluate whether additional or alternative BMPs should be implemented.

If sampling and analysis during subsequent storm events shows that there is still a
problem, then repeat the steps above until the analytical results of upstream and
downstream samples are relatively comparable (SWQTF 2001).

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3.4.4 Reporting Non-Compliance

Reporting requirements are discussed in section C-2, Receiving Water Limitations for
Construction Activities, of the Department’s General Permit. Should the data and
evaluations indicate storm water and/or authorized non-storm water discharges are
substantially different from the control site and could potentially cause or contribute
to a negative impact in a water body, the following shall occur:

(1) The contractor shall notify the resident engineer verbally within 48 hours of the
identification that a discharge occurred. The Department shall notify the RWQCB
by telephone within 48 hours of a discharge that a discharge occurred.

(2) A Notice of Discharge will follow verbal notification to the RE and a Notice of
Potential Non-compliance to the RWQCB. These reports will include:

a) The nature and case of the water quality standard exceedance

b) The BMPs currently being implemented

c) Corrective actions performed or to be performed to reduce the pollutant loads

including any maintenance or repair of BMPS

d) Additional BMPs which will be implemented to prevent or reduce pollutants

that are causing or contributing to the exceedance of water quality standards

e) Implementation schedule for corrective actions

The contractor shall submit a Notice of Discharge pursuant to Section 600. 2 of the
SWPPP to the resident engineer within 7 days. The Department shall submit a
report of Potential Non-compliance to the RWQCB within thirty days.

(3) Amend the SWPPP and monitoring program for the construction site to reflect
any additional BMPs that have been and will be implemented, the implementation
schedule, and additional monitoring requirements.

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Model Sampling and Analysis Plans
Two model Sampling and Analysis Plans (SAPs) are presented in this section. The
first model is for a SAP that covers a sedimentation/siltation sampling program. The
second model is for a SAP that covers a non-visible pollutant sampling program.

Both models are based on the templates found in Section 600 of the SWPPP/WPCP
Preparation Manual (March 2003) and the two SWPPP models prepared by the
Department. The intent of these models is to provide examples of the format to follow
and the required information, text, tables, and graphics to implement the sampling
program at a specific construction site. Each construction site will have a unique set of
features and sampling requirements. All SAPs will include a standard set of sections
and information requirements as presented in Sections 2.2.1 and 3.2.1, but each SAP
will also need to be tailored to its specific site and sampling strategy.

The SAP for sedimentation/siltation is presented in Section 4.1 and the SAP for non­
visible pollutants is presented in Section 4.2.

4.1 Sediment/Siltation or Turbidity

This model is based on Section 600.4, Sampling and Analysis Plan for Sediment, from
the SWPPP/WPCP Preparation Manual (March 2003). It has used the model SWPPP for
Route BB, assuming that Coyote Creek has been listed as impaired for sedimentation/
siltation on the State’s 303(d) list of impaired water bodies. The model SAP with its
associated WPCD maps is attached to this section.

The model Storm Water Pollution Prevention Plan (SWPPP) is for a hypothetical $15
million construction project of Route BB to construct 1.2 miles of new highway in the
city of Anytown, California. The project includes significant earthwork operations
and the construction of several retaining walls and soundwalls within the project
limits. The project begins 0.1 mile north of Meadow Drive and terminates to 0.1 mile
south of Cerritos Avenue. The project area is 100.3 acres (40.6 hectares) in size with an
expected duration of approximately one year and seven months. The entire project
area will be subject to soil-disturbing activity.

Although the full width improvements will tie into the existing Route BB at the north,
the traffic will be transitioned off the highway and routed to existing Evelyn Road via
the Monte Road southbound offramp. From the offramp to the southerly end of the
project, improvements are to be constructed to accommodate the future extension of
the highway.

The project will involve an Environmentally Sensitive Area (ESA) that will be
protected from construction activity. The project provides for the construction of
drainage facilities that collect and convey the majority of the storm water to the
Coyote Creek Channel. The Coyote Creek Channel is a small concrete channel that
flows to the north, and is subject to flooding. (Again, the assumption has been made that
Coyote Creek is a 303(d) listed water body for sedimentation/siltation for this model SAP.)

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Model Sampling and Analysis Plans

The Contractor will have four yards: the main yard is located along the north side of
Monte Road and east of Route BB; the others are located east of Route BB at the
southernmost terminus of the project, along the north side of Charlie Avenue, and
along the north side of John Avenue.

The SWPPP for this project requires two implementation stages as shown on the
Water Pollution Control Drawings (WPCDs) in Attachment B of the model:

„ Stage 1 is to be implemented at the start of the project and is to include the

significant earth disturbing activities. The Best Management Practices (BMPs) for
this stage include those necessary for clearing and grubbing, earthwork
operations, rough grading of fill slopes, finish grading of cut slopes, and start of
the structures work associated with the project, including the installation of the
drainage system. The details for stage 1 of the program are shown on the WPCDs
labeled as STAGE 1.

„ Stage 2 is to be implemented at the completion of significant earthwork operations

and allows for fine grading of fill slopes, completion of structures, paving
operations, and installation of permanent BMPs such as landscape or irrigation.
The details for stage 2 of the program are shown on the WPCDs labeled as
STAGE 2.

The major Best Management Practice features include:

„ Erosion control by scheduling, preserving the existing vegetation, mulching

and/or applying soil stabilizers, installing fiber rolls, temporary seeding, plastic
sheeting and slope drains.

„ Sediment control using silt fencing, storm drain inlet protection, sediment traps,
desilting basins, check dams, sweeping, and vacuuming.

„ Sediment tracking will be controlled using stabilized construction entrances, and

sweeping and vacuuming.

„ Proper handling of concrete wastes, lubricants, fuels, hazardous wastes, and

asphalt concrete will control non-storm water pollution, dewatering discharges
and solid wastes.

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Section 600.4
Sampling and Analysis Plan for Sediment
This project does have the potential to discharge directly to a water body listed as
impaired due to Sedimentation/Siltation and/or Turbidity pursuant to Clean Water
Act, Section 303(d).

600.4.1 Scope of Monitoring Activities

This project discharges directly into the Coyote Creek, a water body listed as impaired
due to sedimentation/siltation pursuant to Clean Water Act, Section 303(d). This
Sampling and Analysis Plan (SAP) has been prepared pursuant to the requirements of
Resolution 2001-046, the Department’s Guidance Manual: Construction Site Storm Water
Quality Sampling (December 2003), and the applicable sections of the Department’s
Guidance Manual: Stormwater Monitoring Protocols (Second Edition, July 2000). The SAP
describes the sampling and analysis strategy and schedule for monitoring sediments
and silts in Coyote Creek and potential increases in the sediment/silt levels caused by
storm water discharges from the project site.

The project has the potential for direct (concentrated) storm water discharges to
Coyote Creek at two locations identified on the WPCD-4 in Attachment B.

The project receives run-on at seven locations. This run-on has the potential to
combine with storm water that discharges directly to Coyote Creek.

600.4.2 Monitoring Strategy

Sampling Schedule
Upstream, downstream, and run-on samples shall be collected for sediments/silts
during the first two hours of discharge from rain events that result in a direct
discharge from the project site to Coyote Creek. Samples shall be collected during
daylight hours (sunrise to sunset) and shall be collected regardless of the time of the
year, status of the construction site, or day of the week.

All storm events that generate discharges to Coyote Creek during daylight hours will
be sampled up to a maximum of four rain events within a 30-day period. In
conformance with the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency definition, a minimum
of 72 hours of dry weather (less than 0.1 inches of rain) will be used to distinguish
between separate rain events. If discharges begin at least two hours prior to sunrise
and continue past daylight, no sampling will be performed.

Sampling Locations
Sampling locations are based on proximity to identified discharge or run-on
location(s), accessibility for sampling, crewmember safety, and other factors in
accordance with the applicable requirements in the Department’s Guidance Manual:

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Model Sampling and Analysis Plans

Construction Site Storm Water Quality Sampling (December 2003) and the Department’s
Guidance Manual: Stormwater Monitoring Protocols (Second Edition, July 2000). All
sampling locations are shown on the WPCDs and include:

„ A sample location (designated number CCUP1) is upstream of all direct discharge

from the construction site for the collection of a control sample to be analyzed for
the prevailing condition of the receiving water without any influence from the
construction site. The control sample will be used to determine the background
levels of sediment/silt in Coyote Creek, upstream of the project. Refer to the
location on the WPCDs in Appendix B.

- Sample location identified as CCUP1 is located at the intersection of Griffith

Road and an unidentified street on WPCD-5. It is located in the southeast
quadrant of the intersection where a new entrance is being constructed.

„ A sample location (designated number CCDN2) is downstream from the last point
of direct discharge from the construction site for the collection of a sample to be
analyzed for potential increases in sediment/silt in Coyote Creek caused by storm
water discharges from the project, if any. Refer to the location on the WPCD-4 in
Appendix B.

- Sample location number CCDN2 is located where Coyote Creek leaves the

Department’s right of way, just north of Monte Road.

„ Seven (7) sampling locations (designated as CCRO1-CCRO7) have been identified

for the collection of samples of run-on to the Department’s right-of-way. Samples
from these seven stations will identify potential sediment/silt loads that originate
off the project site and contribute to direct storm water discharges from the
construction site to Coyote Creek. Their locations are identified on the WPCDs in
Appendix B.

600.4.3 Monitoring Preparation

This section covers topics of training, and preparation and logistics. The information
presented in this section was adapted from the Department’s Guidance Manual:
Construction Site Storm Water Quality Sampling (December 2003), Section 2.3.

Training
All sampling crewmembers and alternates will receive training on the monitoring
techniques and protocols specified in the SAP so water samples are collected in a
manner that meets the goals of the plan, while protecting the health and safety of the
sampling crew members. Field monitoring training will include the following basic
elements:

„ Review Sampling and Analysis Plan

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Model Sampling and Analysis Plans

„ Review Health and Safety

„ Training/Sampling Simulation (Dry Run)

Review SAP and Health & Safety. All the Contractor’s sampling crewmembers and
alternates will read the entire SAP developed for the construction site to obtain the
background information required for an overall understanding of the project.

The Contractor’s sampling crewmembers will be made aware of potential hazards

associated with sampling. These hazards can include slippery conditions, cold or hot
temperatures, open water that may be fast moving and or deep, construction site
traffic, and contaminated water. Crewmembers need to become familiar with the
methods to be employed to cope with those hazards.

Safety practices for sample collection will be in accordance with the Roadway
Construction, Inc. Health and Safety Plan, dated November 2003. Several general
procedures that must be followed at all times include:

„ All sampling crewmembers must wear hard hats, traffic vests, and steel-toed
boots when working outside the vehicle.

„ Traffic control must be set up before conducting any work in the Department’s
right-of-way where crewmembers will be exposed to traffic. Standard traffic
control measures include parking vehicles to shield crewmembers from traffic and
using hazard lights.

„ No sampling crewmember will enter Coyote Creek during a sampling event. A

life ring and rope shall be present during all sampling events.

„ Clean nitrile gloves will be worn by all sampling crewmembers when working
with sampler bottles (empty and filled) and during grab sampling.

„ All electronic equipment should be kept as dry as possible.

„ Cell phones use shall be avoided or minimized while driving.

Sampling Simulation (Dry Run). A training session will be held for all of the
Contractor’s sampling crewmembers and alternates to review the sampling
techniques and protocols specified in this SAP. The Contractor’s training session will
be organized in a chronological fashion, in order to follow the normal train of events
from pre-monitoring preparations through post-monitoring activities. All standard
operating procedures will be covered, along with the site-specific responsibilities of
individual crewmembers.

The training will include a visit to the construction site where a sampling simulation,
or “dry run,” can be conducted under the supervision of the project manager or

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Model Sampling and Analysis Plans

sampling crew leader. During the “dry run” sampling crewmembers travel to their
assigned sampling locations and run through the procedures specified in the Sample
Collection section of the SAP, including:

„ Site access and parking at the site

„ Traffic control measures (if any)

„ Preparing the stations for monitoring

„ Collecting water samples

„ Completing sample labels, field log forms, and COCs

„ Packing samples

„ Delivering or shipping samples to the laboratory

Preparations and Logistics

Sample bottle ordering, bottle labels, field equipment maintenance, monitoring event
selection criteria, weather tracking, and notification procedures are presented in this
section.

Bottle Order. Prior to the first targeted storm and immediately after each monitored
storm event, bottles for the next event must be ordered from the laboratory. Adequate
grab sample bottles will be ordered for each of the monitoring stations, plus bottles
for quality control samples. At least 20 1-liter polyethylene sample bottles and lids
will be available for each event. The bottles are to be cleaned by the laboratory
according to the methods specified in Appendix D of the Guidance Manual:
Construction Site Storm Water Quality Sampling (December 2003).

Sample Labels. Grab sample bottles shall be pre-labeled to the extent possible before
each monitoring event. Pre-labeling sample bottles simplify field activities, leaving
only date, time, sample number, and sampling crewmember names to be filled out in
the field. Basic bottle labels are available pre-printed with space to pre-label by hand
writing or typing. Custom bottle labels may be produced using blank labels, labeling
software, and waterproof ink. The bottle label shall include the following information,
with other items as appropriate:

Route BB - Sediment/Silt Monitoring Program

Coyote Creek

Date: __________________________________
Time: _________________________________
Station #: ______________________________
Collected by: ___________________________

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Model Sampling and Analysis Plans

Sample ID: _____________________________(see below for sample code

development)

Each sample bottle label shall include a sample identification code as shown below.

SSSSSYYMMDDHHmmTT

Where:
SSSSS = station number (CCUP1, CCDN2, CCRO1-CCRO7)
YY = last two digits of the year (01)
MM = month (01-12)
DD = day (01-31)
HH = hour sample collected (00-23)
mm = minute sample collected (00-59)
TT = Type or QA/QC Identifier (if applicable)
G = grab
FS = field duplicate

For a grab sample collected at Station CCUP1 collected at 4:15 PM on December 8,

2003, the sample number will be:

CCUP10312081615G

Sample labels will be placed on the bottle rather than the cap to identify the sample
for laboratory analysis. Bottles shall be labeled in a dry environment prior to sampling
crew mobilization. Attempting to apply labels to sample bottles after filling may
cause problems, as labels usually do not adhere to wet bottles. Following labeling,
clear scotch tape shall be applied over the label to prevent ink from smearing.

Field Equipment Maintenance. An adequate stock of supplies and equipment for

monitoring sediment/silt will be available on the project site or provided by ABC
Laboratories prior to a sampling event. Monitoring supplies and equipment will be
stored in a cool-temperature environment that will not come into contact with rain or
direct sunlight.

Prior to the first targeted storm and immediately after each of the subsequent
sampling events, sampling crew will inventory the field equipment shown in Figure
600-1. Field equipment shall be kept in one location, which is used as a staging area to
simplify sampling crew mobilization.

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Model Sampling and Analysis Plans

Figure 600-1. Field Equipment Checklist

First aid kit Sampling and Analysis plan

Log books/log sheets Chain of Custody forms

“Rite-n-Rain” pens Markers – fine point

Paper towels Coolers and ice

Required grab sample bottles Spare bottle labels

Grab pole Intermediate container

Weather –resistant camera Powder-free nitrile gloves

Rubber bands / Duct tape Zip-lock baggies

Cellular phone Hardhats / orange safety vests

Personal rain gear Life ring with rope

Health and Safety Plan Sand bags (6)

Weather Tracking. The Resident Engineer or Department inspector and the Water
Pollution Control Manager (WPCM) or other assigned Contractor staff member will
track weather conditions and potential storms. Weather will be tracked using a
number of sources including local newspapers and TV news programs, the Weather
Channel, the National Weather Service (NWS) at www.nws.noaa.gov, and other
Internet sites for radar imagery and hourly weather observations from a network of
surface weather monitoring stations throughout California.

Communications. A communication plan has been developed to clearly define lines

of communication and notification responsibilities. The plan is shown in Figure 600-2.
It will be used for sampling station and preparation activities, crewmember
notification of forecasted events, communications during sampling, and coordinating
site and BMP evaluations following an event. Emergency telephone numbers are
listed, including numbers of hospitals nearest the construction site.

WPCM will begin to contact Sampling Coordinator and ABC Laboratories 48 hours
prior to a predicted rain event to ensure that adequate number of sampling
crewmembers, supplies, and field equipment for monitoring sediment/silt are
available and will be mobilized to collect samples on the project site in accordance
with the sampling schedule.

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Model Sampling and Analysis Plans

When first alerted, sampling crewmembers shall consult their sampling plan and
check field equipment and supplies to ensure they are ready to conduct any sampling.
Before arriving at the site, the sampling crew will need to obtain ice (for sample
preservation). Ice for grab samples shall be kept in ice chests where full grab sample
bottles will be placed. Keeping ice in zip-lock bags facilitates clean easy ice handling.
Refreezable ice packets are generally not recommended because they are susceptible
to leakage. If a discharge is observed, the sampling crewmembers will be ready to
perform the required tasks within the first two hours of the discharge.

Personal Safety. Before samples are collected, crewmembers must ensure the safety of
such activities at each sampling location. Personal safety shall be considered when
selecting monitoring stations. Adherence to the following recommendations will
minimize risks to sampling crewmembers:

„ At no time during storm conditions or when significant flows are present shall
sampling crewmembers enter Coyote Creek.

„ Two-person sampling crews shall be available for all fieldwork to be conducted

under adverse weather conditions, or whenever there are risks to personal safety.

„ Crewmembers must be trained regarding appropriate on-site construction traffic

control measures.

Figure 600-2. Communication Plan

Department Personnel Contractor Site Superintendent

Resident Engineer Name Office #
SWPPP Inspector Cell #
District Construction Storm Water WPCM
Coordinator
Name Office #
Cell #

ABC Laboratories Sampling Coordinator Sampling Crew

Contact name Office # Name Office # Contact name Home #
Fax # Home # Cell #
Home # Cell # Contact name Home #
Cell # Cell #
Alt. name Home #
Courier Service: Cell #
FEDX (800) 463-3339 Alt. name Home #
Cell #

Emergency: 911 Weather Forecasters

Hospital
Police
Fire
Paramedics

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Model Sampling and Analysis Plans

600.4.4 Sample Collection and Handling

Sample Collection Procedures
Grab samples will be collected and preserved in accordance with the methods
identified in Table 600-1, “Sample Collection, Preservation and Analysis for
Monitoring Sedimentation/Siltation”, provided in Section 600.4.5. Only crewmembers
trained in proper water quality sampling will collect samples. Field activities shall be
documented. Figures 600-3 and 600-4 present two examples of field forms that can be
used to document all activities, samples, and observations.

Samples collected at Station CCUP1 will represent the condition of Coyote Creek
prior to mixing with the discharges from the construction site. Samples collected at
Station CCDN2 will represent the condition of Coyote Creek after mixing with the
discharges from the construction site but no other discharge. Samples collected at
Stations CCRO1-CCRO7 will identify potential sediment/silt that originates off the
project site and contributes to direct discharges from the construction site to Coyote
Creek.

Sampling Equipment and Bottles. It is important to use the appropriate sample

bottles and equipment for each parameter to be measured (Refer to Table 600-1).
Improper bottles and equipment can introduce contaminants and cause other errors,
which can invalidate the data.

Immediately prior to the filling of grab sample bottles, the bottle labels shall be
checked, and site- and event-specific information added using a waterproof pen.
Attempting to label grab sample bottles after sample collection may be difficult
because of wet labels.

Clean Sampling Techniques. All storm water quality sampling performed at

Department construction sites shall employ “clean” sampling techniques to minimize
potential sources of sample contamination. Care must be taken during all sampling
operations to minimize exposure of the samples to human, atmospheric, and other
potential sources of contamination. To reduce potential contamination, sample
crewmembers must adhere to the following rules while collecting storm water
samples:

„ Always used laboratory cleaned sample bottles and intermediate containers

„ No smoking

„ Never sample near a running vehicle. Do not park vehicles in immediate sample
collection area (even non-running vehicles)

„ Always wear clean, powder-free nitrile gloves when handling bottles, containers
and lids

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Model Sampling and Analysis Plans

Figure 600-3. Sampling Activity Log Version 1

Coyote Creek – Route BB Storm Water Monitoring Field Form

Date: Sampling Crew:
Arrival Time: Crew:
Description of Event-Specific Sampling Location (w/ photograph)
CRUP1 -
CRDN2 -
CRRO1 -
CRRO2 -
CRRO3 -
CRRO4 -
CRRO5 -
CRRO6 -
CRRO7 -
Sample Collection
CRUP1 CRDN2 Run-on
Sample # Date Time Sample # Date Time Station # Date Time
1 1 CRRO1
2 2 CRRO2
3 3 CRRO5
4 4 CRRO4
5 5 CRRO5
CRRO6
CRRO7
Weather and Hydrology Data
Rainfall start time: Duration: Total Amount:
Discharge start time: Duration:
Run-on start time: Duration:
Notes:

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Model Sampling and Analysis Plans

Figure 600-4. Sampling Activity Log Version 2

RAIN EVENT GENERAL INFORMATION

Project Name
Dept. Contract No.
Contractor
Sampler’s Name
Signature
Date of Sampling
Season
ˆ Rainy ˆ Non-Rainy
(Check Applicable)
Storm Start Date & Time: Storm Duration (hrs):
Storm Data Time elapsed since last storm Approximate Rainfall
(Circle Applicable Units) Min. Hr. Days Amount (mm)
For rainfall information: http://cdec.water.ca.gov/weather.html or http://www.wrh.noaa.gov/wrhq/nwspage.html

SAMPLE LOG
Sample Collection
Sample Identification Sample Location
Date and Time

Specific sample locations descriptions may include: 30m upstream from discharge at eastern boundary, runoff from northern waste
storage area, downgradient of inlet 57 at kilometer post 36, etc.

FIELD ANALYSIS
Yes No
Sample Identification Test Result

„ Never touch the inside surface of a sample bottle or lid, even with gloved hands

„ Never allow the inner surface of a sample bottle or lid to be contacted by any
material other than the sample water

„ Never allow any object or material to fall into or contact the collected sample
water

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Model Sampling and Analysis Plans

„ Avoid allowing rainwater to drip from rain gear or other surfaces into sample
bottles

„ Do not eat or drink during sample collection

„ Do not breathe, sneeze or cough in the direction of an open sample bottle

„ Not leave the cooler lid open for an extended period of time once samples are
placed inside

Grab Sample Collection. Manual grab samples will be collected by direct submersion
of each individual sample bottle into the flow stream. It is also acceptable for
intermediate containers to be used to collect samples. This intermediate sample is
then poured immediately into the appropriate grab sample bottle(s).

Intermediate containers will collect one large sample to be distributed to several

smaller sample bottles to help reduce the sampling time. When flows are too shallow
to completely submerge a bottle, intermediate containers will be used to collect
multiple samples to fill a single sample bottle. Intermediate containers are helpful
when a sampling pole is employed because a single container can be attached to the
pole and then used to collect multiple samples.

When transferring the sample from the intermediate container to the bottle, keep the
sediment in suspension by stirring or swirling the container. Otherwise a portion of
the sediment may settle out in the intermediate container and not be included in the
sample that will be analyzed.

Samples bottles shall be filled to the top. If possible, grab samples shall be collected by
completely submerging the bottle or container below the surface of the water to avoid
collecting any material floating on the surface. When submerging the bottle, avoid
hitting the bottom of the water body. For flow depths less than the diameter of the
bottle, filling the bottle will not be possible unless an intermediate container is used.

Each bottle shall be rinsed out at least once with a small amount of the source water
before taking the actual sample. This same procedure shall be followed when using an
intermediate container to fill a bottle. Both the container and bottle shall be rinsed.

The bottle shall be opened at the last possible moment and the lid screwed back on
immediately after the sample is collected. The lid shall be handled carefully during
this time to avoid contaminating the inner lining. Hold the lid around the rim and
face it down. If possible open and close the bottle under water when collecting a
sample.

Upstream/Downstream Sampling Procedures. Samples collected at Stations CCUP1

and CCDN2 will use one of the following methods:

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 Section 4
Model Sampling and Analysis Plans

„ Placing a sample bottle directly into the stream flow in or near the main current
upstream of sampling crewmembers, and allowing the sample bottle to fill
completely

„ Placing a clean intermediate collection device in or near the main current to collect
the sample, and then transferring the collected water to appropriate sample
bottles, allowing the sample bottles to fill completely.

Samples will not be collected directly from ponded, sluggish, or stagnant water.
Samples shall be collected at CCDN2 first, followed by CCUP1.

Standing on the bank and using a sampling pole to collect a sample is the preferred
method. Wading into a water body to collect a sample should be avoided. Wading
will disturb the bottom sediment and increase the suspended sediment levels in the
water column where the samples will be collected. Wading into a river or creek is also
dangerous during wet-weather events because flow rates are often higher. Wading
should only be performed if the flow depth is less than 25 cm or one foot. Approach
the sampling point from the downstream.

A series of five samples shall be collected at both stations during the first two hours of
discharge. The interval between samples can vary. Since each sampling station will
only be visited once during the two-hour period, all five samples will need to be
collected over a short period, say 10 to 15 minutes.

Exact sampling locations at CCUP1 and CCDN2 may vary with each event. Sampling
crews should be prepared to modify sampling locations or points in order to
maximize the representativeness of the samples. Detailed field notes and or
photographs shall be used to document the conditions and reasons for selecting a
specific location to collect a sample.

Run-on Sampling Procedures. Samples at Stations CCRO1-CCRO7 will be collected.

The collection procedures are a little different because run-on will arrive on site in a
small drainage channel. To collect samples, the run-on flows will need to be at least 1
centimeter or 0.5 inches. Run-on that enters the site as sheet flow and not in a defined
drainage ditch may not reach this depth. If not, one of the following two procedures
can be employed:

„ Several sand bags can be used to constrict the flows. Be careful the flow is not
concentrated to the point the channel starts to erode and increases the amount of
sediment in the flow.

„ Place several rows of sand bags in a half circle directly in the path of the run-on to
pond water and wait for enough water to spill over. Then place a cleaned or
decontaminated flexible hose along the top and cover with another sandbag so
that ponded water will only pour through the flexible hose and into sample

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 Section 4
Model Sampling and Analysis Plans

bottles. Do not reuse the same sandbags in future sampling events as they may
cross-contaminate future samples.

Filling a sample bottle is difficult when the bottles cannot be completely submerged.
An intermediate container shall be used. For example, one sample bottle can be
designated as the intermediate container and used to collect multiple grab samples to
fill the remaining sample bottles. Keep the sediment in suspension during each
transfer.

Sampling stations shall be approach from the downstream with samples collected
facing upstream. Hitting the bottom with the bottle probably cannot be avoided, so
lower the bottle slowly into the water to minimize the disturbance.

One (1) sample shall be collected at each of the seven stations, CCRO1-CCRO7,
during the first two hours of discharge if flow is present.

Information regarding the final sampling locations selected for the event and the
actual sample collection shall all be documented in the Sampling Activity Logs.
Photographs are helpful to show the discharge(s), instream conditions, run-on flows,
and sample collection methods.

Sample Handling Procedures

Sample Preservation. All samples are kept on ice or refrigerated to 4 degrees Celsius
from the time of sample collection until delivery to the analytical laboratory. The grab
samples are placed in an ice chest with ice immediately following collection. In
addition to keeping the samples cool it is also important to minimize the exposure of
the samples to direct sunlight, as sunlight may cause biochemical transformation of
the sample, resulting in unreliable analytical results. Therefore, all samples are
covered or placed in an ice chest with a closed lid immediately following collection.
No other preservatives are required.

Sample Delivery/Chain of Custody. All samples must be kept on ice, or refrigerated,

from the time of onset of sample collection to the time of receipt by laboratory
personnel. If samples are being shipped to the laboratory, place sample bottles inside
coolers with ice, ensure that the sample bottles are well packaged, and secure cooler
lids with packaging tape. It is imperative that all samples be delivered to the
analytical laboratory and analysis begun within the maximum holding times specified
by laboratory analytical (refer to Table 600-1). The holding time for TSS is 7 days. The
holding time for SS is 48 hours. To minimize the risk of exceeding the holding times
for SS, samples must be transferred to the analytical laboratory as soon as possible
after sampling or within 24 hours. The sampling crew must in such cases coordinate
activities with ABC Laboratories (refer to Figure 600-2) to ensure that holding times
can be met.

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 Section 4
Model Sampling and Analysis Plans

Chain-of-custody (COC) forms are to be filled out by the sampling crew for all
samples submitted to ABC Laboratories. Only the sample collectors will sign the COC
form over to the lab. COC procedures will be strictly adhered to for QA/QC
purposes. Sample date, sample location, and analysis requested are noted on each
COC, including specification of lab quality control requirements (e.g., laboratory
duplicate samples and matrix spike/matrix spike duplicate (MS/MSD) samples).

Any special instructions for the laboratory shall also be noted. A note to remind the
lab that composites samples need to be developed from the five samples collected at
both the upstream and downstream stations. The lab shall develop the composite by
taking equal volumes from each sample.

Copies of COC forms are kept with field notes in a field logbook. A sample COC is
shown in Figure 600-5.

Sample Documentation Procedures. All original data documented on Chain of

Custody forms, Sampling Activity Logs, and Inspection Checklists will be recorded
using waterproof ink. These will be considered accountable documents. If an error is
made on an accountable document, the individual will make corrections by lining
through the error and entering the correct information. The erroneous information
will not be obliterated. All corrections will be initialed and dated.

Sampling and field analysis activities will be documented on the following standard
forms:

„ Sampling Activity Field Form: Template shown in Figures 600-3 and 600-4.
Information on the form includes sampling date, separate times for sample
collection of upstream, downstream, run-on, and QA/QC samples recorded to the
nearest minute, unique sample identification number and location, names of
sampling crewmembers, weather conditions (including precipitation amount),
other pertinent data.

„ Chain of Custody (COC) forms: All samples to be analyzed by a laboratory will be

accompanied by a COC form provided by the laboratory.

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 Section 4
Model Sampling and Analysis Plans

Figure 600-5. Example of a Completed COC Form

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 Section 4
Model Sampling and Analysis Plans

„ Storm Water Quality Construction Inspection Checklists: When applicable, the

Contractor’s storm water inspector will document on the checklist that samples
for sedimentation/siltation and/or turbidity were taken during a rain event.

600.4.5 Sample Analysis

Samples will be analyzed for the constituents indicated in Table 600-1, “Sample
Collection, Preservation and Analysis for Monitoring Sedimentation/Siltation”.

600.4.6 Quality Assurance/Quality Control

Field duplicate samples shall be collected for every ten samples collected. The
duplicate sample will be collected, handled, and analyzed using the same protocols as
primary samples, and will be collected where contaminants are likely, and not on the
upstream sample. Duplicate samples will not influence any evaluations or
conclusions; however, they will be used as a check on laboratory quality assurance.
Field duplicate samples shall be submitted to the laboratory "blind" (i.e. not identified
as a QC sample, but labeled with a different station identification than the regular
sample).

For grab samples, duplicate samples are collected by simultaneously filling two grab
sample bottles at the same location. If intermediate containers are used, first pour an
incremental amount into one sample bottle and then pour a similar amount into the
second. Continue going back and forth until both bottles are full.

600.4.7 Data Management and Reporting

A copy of all water quality analytical results and QA/QC data will be submitted to
the Resident Engineer within 30 days of sampling (for laboratory analyses).

Electronic results will be submitted on diskette in Microsoft Excel (.xls) format, and
will include, at a minimum, the following information from the lab: Sample ID
Number, Contract Number, Constituent, Reported Value, Lab Name, Method
Reference, Method Number, Method Detection Limit, and Reported Detection Limit.
Electronic data shall be reported in a format consistent with the Department’s 2003-
2004 Water Quality Data-Reporting Protocols (November 2003).

Lab reports and COCs will be reviewed for consistency between lab methods, sample
identifications, dates, and times for both primary samples and QA/QC samples. All
data will be screened and validated using procedures outlined in Section 2.3.6 of the
Guidance Manual: Construction Site Storm Water Quality Sampling (December 2003).

All data, including COC forms and Sampling Activity Logs, shall be kept with the
SWPPP document. Electronic results will be e-mailed to John Smith of RCI at
John.Smith@dot.ca.gov after final sample results are received after each sampling
event for inclusion into a statewide database.

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 Section 600.4
Sampling and Analysis Plan for Sediment

Table 600-1

Sample Collection, Preservation and Analysis for Monitoring Sedimentation/Siltation

Minimum Maximum
Sample
Constituent Analytical Method Test to be Used? Sample Sample Bottle Holding Reporting Limit
Preservation
Volume Time

EPA 160.5 Store at 4˚ C Polyethylene plastic or

Settleable Solids (SS) YES NO 1000 mL 48 hours 0.1 mL/L/hr
Std Method 2540(f) (39.2˚ F) glass

Total Suspended EPA 160.2 Store at 4˚ C Polyethylene plastic or

YES NO 100 mL 7 days 1 mg/L
Solids (TSS) Std Method 2540(d) (39.2˚ F) glass

Source: Adapted from Table 600-1 of the SSWPPP/WPCP Preparation Manual (March 2003)
Notes: °C – Degrees Celsius
°F – Degrees Fahrenheit
EPA – U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
mL/L/hr – Milliliters per liter per hour
mg/L – Milligrams per liter
Std Method – Per the Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and
th
Wastewater, 20 Edition, American Water Works Association

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 Section 600.4
Sampling and Analysis Plan for Sediment

600.4.8 Data Evaluation

An evaluation of the water quality sample analytical results, including figures with
sample locations, will be submitted to the Resident Engineer with the water quality
analytical results and the QA/QC data for every event that samples are collected.

To identify water quality impacts within Coyote Creek, the percent difference
between the upstream data and downstream data are calculated for TSS and SS. The
percent difference is calculated using the following formula:

(Upstream result – Downstream result) / Upstream result * 100

If any of the results are reported as non-detects (ND), a value of one-half the reporting
limit (RL) shall be used.

A percent difference between the upstream and downstream concentrations greater

than 25 percent indicates a probable net increase of sediment or silt to Coyote Creek.
Any negative value indicates the downstream concentration was lower than the
upstream concentration, which indicates an improvement in water quality and no
impact.

To identify water quality impacts from run-on from the seven stations (CCRO1-
CCRO7), the results of the run-on samples shall be compared to the results from both
the upstream and down stations. If the levels of TSS and SS from the run-on samples
are higher than the upstream levels, this indicates the run-on could impact the
instream levels and shall be investigated further. If the levels in the run-on are higher
than the downstream levels, the run-on may be the source or one of the sources.

Should the downstream sample concentrations exceed the upstream sample

concentrations and the primary source is from the Route BB construction site, the
WPCM or other personnel will evaluate the BMPs, site conditions, surrounding
influences (including run-on sample analysis), and other site factors to determine the
probable cause for the increase. As determined by the data and project evaluation,
appropriate BMPs will be repaired or modified to mitigate increases in sediment
concentrations in the water body. Any revisions to the BMPs will be recorded as an
amendment to the SWPPP. Sections 2.4.2-4 of the Guidance Manual: Construction Site
Storm Water Quality Sampling (December 2003) review procedures for assessing the
need for corrective measures, implementing corrective measures, and reporting non­
compliance

600.4.9 Change of Conditions

Whenever SWPPP monitoring, pursuant to Section B of the General Permit, indicates
a change in site conditions that might affect the appropriateness of sampling
locations, testing protocols will be revised accordingly. All such revisions will be
recorded as amendments to the SWPPP.

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 Section 600.4
Sampling and Analysis Plan for Sediment

Attachment B – Water Pollution Control Drawings

 SEDIMENT/SITE MONITORING

PLAN

VICINITY MAP

FOR

ROUTE BB

COYOTE CREEK, CALIFORNIA

LEGEND
NTS
CONSTRUCTION SITE LINE
OFFSITE DRAINAGE AREA LINE
DISCHARGE POINT
FLOW ARROW
 Section 4
Model Sampling and Analysis Plans

4.2 Non-Visible Pollutants

This model is based on Section 600.5, Sampling and Analysis Plan for Non-Visible
Pollutants, from the SWPPP/WPCP Preparation Manual (March 2003). It has used the
model SWPPP for Route AA. The model with its associated WPCD maps is attached
to this section.

This model Storm Water Pollution Prevention Plan (SWPPP) is for a hypothetical $10
million construction project on Route AA to construct one mile of High Occupancy
Vehicle (HOV) lane in the northbound and southbound directions in the city of
Anytown, California. The existing aerially deposited lead (ADL) contaminated
median soil will be removed and replaced with Asphalt Concrete pavement. The
project also includes the removal and construction of a bridge at Meats Avenue and
the reconstruction of a bridge at Taft Avenue to include HOV lanes, along with
various retaining walls and soundwalls within the project limits. The project begins
0.2 miles south of Taft Avenue and continues north along Route AA. The project
terminates 0.3 miles to the north of Meats Avenue.

The project discharges to the Carbon Creek Channel at Meats Avenue and involves an
Environmentally Sensitive Area (ESA). The project area is 12 hectares (30 acres) in size
with 8.5 hectares (21.5 acres) subject to soil-disturbing activities. The expected
duration of the project will be approximately two years and two months.

The SWPPP for this project requires only one implementation stage as shown on the
Water Pollution Control Drawings (WPCDs) in Attachment B of the model. The major
Best Management Practice features include:

„ Erosion control by scheduling, preserving the existing vegetation, and using

mulching and/or soil stabilizers, earth dikes, drainage swales and lined ditches,
plastic sheeting and energy dissipaters.

„ Sediment control using silt fencing, sandbags, storm drain inlet protection,
sediment traps, check dams, street sweeping and vacuuming.

„ Sediment tracking control using stabilized construction entrances and sweeping

and vacuuming.

„ Non-storm water pollutant control practices using contaminated soil and concrete
waste management techniques and proper vehicle and equipment cleaning,
fueling and maintenance practices.

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 Section 600.5
Sampling and Analysis Plan for Non-Visible Pollutants

Section 600.5
Sampling and Analysis Plan for Non-
Visible Pollutants
This Sampling and Analysis Plan (SAP) for Non-Visible Pollutants describes the
sampling and analysis strategy and schedule for monitoring non-visible pollutants in
storm water discharges from the project site and offsite activities directly related to
the project in accordance with the requirements of Section B of the General Permit,
including modifications, and applicable requirements of the Department’s Guidance
Manual: Construction Site Storm Water Quality Sampling (December 2003), and the
applicable sections of the Department’s Guidance Manual: Stormwater Monitoring
Protocols (Second Edition, July 2000).

600.5.1 Scope of Monitoring Activities

The following construction materials, wastes or activities, as identified in Section
500.3.1, are potential sources of non-visible pollutants to storm water discharges from
the project. Storage, use, and operational locations are shown on the WPCDs in
Attachment B.

„ Vehicle batteries

„ Cleaning solvents

„ Contaminated soil (from aerially deposited lead)

„ Fertilizers, herbicides, and pesticides

„ Treat wood stockpiles

The following existing site features, as identified in Section 500.3.3, are potential
sources of non-visible pollutants to storm water discharges from the project. Locations
of existing site features contaminated with non-visible pollutants are shown on the
WPCDs in Attachment B.

„ Aerially deposited lead (ADL) has been documented along the center divider for
the entire project. Aerially deposited lead is typically found within the top 0.6
meters of material in unpaved areas along the center divider. Levels of lead found
in this area range from less than 2.5 to 204 mg/kg total lead with an average
concentration of 30.75 mg/kg total lead, as analyzed by EPA Test Method 6010 or
EPA Test Method 7000 series. Locations of aerially deposited lead storage are
shown on the WPCDs, Attachment B.

The following soil amendments have the potential to change the chemical properties,
engineering properties, or erosion resistance of the soil and will be used on the project

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 Section 600.5
Sampling and Analysis Plan for Non-Visible Pollutants

site. Locations of soil amendment application are shown on the WPCDs in

Attachment B.

„ None

The project has the potential to receive storm water run-on with the potential to
contribute non-visible pollutants to storm water discharges from the project.
Locations of such run-on to the Department’s right-of-way are shown on the WPCDs
in Attachment B.

„ None

600.5.2 Monitoring Strategy

Sampling Schedule
Samples for the applicable non-visible pollutant(s) and a sufficiently large
uncontaminated background sample shall be collected during the first two hours of
discharge from rain events that result in a sufficient discharge for sample collection.
Samples shall be collected during daylight hours (sunrise to sunset) and shall be
collected regardless of the time of year, status of the construction site, or day of the
week.

In conformance with the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency definition, a

minimum of 72 hours of dry weather will be used to distinguish between separate
rain events. If discharges begin at least two hours prior to sunrise and continue past
daylight, no sampling will be performed.

Collection of discharge samples for non-visible pollutant monitoring will be triggered

when any of the following conditions are observed during the required inspections
conducted before or during rain events:

„ Materials or wastes containing potential non-visible pollutants are not stored

under watertight conditions. Watertight conditions are defined as (1) storage in a
watertight container, (2) storage under a watertight roof or within a building, or
(3) protected by temporary cover and containment that prevents storm water
contact and runoff from the storage area.

„ Materials or wastes containing potential non-visible pollutants are stored under

watertight conditions, but (1) a breach, malfunction, leakage, or spill is observed,
(2) the leak or spill is not cleaned up prior to the rain event, and (3) there is the
potential for discharge of non-visible pollutants to surface waters or a storm sewer
system.

„ An operational activity, including but not limited to those in Section 600.5.1, with
the potential to contribute non-visible pollutants (1) was occurring during or
within 24 hours prior to the rain event, (2) applicable BMPs were observed to be

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 Section 600.5
Sampling and Analysis Plan for Non-Visible Pollutants

breached, malfunctioning, or improperly implemented, and (3) there is the

potential for discharge of non-visible pollutants to surface waters or a storm sewer
system.

„ Soil amendments that have the potential to change the chemical properties,
engineering properties, or erosion resistance of the soil have been applied, and
there is the potential for discharge of non-visible pollutants to surface waters or a
storm sewer system.

„ Storm water runoff from an area contaminated by historical usage of the site has
been observed to combine with storm water runoff from the site, and there is the
potential for discharge of non-visible pollutants to surface waters or a storm sewer
system.

Sampling Locations
Sampling locations are based on proximity to planned non-visible pollutant storage,
occurrence or use; accessibility for sampling, personal safety; and other factors in
accordance with the applicable requirements in the Department’s Guidance Manual:
Construction Site Storm Water Quality Sampling and Guidance Manual: Storm Water
Monitoring Protocols. Planned sampling locations are shown on the WPCDs and
include the following:

„ Three sampling locations (designated numbers S-1, S-2 and S-3) on the project site
at the Contractor’s yard have been identified for the collection of samples of
runoff from planned material and waste storage areas and from areas where non­
visible pollutant producing operations are planned. Sample location number S-1 is
located in the Contractor’s yard at the southeast corner of Taft Avenue and Route
AA. Sample location number S-2 is located downstream of the Contractor’s yard
at the northeast corner of Meats and Route AA. Sample location number S-3 is
located at the downstream end of the Contractor’s yard along northbound AA
between Taft and Meats.

„ The four stations will be monitored for the following construction materials,
wastes or activities, if the conditions listed under the “Sampling Schedule” section
above occur:

„ Vehicle batteries: Stations S1, S2, S3, S4

„ Cleaning solvents: Stations S1, S2, S3, S4

„ Contaminated soil (from aerially deposited lead) : Stations S1, S2, S3, S4

„ Fertilizers, herbicides, and pesticides: Stations S1, S2, S3, S4

„ Treat wood stockpiles: Stations S1, S4

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 Section 600.5
Sampling and Analysis Plan for Non-Visible Pollutants

„ No sampling locations are required for the collection of samples of runoff that
drain areas where soil amendments that have the potential to change the chemical
properties, engineering properties, or erosion resistance of the soil will be applied.

„ No sampling locations are required for the collection of samples of runoff that
drain areas contaminated by historical usage of the site.

„ No sampling locations are required for the collection of samples of run-on to the
Department’s right–of-way with the potential to combine with discharges being
sampled for non-visible pollutants. These samples are intended to identify sources
of potential non-visible pollutants that originate off the project site.

„ A location (designated number S-4) has been identified for the collection of an
uncontaminated sample of runoff as a background sample for comparison with
the samples being analyzed for non-visible pollutants. This location was selected
such that the sample will not have come in contact with (1) operational or storage
areas associated with the materials, wastes, and activities identified in Section
500.3.1; (2) potential non-visible pollutants due to historical use of the site as
identified in Section 500.3.3; (3) areas in which soil amendments that have the
potential to change the chemical properties, engineering properties, or erosion
resistance of the soil have been applied; or (4) disturbed soil areas. Sample
location S-4 is located in the northern portion of Route AA at station 262+00 where
water flows onto the site.

If an operational activity or storm water inspection conducted 24 hours prior to or

during a rain event identifies the presence of a material storage, waste storage, or
operations area with spills or the potential for the discharge of non-visible pollutants
to surface waters or a storm sewer system that was an unplanned location and has not
been identified on the WPCDs, sampling locations will be selected using the same
rationale as that used to identify planned locations.

600.5.3 Monitoring Preparation

This section covers topics of training, and preparation and logistics. The information
presented in this section was adapted from the Department’s Guidance Manual:
Construction Site Storm Water Quality Sampling (December 2003), Section 3.3.

Training
All sampling crewmembers and alternates will receive training on the monitoring
techniques and protocols specified in the SAP so water samples are collected in a
manner that meets the goals of the plan, while protecting the health and safety of the
sampling crewmembers. Field monitoring training will include the following basic
elements:

„ Review Sampling and Analysis Plan

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 Section 600.5
Sampling and Analysis Plan for Non-Visible Pollutants

„ Review Health and Safety

„ Training/Sampling Simulation (Dry Run)

Review SAP and Health & Safety. All the Contractor’s sampling crewmembers and
alternates will read the entire SAP developed for the construction site to obtain the
background information required for an overall understanding of the project.

The Contractor’s crewmembers will be made aware of potential hazards associated

with sampling. These hazards can include slippery conditions, cold or hot
temperatures, open water that may be fast moving and or deep, construction site
traffic, and contaminated water. Crewmembers need to become familiar with the
methods to be employed to cope with those hazards.

Safety practices for sample collection will be in accordance with the Roadway
Construction, Inc. Health and Safety Plan, dated November 2003. Several general
procedures that must be followed at all times include:

„ All sampling crewmembers must wear hard hats, traffic vests, and steel-toed
boots when working outside the vehicle.

„ Traffic control must be set up before conducting any work in the Department’s
right-of-way where sampling crewmembers will be exposed to traffic. Standard
traffic control measures include parking vehicles to shield crewmembers from
traffic and using hazard lights.

„ Clean nitrile gloves will be worn by all sampling crewmembers when working
with sampler bottles (empty and filled) and during grab sampling.

„ All electronic equipment shall be kept as dry as possible.

„ Cell phones use shall be avoided or minimized while driving.

Sampling Simulation (Dry Run). A training session will be held for all of the
Contractor’s sampling crewmembers and alternates to review the sampling
techniques and protocols specified in this SAP. The Contractor’s training session will
be organized in a chronological fashion, in order to follow the normal train of events
from pre-monitoring preparations through post-monitoring activities. All standard
operating procedures will be covered, along with the site-specific responsibilities of
individual crewmembers.

The training will include a visit to the construction site where a sampling simulation,
or “dry run,” can be conducted under the supervision of the project manager or
sampling crew leader. During the “dry run” sampling crewmembers travel to their
assigned sampling locations and run through the procedures specified in the Sample
Collection section of the SAP, including:

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 Section 600.5
Sampling and Analysis Plan for Non-Visible Pollutants

„ Site access and parking at the site

„ Traffic control measures (if any)

„ Preparing the stations for monitoring

„ Collecting water samples

„ Completing sample labels, field log forms, and COCs

„ Packing samples

„ Delivering or shipping samples to the laboratory

Preparations and Logistics

Sample bottle ordering, bottle labels, field equipment maintenance, monitoring event
selection criteria, weather tracking, and notification procedures are presented in this
section.

Bottle Order. Prior to the first targeted storm and immediately after each monitored
storm event, bottles for the next event must be ordered from the laboratory. Adequate
grab sample bottles will be ordered for each of the monitoring stations, plus bottles
for quality control samples. For each event the following bottles shall be available:

„ 18 40-mL VOA glass for VOCs (solvents)

„ 18 1-liter amber glass for SVOCs, pesticides, and herbicides

„ 6 250-mL high density polyethylene for metals (lead and copper)

„ 6 1-liter high density polyethylene for pH and nutrients

The bottles are to be cleaned by the laboratory according to the methods specified in
Appendix D of the Guidance Manual: Construction Site Storm Water Quality Sampling
(December 2003).

Sample Labels. Grab sample bottles shall be pre-labeled to the extent possible before
each monitoring event. Pre-labeling sample bottles simplify field activities, leaving
only date, time, sample number, and sampling crewmembers names to be filled out in
the field. Basic bottle labels are available pre-printed with space to pre-label by hand
writing or typing. Custom bottle labels may be produced using blank labels, labeling
software, and waterproof ink. The bottle label shall include the following information,
with other items as appropriate:

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 Section 600.5
Sampling and Analysis Plan for Non-Visible Pollutants

Route AA – Non-Visible Pollutant Monitoring Program

Route AA Reconstruction

Date: __________________________________
Time: _________________________________
Station #: ______________________________
Collected by: ___________________________
Sample ID: _____________________________(see below for sample code
development)

Each sample bottle label shall include a sample identification code as shown below.

SSYYMMDDHHmmTT

Where:
SS = station number (S1, S2, S3, S4)
YY = last two digits of the year (01)
MM = month (01-12)
DD = day (01-31)
HH = hour sample collected (00-23)
mm = minute sample collected (00-59)
TT = Type or QA/QC Identifier (if applicable)
G = Grab
FD = field duplicate
EB = equipment blank
TB = trip blank

For a grab sample collected at Station S1 collected at 4:15 PM on December 8, 2003, the
sample number will be:

S10312081615G

Sample labels will be placed on the bottle rather than the cap to identify the sample
for laboratory analysis. Bottles shall be labeled in a dry environment prior to sampling
crew mobilization. Attempting to apply labels to sample bottles after filling may
cause problems, as labels usually do not adhere to wet bottles. Following labeling,
clear scotch tape shall be applied over the label to prevent ink from smearing.

Field Equipment Maintenance. An adequate stock of supplies and equipment for

monitoring sediment/silt will be available on the project site or provided by ABC
Laboratories prior to a sampling event. Monitoring supplies and equipment will be
stored in a cool-temperature environment that will not come into contact with rain or
direct sunlight.

Prior to the first targeted storm and immediately after each of the subsequent
sampling events, sampling crewmembers will inventory the field equipment shown

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 Section 600.5
Sampling and Analysis Plan for Non-Visible Pollutants

in Figure 600-1. Field equipment shall be kept in one location, which is used as a
staging area to simplify sampling crew mobilization.

Figure 600-1. Field Equipment Checklist

First aid kit Sampling and Analysis plan

Log books/log sheets Chain of Custody forms

“Rite-n-Rain” pens Markers – fine point

Paper towels Coolers and ice

Required grab sample bottles Spare bottle labels

Grab pole Intermediate sample container

Weather –resistant camera Powder-free nitrile gloves

Rubber bands / Duct tape Zip-lock baggies

Cellular phone Hardhats/orange safety vests

Personal rain gear Life ring with rope

pH field meter (calibrated) Sand bags

Weather Tracking. The Resident Engineer or Department inspector and the Water
Pollution Control Manager (WPCM) or other assigned Contractor staff member will
track weather conditions and potential storms. Weather will be tracked using a
number of sources including local newspapers and TV news programs, the Weather
Channel, the National Weather Service (NWS) at www.nws.noaa.gov, and other
Internet sites for radar imagery and hourly weather observations from a network of
surface weather monitoring stations throughout California.

Communications. A communication plan has been developed to clearly define lines

of communication and notification responsibilities. The plan is shown in Figure 600-2.
It will be used for sampling station and preparation activities, crewmember
notification of forecasted events, communications during sampling, and coordinating
site and BMP evaluations following an event. Emergency telephone numbers are
listed, including numbers of hospitals nearest the construction site.

WPCM will begin to contact Sampling Coordinator and ABC Laboratories 48 hours
prior to a predicted rain event to ensure that adequate number of sampling
crewmembers, supplies and field equipment for monitoring sediment/silt are

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Sampling and Analysis Plan for Non-Visible Pollutants

available and will be mobilized to collect samples on the project site in accordance
with the sampling schedule.

When first alerted, sampling crewmembers shall consult their sampling plan and
check field equipment and supplies to ensure they are ready to conduct any sampling.
The pH meter shall be calibrated using standard buffer solutions. Before arriving at
the site, the sampling crew will need to obtain ice (for sample preservation). Ice for
grab samples shall be kept in ice chests where full grab sample bottles will be placed.
Keeping ice in zip-lock bags facilitates clean easy ice handling. Refreezable ice packets
are generally not recommended because they are susceptible to leakage. If a discharge
is observed, the sampling crewmembers will be ready to perform the required tasks
within the first two hours of the discharge.

Personal Safety. Before samples are collected, crewmembers must ensure the safety of
such activities at each sampling location. Personal safety shall be considered when
selecting monitoring stations. Adherence to the following recommendations will
minimize risks to sampling crewmembers:

„ Two-person sampling crews shall be available for all fieldwork to be conducted

under adverse weather conditions, or whenever there are risks to personal safety.

„ Crewmembers must be trained regarding appropriate on-site construction traffic

control measures.

Figure 600-2. Communication Plan

Department Personnel Contractor Site Superintendent

Resident Engineer Name Office #
SWPPP Inspector Cell #
District Construction Storm Water WPCM
Coordinator
Name Office #
Cell #

ABC Laboratories Sampling Coordinator Sampling Crew

Contact name Office # Name Office # Contact name Home #
Fax # Home # Cell #
Home # Cell # Contact name Home #
Cell # Cell #
Alt. name Home #
Courier Service: Cell #
FEDX (800) 463-3339 Alt. name Home #
Cell #

Emergency: 911 Weather Forecasters

Hospital
Police
Fire
Paramedics

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600.5.4 Analytical Constituents

Identification of Non-Visible Pollutants
Table 600-1 lists the specific sources and types of potential non-visible pollutants on
the project site, the applicable water quality indicator constituent(s) for each pollutant,
and the sampling station selected to monitoring the source.

Table 600-1

Potential Non-Visible Pollutants and Water Quality Indicator Constituents

Water Quality
Pollutant Source Pollutant Station ID
Indicator Constituent
Vehicle Batteries Lead, Sulfate, or pH Lead, pH S1, S2, S3, S4
Contaminated Soil Aerially Deposited Lead Lead S1, S2, S3, S4
Landscaping Product Fertilizers-Inorganic Nitrate, Phosphate S1, S2, S3, S4
Landscaping Product Herbicides-Roundup Glyphosphate S1, S2, S3, S4
Landscaping Product Pesticides-OrtheneAcephate Organophosphates S1, S2, S3, S4
Cleaning Products Solvents Organic compounds S1, S2, S3, S4
Treated wood Cu Naphthenate Copper S1, S4

600.5.5 Sample Collection and Handling

Sample Collection Procedures
Samples of discharge will be collected at the designated sampling locations shown on
the WPCDs for observed breaches, malfunctions, leakages, spills, operational areas,
fertilizer application areas, and stockpiles that triggered the sampling event.

Grab samples will be collected and preserved in accordance with the methods
identified in Table 600-2, “Sample Collection, Preservation and Analysis for
Monitoring Non-Visible Pollutants” provided in Section 600.5.6. Only crewmembers
trained in proper water quality sampling will collect samples. Figure 600-3 presents a
field form to document all activities, samples, and observations.

Sampling Equipment and Bottles. It is important to use the appropriate sample

bottles and equipment for each parameter to be measured (Refer to Table 600-1).
Improper bottles and equipment can introduce contaminants and cause other errors,
which can invalidate the data.

Immediately prior to the filling of grab sample bottles, the bottle labels shall be
checked, and site- and event-specific information added using a waterproof pen.
Attempting to label grab sample bottles after sample collection may be difficult
because of wet labels.

Clean Sampling Techniques. All storm water quality sampling performed at

Department construction sites shall employ “clean” sampling techniques to minimize
potential sources of sample contamination. Care must be taken during all sampling

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operations to minimize exposure of the samples to human, atmospheric, and other

potential sources of contamination. To reduce potential contamination, sampling
crewmembers must adhere to the following rules while collecting storm water
samples:

„ Always used laboratory cleaned sample bottles and intermediate containers

„ No smoking

„ Never sample near a running vehicle. Do not park vehicles in immediate sample
collection area (even non-running vehicles)

„ Always wear clean, powder-free nitrile gloves when handling bottles, containers
and lids

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 Section 600.5
Sampling and Analysis Plan for Non-Visible Pollutants

Figure 600-3. Sampling Activity Log

RAIN EVENT GENERAL INFORMATION

Project Name
Dept. Contract No.
Contractor
Sampler’s Name
Signature
Date of Sampling
Season
ˆ Rainy ˆ Non-Rainy
(Check Applicable)
Storm Start Date & Time: Storm Duration (hrs):
Storm Data Time elapsed since last storm Approximate Rainfall
(Circle Applicable Units) Min. Hr. Days Amount (mm)
For rainfall information: http://cdec.water.ca.gov/weather.html or http://www.wrh.noaa.gov/wrhq/nwspage.html

SAMPLE LOG
Sample Collection
Sample Identification Sample Location
Date and Time

Specific sample locations descriptions may include: 30m upstream from discharge at eastern boundary, runoff from northern waste
storage area, downgradient of inlet 57 at kilometer post 36, etc.

FIELD ANALYSIS
Yes No
Sample Identification Test Result

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Sampling and Analysis Plan for Non-Visible Pollutants

„ Never touch the inside surface of a sample bottle or lid, even with gloved hands

„ Never allow the inner surface of a sample bottle or lid to be contacted by any
material other than the sample water

„ Never allow any object or material to fall into or contact the collected sample
water

„ Avoid allowing rainwater to drip from rain gear or other surfaces into sample
bottles

„ Do not eat or drink during sample collection

„ Do not breathe, sneeze or cough in the direction of an open sample bottle

„ Not leave the cooler lid open for an extended period of time once samples are
placed inside

Grab Sample Collection. Samples will be collected by placing a separate lab­

provided sample container directly into a stream of water downgradient and within
close proximity to the potential non-visible pollutant discharge location. This separate
lab-provided intermediate sample will be used to collect water, which will be
transferred to sample bottles for laboratory analysis. The upgradient and
uncontaminated background samples shall be collected first prior to collecting the
downgradient to minimize cross-contamination. The sampling crewmembers will
collect the water upgradient of where they are standing.

Intermediate containers will collect one large sample to be distributed to several

smaller sample bottles to help reduce the sampling time. When flows are too shallow
to completely submerge a container, intermediate containers can be used to collect
multiple samples to fill a single sample bottle. Intermediate containers are helpful
when a sampling pole is employed because a single container can be attached to the
pole and then used to collect multiple samples.

When transferring the sample from the intermediate container to the bottle, keep the
sediment in suspension by stirring or swirling the container. Otherwise a portion of
the sediment may settle out in the intermediate container and not be included in the
sample that will be analyzed.

Samples bottles shall be filled to the top. If possible, grab samples shall be collected by
completely submerging the bottle or container below the surface of the water to avoid
collecting any material floating on the surface. When submerging the bottle, avoid
hitting the bottom of the water body. For flow depths less than the diameter of the
bottle, filling the bottle will not be possible unless an intermediate container is used.

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 Section 600.5
Sampling and Analysis Plan for Non-Visible Pollutants

Each bottle shall be rinsed out at least once with a small amount of the source water
before taking the actual sample. This same procedure shall be followed when using an
intermediate container to fill a bottle. Both the container and bottle shall be rinsed.

The bottle shall be opened at the last possible moment and the lid screwed back on
immediately after the sample is collected. The lid shall be handled carefully during
this time to avoid contaminating the inner lining. Hold the lid around the rim and
face it down. If possible open and close the bottle under water when collecting a
sample.

The pH reading can be taken from a sample collected in the intermediate container.
The reading shall be recorded on the standard field form.

VOC samples need to be collected using VOA bottles. For the VOA bottles, no air
bubbles should be present in the sample. Each bottle shall be filled so the sample
bulges above the rim. Filling the cap with additional sample can complete the filling.
After screwing on the cap, turn the bottle over and check for bubbles. If bubbles are
present add more sample by using the cap as the intermediate container.

Sampling locations may vary when sampling BMP failures. Sampling crews should be
prepared to modify sampling locations or points in order to maximize the
representativeness of the samples. Detailed field notes and or photographs shall be
used to document the conditions and reasons for selecting a specific location to collect
a sample.

To collect samples, the flows will need to be at least 1 centimeter or 0.5 inches. Flows
in the defined drainage channels may reach this depth. If not, several sand bags can
be used to either constrict the flows or create a temporary pond. Be careful the flow is
not concentrated to the point the channel starts to erode and increases the amount of
sediment in the flow.

The samples bottles for VOCs and metals (lead and copper) may contain a small
amount of acid preservative. Each bottle will be clearly marked if the preservative is
present. The preservatives are not necessary and may not always be included. If the
preservative is present, do not overfill the bottles. Otherwise some of the preservative
will be lost. Use an intermediate container or in the case of the VOCs, the bottle’s cap
to complete the filling.

One (1) sample or measurement (pH) shall be collected at each station during the
first two hours of discharge.

Sample Handling Procedures

Sample Preservation. All samples are kept on ice or refrigerated to 4 degrees Celsius
from the time of sample collection until delivery to the analytical laboratory. The grab
samples are placed in an ice chest with ice immediately following collection. In

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Sampling and Analysis Plan for Non-Visible Pollutants

addition to keeping the samples cool it is also important to minimize the exposure of
the samples to direct sunlight, as sunlight may cause biochemical transformation of
the sample, resulting in unreliable analytical results. Therefore, all samples are
covered or placed in an ice chest with a closed lid immediately following collection.
No other preservatives are required.

Sample Delivery/Chain of Custody. All samples must be kept on ice, or refrigerated,

from the time of onset of sample collection to the time of receipt by laboratory
personnel. If samples are being shipped to the laboratory, place sample bottles inside
coolers with ice, ensure that the sample bottles are well packaged, and secure cooler
lids with packaging tape. It is imperative that all samples be delivered to the
analytical laboratory and analysis begun within the maximum holding times specified
by laboratory analytical (refer to Table 600-2). Although all the analyses have
relatively long holding times, the samples must be transferred to the analytical
laboratory as soon as possible after sampling or within 24 hours. The sampling crew
must in such cases coordinate activities with ABC Laboratories (refer to Figure 600-2)
to ensure that holding times can be met.

Chain-of-custody (COC) forms are to be filled out by the sampling crew for all
samples submitted to ABC Laboratories. Only the sample collectors will sign the COC
form over to the lab. COC procedures will be strictly adhered to for QA/QC
purposes. Sample date, sample location, and analysis requested are noted on each
COC, including specification of lab quality control requirements (e.g., laboratory
duplicate samples and matrix spike/matrix spike duplicate (MS/MSD) samples).

Copies of COC forms are kept with field notes in a field logbook. A sample COC is
shown in Figure 600-4.

Sample Documentation Procedures. All original data documented on Chain of

Custody forms, Sampling Activity Logs, and Inspection Checklists will be recorded
using waterproof ink. These will be considered accountable documents. If an error is
made on an accountable document, the individual will make corrections by lining
through the error and entering the correct information. The erroneous information
will not be obliterated. All corrections will be initialed and dated.

Sampling and field analysis activities will be documented on the following standard
forms:

„ Sampling Activity Field Form: Template shown in Figure 600-3. Information on

the form includes sampling date, separate times for sample collection at the
various sites, and QA/QC samples recorded to the nearest minute, unique sample
identification number and location, names of sampling crewmembers, weather
conditions (including precipitation amount), other pertinent data.

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 Section 600.5
Sampling and Analysis Plan for Non-Visible Pollutants

„ Chain of Custody (COC) forms: Template shown in Figure 600-4. All samples to
be analyzed by a laboratory will be accompanied by a COC form provided by the
laboratory.

„ Storm Water Quality Construction Inspection Checklists: When applicable, the

Contractor’s storm water inspector will document on the checklist that samples
for sedimentation/siltation and/or turbidity were taken during a rain event.

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 Section 600.5
Sampling and Analysis Plan for Non-Visible Pollutants

Figure 600-4. Example of a Completed COC Form

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 Section 600.5
Sampling and Analysis Plan for Non-Visible Pollutants

600.5.6 Sample Analysis

Samples will be analyzed for the applicable constituents using the analytical methods
identified in Table 600-2, “Sample Collection, Preservation and Analysis for
Monitoring Non-Visible Pollutants” table in this section.

For samples collected for field analysis, collection, analysis and equipment calibration
will be in accordance with the field instrument manufacturer’s specifications.

The following field instrument(s) will be used to analyze the following constituents:

Field Instrument Constituent

Waterproof pH tester (Oakton pHTestr 2) pH

„ The instrument will be maintained in accordance with manufacturer’s

instructions.

„ The instrument will be calibrated before each sampling and analysis event.

„ Maintenance and calibration records will be maintained with the SWPPP.

600.5.7 Quality Assurance/Quality Control

Given the suite of parameters, the QA/QC program will require the collection of
equipment blanks (sampling bottles and intermediate containers), field blanks, trip
blanks, field duplicates, and MS/MSD samples. Each type of QA/QC sample sis
describe below. The collection schedule is laid out in Table 600-3.

Equipment blanks will be collected and analyzed for lead, nitrates, pesticides, and
herbicides. Before using the sampling bottles and intermediate containers, a
representative sample (2%) shall be tested to verify that the equipment is not a source
of sample contamination. The sampling container blank is prepared by filling a clean
container or bottle with blank water. The water is then analyzed for the selected
parameters.

Collection of sample container blanks may not be required if certified pre-cleaned

bottles are used. The manufacturer can provide certification forms that document the
concentration to which the bottles are “contaminant-free”; these concentrations shall
be equivalent to or less than the program reporting limits. If the certification level is
above the program reporting limits, 2% of the bottles in a “lot” or “batch” shall be
blanked at the program detection limits with a minimum frequency of one bottle per
batch.

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 Section 600.5
Sampling and Analysis Plan for Non-Visible Pollutants

Table 600-2
Sample Collection, Preservation and Analysis for Monitoring Non-Visible Pollutants

Minimum Maximum
Reporting
Constituent Analytical Method Sample Sample Bottle Sample Preservation Holding
Limit
Volume Time
VOCs-Solvents EPA 601/602 3 x 40 mL VOA-glass Store at 4° C, HCl to pH<2 1 µg/L 14 days
SVOCs EPA 625 1x1L Glass-amber Store at 4° C 10 µg/L 7 days
Pesticides EPA 8081A 1x1L Glass-amber Store at 4° C 0.1µg/L 7 days
Herbicides EPA 8151A 1x1L Glass-amber Store at 4° C Check Lab 7 days
Nitrate EPA 300.0 100 mL Polypropylene Store at 4° C 0.1 mg/L 48 hours
Phosphate EPA 300.0 100 mL Polypropylene Store at 4° C 0.1 mg/L 48 hours
pH EPA 150.1 1 x 100 mL Polypropylene None unitless Immediate
Metals (Pb, Cu) EPA 200.8 1 x 250 mL Polypropylene Store at 4° C, HNO3 to pH<2 0.1 mg/L 6 months
Source: Adapted from Attachment S of the SWPPP/WPCP Preparation Manual (March 2003) and Department's Guidance Manual: Stormwater Monitoring Protocols (Caltrans July
2000)Department's Guidance Manual: Stormwater Monitoring Protocols (Caltrans July 2000)Adapted from Table 600-1 of the SSWPPP/WPCP Preparation Manual (Mar 2003)

Notes: °C – Degrees Celsius µg/L – Micrograms per Liter

mL – Milliliter SVOC – Semi-Volatile Organic Compound
EPA – Environmental Protection Agency HCl – Hydrochloric acid
HNO3 – Nitric acid VOA – Volatile Organic Analysis
L – Liter VOC – Volatile Organic Compound
mg/L – Milligrams per Liter

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 Section 600.5
Sampling and Analysis Plan for Non-Visible Pollutants

Table 600-3

QC Schedule

Pre-
Station Season Event #1 Event #2 Event #3 Event #4 Event #4
Equipment Field
S-1 MS/MSD
blank Duplicate
S-2 Trip Blank MS/MSD
Field
S-3 Field Blank
Duplicate
S-4 MS/MSD

Field Blanks will be collected for lead, nitrates, pesticides, and herbicides. Field blanks
are necessary to evaluate whether contamination is introduced during field sampling
activities. The sampling crew, under normal sample collection conditions, prepares
the field blanks at some time during the collection of normal samples. Grab sample
field blanks shall be prepared by pouring a sample directly from the bottle of blank
water, into the grab sample containers. Grab sample blanking should imitate
environmental sampling as closely as possible by using clean intermediate containers,
and other clean equipment in the same manner. The filled blank sample bottles shall
be sealed and sent to the laboratory to be analyzed for the required constituents.

Field blanks will be collected at a frequency no less than once per sampling crew per
sampling season. Additional blanks shall be collected when there is a change in
sampling crewmembers, equipment, or procedures. It may also be desirable to
prepare field blanks prior to any actual sampling events as an advance check of the
overall sampling procedures.

Trip blanks will be collected for volatile organic compounds (VOCs). Trip blanks are
used to determine whether sample contamination is introduced during sample
transportation and delivery. Trip blanks are prepared at the analytical laboratory, by
filling the sample bottle with blank water and securing the bottle lid. Trip blanks are
transported to and from the sampling station with normal sample bottles. Trip blanks
are analyzed like normal samples. Trip blanks will be collected at a frequency no less
than once per sampling crew per sampling season.

Field duplicate samples shall be collected for every ten samples collected. The
duplicate sample will be collected, handled, and analyzed using the same protocols as
primary samples, and will be collected where contaminants are likely, and not on the
upstream sample. Duplicate samples will not influence any evaluations or
conclusions; however, they will be used as a check on laboratory quality assurance.
Field duplicate samples should be submitted to the laboratory "blind" (i.e. not
identified as a QC sample, but labeled with a different station identification than the
regular sample).

For grab samples, duplicate samples are collected by simultaneously filling two grab
sample bottles at the same location. If intermediate containers are used, first pour an

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 Section 600.5
Sampling and Analysis Plan for Non-Visible Pollutants

incremental amount into one sample bottle and then pour a similar amount into the
second. Continue going back and forth until both bottles are full.

MS and MSD analyses will be performed for lead, nutrients, and organics. MS/MSD
analyses are used to assess the accuracy (MS) and precision (MSD) of the analytical
methods in the sample matrix. When collecting samples to be specified for MS/MSD
analysis, typically triple the normal sample volume is required. This will require
filling a larger size sample bottle, or filling three normal size sample bottles, labeling
one with the station name and the other two with the station name plus “MS/MSD”.
MS/MSD samples can be collected from one station during each event or one in every
ten samples.

600.5.8 Data Management and Reporting

A copy of all water quality analytical results and QA/QC data will be submitted to
the Resident Engineer within 5 days of sampling (for pH field analyses) and within 30
days (for laboratory analyses).

Electronic results will be submitted on diskette in Microsoft Excel (.xls) format, and
will include, at a minimum, the following information from the lab: Sample ID
Number, Contract Number, Constituent, Reported Value, Lab Name, Method
Reference, Method Number, Method Detection Limit, and Reported Detection Limit.
Electronic data shall be reported in a format consistent with Department’s 2003-2004
Water Quality Data-Reporting Protocols (November 2003).

Lab reports and COCs will be reviewed for consistency between lab methods, sample
identifications, dates, and times for both primary samples and QA/QC samples. All
data will be screened and validated using procedures outlined in Section 2.3.6 of the
Guidance Manual: Construction Site Storm Water Quality Sampling (December 2003).

All data, including COC forms and Sampling Activity Logs, shall be kept with the
SWPPP document. Electronic results will be e-mailed to John Smith of RCI at
John.Smith@dot.ca.gov after final sample results are received after each sampling
event for inclusion into a statewide database.

600.5.9 Data Evaluation

An evaluation of the water quality sample analytical results, including figures with
sample locations, will be submitted to the Resident Engineer with the water quality
analytical results and the QA/QC data.

To identify potential impacts of non-visible pollutant on receiving water bodies, the

percent difference between the control data and test data are calculated for the
constituents of concern. The percent difference is calculated using the following
formula:

(Control result – Test result) / Control result * 100

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 Section 600.5
Sampling and Analysis Plan for Non-Visible Pollutants

If any of the results are reported as non-detects (ND), a value of one-half the reporting
limit (RL) shall be used. For each station, all the individual field measurements shall
be averaged together and the average value used in the equation.

A difference between the control and test concentrations greater than plus/minus
twenty-five percent (±25%) indicates an impact from a non-visible pollutant.

Should the runoff from any of the test stations (S-1, S-2, S-3) demonstrate a change in
the water quality relative to the background sample (S-4), the BMPs, site conditions,
and surrounding influences will be assessed to determine the probable cause for the
increase. As determined by the site and data evaluation, appropriate BMPs will be
repaired or modified to mitigate discharges of non-visual pollutant concentrations.
Any revisions to the BMPs will be recorded as an amendment to the SWPPP. Sections
3.4.2-4 of the Guidance Manual: Construction Site Storm Water Quality Sampling
(December 2003) review procedures for assessing the need for corrective measures,
implementing corrective measures, and reporting non-compliance.

600.5.10 Change of Conditions

Whenever SWPPP monitoring, pursuant to Section B of the General Permit, indicates
a change in site conditions that might affect the appropriateness of sampling locations
or introduce additional non-visible pollutants of concern, testing protocols will be
revised accordingly. All such revisions will be recorded as amendments to the
SWPPP.

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 Section 600.5
Sampling and Analysis Plan for Non-Visible Pollutants

Attachment B – Water Pollution Control Drawings

 STORM WATER POLLUTION

PREVENTION PLAN

VICINITY MAP

FOR

ROUTE AA

BIGTREE COUNTY, CALIFORNIA

~
LEGEND

t
CONSTRUCTION SITE LINE

§,
w * DISCHARGE POINT

~------------------------------------------------------------~
Section 5
Further Assistance
California Department of Transportation
Environmental Program
http://www.dot.ca.gov/hq/env/index.htm
Storm Water Management Program
http://www.dot.ca.gov/hq/env/stormwater/
Department NPDES Permit
http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/stormwtr/docs/factsheet.doc
Guidance Manual: Stormwater Monitoring Protocols
http://www.dot.ca.gov/hq/env/stormwater/special/index.htm
Storm Water Quality Handbooks
http://www.dot.ca.gov/hq/construc/

Regional Water Quality Control Boards

Regional Water Contact Name
Quality Control Address Telephone/Fax
Board E-mail

NORTH COAST 5550 Skylane Blvd., Suite A John Short (707) 576-2065
REGION Santa Rosa, CA 95403 shorj@rb1.swrcb.ca.gov FAX: (707) 523-0135
SAN FRANCISCO 1515 Clay St., Suite 1400 Hossain Kazemi (510) 622-2369
BAY REGION Oakland, CA 94612 mhk@rb2.swrcb.ca.gov FAX: (510) 622-2460
81 Higuera St., Suite 200
CENTRAL COAST Jennifer Bitting (805) 549-3334
REGION San Luis Obispo, CA
jbitting@rb3.swrcb.ca.gov FAX: (805) 543-0397
93401-5427
Yi Lu (Inland Los Angeles) (213) 576-6728
ylu@rb4.swrcb.ca.gov FAX: (213) 576-6686
Ejigu Soloman (Ventura
LOS ANGELES 320 W. 4th St., Suite 200 213) 576-6727
County)
REGION Los Angeles, CA 90013 FAX: (213) 576-6686
esoloman@rb4.swrcb.ca.gov
Xavier Swamikannu (Coastal) (213) 576-6654
xswami@rb4.swrcb.ca.gov FAX (213) 576-6686

CENTRAL
3443 Routier Rd., Suite A
VALLEY REGION Sue McConnell (916) 255-3098
Sacramento, CA 95827-
Sacramento mcconns@rb5s.swrcb.ca.gov FAX: (916) 255-3015
3098
Office

CENTRAL
VALLEY REGION 3614 East Ashlan Ave. Jarma Bennett (559) 445-6046
Fresno Branch Fresno, CA 93726 bennettj@rb5f.swrcb.ca.gov FAX: (559) 445-5910
Office

5-1
 Section 5
Further Assistance

Regional Water Contact Name

Quality Control Address Telephone/Fax
Board E-mail

CENTRAL
VALLEY REGION 415 Knollcrest Dr. Carole Crowe (530) 224-4849
Redding Branch Redding, CA 96002 crowec@rb5r.swrcb.ca.gov FAX: (530) 224-4857
Office
LAHONTAN
2501 Lake Tahoe Blvd.
REGION Mary Fiore-Wagner (530) 542-5245
South Lake Tahoe, CA
South Lake Tahoe fiorm@rb6s.swrcb.ca.gov FAX: (530) 544-2271
96150
Office
LAHONTAN
15428 Civic Dr., Suite 100 Eugene Rondash (760) 241-2434
REGION
Victorville, CA 92392 erondash@rb6v.swrcb.ca.gov FAX: (760) 241-7308
Victorville Office
Abdi Haile (760) 776-8939
COLORADO 73-720 Fred Waring Dr.,
haila@rb7.swrcb.ca.gov FAX: (760) 341-6820
RIVER BASIN Suite 100
REGION Palm Desert, CA 92260 Rosalyn Fleming (760) 776-8939
flemr@rb7.swrcb.ca.gov FAX: (760) 341-6820
Michael Roth (Riverside (909) 320-2027
County)
mroth@rb8.swrcb.ca.gov FAX: (909) 781-6288

SANTA ANA 3737 Main St., Suite 500 Aaron Buck (Orange County) (909) 782-4469
REGION Riverside, CA 92501-3339 abuck@rb8.swrcb.ca.gov FAX: (909) 781-6288
Muhammad Bashir (San
(909) 320-6396
Bernardino County)
FAX: (909) 781-6288
mbashir@rb8.swrcb.ca.gov
9771 Clairemont Mesa
SAN DIEGO Jane Ledford (858) 467-3272
Blvd., Suite A
REGION ledfj@rb9.swrcb.ca.gov FAX: (858) 571-6972
San Diego, CA 92124

State Water Resources Control Board

Division of Water Quality
Storm Water Permit Section
P.O. Box 1977
Sacramento, CA 95812-1977
Construction Inquiry Line: (916) 341-5537
Web Site: http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/
E-mail: stormwater@swrcb.ca.gov

General Construction Permit

http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/stormwtr/construction.html

303(d) Listing of Impaired Water Bodies (including a database linked to GIS maps)
http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/tmdl/303d_lists.html

5-2
 Section 5
Further Assistance

How to Obtain a List of State Certified Laboratories

http://www.dhs.ca.gov/ps/ls/elap/html/lablist_county.htm

Other Useful Web Sites

California Stormwater Quality Task Force
http://www.stormwatertaskforce.org/

5-3
Section 6

Glossary

Al Aluminum
As Arsenic
ASTM American Society for Testing and Materials
Ba Barium
Be Beryllium
BMP Best Management Practice
BOD Biochemical Oxygen Demand
Ca Calcium
CaCO3 Calcium Carbonate
Caltrans California Department of Transportation
Cd Cadmium
COC Chain of Custody
COD Chemical Oxygen Demand
CLP Contract Laboratory Program
Co Cobalt
Cr Chromium
Cu Copper
°C Degrees Celsius
°F Degrees Fahrenheit
Department California Department of Transportation
DHS Department of Health Services
DOC Dissolved Organic Carbon
EB Equipment blank
EC Electrical conductivity, same as specific conductance
EDD Electronic data delivery
EPA U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Fe Iron
FB Field Blank

6-1

 Section 6

Glossary

FD Field Duplicate

G A single sample collected to represent instantaneous

conditions.
HCl Hydrogen Chloride
HDPE, PE High-density polyethylene
Hg Mercury
HNO3 Nitric Acid
HRD Hardness
H2SO4 Hydrogen Sulfide
L Liter
LCS Laboratory control sample. A clean matrix spiked with
known concentrations of target analytes that is used to
evaluate laboratory accuracy, independent of matrix
effects.
m meter
MB Method blank. Reagent water (Type II) that is taken
through the entire analytical procedure and used to
evaluate contamination from laboratory procedures or
conditions.
µg/L Microgram per Liter
µmhos/cm Micromhos per centimeter
Mg Magnesium
mg/L Milligram per Liter
mL Milliliter
mL/L/hr Milliliters per liter per hour
Mn Manganese
Mo Molybdenum
MPN Most probable number
MS/MSD Matrix spike/matrix spike duplicate. An environmental
sample spiked with known concentrations of target
analytes that is used to evaluate the accuracy and
precision of the laboratory extraction and analysis
procedures.
NA Not available

6-2
 Section 6

Glossary

Na Sodium
ND Non detect
Ni Nickel
NO3, NO3-N Nitrate
NO2 Nitrite
NTU Nephelometric Turbidity Unit
NWS National Weather Service
P Phosphorous
Pb Lead
PCB Polychlorinated Biphenyl
QA/QC Quality Assurance/Quality Control
RPD Relative Percent Difference
RE Resident Engineer
RL Reporting limits. Minimum value that can be reported
with confidence for any given parameter as established
by a specific laboratory.
RWQCB Regional Water Quality Control Board
SAP Sampling and Analysis Plan
SC Specific Conductance
Se Selenium
SS Settable solids
SSC Suspended Sediment Concentration
Std Method, SM Per the Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and
Wastewater, 20th Edition, American Water Works
Association
SSP Standard Special Provisions
SVOC Semi-Volatile Organic Compound
SWMP Storm Water Management Plan
SWPPP Storm Water Pollution Prevention Plan
SWRCB State Water Resources Control Board
TB Trip Blank
TDS Total Dissolved Solids

6-3
 Section 6

Glossary

Th Thorium
TKN Total Kjeldahl Nitrogen
TOC Total Organic Carbon
TSS Total Suspended Solids
Va Vanadium
VOC Volatile organic compound
WPCD Water Pollution Control Drawing
WPCM Water Pollution Control Manager
Zn Zinc

6-4
Section 7
References

Caltrans, 2000. Guidance Manual: Stormwater Monitoring Protocol, Second Edition,

California Department of Transportation revised July 2000.

Caltrans, 2003. Caltrans Storm Water Monitoring & Research Program 2003-2004
Water Quality Data-Reporting Protocols (CTSW-RT-03-095.51.42). Available from the
Department’s Storm Water Monitoring Program. November 2003.

Caltrans, 2003. Caltrans Storm Water Quality Handbooks SWPPP/WPCP Preparation

Manual. March 1, 2003.

California Stormwater Quality Task Force (SWQTF), 2001. Construction Storm Water
Sampling and Analysis Guidance Document. October 2001.

USEPA, 1995. Guidance on the Documentation and Evaluation of Trace Metals Data
Collected for Clean Water Act Compliance Monitoring. USEPA Office of Water. EPA
821-B-95-002. April 1995.

USGS, 2000. Collection and Use of Total Suspended Solids Data. Office of Water
Quality Technical Memorandum No. 2001.03. United States Geological Survey.
November 27, 2000.

7-1
 Appendix A

State Water Resource Control Board

303(d) Listed Water Bodies

for Sedimentation/Siltation or Turbidity

1. Table of 303(d) water bodies

2. GSI maps of impaired segments

3. Instructions for identifying geographical coordinates on

 Appendix A
2002 CWA SECTION 303(d) LIST OF WATER QUALITY LIMITED SEGMENTS

FOR SEDIMENTATION/SILTATION AND TURBIDITY

(Approved by USEPA – July 2003)

Regional Regional Water Body Est. Size

Water Body Name Pollutant_Stressor Unit Comments
Board No. Board Type Affected

1 North Coast Albion River, Mendocino Coast HU, Albion River Sedimentation/Siltation Rivers/Streams 77 Miles
HA
1 North Coast Big River, Mendocino Coast HU, Big River HA Sedimentation/Siltation Rivers/Streams 225 Miles
1 North Coast Eel River Delta, Eel River HU, Lower Eel River HA Sedimentation/Siltation Rivers/Streams 426 Miles
1 North Coast Eel River, Middle Fork, Eel River HU, Middle Fork Sedimentation/Siltation Rivers/Streams 1071 Miles
HA
1 North Coast Eel River, Middle Main Fork, Eel River HU, Middle Sedimentation/Siltation Rivers/Streams 674 Miles
Main HA
1 North Coast Eel River, North Fork, Eel River HU, North Fork HA Sedimentation/Siltation Rivers/Streams 382 Miles

1 North Coast Eel River, Upper Main HA (Includes Tomki Creek) Sedimentation/Siltation Rivers/Streams 1141 Miles
1 North Coast Elk River, Eureka Plain HU Sedimentation/Siltation Rivers/Streams 88 Miles
1 North Coast Estero Americano, Bodega HU, Estero Americano Sedimentation/Siltation Estuaries 199 Acres
HA
1 North Coast Freshwater Creek, Eureka Plain HU Sedimentation/Siltation Rivers/Streams 84 Miles
1 North Coast Gualala River, Mendocino Coast HU, Gualala River Sedimentation/Siltation Rivers/Streams 455 Miles
HA
1 North Coast Laguna de Santa Rosa, Russian River HU, Middle Sedimentation/Siltation Rivers/Streams 96 Miles Entire Russian River watershed (including
Russian River HA Laguna de Santa Rosa) is listed for
sedimentation.

1 North Coast Mad River, Mad River HU Sedimentation/Siltation Rivers/Streams 654 Miles
1 North Coast Mad River, Mad River HU Turbidity Rivers/Streams 654 Miles
1 North Coast Mattole River, Cape Mendocino HU, Mattole River Sedimentation/Siltation Rivers/Streams 503 Miles
HA
1 North Coast Navarro River Delta, Mendocino Coast HU, Navarro Sedimentation/Siltation Estuaries 48 Acres
River HA
1 North Coast Navarro River, Mendocino Coast HU Sedimentation/Siltation Rivers/Streams 415 Miles
1 North Coast Noyo River, Mendocino Coast HU, Noyo River HA Sedimentation/Siltation Rivers/Streams 144 Miles
1 North Coast Redwood Creek, Redwood Creek HU Sedimentation/Siltation Rivers/Streams 332 Miles
1 North Coast Russian River, Russian River HU, Lower Russian Sedimentation/Siltation Rivers/Streams 81 Miles
River HA, Austin Creek HSA
1 North Coast Russian River, Russian River HU, Lower Russian Sedimentation/Siltation Rivers/Streams 195 Miles
River HA, Guerneville HSA

A-1
 Appendix A
2002 CWA SECTION 303(d) LIST OF WATER QUALITY LIMITED SEGMENTS

FOR SEDIMENTATION/SILTATION AND TURBIDITY

(Approved by USEPA – July 2003)

Regional Regional Water Body Est. Size

Water Body Name Pollutant_Stressor Unit Comments
Board No. Board Type Affected

1 North Coast Russian River, Russian River HU, Middle Russian Sedimentation/Siltation Rivers/Streams 85 Miles
River HA, Big Sulphur Creek HSA
1 North Coast Russian River, Russian River HU, Middle Russian Sedimentation/Siltation Rivers/Streams 255 Miles
River HA, Dry Creek HSA
1 North Coast Russian River, Russian River HU, Middle Russian Sedimentation/Siltation Rivers/Streams 243 Miles
River HA, Geyserville HSA
1 North Coast Russian River, Russian River HU, Middle Russian Sedimentation/Siltation Rivers/Streams 99 Miles
River HA, Mark West Creek HSA
1 North Coast Russian River, Russian River HU, Upper Russian Sedimentation/Siltation Rivers/Streams 171 Miles
River HA, Coyote Valley HSA
1 North Coast Russian River, Russian River HU, Upper Russian Sedimentation/Siltation Rivers/Streams 122 Miles
River HA, Forsythe Creek HSA
1 North Coast Russian River, Russian River HU, Upper Russian Sedimentation/Siltation Rivers/Streams 460 Miles
River HA, Ukiah HSA
1 North Coast Santa Rosa Creek, Russian River HU, Middle Sedimentation/Siltation Rivers/Streams 87 Miles Entire Russian River watershed (including
Russian River HA Santa Rosa Creek) is listed for
sedimentation.
1 North Coast Scott River, Klamath River HU, Scott River HA Sedimentation/Siltation Rivers/Streams 902 Miles
1 North Coast Ten Mile River, Mendocino Coast HU, Rockport HA, Sedimentation/Siltation Rivers/Streams 162 Miles
Ten Mile River HSA
1 North Coast Trinity River, East Fork, Trinity River HU, Upper HA Sedimentation/Siltation Rivers/Streams 92 Miles

1 North Coast Trinity River, South Fork, Trinity River HU, South Sedimentation/Siltation Rivers/Streams 1161 Miles
Fork HA
1 North Coast Trinity River, Trinity River HU, Lower Trinity HA Sedimentation/Siltation Rivers/Streams 1256 Miles
1 North Coast Trinity River, Trinity River HU, Middle HA Sedimentation/Siltation Rivers/Streams 331 Miles
1 North Coast Trinity River, Trinity River HU, Middle HA Sedimentation/Siltation Rivers/Streams 331 Miles
1 North Coast Trinity River, Trinity River HU, Middle HA Sedimentation/Siltation Rivers/Streams 331 Miles
1 North Coast Trinity River, Trinity River HU, Upper HA Sedimentation/Siltation Rivers/Streams 570 Miles
1 North Coast Van Duzen River, Eel River HU, Van Duzen River Sedimentation/Siltation Rivers/Streams 585 Miles
HA
2 S. F. Bay Butano Creek Sedimentation/Siltation Rivers/Streams 3.6 Miles
2 S. F. Bay Lagunitas Creek Sedimentation/Siltation Rivers/Streams 17 Miles Tributary to Tomales Bay. Additional
monitoring and assessment needed.

A-2
 Appendix A
2002 CWA SECTION 303(d) LIST OF WATER QUALITY LIMITED SEGMENTS

FOR SEDIMENTATION/SILTATION AND TURBIDITY

(Approved by USEPA – July 2003)

Regional Regional Water Body Est. Size

Water Body Name Pollutant_Stressor Unit Comments
Board No. Board Type Affected

2 S. F. Bay Napa River Sedimentation/Siltation Rivers/Streams 65 Miles

2 S. F. Bay Pescadero Creek Sedimentation/Siltation Rivers/Streams 26 Miles
2 S. F. Bay Petaluma River Sedimentation/Siltation Rivers/Streams 22 Miles
2 S. F. Bay San Francisquito Creek Sedimentation/Siltation Rivers/Streams 12 Miles
2 S. F. Bay San Gregorio Creek Sedimentation/Siltation Rivers/Streams 11 Miles
2 S. F. Bay Sonoma Creek Sedimentation/Siltation Rivers/Streams 30 Miles
2 S. F. Bay Tomales Bay Sedimentation/Siltation Bays and Harbors 8545 Acres Additional monitoring and assessment
needed.
2 S. F. Bay Walker Creek Sedimentation/Siltation Rivers/Streams 16 Miles Tributary to Tomales Bay. Additional
monitoring and assessment needed.
3 Central Coast Aptos Creek Sedimentation/Siltation Rivers/Streams 8.4 Miles
3 Central Coast Bean Creek Sedimentation/Siltation Rivers/Streams 8.9 Miles
3 Central Coast Bear Creek(Santa Cruz County) Sedimentation/Siltation Rivers/Streams 6.3 Miles
3 Central Coast Boulder Creek Sedimentation/Siltation Rivers/Streams 7.6 Miles
3 Central Coast Branciforte Creek Sedimentation/Siltation Rivers/Streams 5.8 Miles
3 Central Coast Carbonera Creek Sedimentation/Siltation Rivers/Streams 10 Miles
3 Central Coast Carpinteria Marsh (El Estero Marsh) Sedimentation/Siltation Estuaries 188 Acres
3 Central Coast Chorro Creek Sedimentation/Siltation Rivers/Streams 14 Miles
3 Central Coast Elkhorn Slough Sedimentation/Siltation Estuaries 2034 Acres
3 Central Coast Fall Creek Sedimentation/Siltation Rivers/Streams 5.1 Miles
3 Central Coast Goleta Slough/Estuary Sedimentation/Siltation Estuaries 196 Acres
3 Central Coast Kings Creek Sedimentation/Siltation Rivers/Streams 4.4 Miles
3 Central Coast Llagas Creek Sedimentation/Siltation Rivers/Streams 16 Miles Impaired section s located between
Church Creek and Pajaro River
3 Central Coast Lompico Creek Sedimentation/Siltation Rivers/Streams 4.5 Miles
3 Central Coast Los Osos Creek Sedimentation/Siltation Rivers/Streams 9.9 Miles
3 Central Coast Love Creek Sedimentation/Siltation Rivers/Streams 3.8 Miles
3 Central Coast Moro Cojo Slough Sedimentation/Siltation Estuaries 62 Acres
3 Central Coast Morro Bay Sedimentation/Siltation Bays and Harbors 1922 Acres Affected area is 2300 acres.
3 Central Coast Moss Landing Harbor Sedimentation/Siltation Bays and Harbors 79 Acres
3 Central Coast Mountain Charlie Gulch Sedimentation/Siltation Rivers/Streams 3.9 Miles
3 Central Coast Newell Creek (Upper) Sedimentation/Siltation Rivers/Streams 3.5 Miles

A-3
 Appendix A
2002 CWA SECTION 303(d) LIST OF WATER QUALITY LIMITED SEGMENTS

FOR SEDIMENTATION/SILTATION AND TURBIDITY

(Approved by USEPA – July 2003)

Regional Regional Water Body Est. Size

Water Body Name Pollutant_Stressor Unit Comments
Board No. Board Type Affected

3 Central Coast Pajaro River Sedimentation/Siltation Rivers/Streams 32 Miles

3 Central Coast Rider Gulch Creek Sedimentation/Siltation Rivers/Streams 1.8 Miles
3 Central Coast Salinas River (lower, estuary to near Gonzales Rd Sedimentation/Siltation Rivers/Streams 31 Miles
crossing, watersheds 30910 and 30920)
3 Central Coast Salinas River (midddle, near Gonzales Rd crossing Sedimentation/Siltation Rivers/Streams 72 Miles
to confluence with Nacimiento River)
3 Central Coast Salinas River Lagoon (North) Sedimentation/Siltation Estuaries 197 Acres
3 Central Coast San Antonio Creek (South Coast Watershed) Sedimentation/Siltation Rivers/Streams 6.5 Miles
3 Central Coast San Benito River Sedimentation/Siltation Rivers/Streams 86 Miles
3 Central Coast San Lorenzo River Sedimentation/Siltation Rivers/Streams 27 Miles
3 Central Coast Santa Ynez River Sedimentation/Siltation Rivers/Streams 47 Miles
3 Central Coast Shingle Mill Creek Sedimentation/Siltation Rivers/Streams 1.6 Miles
3 Central Coast Soquel Lagoon Sedimentation/Siltation Estuaries 1.2 Acres
3 Central Coast Valencia Creek Sedimentation/Siltation Rivers/Streams 6.2 Miles
3 Central Coast Watsonville Slough Sedimentation/Siltation Rivers/Streams 6.2 Miles
3 Central Coast Zayante Creek Sedimentation/Siltation Rivers/Streams 9.2 Miles
4 Los Angeles Calleguas Creek Reach 1 (was Mugu Lagoon on Sedimentation/Siltation Estuaries 344 Acres
1998 303(d) list)
4 Los Angeles Calleguas Creek Reach 2 (estuary to Potrero Rd- Sedimentation/Siltation Rivers/Streams 4.3 Miles
was Calleguas Creek Reaches 1 and 2 on 1998
303d list)
4 Los Angeles Calleguas Creek Reach 3 (Potrero Road upstream Sedimentation/Siltation Rivers/Streams 3.5 Miles
to confluence with Conejo Creek on 1998 303d list)
4 Los Angeles Calleguas Creek Reach 4 (was Revolon Slough Sedimentation/Siltation Rivers/Streams 7.2 Miles
Main Branch: Mugu Lagoon to Central Avenue on
1998 303d list)
4 Los Angeles Calleguas Creek Reach 5 (was Beardsley Channel Sedimentation/Siltation Rivers/Streams 4.3 Miles
on 1998 303d list)
4 Los Angeles Calleguas Creek Reach 6 ( was Arroyo Las Posas Sedimentation/Siltation Rivers/Streams 15 Miles
Reaches 1 and 2 on 1998 303d list)
4 Los Angeles Calleguas Creek Reach 7 (was Arroyo Simi Sedimentation/Siltation Rivers/Streams 14 Miles
Reaches 1 and 2 on 1998 303d list)
4 Los Angeles Calleguas Creek Reach 8 (was Tapo Canyon Sedimentation/Siltation Rivers/Streams 7.2 Miles
Reach 1)

A-4
 Appendix A
2002 CWA SECTION 303(d) LIST OF WATER QUALITY LIMITED SEGMENTS

FOR SEDIMENTATION/SILTATION AND TURBIDITY

(Approved by USEPA – July 2003)

Regional Regional Water Body Est. Size

Water Body Name Pollutant_Stressor Unit Comments
Board No. Board Type Affected

4 Los Angeles Calleguas Creek Reach 11 (Arroyo Santa Rosa, Sedimentation/Siltation Rivers/Streams 8.7 Miles
was part of Conejo Creek Reach 3 on 1998 303d
list)
4 Los Angeles Las Virgenes Creek Sedimentation/Siltation Rivers/Streams 12 Miles
4 Los Angeles Malibu Creek Sedimentation/Siltation Rivers/Streams 11 Miles
4 Los Angeles Medea Creek Reach 1 (Lake to Confl. with Lindero) Sedimentation/Siltation Rivers/Streams 2.6 Miles

4 Los Angeles Medea Creek Reach 2 (Abv Confl. with Lindero) Sedimentation/Siltation Rivers/Streams 5.4 Miles
4 Los Angeles Triunfo Canyon Creek Reach 1 Sedimentation/Siltation Rivers/Streams 2.5 Miles
5 Central Valley Fall River (Pit) Sedimentation/Siltation Rivers/Streams 8.6 Miles
5 Central Valley Humbug Creek Sedimentation/Siltation Rivers/Streams 2.2 Miles
5 Central Valley Panoche Creek (Silver Creek to Belmont Avenue) Sedimentation/Siltation Rivers/Streams 18 Miles
6 Lahontan Bear Creek (Placer County) Sedimentation/Siltation Rivers/Streams 3 Miles
6 Lahontan Blackwood Creek Sedimentation/Siltation Rivers/Streams 5.9 Miles
6 Lahontan Bridgeport Reservoir Sedimentation/Siltation Lakes/Reserviors 2614 Acres
6 Lahontan Bronco Creek Sedimentation/Siltation Rivers/Streams 1.3 Miles
6 Lahontan Clearwater Creek Sedimentation/Siltation Rivers/Streams 12 Miles
6 Lahontan East Walker River, below Bridgeport Reservoir Sedimentation/Siltation Rivers/Streams 8 Miles
6 Lahontan Goodale Creek Sedimentation/Siltation Rivers/Streams 12 Miles Potential for delisting following further
monitoring.
6 Lahontan Gray Creek (Nevada County) Sedimentation/Siltation Rivers/Streams 2.8 Miles
6 Lahontan Heavenly Valley Creek (USFS boundary to Trout Sedimentation/Siltation Rivers/Streams 1.4 Miles
Creek)
6 Lahontan Horseshoe Lake (San Bernardino County) Sedimentation/Siltation Lakes/Reserviors 31 Acres Further monitoring may permit delisting.
6 Lahontan Hot Springs Canyon Creek Sedimentation/Siltation Rivers/Streams 2.9 Miles Listed on basis of limited data; further
monitoring may support delisting.
6 Lahontan Mill Creek (Modoc County) Sedimentation/Siltation Rivers/Streams 4.2 Miles Creek needs monitoring to determine
current extent of impairment and need for
TMDL.
6 Lahontan Pine Creek (Lassen County) Sedimentation/Siltation Rivers/Streams 55 Miles
6 Lahontan Squaw Creek Sedimentation/Siltation Rivers/Streams 5.8 Miles
6 Lahontan Tahoe, Lake Sedimentation/Siltation Lakes/Reserviors 85364 Acres
6 Lahontan Topaz Lake Sedimentation/Siltation Lakes/Reserviors 928 Acres Additional monitoring and assessment
needed to document extent of impairment.

A-5
 Appendix A
2002 CWA SECTION 303(d) LIST OF WATER QUALITY LIMITED SEGMENTS

FOR SEDIMENTATION/SILTATION AND TURBIDITY

(Approved by USEPA – July 2003)

Regional Regional Water Body Est. Size

Water Body Name Pollutant_Stressor Unit Comments
Board No. Board Type Affected

6 Lahontan Truckee River Sedimentation/Siltation Rivers/Streams 39 Miles

6 Lahontan Ward Creek Sedimentation/Siltation Rivers/Streams 5.7 Miles
6 Lahontan West Walker River Sedimentation/Siltation Rivers/Streams 49 Miles
6 Lahontan Wolf Creek (Alpine County) Sedimentation/Siltation Rivers/Streams 12 Miles
7 Col. R. Basin Imperial Valley Drains Sedimentation/Siltation Rivers/Streams 1222 Miles
7 Col. R. Basin New River (Imperial) Sedimentation/Siltation Rivers/Streams 66 Miles

8 Santa Ana Big Bear Lake Sedimentation/Siltation Lakes/Reserviors 2865 Acres

8 Santa Ana Rathbone (Rathbun) Creek Sedimentation/Siltation Rivers/Streams 4.7 Miles

9 San Diego Agua Hedionda Lagoon Sedimentation/Siltation Estuaries 6.8 Acres

9 San Diego Buena Vista Lagoon Sedimentation/Siltation Estuaries 202 Acres
9 San Diego Los Penasquitos Lagoon Sedimentation/Siltation Estuaries 469 Acres
9 San Diego Prima Deshecha Creek Turbidity Rivers/Streams 1.2 Miles
9 San Diego San Elijo Lagoon Sedimentation/Siltation Estuaries 566 Acres Estimated size of impairment is 150 acres.
9 San Diego Segunda Deshecha Creek Turbidity Rivers/Streams 0.92 Miles

A-6
 Appendix A

Instructions for Identifying Coordinates on 303(d) Maps

1. From the folder title, 303d GIS Maps, on the enclosed CD, copy GIS files to your
local (project) directory.

2. From CD, copy the file titled, latlong.avx (\gis\AV Extension), to the EXT32 folder
where you have ArcView installed…typically in the directory:

C:\ESRI\AV_GIS30\ARCVIEW\EXT32

3. Open ArcView

4. Add themes to a view

5. Go to File>Extensions and load Longitude/Latitude Conversion Utility (refer to

screenshot in Figure A-1.)

6. Activate the Longitude/Latitude Conversion Utility by clicking on the button (refer to

screenshot in Figure A-2.)

7. Click anywhere in the view to get lat/long coordinates of a point (refer to screenshot
in Figure A-3.)

8. After selecting a point on the screen, the message shown on Figure A-3 will appear.
If you’d like to add the point to the screen, then click Yes; otherwise, click No

Figure A-1. Step 5 Screenshot

A-7
 Appendix A

SELECT THIS BUTTON

Displays Lat/Long of Selected Point on screen Converts Lat/Long to current projection coordinate

Figure A-2. Step 6 Screenshot

Figure A-3. Step 7 Screenshot

A-8
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DISCLAIMER:
The 2002 303(d) GIS files were created for reporting
purposes by the SWRCB and RWQCB's. These
GIS representations of the areal extent of affected
waters are only an estimate and should not be Regional Water Quality Control Board Districts
considered authorative for the development of
TMDLs or other regulatory actions. The TMDL 303d Listed Water Bodies for Sedimentation,
(Total Maximum Daily Load) effort may ultimately Siltation, or Turbidity
address more or less area. Mapping the 303(d)
listed waters is a work in progress and will be
updated during each listing cycle to better define
the impacted areas.
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DISCLAIMER:
The 2002 303(d) GIS files were created for reporting
purposes by the SWRCB and RWQCB's. These
GIS representations of the areal extent of affected
waters are only an estimate and should not be Regional Water Quality Control Board Districts
considered authorative for the development of
TMDLs or other regulatory actions. The TMDL 303d Listed Water Bodies for Sedimentation,
(Total Maximum Daily Load) effort may ultimately Siltation, or Turbidity
address more or less area. Mapping the 303(d)
listed waters is a work in progress and will be
updated during each listing cycle to better define
the impacted areas.
 Appendix B

Section 600.4, Sampling and Analysis Plan for Sediment

Section 600.5, Sampling and Analysis Plan for Non-Visible Pollutants

SWPPP/WPCP Preparation Manual (March 2003)

 Appendix B

600.4 Sampling and Analysis Plan for Sediment

INSTRUCTIONS:

„ If the project has the potential to discharge directly into a water body listed as impaired due to
Sedimentation/Siltation and/or Turbidity pursuant to Section 303(d) of the Clean Water Act, the SWPPP
must include a Sampling and Analysis Plan (SAP) for Sediment. The purpose of a SAP for Sediment is
to determine if BMPs implemented on the construction site are effective for preventing impacts to levels
of sedimentation/siltation and/or turbidity in 303(d) listed water bodies impaired by those pollutants.
„ Include the following required text to identify whether or not the project discharges directly to a 303(d)
listed water body.

REQUIRED TEXT:

This project [does/ does not] have the potential to discharge directly to a water body listed as
impaired due to Sedimentation/Siltation and/or Turbidity pursuant to Clean Water Act, Section
303(d).

INSTRUCTIONS:

„ If the project does not discharge to a 303(d) listed water body, delete Sections 600.4.1 through 600.4.9
from the template and continue with Section 600.5.
„ If the project does discharge to a 303(d) listed water body, complete Sections 600.4.1 through 600.4.9
by following the instructions provided at the beginning of each section.

600.4.1 Scope of Monitoring Activities

INSTRUCTIONS:

R Provide the name(s) of the 303(d) listed water bodies and identify the reason for impairment.
(Sedimentation/Siltation and/or Turbidity)

R Describe the location(s) of direct discharge from the project site to the 303(d) water body and show
the locations of direct discharge on the WPCDs.

R Include the appropriate required text to identify whether run-on to the Caltrans right-of-way may
combine with storm water and directly discharge to the 303(d) water body. If the project does
receive run-on, describe the locations of run-on and show the locations on the WPCDs.

REQUIRED TEXT:

This project discharges directly into [specify 303(d) water body], a water body listed as impaired due
to [specify reason(s) for impairment: Sedimentation/Siltation and/or Turbidity] pursuant to Clean
Water Act, Section 303(d). This Sampling and Analysis Plan (SAP) has been prepared pursuant to
the requirements of Resolution 2001-046 and the applicable sections of the Caltrans Guidance
Manual: Stormwater Monitoring Protocols (Second Edition, July 2000). The SAP describes the
sampling and analysis strategy and schedule for monitoring [specify impairment:
Sedimentation/Siltation and/or Turbidity] in the 303(d) listed water body and potential increases in

B-1
 Appendix B

the [specify impairment: Sedimentation/Siltation and/or Turbidity] levels caused by storm water
discharges from the project site.

The project has the potential for direct (concentrated) storm water discharges to [specify 303(d)
water body] at the following locations, as shown on the WPCDs in Attachment B.

REQUIRED TEXT for PROJECTS that do not RECEIVE RUN-ON:

The project does not receive run-on with the potential to combine with storm water that discharges
directly to the 303(d) listed water body.

REQUIRED TEXT for PROJECTS that RECEIVE RUN-ON:

The project receives run-on with the potential to combine with storm water that discharges directly
to the 303(d) listed water body at the following locations, as shown on the WPCDs in Attachment B:

600.4.2 Monitoring Strategy

INSTRUCTIONS:

R Describe the sampling schedule for monitoring the impacts of direct storm water discharges to the
303(d) water body.

R Describe the sampling locations for monitoring the impacts of direct storm water discharges from
the project to the 303(d) water body.

R Describe the rationale for the selection of sampling locations.

R Identify a location upstream of all direct discharge from the construction site that appears to
represent the flow of the water body, to analyze the prevailing condition of the receiving water
without any influence from the construction site. Describe exactly, either using GPS coordinates of
post kilometer/post mile, where the sample will be collected. Note: Sampling too far upstream may
not show prevailing conditions immediately upstream of the construction site.

R Identify a location immediately downstream from the last point of direct discharge from the
construction site that appears to represent the nature of the flow to analyze potential impacts to the
303(d) listed water body from the project. Describe exactly where the sample will be collected.
Downstream samples should represent the receiving water mixed with flow from the construction
site. Note: Sampling too far downstream may detect pollutants from other discharges.

B-2
 Appendix B

R For projects that, in Section 600.4.1, identified locations of run-on to the Caltrans right-of-way,
include the required text to identify run-on sampling location(s) to determine potential impairments
that originate off the project site. Describe exactly where the sample will be collected.

R Show all sampling locations on the WPCDs.

„ Locate sampling locations in areas that are safe, out of the path of heavy traffic, and reasonably
accessible.

R Describe surrounding areas such as agricultural fields, or other sites that may contribute run-on
sediment to the site.

R Do not locate sampling points upstream or downstream of point sources or confluences to minimize
backwater effects or poorly mixed flows.

REQUIRED TEXT:

Sampling Schedule

Upstream, downstream, discharge, and run-on samples, if applicable, shall be collected for [specify
impairment: Sedimentation/Siltation and/or Turbidity] during the first two hours of discharge from
rain events that result in a direct discharge from the project site to [enter 303(d) water body].
Samples shall be collected during daylight hours (sunrise to sunset) and shall be collected regardless
of the time of the year, status of the construction site, or day of the week.

All storm events that occur during daylight hours will be sampled up to a maximum of four rain
events within a 30-day period. In conformance with the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
definition, a minimum of 72 hours of dry weather will be used to distinguish between separate rain
events.

Sampling Locations

Sampling locations are based on proximity to identified discharge or run-on location(s), accessibility
for sampling, personnel safety, and other factors in accordance with the applicable requirements in
the Caltrans Guidance Manual: Stormwater Monitoring Protocols. Sampling locations are shown
on the WPCDs and include:

• A sample location (designated number ) is upstream of all direct discharge from the
construction site for the collection of a control sample to be analyzed for the prevailing
condition of the receiving water without any influence from the construction site. The
control sample will be used to determine the background levels of [specify impairment:
Sedimentation/Siltation and/or Turbidity] in the 303(d) listed water body upstream of the
project, if any.

o Sample location number is located .

• A sample location (designated number ) is immediately downstream from the last

point of direct discharge from the construction site for the collection of a sample to be
analyzed for potential increases in [specify impairment: Sedimentation/Siltation and/or

B-3
 Appendix B

Turbidity] in the 303(d) listed water body caused by storm water discharges from the project,
if any.

o Sample location number is located .

REQUIRED TEXT only for PROJECTS that RECEIVE RUN-ON:

• [Enter number of locations] sampling location(s) (designated number(s) ) has been
identified for the collection of samples of run-on to the Caltrans right-of-way with the
potential to combine with discharges from the construction site in other than MS4 to the
303(d) water body. These samples will identify potential [specify impairment:
Sedimentation/Siltation and/or Turbidity] that originates off the project site and contributes
to direct storm water discharges from the construction site to the 303(d) listed water body.

If the following is not “needed”, place cursor in a field and use the
“Delete Line” option on the toolbar.

o Sample location number is located .

o If needed Sample location number is located .
o If needed Sample location number is located .

600.4.3 Monitoring Preparation

INSTRUCTIONS:

„ Training of water quality sampling personnel shall be in accordance with the Caltrans Guidance Manual:
Stormwater Monitoring Protocols, Second Edition, July 2000, CTSW-RT-00-005.

R Identify whether samples will be collected by the contractor’s personnel, by a commercial

laboratory, or by an environmental consultant.

R Identify training and experience of individuals responsible for collecting water samples
R Identify the contractor’s health and safety procedures for sampling personnel.
R Identify alternate sampling personnel in case of emergency, sick leave, and/or vacations during
storm water monitoring. Identify training of alternate sampling personnel.

R Identify the state-certified laboratory(ies) that will analyze the samples. For a the list of California
state-certified laboratories that are accepted by Caltrans, access the following web site:
www.dhs.ca.gov/ps/ls/elap/html/lablist_county.htm

R Include the appropriate required text to describe the strategy for ensuring that adequate sample
collection supplies are available to the project in preparation for a sampling event.

R Describe the strategy for ensuring that appropriate field-testing equipment is available to the project
in preparation for a sampling event. If equipment is to be rented, contact a local environmental
equipment rental company, such as www.totalsafetyinc.com.

B-4
 Appendix B

REQUIRED TEXT IF contractor personnel will collect samples:

Samples on the project site will [be collected/ not be collected] by contractor sampling personnel:

Name/Telephone Number: Name Phone Number

Name/Telephone Number: Name Phone Number
Alternate(s)/Telephone Number: Name Phone Number
Alternate(s)/Telephone Number: Name Phone Number

Prior to the rainy season, all sampling personnel and alternates will review the SAP. Qualifications
of designated contractor personnel describing environmental sampling training and experience are
provided in Attachment I.

An adequate stock of supplies and equipment for monitoring [specify impairment:

Sedimentation/Siltation and/or Turbidity] will be available on the project site or provided by [specify
laboratory] prior to a sampling event. Monitoring supplies and equipment will be stored in a cool-
temperature environment that will not come into contact with rain or direct sunlight. Sampling
personnel will be available to collect samples in accordance with the sampling schedule.

Supplies maintained at the project site will include, but will be not limited to, surgical gloves,
sample collection equipment, coolers, appropriate number and volume of sample bottles,
identification labels, re-sealable storage bags, paper towels, personal rain gear, ice, Sampling
Activity Log forms, and Chain of Custody (COC) forms.

The contractor will obtain and maintain the field-testing instruments, as identified in Section
600.4.5, for analyzing samples in the field by contractor sampling personnel. Safety practices for
sample collection will be in accordance with the [enter title and publication date of contractor health
and safety plan for the project].

REQUIRED TEXT only If consultant or laboratory will collect samples:

Samples on the project site will be collected by the following [specify laboratory or environmental
consultant]:

Company Name:
Address:

Telephone Number:
Point of Contact:

Qualifications of designated sampling personnel describing environmental sampling training and

experience are provided in Attachment I.

B-5
 Appendix B

WPCM will contact [specify name of laboratory or environmental consultant] [enter number of
hours] hours prior to a predicted rain event to ensure that adequate sample collection personnel,
supplies and field test equipment for monitoring [specify impairment: Sedimentation/Siltation and/or
Turbidity] are available and will be mobilized to collect samples on the project site in accordance
with the sampling schedule.

[Specify name of laboratory or environmental consultant] will obtain and maintain the field-testing
instruments, as identified in Section 600.4.5, for analyzing samples in the field by their sampling
personnel.

600.4.4 Sample Collection and Handling

INSTRUCTIONS:

R Describe sample collection procedures to be used on the project.For sample collection

procedures, refer to the Caltrans Guidance Manual: Stormwater Monitoring Protocols (Second
Edition, July 2000) for general guidance.
„ Run-on samples may be collected using the following collection procedures or other approved by the
RE:
- Place several rows of sand bags in a half circle directly in the path of the run-on to pond water and wait
for enough water to spill over. Then place a cleaned or decontaminated flexible hose along the top and
cover with another sandbag so that ponded water will only pour through the flexible hose and into
sample bottles. Do not reuse the same sandbags in future sampling events as they may cross­
contaminate future samples.
- Place a cleaned or decontaminated dustpan with open handle in the path of the run-on so that water will
pour through the handle and into sample bottles.
„ For laboratory analysis, all sampling, sample preservation, and analyses must be conducted according
to test procedures under 40 CFR Part 136.
„ For a the list of California state-certified laboratories that are accepted by Caltrans, access the following
web site: www.dhs.ca.gov/ps/ls/elap/html/lablist_county.htm

R Describe sample handling procedures.

R Describe decontamination waste disposal requirements (i.e., TSP soapy water shall not to be
discharged to the storm drainage system or receiving water)

R Describe sample collection documentation procedures.

R Describe procedures for recording and correcting sampling data.
„ A Chain of Custody (COC) form is required to be submitted to the laboratory with the samples to trace
the possession and handling of samples from collection through analysis.
„ A Sampling Activity Log is required to document details of all sampling events and to record results for
samples analyzed in the field.
„ Each sample bottle is required to have a proper and complete identification label.

B-6
 Appendix B

REQUIRED TEXT:

Sample Collection Procedures

Grab samples will be collected and preserved in accordance with the methods identified in Table
600-1, “Sample Collection, Preservation and Analysis for Monitoring Sedimentation/Siltation and/or
Turbidity”, provided in section 600.4.5. Only personnel trained in proper water quality sampling
will collect samples.

Upstream samples will be collected to represent the condition of the water body upgradient of the
construction site. Downstream samples will be collected to represent the water body mixed with
direct flow from the construction site. Samples will not be collected directly from ponded, sluggish,
or stagnant water.

Upstream and downstream samples will be collected using one of the following methods:

• Placing a sample bottle directly into the stream flow in or near the main current upstream of
sampling personnel, and allowing the sample bottle to fill completely;

OR,

• Placing a decontaminated or ‘sterile’ bailer or other ‘sterile’ collection device in or near the
main current to collect the sample, and then transferring the collected water to appropriate
sample bottles, allowing the sample bottles to fill completely.

Run-on samples, if applicable, will be collected to identify potential sedimentation/siltation and/or

turbidity that originates off the project site and contributes to direct discharges from the construction
site to the 303(d) listed water body. Run-on samples will be collected downgradient and within
close proximity of the point of run-on to the project by pooling or ponding water and allowing the
ponded water to spill over into sample bottles directly in the stream of water.

To maintain sample integrity and prevent cross-contamination, sampling collection personnel will:

• Wear a clean pair of surgical gloves prior to the collection and handling of each sample at
each location.
• Not contaminate the inside of the sample bottle by not allowing it to come into contact with
any material other than the water sample.
• Discard sample bottles or sample lids that have been dropped onto the ground prior to sample
collection.
• Not leave the cooler lid open for an extended period of time once samples are placed inside.
• Not touch the exposed end of a sampling tube, if applicable.
• Avoid allowing rainwater to drip from rain gear or other surfaces into sample bottles.
• Not eat, smoke, or drink during sample collection.

B-7
 Appendix B

• Not sneeze or cough in the direction of an open sample bottle.

• Minimize the exposure of the samples to direct sunlight, as sunlight may cause biochemical
transformation of the sample to take place.
• Decontaminate sampling equipment prior to sample collection using a TSP-soapy water
wash, distilled water rinse, and final rinse with distilled water.
• Dispose of decontamination water/soaps appropriately; i.e., not discharge to the storm drain
system or receiving water

Sample Handling Procedures

REQUIRED TEXT only If laboratory will analyze ALL or SOME OF THE

samples:
Immediately following collection, sample bottles for laboratory analytical testing will be capped,
labeled, documented on a Chain of Custody (COC) form provided by the analytical laboratory,
sealed in a re-sealable plastic storage bag, placed in an ice-chilled cooler, at as near to 4 degrees
Celsius as practicable, and delivered within 24 hours to the following California state-certified
laboratory:

Laboratory Name:
Address:

Telephone Number:
Point of Contact:

REQUIRED TEXT only If contractor will analyze ALL OR SOME OF THE

samples:
Immediately following collection, samples for field analysis will be tested in accordance with the
field instrument manufacturer’s instructions and results recorded on the Sampling Activity Log.

REQUIRED TEXT:

Sample Documentation Procedures

All original data documented on sample bottle identification labels, Chain of Custody forms,
Sampling Activity Logs, and Inspection Checklists will be recorded using waterproof ink. These
will be considered accountable documents. If an error is made on an accountable document, the
individual will make corrections by lining through the error and entering the correct information.
The erroneous information will not be obliterated. All corrections will be initialed and dated.
Copies of the Chain of Custody form and Sampling Activity Log are provided in Attachment I.
Sampling and field analysis activities will be documented using the following:

B-8
 Appendix B

• Sample Bottle Identification Labels: Sampling personnel will attach an identification label to
each sample bottle. At a minimum, the following information will be recorded on the label,
as appropriate:
– P roject name
– Project number
– Unique sample identification number and location.
[Caltrans Number]-[Six digit sample collection date]-[Location]
(Example: 07-0G5304-081801-Upstream).
Quality assurance/quality control (QA/QC) samples shall be identified similarly using
a unique sample number or designation

(Example: 07-0G5304-081801-DUP1).

– Collection date/time (No time applied to QA/QC samples)

– Analysis constituent

ƒ Sampling Activity Logs: A log of sampling events will identify:

– S ampling date
– Separate times for sample collection of upstream, downstream, run-on, and QA/QC
samples recorded to the nearest minute
– Unique sample identification number and location
– A nalysis constituent
– Names of sampling personnel
– Weather conditions (including precipitation amount)
– Field analysis results
– Other pertinent data

• Chain of Custody (COC) forms: All samples to be analyzed by a laboratory will be accompanied
by a COC form provided by the laboratory. Only the sample collectors will sign the COC form
over to the lab. COC procedures will be strictly adhered to for QA/QC purposes.
• Storm Water Quality Construction Inspection Checklists: When applicable, the contractor’s
storm water inspector will document on the checklist that samples for sedimentation/siltation
and/or turbidity were taken during a rain event.

600.4.5 Sample Analysis

INSTRUCTIONS:

R Identify the tests to be used on the project by completing Table 600-1, “Sample Collection,
Preservation and Analysis for Monitoring Sedimentation/Siltation and/or Turbidity”.

R For 303(d) listed water bodies impaired due to Sedimentation/Siltation, select YES for (b) and (c)
OR YES for (b), and (c) and/or (a).

R For 303(d) listed water bodies impaired due to Turbidity, select YES for (d).

B-9
 Appendix B

R For each test selected, fill in the blank fields in the table. Contact the selected laboratory for the
specifications to obtain the necessary information.

REQUIRED TEXT:

Samples will be analyzed for the constituents indicated in Table 600-1, “Sample Collection,
Preservation and Analysis for Monitoring Sedimentation/Siltation and/or Turbidity”.

B-10
 Appendix B

TABLE 600-1

Sample Collection, Preservation and Analysis for Monitoring Sedimentation/Siltation and/or Turbidity

Minimum Maximum
Sample
Constituent (1) Analytical Method Test to be Used? Sample Sample Bottle Holding Reporting Limit
Preservation
Volume Time

(a) Suspended Sediment Store at 4˚ C

ASTM D3977-97 YES NO
Concentration (SSC) (39.2˚ F)

EPA 160.5 Store at 4˚ C

(b) Settleable Solids (SS) YES NO mL/L/hr
Std Method 2540(f) (39.2˚ F)

(c) Total Suspended EPA 160.2 Store at 4˚ C

YES NO mg/L
Solids (TSS) Std Method 2540(d) (39.2˚ F)

EPA 180.1 Store at 4˚ C

(d) Turbidity YES NO NTU
Std Method 2130(b) (39.2˚ F)

(1)
Notes: Samples shall be analyzed by using methods (b) and (c), or only method (a)
mg/L – Milligrams per liter

ASTM – American Society for Testing and Materials mL – Milliliters

°C – Degrees Celsius NTU – Nephelometric Turbidity Unit

°F – Degrees Fahrenheit
Std Method – Per the Standard Methods for the Examination of Water
EPA – U.S. Environmental Protection Agency and Wastewater, 20th Edition, American Water Works
L – Liter Association

mL/L/hr – Milliliters per liter per hour

B-11
 Appendix B

REQUIRED TEXT only If samples will be analyzed in the field:

For samples collected for field analysis, collection, analysis and equipment calibration will be in
accordance with the field instrument manufacturer’s specifications.

The following field instrument(s) will be used to analyzed the following constituents:

Field Instrument Constituent

• The instrument(s) will be maintained in accordance with manufacturer’s instructions.

• The instrument(s) will be calibrated before each sampling and analysis event.
• Maintenance and calibration records will be maintained with the SWPPP.

600.4.6 Quality Assurance/Quality Control

REQUIRED TEXT:

For an initial verification of laboratory or field analysis, duplicate samples will be collected at a rate
of 10 percent or 1 duplicate per sampling event. The duplicate sample will be collected, handled,
and analyzed using the same protocols as primary samples, and will be collected where contaminants
are likely, and not on the upstream sample. A duplicate sample will be collected immediately after
the primary sample has been collected. Duplicate samples will not influence any evaluations or
conclusions; however, they will be used as a check on laboratory quality assurance.

600.4.7 Data Management and Reporting

INSTRUCTIONS:

R Electronic data results shall be provided to the RE, unless he/she provides the name, company and
e-mail address of the person to whom the data should be submitted.

REQUIRED TEXT:

A copy of all water quality analytical results and QA/QC data will be submitted to the Resident
Engineer within 5 days of sampling (for field analyses) and within 30 days of sampling (for
laboratory analyses).

Electronic results will be submitted on diskette in Microsoft Excel (.xls) format, and will include, at
a minimum, the following information from the lab: Sample ID Number, Contract Number,
Constituent, Reported Value, Lab Name, Method Reference, Method Number, Method Detection
Limit, and Reported Detection Limit. Electronic data shall be reported in a format consistent with
Caltrans Water Quality Data Reporting Protocol dated October 2001.

B-12
 Appendix B

Lab reports and COCs will be reviewed for consistency between lab methods, sample identifications,
dates, and times for both primary samples and QA/QC samples. All data, including COC forms and
Sampling Activity Logs, shall be kept with the SWPPP document.

Electronic results will be e-mailed to [Name] of [Company] at [e-mail address] after final sample
results are received after each sampling event for inclusion into a statewide database.

600.4.8 Data Evaluation

INSTRUCTIONS:

„ The General Permit requires that BMPs be implemented on the construction site to prevent a net
increase of sediment load in storm water discharges relative to pre-construction levels. The upstream
sample, while not representative of pre-construction levels, provides a basis for comparison with the
sample collected downstream of the construction site.
„ The downstream water quality sample analytical results will be evaluated to determine if the
downstream sample(s) show elevated levels of the tested constituent relative to the levels found in the
upstream sample. The run-on sample analytical results will be used as an aid in evaluating potential
offsite influences on water quality results. If elevated levels of pollutants are identified, additional BMPs
must be implemented in an iterative manner to prevent a net increase in pollutants to receiving waters.

REQUIRED TEXT:

An evaluation of the water quality sample analytical results, including figures with sample locations,
will be submitted to the Resident Engineer with the water quality analytical results and the QA/QC
data for every event that samples are collected. Should the downstream sample concentrations
exceed the upstream sample concentrations, the WPCM or other personnel will evaluate the BMPs,
site conditions, surrounding influences (including run-on sample analysis), and other site factors to
determine the probable cause for the increase. As determined by the data and project evaluation,
appropriate BMPs will be repaired or modified to mitigate increases in sediment concentrations in
the water body. Any revisions to the BMPs will be recorded as an amendment to the SWPPP.

600.4.9 Change of Conditions

REQUIRED TEXT:

Whenever SWPPP monitoring, pursuant to Section B of the General Permit, indicates a change in
site conditions that might affect the appropriateness of sampling locations, testing protocols will be
revised accordingly. All such revisions will be recorded as amendments to the SWPPP.

B-13
 Appendix B

600.5 Sampling and Analysis Plan for Non-Visible Pollutants

INSTRUCTIONS:

„ The project SWPPP must include a Sampling and Analysis Plan (SAP) for pollutants not visually
detectable in storm water. The purpose of a SAP for Non-Visible Pollutants is to determine if BMPs
implemented on the construction site are effective in preventing pollutants not visually detectable in
storm water, from leaving the construction site and potentially impacting water quality objectives.

RE QUIRED TEXT:
This Sampling and Analysis Plan (SAP) for Non-Visible Pollutants describes the sampling and
analysis strategy and schedule for monitoring non-visible pollutants in storm water discharges from
the project site and offsite activities directly related to the project in accordance with the
requirements of Section B of the General Permit, including modifications, and applicable
requirements of the Caltrans Guidance Manual: Stormwater Monitoring Protocols, Second Edition
(July 2000).

600.5.1 Scope of Monitoring Activities

INSTRUCTIONS:

R Identify the general sources and locations of potential non-visible pollutants on the project site in
the following categories:
- Materials or wastes as identified in Section 500.3.1, containing potential non-visible pollutants and that
are not stored under watertight conditions.
- Materials or wastes containing potential non-visible pollutants that are stored under watertight conditions,
but (1) a breach, leakage, malfunction, or spill is observed; and (2) the leak or spill has not been
cleaned up prior to the rain event; and (3) there is the potential for discharge of non-visible pollutants to
surface waters or drainage system.
- Construction activities such as application of fertilizers, pesticides, herbicides or non-pigmented curing
compounds, that have occurred during a rain event or within 24 hours preceding a rain event, and there
is the potential for discharge of pollutants to surface waters or drainage system.
- Existing site features contaminated with non-visible pollutants as identified in Section 500.3.3.
- Applications of soil amendments, including soil stabilization products, with the potential to alter pH levels
or other properties of the soil (such as chemical properties, engineering properties, or erosion
resistance), or contribute toxic pollutants to storm water runoff, and there is the potential for discharge
of pollutants to surface waters or drainage system (unless independent test data are available that
demonstrate acceptable concentration levels of non-visible pollutants in the soil amendment.)
- Certain soil amendments, when sprayed on straw or mulch, are considered visible pollutants
and are not subject to water quality monitoring requirements.
- Storm water runoff from an area contaminated by historical usage of the site is observed to combine with
storm water, and there is the potential for discharge of pollutants to surface waters or drainage system.
- Storm water run-on to the Caltrans right-of-way with the potential to contribute non-visible pollutants to
discharges from the project.

B-14
 Appendix B

- Breaches, malfunctions, leakages, or spills from a BMP

EXAMPLE:

The following construction materials, wastes, or activities, as identified in Section 500.3.1, are potential
sources of non-visible pollutants to storm water discharges from the project. Storage, use, and operational
locations are shown on the WPCDs in Attachment B.

• Solvents, thinners
• Concrete curing
• Treated wood
• Soil stabilizers
• Lime treated subgrade
• Fertilizers, herbicides, and pesticides

The following existing site features, as identified in Section 500.3.3, are potential sources of non-visible
pollutants to storm water discharges from the project. Locations of existing site features contaminated with
non-visible pollutants are shown on the WPCDs in Attachment B.

• Southwest portion of the construction site was previously used as a municipal landfill until 1987 and
may have volatile organics in the soil.
• North portion of the construction site was a storage area for a metal plating shop until 1960 and may
have metals in the soil.

The following soil amendments have the potential to change the chemical properties, engineering properties,
or erosion resistance of the soil and will be used on the project site. Locations of soil amendment application
are shown on the WPCDs in Attachment B.

• None

The project has the potential to receive storm water run-on with the potential to contribute non-visible
pollutants to storm water discharges from the project. Locations of such run-on to the Caltrans right of way
are shown on the WPCDs in Attachment B.

• One location down gradient of the Millenium Chemical Company chemical plant and the Progress
Industrial Park is identified as a run-on location to the construction site.
• Two locations are identified as run-on locations along the eastern edge of the construction site
boundary.
• The northern boundary of the construction site has one location where run-on is likely.

REQUIRED TEXT:

The following construction materials, wastes or activities, as identified in Section 500.3.1, are
potential sources of non-visible pollutants to storm water discharges from the project. Storage, use,
and operational locations are shown on the WPCDs in Attachment B.

„ (LIST)

B-15
 Appendix B

The following existing site features, as identified in Section 500.3.3, are potential sources of non-
visible pollutants to storm water discharges from the project. Locations of existing site features
contaminated with non-visible pollutants are shown on the WPCDs in Attachment B.

„ (DESCRIBE)

The following soil amendments have the potential to change the chemical properties, engineering
properties, or erosion resistance of the soil and will be used on the project site. Locations of soil
amendment application are shown on the WPCDs in Attachment B.

„ (LIST)

The project has the potential to receive storm water run-on with the potential to contribute
non-visible pollutants to storm water discharges from the project. Locations of such run-on to the
Caltrans right-of-way are shown on the WPCDs in Attachment B.

„ (LIST LOCATIONS)

Sampling for non-visible pollutants will be conducted when (1) a breach, leakage, malfunction, or
spill is observed; and (2) the leak or spill has not been cleaned up prior to the rain event; and (3)
there is the potential for discharge of non-visible pollutants to surface waters or drainage system.

600.5.2 Monitoring Strategy

INSTRUCTIONS:

R Describe the sampling schedule for monitoring potential non-visible pollutants in storm water runoff.
Note the specific conditions under which a sampling event for non-visible pollutants is triggered.

R Describe the sampling locations for monitoring non-visible pollutants.

R Describe the rationale for the selection of sampling locations.

B-16
 Appendix B

R Identify a location for collecting samples of storm water runoff from each source location of non­
visible pollutant identified in Section 600.5.1. Describe exactly where the sample will be collected.

R Identify a location for collecting an uncontaminated background sample of runoff that has not come
into contact with the non-visible pollutants identified in Section 600.5.1 or disturbed soil areas of the
project. Describe exactly where the sample will be collected.

R Identify a location for collecting samples of storm water run-on from each of the locations identified
in Section 600.5.1 to identify possible sources of contamination that may originate from off the
project site. Describe exactly where the sample will be collected.

R Identify sampling locations at offsite activities directly related to the project such as; storage areas,
in the contractor’s yard, PCC or asphalt batch plants, whether or not they are located within the
Caltrans right of way.

R Show all sampling locations on the WPCDs.

R Locate sampling locations in areas that are safe, out of the path of heavy traffic, and have
attainable access.

R Describe or list surrounding areas, such as industrial sites, that may contribute run-on or airborne
constituents to the site.

R If no inspections of the site are performed prior to or during a rain event, monitoring and sampling
of all non-visible pollutants will be required.

REQUIRED TEXT:

Sampling Schedule

Samples for the applicable non-visible pollutant(s) and a sufficiently large uncontaminated
background sample shall be collected during the first two hours of discharge from rain events that
result in a sufficient discharge for sample collection. Samples shall be collected during daylight
hours (sunrise to sunset) and shall be collected regardless of the time of year, status of the
construction site, or day of the week.

In conformance with the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency definition, a minimum of 72 hours
of dry weather will be used to distinguish between separate rain events.

Collection of discharge samples for non-visible pollutant monitoring will be triggered when any of
the following conditions are observed during the required inspections conducted before or during
rain events:

„ Materials or wastes containing potential non-visible pollutants are not stored under watertight
conditions. Watertight conditions are defined as (1) storage in a watertight container, (2) storage
under a watertight roof or within a building, or (3) protected by temporary cover and
containment that prevents storm water contact and runoff from the storage area.

„ Materials or wastes containing potential non-visible pollutants are stored under watertight
conditions, but (1) a breach, malfunction, leakage, or spill is observed, (2) the leak or spill is not

B-17
 Appendix B

cleaned up prior to the rain event, and (3) there is the potential for discharge of non-visible
pollutants to surface waters or a storm sewer system.

„ An operational activity, including but not limited to those in Section 600.5.1, with the potential
to contribute non-visible pollutants (1) was occurring during or within 24 hours prior to the rain
event, (2) applicable BMPs were observed to be breached, malfunctioning, or improperly
implemented, and (3) there is the potential for discharge of non-visible pollutants to surface
waters or a storm sewer system.

„ Soil amendments that have the potential to change the chemical properties, engineering
properties, or erosion resistance of the soil have been applied, and there is the potential for
discharge of non-visible pollutants to surface waters or a storm sewer system.

„ Storm water runoff from an area contaminated by historical usage of the site has been observed
to combine with storm water runoff from the site, and there is the potential for discharge of non-
visible pollutants to surface waters or a storm sewer system.

Sampling Locations

Sampling locations are based on proximity to planned non-visible pollutant storage, occurrence or
use; accessibility for sampling, personnel safety; and other factors in accordance with the applicable
requirements in the Caltrans Guidance Manual: Stormwater Monitoring Protocols. Planned
sampling locations are shown on the WPCDs and include the following:

If the following is not “applicable”, place cursor in a field and use the
“Delete Line” option on the toolbar.

„ [Enter number of locations] sampling locations have been identified for the collection of samples
of runoff that drain areas where soil amendments that have the potential to change the chemical
properties, engineering properties, or erosion resistance of the soil will be applied.

„ If applicable Sample location number(s) is located .

„ [Enter number of locations] sampling locations have been identified for the collection of samples
of runoff that drain areas contaminated by historical usage of the site.

„ If applicable Sample location number(s) is located .

„ [Enter number of locations] sampling locations have been identified for the collection of samples
of run-on to the Caltrans right–of-way with the potential to combine with discharges being
sampled for non-visible pollutants. Thes
e samples are intended to identify sources of potential
non-visible pollutants that originate off the project site.

„ If applicable Sample location number(s) is located .

„ A location has been identified for the collection of an uncontaminated sample of runoff as a
background sample for comparison with the samples being analyzed for non-visible pollutants.

B-18
 Appendix B

This location was selected such that the sample will not have come in contact with (1)
operational or storage areas associated with the materials, wastes, and activities identified in
Section 500.3.1; (2) potential non-visible pollutants due to historical use of the site as identified
in Section 500.3.3; (3) areas in which soil amendments that have the potential to change the
chemical properties, engineering properties, or erosion resistance of the soil have been applied;
or (4) disturbed soils areas.

„ If applicable Sample location number(s) is located .

If an operational activity or storm water inspection conducted 24 hours prior to or during a rain event
identifies the presence of a material storage, waste storage, or operations area with spills or the
potential for the discharge of non-visible pollutants to surface waters or a storm sewer system that
was an unplanned location and has not been identified on the WPCDs, sampling locations will be
selected using the same rationale as that used to identify planned locations.

600.5.3 Monitoring Preparation

INSTRUCTIONS:

„ Training of water quality sampling personnel shall be in accordance with the Caltrans Guidance Manual:
Stormwater Monitoring Protocols, Second Edition, July 2000, CTSW-RT-00-005.

R Identify whether samples will be collected by the contractor’s personnel, by a commercial

laboratory, or by an environmental consultant.

R Identify training and experience of individuals responsible for collecting water samples
R Identify the contractor’s health and safety procedures for sampling personnel.
R Identify alternate sampling personnel in case of emergency, sick leave, and/or vacations during
storm water monitoring. Identify training of alternate sampling personnel.

R Identify the state-certified laboratory(ies) that will analyze the samples. For a the list of California
state-certified laboratories that are accepted by Caltrans, access the following web site:
www.dhs.ca.gov/ps/ls/elap/html/lablist_county.htm

R Include the appropriate required text to describe the strategy for ensuring that adequate sample
collection supplies are available to the project in preparation for a sampling event.

R Describe the strategy for ensuring that appropriate field-testing equipment is available to the project
in preparation for a sampling event. If equipment is to be rented, contact a local environmental
equipment rental company, such as www.totalsafetyinc.com.

REQUIRED TEXT if contractor personnel will collect samples:

Samples on the project site will be collected by the following contractor sampling personnel:

Name/Telephone Number:
Name/Telephone Number:
Alternate(s)/Telephone Number:

B-19
 Appendix B

Alternate(s)/Telephone Number:

Prior to the rainy season, all sampling personnel and alternates will review the SAP. Qualifications
of designated contractor personnel describing environmental sampling training and experience are
provided in Attachment I.

An adequate stock of monitoring supplies and equipment for monitoring non-visible pollutants will
be available on the project site prior to a sampling event. Monitoring supplies and equipment will be
stored in a cool-temperature environment that will not come into contact with rain or direct sunlight.
Sampling personnel with be available to collect samples in accordance with the sampling schedule.
Supplies maintained at the project site will include, but are not limited to, surgical gloves, sample
collection equipment, coolers, appropriate number and volume of sample bottles, identification
labels, re-sealable storage bags, paper towels, personal rain gear, ice, Sampling Activity Log forms,
and Chain of Custody (COC) forms.

The contractor will obtain and maintain the field-testing instruments, as identified in Section
600.5.6, for analyzing samples in the field by contractor sampling personnel.

Safety practices for sample collection will be in accordance with the [ENTER TITLE AND
PUBLICATION DATE OF CONTRACTOR'S HEALTH AND SAFETY PLAN FOR THE
PROJECT OR PROVIDE SPECIFIC REQUIREMENTS HEREIN].

REQUIRED TEXT if consultant or laboratory will collect samples:

Samples on the project site will be collected by the following [specify laboratory or environmental
consultant]:

Company Name:
Address:

Telephone Number:
Point of Contact:

Qualifications of designated sampling personnel describing environmental sampling training and

experience are provided in Attachment I.

WPCM will contact [specify name of laboratory or environmental consultant] [enter number of
hours] hours prior to a predicted rain event and if one of the triggering conditions is identified during
an inspection before, during, or after a storm event to ensure that adequate sample collection
personnel, supplies and field test equipment for monitoring non-visible pollutants are available and
will be mobilized to collect samples on the project site in accordance with the sampling schedule.

[Specify name of laboratory or environmental consultant] will obtain and maintain the field-testing
instruments, as identified in Section 600.5.6, for analyzing samples in the field by their sampling
personnel.

B-20
 Appendix B

600.5.4 Analytical Constituents

INSTRUCTIONS:

R Identify the specific non-visible pollutants on the project site by completing Table 600-2, “Potential
Non-Visible Pollutants and Water Quality Indicator Constituents” table.

R List the non-visible pollutant source, non-visible pollutant name, and water quality indicator
R Refer to the “Construction Material and Pollutant Testing Guidance Table - Non-Visible Pollutants”
for a partial list of some of the common non-visible pollutants.

R Add lines to the table as needed.

„ Do not include visible pollutants such as:
- Petroleum products: gas, diesel, and lubricants
- Colored paints
- Sand, gravel or topsoil
- Asphalt cold mix

R Fill in Table 600-3, Sample Collection, Preservation and Analysis for Monitoring Non-Visible
Pollutants

REQUIRED TEXT:

Identification of Non-Visible Pollutants

The following table lists the specific sources and types of potential non-visible pollutants on the
project site and the applicable water quality indicator constituent(s) for that pollutant.

Table 600-2
Potential Non-Visible Pollutants and Water Quality Indicator Constituents
Pollutant Source Pollutant Water Quality Indicator Constituent
Example: Vehicle batteries Lead, Sulfate, Acid. Lead, sulfate or pH

600.5.5 Sample Collection and Handling

INSTRUCTIONS:

„ For sampling collection procedures, refer to the Caltrans Guidance Manual: Stormwater Monitoring
Protocols (Second Edition, July 2000) for general guidance.

B-21
 Appendix B

„ For laboratory analysis, all sampling, sample preservation, and analyses must be conducted according
to test procedures under 40 CFR Part 136.
„ For a the list of California state-certified laboratories that are accepted by Caltrans, access the following
web site: www.dhs.ca.gov/ps/ls/elap/html/lablist_county.htm
„ A Chain of Custody (COC) form is required to be submitted to the laboratory with the samples to trace
the possession and handling of samples from collection through analysis.
„ A Sampling Activity Log is required to document details of all sampling events and to record results for
samples analyzed in the field.
„ Each sample bottle is required to have a proper and complete identification label.
„ Run-on samples may be collected using the following collection procedures or others approved by the
RE:

- Place several rows of sand bags in a half circle directly in the path of the run-on to pond water
and wait for enough water to spill over. Then place a decontaminated or clean flexible hose
along the top and cover with another sandbag so that ponded water will only pour through the
flexible hose and into sample bottles. Do not reuse the same sandbags in future sampling
events as they may cross-contaminate future samples.
- Place a decontaminated or clean dustpan with open handle in the path of the run-on so that
water will pour through the handle and into sample bottles.
- If not using clean equipment, decontaminate by washing equipment in a TSP-soapy water
wash, distilled water rinse, and final rinse with distilled water.

R Describe sample collection procedures to be used on the project site.

R Describe sample-handling procedures.
R Describe decontamination waste disposal requirements (i.e., TSP soapy water shall not to be
discharged to the storm drainage system or receiving water)

R Describe sample collection documentation procedures.

R Describe procedures for recording and correcting sampling data.
R Fill in Table 600-3, Sample Collection, Preservation and Analysis for Monitoring Non-Visible
Pollutants, in Section 600.5.6.

REQUIRED TEXT:

Sample Collection Procedures

Samples of discharge will be collected at the designated sampling locations shown on the WPCDs
for observed breaches, malfunctions, leakages, spills, operational areas, soil amendment application
areas, and historical site usage areas that triggered the sampling event.

Grab samples will be collected and preserved in accordance with the methods identified in Table
600-3, “Sample Collection, Preservation and Analysis for Monitoring Non-Visible Pollutants” table
provided in Section 600.5.6. Only personnel trained in proper water quality sampling will collect
samples.

B-22
 Appendix B

Samples will be collected by placing a separate lab-provided sample container directly into a stream
of water downgradient and within close proximity to the potential non-visible pollutant discharge
location. This separate lab-provided sample container will be used to collect water, which will be
transferred to sample bottles for laboratory analysis. The upgradient and uncontaminated
background samples shall be collected first prior to collecting the downgradient to minimize cross-
contamination. The sampling personnel will collect the water upgradient of where they are standing.
Once the separate lab-provided sample container is filled, the water sample will be poured directly
into sample bottles provided by the laboratory for the analyte(s) being monitored.

To maintain sample integrity and prevent cross-contamination, sampling collection personnel will:

„ Wear a clean pair of surgical gloves prior to the collection and handling of each sample at each
location.

„ Not contaminate the inside of the sample bottle by not allowing it to come into contact with any
material other than the water sample.

„ Discard sample bottles or sample lids that have been dropped onto the ground prior to sample
collection.

„ Not leave the cooler lid open for an extended period of time once samples are placed inside.

„ Not sample near a running vehicle where exhaust fumes may impact the sample.

„ Not touch the exposed end of a sampling tube, if applicable.

„ Avoid allowing rainwater to drip from rain gear or other surfaces into sample bottles.

„ Not eat, smoke, or drink during sample collection.

„ Not sneeze or cough in the direction of an open sample bottle.

„ Minimize the exposure of the samples to direct sunlight, as sunlight may cause biochemical
transformation of the sample to take place.

„ Decontaminate sampling equipment prior to sample collection using a TSP-soapy water wash,
distilled water rinse, and final rinse with distilled water.

„ Dispose of decontamination water/soaps appropriately; i.e., not discharge to the storm drain
system or receiving water

Sample Handling Procedures

REQUIRED TEXT only If A laboratory will analyze ALL OR SOME OF THE

samples:
Immediately following collection, sample bottles for laboratory analytical testing will be capped,
labeled, documented on a Chain of Custody form provided by the analytical laboratory, sealed in a

B-23
 Appendix B

re-sealable storage bag, placed in an ice-chilled cooler, at as near to 4 degrees Celsius as practicable,
and delivered within 24 hours to the following California state-certified laboratory:

Laboratory Name:
Address:

Telephone Number:
Point of Contact:

REQUIRED TEXT only If contractor will analyze SOME OR ALL samples:

Immediately following collection, samples for field analysis will be tested in accordance with the
field instrument manufacturer’s instructions and results recorded on the Sampling Activity Log.

REQUIRED TEXT:

Sample Documentation Procedures

All original data documented on sample bottle identification labels, Chain of Custody forms,
Sampling Activity Logs, and Inspection Checklists will be recorded using waterproof ink. These
will be considered accountable documents. If an error is made on an accountable document, the
individual will make corrections by lining through the error and entering the correct information.
The erroneous information will not be obliterated. All corrections will be initialed and dated.
Copies of the Chain of Custody form and Sampling Activity Log are provided in Attachment I.

Sampling and field analysis activities will be documented using the following:

„ Sample Bottle Identification Labels: Sampling personnel will attach an identification label to each
sample bottle. At a minimum, the following information will be recorded on the label, as
appropriate:

- Project name
- Project number
- Unique sample identification number and location.
[Caltrans Number]-[Six digit sample collection date]-[Location]
(Example: 07-0G5304-081801-Inlet472).
Quality assurance/quality control (QA/QC) samples shall be identified similarly using a
unique sample number or designation
(Example: 07-0G5304-081801-DUP1).
- Collection date/time (No time applied to QA/QC samples)
- Analysis constituent

„ Sampling Activity Logs: A log of sampling events will identify:

- Sampling date
- Separate times for collected samples and QA/QC samples recorded to the nearest minute
- Unique sample identification number and location

B-24
 Appendix B

- Analysis constituent
- Names of sampling personnel
- Weather conditions (including precipitation amount)
- Field analysis results
- Other pertinent data

„ Chain of Custody (COC) forms: All samples to be analyzed by a laboratory will be accompanied
by a COC form provided by the laboratory. Only the sample collectors will sign the COC form
over to the lab. COC procedures will be strictly adhered to for QA/QC purposes.

„ Storm Water Quality Construction Inspection Checklists: When applicable, the contractor’s storm
water inspector will document on the checklist that samples for non-visible pollutants were taken
during a rain event.

600.5.6 Sample Analysis

INSTRUCTIONS:

R Identify the test method and specifications to be used to monitor the non-visible pollutants included
in the “Potential Non-Visible Pollutants and Water Quality Indicator Constituents” table in Section
600.5.4.

R Fill in Table 600-3, “Sample Collection, Preservation and Analysis for Monitoring Non-Visible
Pollutants”.

R There should be a test method identified for each Water Quality Indicator Constituent listed in the
table in Section 600.5.4.

R Contact the selected laboratory for the appropriate test method(s)/specifications to be used for
each constituent.

R Identify field test instruments to be used for analyzing samples in the field, if any.

REQUIRED TEXT:

Samples will be analyzed for the applicable constituents using the analytical methods identified in
Table 600-3, “Sample Collection, Preservation and Analysis for Monitoring Non-Visible Pollutants”
table in this section.

B-25
 Appendix B

Example:
TABLE 600-3 (Sample)

Sample Collection, Preservation and Analysis for Monitoring Non-Visible Pollutants

Minimum Maximum
Reporting
Constituent Analytical Method Sample Sample Bottle Sample Preservation Holding
Limit
Volume Time
VOCs-Solvents EPA 8260B 3 x 40 mL VOA-glass Store at 4˚ C, HCl to pH<2 1 µg/L 14 days

SVOCs EPA 8270C 1x1L Glass-Amber Store at 4˚ C 10 µg/L 7 days

Pesticides/PCBs EPA 8081A/8082 1x1L Glass-Amber Store at 4˚ C 0.1 µg/L 7 days

Herbicides EPA 8151A 1x1L Glass-Amber Store at 4˚ C Check Lab 7 days

BOD EPA 405.1 1 x 500 mL Polypropylene Store at 4˚ C 1 mg/L 48 hours

COD EPA 410.4 1 x 250 mL Glass-Amber Store at 4˚ C, H2SO4 to pH<2 5 mg/L 28 days

DO SM 4500-O G 1 x 250 mL Glass-Amber Store at 4˚ C Check Lab 8 hours

pH EPA 150.1 1 x 100 mL Polypropylene None unitless Immediate

Alkalinity SM 2320B 1 x 250 mL Polypropylene Store at 4˚ C 1 mg/L 14 days

Metals (Al, Sb, As, Ba, Be, Cd, Ca,
Cr, Co, Cu, Fe, Pb, Mg, Mn, Mo, EPA 6010B/7470A 1 x 250 mL Polypropylene Store at 4˚ C, HNO3 to pH<2 0.1 mg/L 6 months
Ni, Se, Na, Th, Va, Zn)
Metals (Chromium VI) EPA 7199 1 x 500 mL Polypropylene Store at 4˚ C 1�g/L 24 hours
Notes: °C – Degrees Celsius µg/L – Micrograms per Liter
BOD – Biological Oxygen Demand mL – Milliliter
COD – Chemical Oxygen Demand PCB – Polychlorinated Biphenyl
DO – Dissolved Oxygen SVOC – Semi-Volatile Organic Compound
EPA – Environmental Protection Agency SM – Standard Method
HCl – Hydrogen Chloride TPH – Total Petroleum Hydrocarbons
H2SO4 – Hydrogen Sulfide TRPH – Total Recoverable Petroleum Hydrocarbons
HNO3 – Nitric Acid VOA – Volatile Organic Analysis
L – Liter VOC – Volatile Organic Compound
mg/L – Milligrams per Liter

B-26
 Appendix B

REQUIRED TEXT:

TABLE 600-3

Sample Collection, Preservation and Analysis for Monitoring Non-Visible Pollutants

Minimum Maximum
Reporting
Constituent Analytical Method Sample Sample Bottle Sample Preservation Holding
Limit
Volume Time

Notes:

B-27
 Appendix B

REQUIRED TEXT only If samples will be analyzed in the field:

For samples collected for field analysis, collection, analysis and equipment calibration
will be in accordance with the field instrument manufacturer’s specifications.

The following field instrument(s) will be used to analyze the following constituents:

Field Instrument Constituent

„ The instrument(s) will be maintained in accordance with manufacturer’s instructions.

„ The instrument(s) will be calibrated before each sampling and analysis event.

„ Maintenance and calibration records will be maintained with the SWPPP.

600.5.7 Quality Assurance/Quality Control

REQUIRED TEXT:

For an initial verification of laboratory or field analysis, duplicate samples will be

collected at a rate of 10 percent or 1 duplicate per sampling event. The duplicate sample
will be collected, handled, and analyzed using the same protocols as primary samples. A
duplicate sample will be collected at each location immediately after the primary sample
has been collected. Duplicates will be collected where contamination is likely, not on the
background sample. Duplicate samples will not influence any evaluations or
conclusions; however, they will be used as a check on laboratory quality assurance.

600.5.8 Data Management and Reporting

INSTRUCTIONS:

R Electronic data results shall be provided to the RE, unless he/she provides the name,
company and e-mail address of the person to whom the data should be submitted.

REQUIRED TEXT:

A copy of all water quality analytical results and QA/QC data will be submitted to the
Resident Engineer within 5 days of sampling (for field analyses) and within 30 days (for
laboratory analyses).

Electronic results will be submitted on diskette in Microsoft Excel (.xls) format, and will
include, at a minimum, the following information from the lab: Sample ID Number,
Contract Number, Constituent, Reported Value, Lab Name, Method Reference, Method
Number, Method Detection Limit, and Reported Detection Limit. Electronic data shall

B-28
 Appendix B

be reported in a format consistent with Caltrans Water Quality Data Reporting Protocol
dated October 2001.

Lab reports and COCs will be reviewed for consistency between lab methods, sample
identifications, dates, and times for both primary samples and QA/QC samples. All data,
including COC forms and Sampling Activity Logs, shall be kept with the SWPPP
document.

Electronic results will be emailed to [NAME] of [COMPANY] at [e-mail address] after

final sample results are received after each sampling event for inclusion into a statewide
database.

600.5.9 Data Evaluation

INSTRUCTIONS:

„ The General Permit requires that BMPs be implemented on the construction site to reduce
non-visible pollutants in discharges of storm water from the construction site.
„ The runoff/downgradient water quality sample analytical results will be evaluated to
determine if the runoff/downgradient sample(s) show significantly elevated concentrations
of the tested analyte relative to the concentrations found in the uncontaminated background
sample.
„ The water quality sample analytical results will be evaluated to determine if the runoff and
run-on samples show significantly elevated levels of the tested constituent relative to the
levels found in the background sample. The run-on sample analytical results will be used as
an aid in evaluating potential offsite influences on water quality results.

REQUIRED TEXT:

An evaluation of the water quality sample analytical results, including figures with
sample locations, will be submitted to the Resident Engineer with the water quality
analytical results and the QA/QC data.

Should the runoff/downgradient sample show an increased level of the tested analyte
relative to the background sample, the BMPs, site conditions, and surrounding influences
will be assessed to determine the probable cause for the increase. As determined by the
site and data evaluation, appropriate BMPs will be repaired or modified to mitigate
discharges of non-visual pollutant concentrations. Any revisions to the BMPs will be
recorded as an amendment to the SWPPP.

600.5.10 Change of Conditions

REQUIRED TEXT:

Whenever SWPPP monitoring, pursuant to Section B of the General Permit, indicates a

change in site conditions that might affect the appropriateness of sampling locations or

B-29
 Appendix B

introduce additional non-visible pollutants of concern, testing protocols will be revised

accordingly. All such revisions will be recorded as amendments to the SWPPP.

B-30
 Appendix C

Weather Tracking

 Appendix C

This appendix discusses California meteorology and available weather tracking services
in the state (i.e., forecasting services used by other stormwater monitoring programs).

California weather is generally characterized by a wet season (late fall through early
spring) and an extended dry season (late spring through early fall). However, annual
average rainfall ranges from less than five inches in desert areas of southeastern
California to over 40 inches in northern coastal areas. Valley and coastal areas receive
virtually all of their precipitation as rainfall and rarely receive snow, while mountainous
areas typically experience abundant snowfall, particularly at higher elevations.

The vast majority of storm systems approach California from the Pacific Ocean. Storm
tracks tend to follow the jet stream, a high altitude, high speed wind current, which
moves generally from west to east around the globe. The most common storm track for
weather approaching California begins with low-pressure systems that originate in the
Gulf of Alaska, and follow the polar jet as it bends southeasterly towards the California
coast. These systems tend to be relatively cold and produce snowfall at relatively low
elevations. Also common are storm systems that form in the Pacific Ocean to the
west/southwest of California, and follow the subtropical jet stream as it runs
northeasterly towards California. These storms tend to be warmer, with a higher snow
line.

The National Weather Service (NWS), a federal agency, and private weather forecasting
contract services provide weather information. National Weather Service is a primary
source of weather information for public and private sector forecasters. NWS collects
and processes satellite imagery and other atmospheric data, and runs the major weather
forecast models. Models are available for near term (1-2 days), medium range (3-5 days)
and long range forecasting. Model reliability and specificity decline with extended time
periods. The model output can be used to indicate potential candidate monitoring
events up to one week in advance; however, at that time interval the model predictions
are useful only as a rough indication of the likelihood of a precipitation event. The
forecasters at NWS, as well as private contractor forecasters and news media (television)
forecasters, use the model outputs together with other meteorological data (satellite and
radar imagery, water vapor/atmospheric pressure/temperature data, etc.) to make their
predictions. The NWS makes its forecast predictions available to the public.

The NWS forecasts are produced every twelve hours (at approximately 3:00 a.m. and
p.m.), along with a written discussion of model output and weather observations. These
discussions are meant for a professional meteorological audience, and are highly
abbreviated and cryptic, but often provide insight into the basis for the published
forecast. Private weather forecast services can be found by looking in the yellow pages
of major city telephone books. Most private forecast services provide semi-weekly
written forecasts, and 24-hour availability for telephone consultation.

The following is a partial list of contacts for weather forecasts for California:

1. National Weather Service (NWS) for western U.S. (http://www.wrh.noaa.gov/).

Use the site to locate local forecasts (short term, long term, timing, and amounts).

C-1
 Appendix C

2. The Weather Channel: local weather and radar imagery on cable TV, the “eights”
of every hour or at its Web site (http://www.weather.com/).

3. I ntellicast (http://www.intellicast.com), good for radar imagery only. Use the

site to locate local forecasts.

4. Weather Underground (http://www.wunderground.com). Use the site to locate

local forecasts.

5. Private Forecasting Services:

a. Weathernews Americas, Inc. (www.us.weathernews.com).

b. Weather Watch Service (www.weatherwatchservice.com).

c. Qwikcast (www.qwikcast.com).

6. Local News (TV stations and associated web sites).

7. Local Newspapers (and associated web sites).

C-2
 Appendix D

Bottle and Equipment Cleaning Protocols

 Appendix D

SAMPLE BOTTLES

1. Rinse bottle with warm tap water three times as soon as possible after emptying
sample.

2. Soak in a 2% Contrad solution for 48 hours; scrub with clean plastic brush.

3. Rinse three times with tap water.

4. Rinse five times with Milli-Q water, rotating the bottle to ensure contact with the
entire inside surface.

5. Rinse three times with hexane, rotating the bottle to ensure contact with the entire
inside surface (use 30 ml per rinse).

6. Rinse six times with Milli-Q water.

7. Rinse three times with 2N nitric acid (1 liter per bottle, per rinse) rotating the bottle
to ensure contact with the entire inside surface.

8. Rinse six times with Milli-Q water.

9. Cap bottle with Teflon lined lid cleaned as specified below.

LIDS

1. Make up a 2% solution of Micro soap in warm tap water.

2. Rinse tubing three times with the 2% Micro Solution, wash lids.

3. Rinse three times with tap water.

4. Rinse three times with Milli-Q water.

5. Rinse three times with a 2N nitric acid solution.

6. Soak 24 hours in a 2N nitric acid solution.

7. Rinse three times with Milli-Q water.

CLEANING SOLUTIONS

„ 2% Contrad = 200 ml concentrated Contrad per full 10L bottle

„ 2% HNO3 Acid = 80 ml concentrated HNO3 acid (16N) per gallon of Milli-Q water

„ 2% Micro = 80 ml concentrated Micro per gallon of Milli-Q water

D-1
 Appendix D

EQUIPMENT AND HANDLING

1. Safety Precautions - All of the appropriate safety equipment must be worn by

personnel involved in the cleaning of the bottles due to the corrosive nature of the
chemicals being used to clean the bottles and tubing. This safety equipment must
include protective gloves, lab coats, chemically resistant aprons, goggles with side
shields and respirators. All MSDS must be read and signed off by personnel.

2. A record book must be kept of each sample bottle washed, outlining the day the
bottle was cleaned and checked off for passage of the quality control check.

3. Nitrile gloves must be worn while cleaning and handling bottles and equipment.
Care must be taken at all times to avoid introduction of contamination from any
source.

D-2
 Appendix E

Data Screening and Validation Protocols

 Appendix E

All data reported by the analytical laboratory must be carefully reviewed to determine
whether the project’s data quality acceptability limits or objectives (DQOs) have been
met. This section describes a process for evaluation of all laboratory data, including the
results of all QA/QC sample analysis.

Before the laboratory reports any results, the deliverable requirements should be clearly
communicated to the laboratory.

The current section discusses QA/QC data evaluation in the following two parts:

„ Initial Data Quality Screening

„ Data Quality Evaluation

The initial data quality screening identifies problems with laboratory reporting while
they may still be corrected. When the data reports are received, they should be
immediately checked for conformity to chain of custody requests to ensure that all
requested analyses have been reported. The data are then evaluated for conformity to
holding time requirements, conformity to reporting limit requests, analytical precision,
analytical accuracy, and possible contamination during sampling and analysis. The data
evaluation results in rejection, qualification, and narrative discussion of data points or
the data as a whole. Qualification of data, other than rejection, does not necessary
exclude use of the data for all applications. It is the decision of the data user, based on
specifics of the data application, whether or not to include qualified data points.

INITIAL DATA QUALITY SCREENING

The initial screening process identifies and corrects, when possible, inadvertent
documentation or process errors introduced by the field crew or the laboratory. The
initial data quality control screening should be applied using the following three-step
process:

1. Verification check between sampling and analysis plan (SAP), chain of custody forms,
and laboratory data reports: Chain of custody records should be compared with
field logbooks and laboratory data reports to verify the accuracy of all sample
identification and to ensure that all samples submitted for analysis have a value
reported for each parameter requested. Any deviation from the SAP that has not
yet been documented in the field notes or project records should be recorded and
corrected if possible.

Sample representativeness should also be assessed in this step. Samples not

meeting the criteria are generally not analyzed; however, selected analyses can
be run at the Caltrans task manager’s discretion. If samples not meeting the
minimum sample representativeness criteria are analyzed, the resulting data
should be rejected (“R”) or qualified as estimated (“J”), depending upon whether
the analyses were approved by Caltrans. Grab samples should be taken
according to the timing protocols specified in the SAP. Deviations from the

E-1
 Appendix E

protocols will result in the rejection of the data for these samples or qualification
of the data as estimated. The decision to reject a sample based on sample
representativeness should be made prior to the submission of the sample to the
laboratory, to avoid unnecessary analytical costs.

2. Check of laboratory data report completeness: The end product of the laboratory
analysis is a data report that should include a number of QA/QC results along
with the environmental results. QA/QC sample results reported by the lab
should include both analyses requested by the field crew (field blanks, field
duplicates, lab duplicates and MS/MSD analysis), as well as internal laboratory
QA/QC results (method blanks and laboratory control samples). There are often
differences among laboratories in terms of style and format of reporting.
Therefore, it is prudent to request in advance that the laboratory conform to the
style and format approved by Caltrans. The Caltrans data reviewer should verify
that the laboratory data package includes the following items:

9 A narrative which outlines any problems, corrections, anomalies, and

conclusions
9 Sample identification numbers
9 Sample extraction and analysis dates
9 Reporting limits for all analyses reported
9 Results of method blanks
9 Results of matrix spike and matrix spike duplicate analyses, including
calculation of percent recovered and relative percent differences
9 Results of laboratory control sample analyses
9 Results of external reference standard analyses
9 Surrogate spike and blank spike analysis results for organic constituents.
9 A summary of acceptable QA/QC criteria (RPD, spike recovery) used by
the laboratory

Items missing from this list should be requested from the laboratory.

3. Check for typographical errors and apparent incongruities: The laboratory reports
should be reviewed to identify results that are outside the range of normally
observed values. Any type of suspect result or apparent typographical error
should be verified with the laboratory. An example of a unique value would be if
a dissolved iron concentration has been reported lower than 500 �g/L for every
storm event monitored at one location and then a value of 2500 �g/L is reported
in a later event. This reported concentration of 2500 �g/L should be verified
with the laboratory for correctness. Besides apparent out-of-range values, the
indicators of potential laboratory reporting problems include:

E-2
 Appendix E

„ Significant lack of agreement between analytical results reported for

laboratory duplicates or field duplicates
„ Consistent reporting of dissolved metals results higher than total or total
recoverable metals.
„ Unusual numbers of detected values reported for blank sample analyses.
„ Inconsistency in sample identification/labeling.

If the laboratory confirms a problem with the reported concentration, the

corrected or recalculated result should be issued in an amended report, or if
necessary the sample should be re-analyzed. If laboratory results are changed or
the laboratory makes other corrections, an amended laboratory report should be
issued to update the project records.

DATA QUALITY EVALUATION

The data quality evaluation process is structured to provide systematic checks to ensure
that the reported data accurately represent the concentrations of constituents actually
present in stormwater. Data evaluation can often identify sources of contamination in
the sampling and analytical processes, as well as detect deficiencies in the laboratory
analyses or errors in data reporting. Data quality evaluation allows monitoring data to
be used in the proper context with the appropriate level of confidence.

QA/QC parameters that should be reviewed are classified into the following categories:

9 Reporting limits
9 Holding times
9 Contamination check results (method, field, trip, and equipment blanks)
9 Precision analysis results (laboratory, field, and matrix spike duplicates)
9 Accuracy analysis results (matrix spikes, surrogate spikes, laboratory control
samples, and external reference standards)

Each of these QA/QC parameters should be compared to data quality acceptability

criteria, in also known as the project’s data quality objectives (DQOs). The key steps that
should be adhered to in the analyses of each of these QA/QC parameters are:

1. Compile a complete set of the QA/QC results for the parameter being analyzed.
2. Compare the laboratory QA/QC results to accepted criteria (DQOs).
3. Compile any out-of-range values and report them to the laboratory for

verification.

4. Prepare a report that tabulates the success rate for each QA/QC parameter
analyzed.

E-3
 Appendix E

This process should be applied to each of the QA/QC parameters as discussed below.

Reporting Limits

Storm water quality monitoring program DQOs should contain a list of acceptable
reporting limits that the lab is contractually obligated to adhere to, except in special
cases of insufficient sample volume or matrix interference problems. The reporting
limits used should ensure a high probability of detection.

Holding Times

Holding time represents the elapsed time between sample collection time and sample
analysis time. Calculate the elapsed time between the sampling time and start of
analysis, and compare this to the required holding time. It is important to review sample
holding times to ensure that analyses occurred within the time period that is generally
accepted to maintain stable parameter concentrations. If holding times are exceeded,
inaccurate concentrations or false negative results may be reported. Samples that exceed
their holding time prior to analysis are qualified as “estimated”, or may be rejected
depending on the circumstances.

Contamination

Blank samples are used to identify the presence and potential source of sample
contamination and are typically one of four types:

1. Method blanks are prepared and analyzed by the laboratory to identify laboratory
contamination.
2. Field blanks are prepared by the field crew during sampling events and submitted
to the laboratory to identify contamination occurring during the collection or the
transport of environmental samples.
3. Equipment blanks are prepared by the field crew or laboratory prior to the
monitoring season and used to identify contamination coming from sampling
equipment (tubing, pumps, bailers, etc.).
4. Trip blanks are prepared by the laboratory, carried in the field, and then
submitted to the laboratory to identify contamination in the transport and
handling of volatile organics samples.
5. Filter blanks are prepared by field crew or lab technicians performing the sample
filtration. Blank water is filtered in the same manner and at the same time as
other environmental samples. Filter blanks are used to identify contamination
from the filter or filtering process.

If no contamination is present, all blanks should be reported as “not detected” or

“nondetect” (e.g., constituent concentrations should not be detected above the reporting
limit). Blanks reporting detected concentrations (“hits”) should be noted in the written

E-4
 Appendix E

QA/QC data summary prepared by the data reviewer. In the case that the laboratory
reports hits on method blanks, a detailed review of raw laboratory data and procedures
should be requested from the laboratory to identify any data reporting errors or
contamination sources. When other types of blanks are reported above the reporting
limit, a similar review should be requested along with a complete review of field
procedures and sample handling. Often times it will also be necessary to refer to
historical equipment blank results, corresponding method blank results, and field notes
to identify contamination sources. This is a corrective and documentative step that
should be done as soon as the hits are reported.

If the blank concentration exceeds the laboratory-reporting limit, values reported for
each associated environmental sample must be evaluated according to USEPA
guidelines for data evaluations of organics and metals (USEPA, 1991; USEPA, 1995) as
indicated in Table 13-1.

Table E-1. USEPA Guidelines for Data Evaluation

Step Environmental Phthalates and Other Other Organics Metals

Sample Common
Contaminants
1. Sample > 10X No action No action No action
blank concentration
2. Sample < 10X Report associated No action Results considered an
blank concentration environmental results “upper limit” of the true
as “nondetect” at the concentration (note
reported environmental contamination in data
concentration. quality evaluation
narrative).
3. Sample < 5X blank Report associated Report associated Report associated
concentration environmental results environmental results environmental results
as “nondetect” at the as “nondetect” at the as “nondetect” at the
reported environmental reported environmental reported environmental
concentration. concentration. concentration.

Specifically, if the concentration in the environmental sample is less than five times the
concentration in the associated blank, the environmental sample result is considered, for
reporting purposes, “not-detected” at the environmental sample result concentration
(phthalate and other common contaminant results are considered non-detect if the
environmental sample result is less than ten times the blank concentration). The
laboratory reports are not altered in any way. The qualifications resulting from the data
evaluation are made to the evaluator’s data set for reporting and analysis purposes to
account for the apparent contamination problem. For example, if dissolved copper is
reported by the laboratory at 4 �g/L and an associated blank concentration for
dissolved copper is reported at 1 �g/L, data qualification would be necessary. In the
data reporting field of the database, the dissolved copper result would be reported as 4
�g/L), the numerical qualifier would be reported as “<”, the reporting limit would be
left as reported by the laboratory, and the value qualifier would be reported as “U”
(“not detected above the reported environmental concentration”).

When reported environmental concentrations are greater than five times (ten times for
phthalates) the reported blank “hit” concentration, the environmental result is reported

E-5

 Appendix E

unqualified at the laboratory-reported concentration. For example, if dissolved copper is

reported at 11 µg/L and an associated blank concentration for dissolved copper is
reported at 1 µg/L, the dissolved copper result would still be reported as 11 µg/L.

Precision

Duplicate samples provide a measure of the data precision (reproducibility) attributable

to sampling and analytical procedures. Precision can be calculated as the relative percent
difference (RPD) in the following manner:

2 x Oi − Di
RPDi = x 100%
(Qi + Di )
where:

RPDi = Relative percent difference for compound I

Oi = Value of compound i in original sample
Di = Value of compound i in duplicate sample

The resultant RPDs should be compared to the criteria specified in the project’s DQOs.
The DQO criteria shown in Table 13-2 below are based on the analytical method
specifications and laboratory-supplied values. Project-specific DQOs should be
developed with consideration to the analytical laboratory, the analytical method
specifications, and the project objective. Table 13-2 should be used as a reference point as
the least stringent set of DQO criteria for Caltrans monitoring projects.

Laboratory and Field Duplicates

Laboratory duplicates are samples that are split by the laboratory. Each half of the split
sample is then analyzed and reported by the laboratory. A pair of field duplicates is two
samples taken at the same time, in the same manner into two unique containers.
Laboratory duplicate results provide information regarding the variability inherent in
the analytical process, and the reproducibility of analytical results. Field duplicate
analysis measures both field and laboratory precision, therefore, it is expected that field
duplicate results would exhibit greater variability than lab duplicate results.

The RPDs resulting from analysis of both laboratory and field duplicates should be
reviewed during data evaluation. Deviations from the specified limits, and the effect on
reported data, should be noted and commented upon by the data reviewer. Laboratories
typically have their own set of maximum allowable RPDs for laboratory duplicates
based on their analytical history. In most cases these values are more stringent than
those listed in Table 13-2. Note that the laboratory will only apply these maximum
allowable RPDs to laboratory duplicates. In most cases field duplicates are submitted
“blind” (with pseudonyms) to the laboratory.

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 Appendix E

Table E-2 Typical Control Limits for Precision and Accuracy for Water Samples

EPA Maximum Recovery Lower Recovery Upper

Constituent Method RPD Limit Limit
Conventionals
Conductivity 120.1 20% NA NA
Hardness 130.2; 130.1; SM 2340B 20% 80% 120%
pH 150.1 20% NA NA
TDS 160.1 20% 80% 120%
TSS 160.2 20% 80% 120%
Turbidity 180.1 20% NA NA
BOD 405.1; SM5210B
COD 410.1/4; SM 5220C/D 20% 80% 120%
TOC/DOC 415.1 15% 85% 115%
Nutrients
NO3-N 300.0 20% 80% 120%
NO2-N 300.0 20% 80% 120%
NH3-N 350.2; 350.3 20% 80% 120%
TKN 351.3 20% 80% 120%
Phosphorus 365.3 20% 80% 120%
Ortho-phosphate 365.2 20% 80% 120%
Metals
Aluminum (Al) 200.8 20% 75% 125%
Arsenic (As) 206.3 20% 75% 125%
Cadmium (Cd) 200.8 20% 75% 125%
Chromium (Cr) 200.8 20% 75% 125%
Copper (Cu) 200.8 20% 75% 125%
Iron (Fe) 200.9 20% 75% 125%
Lead (Pb) 200.8 20% 75% 125%
Nickel (Pb) 200.8 20% 75% 125%
Zinc (Zn) 200.8 20% 75% 125%
Silver (Ag) 200.8 20% 75% 125%
Selenium (Se) 200.8 20% 75% 125%
Mercury (Hg) 1631 21% 79% 121%
Total Petroleum Hydrocarbons
TPH (gasoline) 8015b 21% 45% 129%
TPH (diesel) 8015b 21% 45% 129%
TPH (motor oil) 8015b 21% 45% 129%
Oil & Grease 1664 18% 79% 114%
Pesticides and Herbicides
Glyphosate 547 30% 70% 130%
OP Pesticides (esp. diazinon
8141; ELISA 25%
and chlorpyrifos)
See method for constituent specific
OC Pesticides 8081 25%
Chlorinated Herbicides 8150; 8151 25%
Carbamate Pesticides 8321 25%
Miscellaneous Organic Constituents
Base/Neutrals and Acids 625; 8270
30% to 50%
PAHs 8310
Purgeables 624; 8260 20% See method for constituent specific
Purgeable Halocarbons 601 30%
Purgeable Aromatics 602 20%
Miscellaneous Constituents
Cyanide 335.2 20% 75% 125%
Bacteriological
Fecal Coliform SM 9221E NA NA NA
Total Coliform SM 9221B NA NA NA
Notes: RPD = relative percent difference between duplicate analyses.
Recovery, lower and upper limits refer to analysis of spiked samples.

Environmental samples associated with laboratory duplicate results greater than the
maximum allowable RPD (when the numerical difference is greater than the reporting
limit) are qualified as “J” (estimated). When the numerical difference is less than the RL,
no qualification is necessary. Field duplicate RPDs are compared against the maximum
allowable RPDs used for laboratory duplicates to identify any pattern of problems with

E-7
 Appendix E

reproducibility of results. Any significant pattern of RPD exceedances for field

duplicates should be noted in the data report narrative.

Corrective action should be taken to address field or laboratory procedures that are
introducing the imprecision of results. The data reviewer can apply “J” (estimated)
qualifiers to any data points if there is clear evidence of a field or laboratory bias issue
that is not related to contamination. (Qualification based on contamination is assessed
with blank samples.)

Laboratories should provide justification for any laboratory duplicate samples with
RPDs greater than the maximum allowable value. In some cases, the laboratory will
track and document such exceedances, however; in most cases it is the job of the data
reviewer to locate these out-of-range RPDs. When asked to justify excessive RPD values
for field duplicates, laboratories most often will cite sample-splitting problems in the
field.
Irregularities should be included in the data reviewer’s summary, and the laboratory’s
response should be retained to document laboratory performance, and to track potential
chronic problems with laboratory analysis and reporting.

Accuracy

Accuracy is defined as the degree of agreement of a measurement to an accepted

reference or true value. Accuracy is measured as the percent recovery (%R) of spike
compound(s).

Percent recovery of spikes is calculated in the following manner:

%R = 100% * [(Cs – C) / S]

where:

%R = percent recovery

Cs = spiked sample concentration

C = sample concentration for spiked matrices

S = concentration equivalent of spike added

Accuracy (%R) criteria for spike recoveries should be compared with the limits specified
in the project DQOs. A list of typical acceptable recoveries is shown in Table 13-2. As in
the case of maximum allowable RPDs, laboratories develop acceptable criteria for an
allowable range of recovery percentages that may differ from the values listed in Table
13-2.

Percent recoveries should be reviewed during data evaluation, and deviations from the
specified limits should be noted in the data reviewer’s summary. Justification for out of
range recoveries should be provided by the laboratory along with the laboratory reports,
or in response to the data reviewer’s summary.

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 Appendix E

Laboratory Matrix Spike and Matrix Spike Duplicate Samples

Evaluation of analytical accuracy and precision in environmental sample matrices is

obtained through the analysis of laboratory matrix spike (MS) and matrix spike
duplicate
(MSD) samples. A matrix spike is an environmental sample that is spiked with a known
amount of the constituent being analyzed. A percent recovery can be calculated from the
results of the spike analysis. A MSD is a duplicate of this analysis that is performed as a
check on matrix recovery precision. MS and MSD results are used together to calculate
RPD as with the duplicate samples. When MS/MSD results (%R and RPD) are outside
the project specifications, as listed in Table 13-2, the associated environmental samples
are qualified as “estimates due to matrix interference”. Surrogate standards are added to
all environmental and QC samples tested by gas chromatography (GC) or gas
chromatography-mass spectroscopy (GC-MS). Surrogates are non-target compounds
that are analytically similar to the analytes of interest. The surrogate compounds are
spiked into the sample prior to the extraction or analysis. Surrogate recoveries are
evaluated with respect to the laboratory acceptance criteria to provide information on
the extraction efficiency of every sample.

External Reference Standards

External reference standards (ERS) are artificial certified standards prepared by an

external agency and added to a batch of samples. ERS’s are not required for every batch
of samples, and are often only run quarterly by laboratories. Some laboratories use ERS’s
in place of laboratory control spikes with every batch of samples. ERS results are
assessed the same as laboratory control spikes for qualification purposes (see below).
The external reference standards are evaluated in terms of accuracy, expressed as the
percent recovery (comparison of the laboratory results with the certified concentrations).
The laboratory should report all out-of-range values along with the environmental
sample results. ERS values are qualified as biased high” when the ERS recovery exceeds
the acceptable recovery range and “biased low” when the ERS recovery is smaller than
the recovery range.

Laboratory Control Samples

LCS analysis is another batch check of recovery of a known standard solution that is
used to assess the accuracy of the entire recovery process. LCSs are much like ERS's
except that a certified standard is not necessarily used with LCSs, and the laboratory
prepares the sample internally so the cost associated with preparing a LCS sample is
much lower than the cost of ERS preparation. LCSs are reviewed for percent recovery
within control limits provided by the laboratory. LCS out-of-range values are treated in
the same manner as ERS out-of-range values. Because LCS and ERS analysis both check
the entire recovery process, any irregularity in these results supersedes other accuracy-
related qualification. Data are rejected due to low LCS recoveries when the associated
environmental result is below the reporting limit.

E-9
 Appendix E

A flow chart of the data evaluation process, presented on the following pages as Figures
E-1 (lab-initiated QA/QC samples) and E-2 (field-initiated QA/QC), can be used as a
general guideline for data evaluation. Boxes shaded black in Figures E-1 and E-2
designates final results of the QA/QC evaluation.

E-10
 Appendix E

Holding time Qualify results as estimated if holding

1. no time variance allowed, or reject
compliance?
results. Proceed to next step.

yes
Are Method blanks Are sample results
2. Are sample <10x (phthalates & common contaminants) or No qualification.
ND or within project no no
results ND? <5x (semi- & non-volatiles & metals*) no Proceed to next step.
specs?
blank concentration?

yes
yes
yes
No qualification. Qualify associated detected
Proceed to next step. environmental sample results as “U”.
Proceed to next step.

Qualify sample results as estimates

Are Lab duplicate RPDs Are measured differences between samples
3. no due to analytical variability.
within project specs? no less than the reporting limit?
Proceed to next step.

yes

yes
If MS result is >UL,
No qualification. qualify detected associated environmental sample results as
Proceed to next step. estimates due to matrix interference.
Are MS recoveries
4. If MS result is <LL,
within project specs? no
qualify associated environmental sample results as estimates
due to matrix interference and consider rejecting associated
environmental sample data below detection based on other

yes
supporting QA/QC data.

Are MSD RPDs within Qualify sample results as estimates

5. no due to matrix interfernce.
project specs?
Proceed to next step.

yes
If spike recovery result is >UL,
qualify associated environmental sample results above detection levels as
estimates due to high analytical bias.
LCS & ERS recoveries no
6. If spike recovery result is <LL or more than half of recoveries are outside
within project specs?
acceptability limits,
qualify associated detected environmental sample results as estimates due to low

yes
analytical bias and reject associated environmental sample data below detection.

No qualification.
Proceed to field-initiated QA/QC data evaluation.

*Environmental results between 5x and 10x the blank concentration are qualified as “an upper limit on the true concentration” and the data user should be cautioned.

Figure E-1. Technical Data Evaluation for Lab-Initiated QA/QC Samples

E-1
 Appendix E

Are sample results

7. Are field blanks ND? Are sample <10x (phthalates & common contaminants) or
no no <5x (semi- & non-volatiles & metals*) no No qualification.
results ND?
blank concentration? Proceed to next step.

yes
yes
yes
No qualification.
Proceed to next step. Qualify associated detected
environmental sample results as “U”.
Proceed to next step.
No Results
qualificati considered Report patterns in data report
on. ND. narrative. Remediate field and lab
Are field duplicate RPDs Are measured differences between samples
Proceed
8. no Proceed to no protocols as necessary. Qualify
within project specs? lesstothan
nextthe Reporting Limit? next step. results if deemed necessary.
step. Proceed to next step.

yes
yes
No qualification.
Proceed to next step.
Do overall QC results Make additional data qualifications as
9. indicate systematic yes necessary matrix, method, etc.
problems? Qualified data should be noted and reported.

no
No limitation on use of
unqualified data.
Qualified data should be
noted and reported.

*Environmental results between 5x and 10x the blank concentration are qualified as “an upper limit on the true concentration” and the data user should be cautioned.

Figure E-2. Technical Data Evaluation for Field-Initiated QA/QC Samples

E-2