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1. In the International Standard Atmosphere (ISA), as altitude increases in the

troposphere, air density:
a. Decreases.
b. Also increases.
c. Stays the same.
d. Will not be affected as air density is independent of altitude.

2. The International Standard Atmosphere (ISA) sea-level pressure is equal to:

a. 1014.00 mb.
b. 1013.25 mb.
c. 1014.25 Hpa.
d. 50 inches of mercury.

3. Air in the atmosphere is made up of:

a. Nitrogen (78 %), Oxygen (21%), Carbon Dioxide (0.03%) and Argon (1%).
b. Nitrogen (78%), Oxygen (21%), Carbon Dioxide (0.03%) and Hydrogen (1%).
c. Nitrogen (1%), Oxygen (78%), Carbon Dioxide (21%) and Argon (0.03%).
d. Nitrogen (21%), Oxygen (0.03%), Carbon Dioxide (78%) and Argon (1%).

4. In the International Standard Atmosphere (ISA), as altitude increases in the

Troposphere, temperature:
a. Also increases.
b. Decreases.
c. Stays the same.
d. Will not be affected as it is independent of altitude.

5. If the atmospheric pressure decreases, the partial pressure of the oxygen in the
atmosphere will:
a. Stay the same.
b. Increase.
c. Decrease.
d. Not be affected as it is independent of atmospheric pressure.

6. In the international standard atmosphere (ISA), as altitude increases in the

troposphere, pressure:
a. Will not be affected as pressure is independent of altitude.
b. Also increases.
c. Stays the same.
d. Decreases.

7. At altitude, the volumetric proportion of oxygen in the atmosphere is:

a. Dependent on the actual altitude.
b. Higher than at MSL.
c. Lower than at MSL.
d. The same as at mean sea level (MSL)

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8. In the International Standard Atmosphere (ISA), as altitude increases in the

Stratosphere, temperature:
a. Decreases.
b. Also increases.
c. Remains almost constant at -56 degrees Celsius.
d. Fluctuates between positive and negative temperatures.

9. Which gas, which is absorbed by the body during normal breathing, plays an important
role in decompression sickness?
a. Oxygen.
b. Nitrogen.
c. Carbon Dioxide.
d. Carbon Monoxide.

10. After donating blood, what is the minimum time a pilot should wait before flying?
a. 12 hours.
b. 2 hours.
c. 24 hours.
d. 48 hours.

11. Blood pressure may be too high due to:

a. Smoking.
b. Age.
c. Stress.
d. All answers are correct.

12. Which body system is responsible for distributing oxygen around the body?
a. The Oxidation System.
b. The Nervous System.
c. The Respiratory System.
d. The Circulatory System.

13. The blood carries ____ around the body and removes ____ from the body with the
exchange occurring in the ____.
a. Carbon Dioxide / Oxygen / Capillaries
b. Carbon / Dioxide / Oxygen Veins
c. Oxygen / Carbon Dioxide / Arteries
d. Oxygen / Carbon Dioxide / Capillaries

14. Brain cells that have been deprived of oxygen will start to die in:
a. 30 minutes.
b. 2 seconds.
c. 2 minutes.
d. 2 hours.

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15. Which of the following gases regulate the rate and depth of breathing, depending on
the levels at which the gas is present in the blood?
a. Nitrogen.
b. Oxygen.
c. Carbon Dioxide.
d. Carbon Monoxide.

16. When a person is experiencing stress or fear, adrenaline is released into the blood
stream causing immediate:
a. Loss of consciousness.
b. Fatigue.
c. Increase in the pulse-rate.
d. Decrease in the pulse-rate.

17. Approximately how long does it take a person to dissipate one unit of alcohol from the
blood?
a. 5 hours.
b. 1/2 hour
c. 12 hours.
d. 2 hours.

18. Enter into the following statement the most correct pair of gases from the options below.
Hemoglobin in red blood cells is more readily attracted to ____than ____.
a. Carbon Dioxide / Nitrogen.
b. Nitrogen / Oxygen.
c. Oxygen / Nitrogen.
d. Carbon Monoxide / Oxygen.

19. Which organ controls all other bodily functions?

a. The spinal cord.
b. The heart.
c. The lungs.
d. The brain.

20. The condition whereby the body does not enough oxygen to function correctly is known
as:
a. Hyperventilation.
b. Hypotension.
c. Hypoxia.
d. Hyperglycemia.

21. Above what altitude do pilots need to breath supplementary oxygen?

a. 20,000 ft.
b. 2,000 ft.
c. 8,000 ft.
d. 10,000 ft.

22. Compared to a non-smoker, someone who smokes is likely to experience the effects
of hypoxia at:
a. A higher altitude.
b. A lower altitude.
c. The same altitude.
d. Any altitude.

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23. The effects of Hypoxia can be increased by:

a. All answers are correct.
b. Increased temperature.
c. Increased altitude.
d. Alcohol.

24. You are taking a friend flying and are cruising at 6,000 ft. Your passenger begins
suffering from a tingling sensation, dizziness and visual disorders and then becomes
unconscious. Your passenger is probably suffering from:
a. Food poisoning.
b. Hypoxia.
c. Hyperventilation.
d. Angina.

25. A likely symptom, or likely symptoms, of Hypoxia might be:

a. Tingling fingers and toes.
b. Unconsciousness.
c. Impaired judgment.
d. All answers are correct.

26. Color-blindness or, more accurately, color-defective vision, is caused by:

a. A defect in the lens tissue of the eye.
b. A defect in the structure of the color-sensitive cones in the retina.
c. Defective functioning of the ciliary muscles.
d. A foreshortened eyeball.

27. Hypermetropia and Myopia are normally caused by:

a. Stress.
b. Eye strain.
c. A misshaped eye ball.
d. Badly fitting spectacles.

28. Hypermetropia is caused by a ____ eyeball and treated by a ____ whereas Myopia is
caused by a ____ eyeball and treated with
a. Shortened / concave / lengthened / convex.
b. Lengthened / convex / shortened / concave.
c. Shortened / convex / lengthened / concave.
d. Lengthened / concave / shortened / convex.

29. Which of the following organs of the body supplies the single most dependable source
of sensory information?
a. The Neo-cortex.
b. The Ear.
c. The Nose.
d. The Eye.

30. What is the component of the eye responsible for peripheral vision and sensitive to low
light levels?
a. The Cones.
b. The Rods.
c. The Fovea.
d. The Retina.

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31. Empty Field Myopia is a condition where the eyes naturally focus at a distance of
approximately:
a. 20 - 500 meters.
b. Infinity.
c. 1 - 2 meters.
d. At the horizon.

32. At night it is easier to focus on an object if you:

a. Look about 50 degrees either side of it.
b. Look directly at it.
c. Look slightly to one side of it.
d. Look directly at it while holding your eyes open as wide as you can.

33. To lessen the danger of collision with an aircraft which might be in a pilot's blind spot
and closing on a constant relative bearing, the pilot should:
a. Change heading by a few degrees every 10 minutes or so.
b. Carry out a systematic look out at all times.
c. Roll the aircraft from right to left by a few degrees every 10 minutes or so.
d. Carry out periodic clearing turns.

34. Where is the blind spot?

a. On the edge of the Lens.
b. On the Iris.
c. On the Fovea.
d. Where the optic nerve enters the Retina.

35. Accommodation is the power of the lens to focus rays of light from near objects onto
the Fovea. Accommodation is controlled by:
a. The Ciliary muscles.
b. The Iris.
c. The Rods and Cones.
d. The Retina.

36. Dark adaptation takes about ____ for the Rods, and ____ for the Cones.
a. 15 minutes / 20 minutes.
b. 30 minutes / 7 minutes.
c. 7 minutes / 30 minutes
d. 25 minutes / 45 minutes.

37. The power of accommodation in an eye:

a. Is increased as the elasticity of the lens decreases.
b. Is decreased as the elasticity of the lens decreases.
c. Is not affected by the degree of elasticity of the lens.
d. Has nothing to do with the lens.

38. When flying solo, a pilot who suspects he is suffering from spatial disorientation should:
a. Believe the indications of his instruments.
b. Blink rapidly several times.
c. Swallow hard, pinch the nostrils and blow down the nose to clear the Eustachian
tube.
d. Believe his somatosensory senses.

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39. What is noise induced hearing loss?

a. Loss of hearing due to damage to the vestibular apparatus.
b. Loss of hearing due to damage to the ossicles.
c. Loss of hearing due to damage to the cochlea.
d. Loss of hearing due to damage to the middle ear.

40. When can a pilot experience the "leans"?

a. In all flight conditions.
b. In the climb.
c. In the descent.
d. In the climb or the descent.

41. What is the most important sense for spatial orientation?

a. Hearing and balance.
b. Sight.
c. "Seat of the pants".
d. All senses play their part in situation awareness.

42. Which of the following should a pilot primarily rely on if he becomes disorientated in
Visual Meteorological Conditions?
a. His sense of balance.
b. Turning the head to recover from disorientation.
c. His sense of sight.
d. The aircraft's instruments.

43. On what does the causes of noise induced hearing loss depend?
a. The duration of the noise above 110 dbs.
b. Both the intensity and duration of the noise above 100 dbs.
c. The duration of the noise above 100 dbs.
d. Both the intensity and duration of the noise above 90 dbs.

44. The frequency band that a healthy young person can hear is:
a. 70 - 15.000 cycles per second.
b. 20 - 20.000 cycles per second.
c. 80 - 20.000 cycles per second.
d. 500 - 15.000 cycles per second.

45. What is the purpose of the Eustachian tube?

a. To allow ambient pressure to equalize on both sides of the ear drum.
b. To pass sound waves across the middle ear to the auditory nerve.
c. To allow ambient pressure to equalize on the middle ear side of the ear drum.
d. To allow ambient pressure to equalize on both sides of the vestibular apparatus.

46. One of the main contributory factors to the onset of motion sickness is:
a. The mismatch between visual and vestibular sensory inputs.
b. Rolling quickly into turns.
c. Performing high g maneuvers.
d. Stalling.

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47. During straight and level flight any pronounced linear acceleration may produce
sensation of the nose pitching up. In such a situation, the pilot should:
a. Correct the pitching movement by moving the control column slightly forward.
b. Ignore vestibular information and believe what the instruments are indicating.
c. Rely on information from the vestibular apparatus to maintain orientation.
d. Rely on his "seat of the pants" feeling to make any necessary correction.

48. Loudness is measured in:

a. Pascal´s.
b. Hertz.
c. Decibels.
d. Cycle per second.

49. Which of the following should a pilot primarily rely on if he becomes disorientated in
instrument meteorological conditions?
a. His sense of balance.
b. His sense of sight.
c. Turning the head to recover from disorientation.
d. The aircraft's instruments.

50. The vestibular apparatus detects ____ acceleration:

a. Angular.
b. Linear.
c. Angular and linear.
d. Positive "g".

51. If an aircraft accelerates, what do the otoliths indicate to the brain?

a. That the aircraft is pitching down.
b. That the aircraft is pitching up.
c. That the aircraft is turning.
d. That the aircraft is climbing and turning.

52. Complete the following sentence. If your Eustachian tube is blocked and you cannot
clear your ears, you should:
a. Ground yourself until the condition causing the blocking of the Eustachian tube
has cleared up.
b. Clear your nose with a nasal inhaler before flying.
c. Fly only as a passenger.
d. Proceed with your flight but ensure that you swallow hard frequently.

53. While flying, the changes in outside air pressure can cause air trapped in the body
cavities to expand and contract. This is known as Otic Barotrauma and it most likely to
effect:
a. The teeth.
b. The middle ear.
c. The sinuses.
d. All of the above.

54. The best preventative actions to take if someone is showing symptoms of Stroboscopic
Effect is to:
a. Give him a task to distract him.
b. Sit the person in a sunny area.
c. Place the person in the shade and get them to close their eyes.
d. Take no action, as the symptoms last for a short time only.

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55. If taking a course of drugs, is it advisable to pilot an aircraft?

a. No, unless cleared by an Aviation Medicine Specialist.
b. Yes, provided that they are antibiotics, as these do not have side-effects.
c. Yes, provided that the drug is non-prescription.
d. No, you should never fly while taking any drugs.

56. The ability of a pilot to withstand even moderate forces can be affected by:
a. Presbycusis.
b. The maximum load limits of the aircraft.
c. Fatigue in the pilot.
d. All of the above.

57. A pilot should not fly for at least how long after a local anesthetic?
a. 48 hours.
b. 2 hours.
c. 24 hours.
d. 12 hours.

58. You are suffering from a cold with slightly blocked nose and sinuses and you have an
aircraft booked to fly. Should you:
a. Not fly?
b. Take a decongestant 1/2 an hour before flight?
c. Fly as normal?
d. Fly, but be sure to select only low rates of climb and descent?

59. A pilot should not fly for at least how long after a general anesthetic?
a. 24 hours.
b. 2 hours.
c. 12 hours.
d. 48 hours.

60. Which of the following may cause fainting?

a. A too rapid eye scan.
b. A sudden shock.
c. Over meticulous flight planning.
d. All of the above.

61. When compared to visual stimuli, auditory stimuli (noises) are:

a. Less likely to attract attention and less likely to be responded to in error.
b. More likely to attract attention and more likely to be responded to in error.
c. Less likely to attract attention and more likely to be responded to in error.
d. More likely to attract attention and less likely to be responded to in error.

62. If a pilot is approaching a runway much larger than that at his home airfield, what is his
visual perception of the runway likely to be?
a. The runway will appear further away than it actually is.
b. The runway will appear closer than it actually is.
c. Distances will be easy to judge.
d. A different approach path should be adopted.

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63. A false perception characterized by a distortion of real sensory stimuli is known as:
a. Day-dreaming.
b. Hallucination.
c. Mirage.
d. Boredom response.

64. Repeating information several times transfer it to long-term memory is called:

a. Chunking.
b. Memory induction.
c. Prompting.
d. Rehearsing.

65. It is generally accepted that the short-term memory can hold how many items and how
long?
a. 7 items for 10-20 seconds.
b. 4 items for 15 seconds.
c. 15 items for 1-5 minutes.
d. 7 items for 5-10 minutes.

66. If a pilot is used to flying in relatively polluted hazy air and then flies in a very clear sky:
a. Near objects may be mistaken for those further away.
b. Distant objects may appear further away than they are.
c. Distant objects may appear closer than they are.
d. Near objects may appear further away than they are.

67. From the options below, choose the correct sequence of the various stages of the
reasoning process.
a. Detection, Perception, Decisions taken, Action, Feedback.
b. Perception, Action, Feedback, Detection, Decisions taken.
c. Detection, Feedback, Decisions taken, Action, Perception.
d. Detection, Perception, Decisions taken, Feedback, Action.

68. Which of the following will give the illusion that the aircraft is too low during an
approach?
a. A down-sloping runway.
b. An up-sloping runway.
c. A brightly lit aerodrome in an otherwise dark area.
d. A narrower than normal runway.

69. As captain of an aircraft you will need to show good leadership skills. Which of the
following is not one such skill?
a. Forward planning.
b. Aggressive assertiveness.
c. Maintaining good situational awareness.
d. The art of delegation.

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70. You have planned to take a couple of friends on an air experience flight. On the day,
the weather conditions are marginal and there is a strong cross-wind on the runway.
As a competent assessor of risk, which of the following decisions should you take?
a. Reschedule the flight for another time, discounting the immediate
disappointment to your friends.
b. Get airborne as planned, as it is always wise to stick to your flight plan if you
possibly can.
c. Proceed with the flight and treat it as an opportunity to practice flying in adverse
conditions.
d. Ask your friends if they are prepared to fly in the prevailing conditions, before
assessing the situation yourself.

71. When making a decision, will a pilot be influenced by previous experience?

a. Yes, but only if the experience is good.
b. Yes, past experience can play a part in decision-making.
c. Yes, but only if the experience was bad.
d. No, each decision is unrelated.

72. Mental Overload usually:

a. Has no effect on performance.
b. Leads to better performance.
c. Leads to degraded performance.
d. Causes changes in the speed and accuracy of performance which vary from
individual to individual.

73. Complete the following statement. If, as an inexperienced pilot, you are flying with
someone of much greater experience, and you see him do something you consider to
be dangerous, you should:
a. Do nothing for the moment, but check the wisdom and correctness of his action
by discussing it with an instructor after you have landed.
b. Wait until the action or maneuver is completed, and then questions him.
c. Ignore the situation because he obviously knows what he is doing.
d. Immediately question his course of action.

74. Good briefings are very important. Which of the following could be the result of a bad
briefing?
a. Good understanding of information.
b. Good transfer of knowledge.
c. Increased uncertainty.
d. Decreased uncertainty.

75. Complete the following statement. The most appropriate time for a pilot to give
passengers an initial briefing on emergency procedures is:
a. While waiting at the hold for take-off.
b. At the moment any emergency occurs; it is not necessary to worry them before
that.
c. During a pre-flight safety briefing.
d. Just after take-off.

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76. Two pilots, both seated at the controls and qualified on type, have just commenced a
flight when they experience an engine failure. Who should take control of the aircraft?
a. The pilot who, during the pre-flight briefing on emergencies, the captain agreed
should take over control in such a situation.
b. The pilot in the left-hand seat.
c. The captain.
d. The more experienced of the two.

77. Which of the following attitudes and/or characteristics are not good communication and
especially dangerous when flying?
a. Respect for other peoples' opinions.
b. A highly developed sense of leadership.
c. Arrogance and aggressiveness.
d. All of the above.

78. Which of the following are ways to help avoid stress in the cockpit?
a. Not allowing yourself to be rushed into acting before you are ready.
b. Having a cool drink at hand, at all times.
c. Modifying your pre-flight plan whenever you feel you are off-track or behind
time.
d. All of the above.

79. What are Stress Factors or Stressors?

a. Events and circumstances which cause stress.
b. Pulse-rate inducers.
c. Circumstances or events which provoke any kind of reaction to the demands
placed upon the human organism.
d. Measures of stress exhibited by a person.

80. An analogue display is generally better than a digital display for showing which sort of
data?
a. Quantitative.
b. Qualitative.
c. Numerical.
d. Subjective.

81. Which of the following occur when a pilot is sitting too high in a cockpit?
a. Good downward outside view.
b. Poor view of instruments.
c. Upwards outside view obstructed.

a. Only a).
b. a), b) and c).
c. a) and b) only.
d. a) and c) only.

82. You are preparing for a training flight with an instructor and cannot find your checklist.
You should:
a. Use a checklist for a different aircraft type.
b. Perform the checks from memory.
c. Take time to find the checklist at the risk of missing part of your airborne time.
d. Rely on the instructor to point out anything that you might have missed.

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83. If advice is needed concerning possible flight with an illness, a pilot should contact:
a. Their family doctor.
b. An Aviation Medical Examiner.
c. The nearest hospital.
d. The general practitioner.

84. Which will always affect your ability to fly?

a. Homeopathic drugs.
b. Over-the-counter analgesics and antihistamines.
c. Antibiotics.
d. Strong prescription analgesics and antihistamines.

85. As a pilot, flying for long periods in hot summer temperatures increases the
susceptibility of dehydration since the:
a. Dry air at altitude tends to increase the rate of water loss from the body.
b. Moist air at altitude helps retain the body's moisture.
c. Temperature decreases with altitude.
d. Temperature increases with altitude

86. Motion sickness is caused by:

a. Continued stimulation of the tiny portion of the inner ear which controls sense
of balance.
b. Instability in the brain cells which affect balance and will generally be overcome
with experience.
c. The movement of an aircraft causing the stomach to create an acid substance
which causes the stomach lining to contract.
d. The eyes working on to allocate the horizon when an aircraft is in constant
movement.

87. What suggestion could you make to your pilot fellow who is experiencing motion
sickness?
a. Recommend breathing into the paper bag. Avoid
b. Recommend taking medication to prevent motion sickness.
c. Lower her/his head, shut her/his eyes, and take deep breaths.
d. Unnecessary head movement and to keep her/his eyes on a point outside the
aircraft.

88. In an unpressurised aircraft, at high altitudes the amount of oxygen that diffuses across
the lung membranes into the blood is.:
a. Unchanged to that at sea level.
b. Decreased because of the lower temperatures.
c. Decreased because of the low partial pressure of oxygen.
d. Increased because of the high partial pressure of oxygen.

89. During a climb to 18,000 ft, the percentage of oxygen in the atmosphere:
a. Increases.
b. Remains the same.
c. Decreases.
d. Explodes.

90. Although not required, supplemental oxygen is recommended for use when flying at:
a. 3,800 m (12,500 ft).
b. 1,500 m (5,000 ft).
c. 3,050 m (10,000 ft) .
d. Night above 1,500 m (5,000 ft).

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91. Hypoxia is the result of:

a. Excessive nitrogen in the bloodstream.
b. Insufficient oxygen in the air.
c. Shortage of oxygen in the body.
d. All answers are correct.

92. Which statement concerning hypoxia is true?

a. Tingling of the skin and a false sense of security may be symptoms of hypoxia.
b. Hypoxia is caused by nitrogen bubbles in the joints and bloodstream.
c. Forcing oneself to concentrate on the flight instruments will help to overcome
the effects of hypoxia.
d. Hypoxia is always easy to recognize.

93. Which occurs when climbing above 18,000 feet in an unpressurized aircraft without
supplemental oxygen?
a. The oxygen pressure within the lungs remains the same.
b. Gases trapped in the body contract and prevent nitrogen from escaping the
bloodstream.
c. The pressure in the middle ear becomes less than the atmospheric pressure in
the cabin.
d. The oxygen pressure within the lungs cannot be maintained without an increase
in inhaled oxygen pressure.

94. Susceptibility to carbon monoxide poisoning increases as:

a. Air pressure increases.
b. Altitude decreases.
c. Altitude increases.
d. Airspeed increases.

95. Carbon monoxide in an aircraft cabin is:

a. Easily recognizable because of its peculiar odor.
b. Difficult to recognize because of its odorless and colorless.
c. Easily recognizable because of its peculiar color.
d. Easier to recognize when flying over 18,000 feet because the level of the
oxygen decreases.

96. Large accumulations of carbon monoxide in the human body result in:
a. Tightness across the forehead.
b. Loss of muscular power.
c. An increased sense of well-being.
d. Hyperventilation.

97. What is one effect smoking has on a pilot?

a. Increases body heat which, in turn, creates a demand for more oxygen.
b. Decreases night vision by 50 percent.
c. Creates additional carbon dioxide gases in the body which often leads to
hyperventilation.
d. An increased sense of well-being.

98. Which would most likely result in hyperventilation?

a. Chain smoking.
b. The excessive consumption of alcohol.
c. An extremely slow rate of breathing and insufficient oxygen.
d. Emotional tension, anxiety, or fear.

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99. Rapid or extra deep breathing while using oxygen can cause a condition known as:
a. Aerotitis.
b. Aerosinusitis.
c. Hyperventilation.
d. Hypoxia.

100. Hyperventilation results from:

a. Flying too high without supplemental oxygen.
b. A lack of carbon dioxide in the body.
c. Breathing too rapidly causing a lack of oxygen.
d. Excess carbon dioxide in the body.

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