Proceedings of

VESCOMM-2016
4th NATIONAL CONFERENCE ON “RECENT TRENDES IN VLSI, EMBEDED SYSTEM, SIGNAL PROCESSING AND COMMUNICATION
In Association with “The Institution of Engineers (India)” and IJRPET
February 12th, 2016

Paper ID: VESCOMM 14

ELECTRONIC CAMERA ENDOSCOPY: MAGIC PILL FOR
HEALTH CARE

1
Ms. Deepali D. Patil, 2Ms. Tejal T. Kadam, 3Ms.Aishwarya V. Pawar, 4 MsTejashree R. Gaikwad
Department of Electronics & Telecommunication Engineering
Annasaheb Dange College of Engineering & Technology, Ashta
Shivaji University, Kolhapur.

Abstract: Earlier method that Doctors would To overcome all these problems Professor
have preferred was Endoscopy Procedure. By Jon Cooper and Dr Erik Johan Essen from Glasgow
which Doctor able to see the inside lining of University, U.K has led to the development of a
modern microelectronic pill [2, 5, 6].
digestive track. This Examination is performed
When Microelectronic pill is swallowed,
using an Endoscope-a flexible fiber optic tube then it will travel through the Gastro Intestinal
with a tiny TV camera at the end [2, 5, 6]. The Track & simultaneously perform multi-parameter
conventional method for this system is camera’s in situ physiological analysis [1, 4]. After
endoscopy or electronic pill. Imagine a vitamin completing its mission it will come out of the body
pill-sized camera that could travel through your by normal bowel movement [4].
body taking pictures, helping diagnose a The pill is 16mm in diameter & 55mm
long weighing around 5 gram. It records parameters
problem which doctor previously would have
like temperature, pH, Conductivity, & Dissolved
found only through surgery [1, 2, 3, 4]. It is Oxygen in real time. Imagine a vitamin pill-sized
being beneficially used for disease detection & camera that could travel through your body and
abnormalities in human body. Therefore it is taking pictures, helping diagnose a problem which
also called as” MAGIC PILL FORHEALTH doctor previously would have found only through
CARE”[4, 5]. surgery [3].
2. TECHNOLOGY USED
Keywords: Endoscopy, Microelectronic pill, E- Pill Camera developed on the basis of
NANOTECHNOLOGY. Nanotechnology deals
capsule, ASIC, etc.
with objects measured in nanometers. Nanometer
can be visualized as billionth of a meter or
1. INTRODUCTION
millionth of a millimeter or it is 1/80000 width of
Our Body is a sensitive system. Many human hair [3, 6].
times even doctors aren’t able to interpret the
disease. Thus it becomes too late to cure it [5]. To
remove these problem scientists discovered
electronic capsule. Use of discrete & relatively
large components, poor reliability, short lifetimes
& low sensitivity makes it out-dated [1, 5].

Organized by Department of Electronics and Telecommunication, V.V.P.I.E.T, Solapur

1
 Proceedings of
VESCOMM-2016
4th NATIONAL CONFERENCE ON “RECENT TRENDES IN VLSI, EMBEDED SYSTEM, SIGNAL PROCESSING AND COMMUNICATION
In Association with “The Institution of Engineers (India)” and IJRPET
February 12th, 2016

LENS HOLDER
3. INTERNAL VIEW OF THE After the optical dome there is a lens
E-CAPSULE holder that accommodates the lens by using the
lens holder. By using this lens holder lenses are
tightly fixed in capsule. Hence it will avoid the
problem of dislocation of lens [5, 6].

LENS
The lens is the internal pill camera which
is placed behind the optical dome. The light which
is received by optical dome is falls on the lens [5,
6].

ILLUMINATING LED’S
Fig.1: Internal view of the E-capsule Illuminating LEDs illuminate an object.
Non reflection coating is placed on the light
DESCRIPTION receiving window to prevent the reflection. Light
The device, called the Diagnostic Imaging irradiated from the LED’s pass through the light
System, comes in capsule form and contains a receiving window [5, 6].
figure shows the internal view of the pill camera [2,
4, 6]. It has 8 parts:
1. Optical Dome.
2. Lens Holder. CMOS IMAGE SENSOR
3. Lens. CMOS (Complementary Metal Oxide
4. Illuminating LEDs. Semiconductor) Image Sensor is the most
5. CMOS Image Sensor. important part of the capsule. It is highly sensitive
6. Battery. and produces very high quality images. It has 140º
7. ASIC Transmitter. field of view and can detect objects as small as
8. Antenna. possible [5, 6].
BATTERY
Battery used in the capsule is buttons
shaped and are two in number as shown. The
batteries are arranged together just behind the
CMOS Image Sensor. Silver Oxide primary
batteries are used (Zinc/Alkaline Electrolyte/Silver
Oxide), Such a battery has an even discharge
voltage, disposable and doesn’t cause harm to the
body [1, 4, 5, 6].

ASIC TRANSMITTER
Fig.2: Parts of E-capsule
The ASIC (Application Specific
The latest pill camera is sized at 26*11 Integrated Circuit) Transmitter is arranged behind
mm and is capable of transmitting 50,000 color the batteries as shown. Two Transmitting
Electrodes are connected to the outlines of the
images during its traversal through the digestive ASIC Transmitter. These Electrodes are electrically
system of patient [3]. isolated from each other.

OPTICAL DOME ANTENNAE

It is the front side of the capsule and it is
bullet shaped. The main function of the optical As shown, the Antennae are arranged at
dome is to receiving the light from the window of the end of the capsule. It is enclosed in a dome
the capsule. Normally optical dome is made from shaped chamber [5].
non-conducting material It prevents the filtration of
digestive fluids inside the capsule [3, 5, 6].

Organized by Department of Electronics and Telecommunication, V.V.P.I.E.T, Solapur

2
 Proceedings of
VESCOMM-2016
4th NATIONAL CONFERENCE ON “RECENT TRENDES IN VLSI, EMBEDED SYSTEM, SIGNAL PROCESSING AND COMMUNICATION
In Association with “The Institution of Engineers (India)” and IJRPET
February 12th, 2016

4. MOVEMENT & WORKING OF

CAPSULE THROUGH DIGESTIVE
SYSTEM

Width-10mm

Fig.5:Width of pill camera

RANGE & ACCURACY

Fig.3:Movement of Capsule through Body RANGE:

Pill camera is also called as Capsule  Temperature from 0 to 70°C

Endoscopy the capsule contains a camera, an LED  pH from 1 to 13
light, a battery and a built-in antenna [3]. The  Dissolved Oxygen up to 8.2 mg per liter
antenna transmits the images to as small recording  Conductivity above 0.05 mScm-1
unit that the patient wears on their waist during the  Full scale dynamic Range analogue signal
study. The capsule is about the size of a large = 2.8 V
vitamin pill and it can easily swallow [3, 4, 5].
Once you swallowed it cannot be felt as it moves ACCURACY :
through the body. Then the pill has a clear view of
the digestive track as it travels down. After  pH channel is around 0.2 units above the
completion of test it can be safely flushed down the real value
toilet [4].  Oxygen Sensor is ±0.4 mgL.
 Temperature & Conductivity is within
SHAPE OF PILL CAMERA ±1%.

ADVANTAGES

 Painless, no side effects.

 High quality images.
 Simple procedure.
 High sensitivity and specificity.
 Avoids risk in sedation.
 Efficient than X-ray CT-scan, normal
endoscopy.
 Power consumption is very less.
Height-25mm  Less transmission length & hence has zero
noise interference.
Fig.4:Height of pill camera  Small size, so can move easily through
digestive system.
 Made of bio-compatible material, doesn’t
cause any harm to the body.

Organized by Department of Electronics and Telecommunication, V.V.P.I.E.T, Solapur

3
 Proceedings of
VESCOMM-2016
4th NATIONAL CONFERENCE ON “RECENT TRENDES IN VLSI, EMBEDED SYSTEM, SIGNAL PROCESSING AND COMMUNICATION
In Association with “The Institution of Engineers (India)” and IJRPET
February 12th, 2016

DISADVANTAGES and perhaps electromechanical methods.

External wireless commands will
 Gastrointestinal obstructions prevent the influence capsule diagnosis and therapy
free flow of capsule. is overcome using and will increasingly entail the use of real-
another product manufactured with the time imaging. However, it should be
help of nanotechnology which is the rice- noted that speculations about the future of
grain sized motor. technology in any detail are almost always
 It is very expensive and not reusable. wrong.
 Capsule endoscopy does not replace
standard diagnostic endoscopy.  The development of the capsule
 It cannot be controlled once it has been endoscopy was made possible by
ingested, cannot be stopped or steered to miniaturization of digital chip camera
collect close-up details. technology, especially CMOS chip
 Impossible to control Camera behaviour technology. The continued reduction in
can be overcome using a bi-directional size, increases in pixel numbers and
telemetry Camera.. improvements in imaging with the two
 Patients with pacemakers, pregnant rival technologies-CCD and CMOS is
women ,small babies face difficulties. likely to change the nature of
endoscopy. The current differences are
 Micro Electronic Pills are expensive & are
becoming blurred and hybrids are
not available in many countries.
emerging. The main pressure is to reduce
the component size, which will release
space that could be used for other capsule
FUTURE SCOPE
functions such as biopsy, coagulation or
therapy. New engineering methods for
 It seems likely that capsule endoscopy will
constructing tiny moving parts, miniature
become increasingly effective in
actuators and even motors into capsule
diagnostic gastrointestinal endoscopy.
endoscopes are being developed.
This will be attractive to patients
especially for cancer or varices detection
because capsule endoscopy is painless
and is likely to have a higher take up CONCLUSION
rate compared to conventional
colonoscopy and gastroscopy. Double The Capsule Endoscopy is a pioneering
concept for Medical Technology of the 21st
imager capsules with increased frame
century. The endoscopy system is the first of its
rates have been used to image the
kind to be able to provide non-invasive imaging of
esophagus for Barrett’s and esophageal
the entire small intestine.
varices. The image quality is not bad but
needs to be improved if it is to become It has revolutionized the field of
diagnostic imaging to a great extent and has proved
a realistic substitute for flexible upper and
to be of great help to physicians all over the world.
lower gastrointestinal endoscopy. An
increase in the frame rate, angle of view, REFERENCES
depth of field, image numbers, duration of
1. Peter B. Cotton &Christoper B. Willmans, “
the procedure and improvements in
illumination seem likely. Practical Gastrointestinal Endoscopy” ISBN:
978-1-405-15902-9, 2008
2. Propeietary information of united health care:
 Colonic, esophageal and gastric capsules
copyright 2015 united health care service,Inn
will improve in quality, eroding the
3. Douglas G. Adler, Christopher J. Gostout,
supremacy of flexible endoscopy, and
“Wireless Capsule Endoscopy” published in
become embedded into screening
Hospital Physician, May 2003 P.P. 14-15.
programs. Therapeutic capsules will
4. Colm Mc Caffrey, Olivier Chevalerias, Cian
emerge with brushing, cytology, and fluid
O’Mathuna, Karen Twomey, “Swallowable-
aspiration; biopsy and drug delivery
Capsule technology” Published in IEEE Cs
capabilities. Electro cautery may also
2008. P.P. 23-29
become possible. Diagnostic capsules will
5. Marica Yu,BSN,Rn, “M2A Capsule
integrate physiological measurements with
Endoscopy” published in Gastroenterology
imaging and optical biopsy, and
Nursing, Volume 25, No. 1
immunologic cancer recognition. Remote
6. Naga Raj Y, “ Camera pill Endoscopy”
control movement will improve with the
published in International Journal of Research
use of magnets and/or electro stimulation
in Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences,

Organized by Department of Electronics and Telecommunication, V.V.P.I.E.T, Solapur

4
 Proceedings of
VESCOMM-2016
4th NATIONAL CONFERENCE ON “RECENT TRENDES IN VLSI, EMBEDED SYSTEM, SIGNAL PROCESSING AND COMMUNICATION
In Association with “The Institution of Engineers (India)” and IJRPET
February 12th, 2016

ISSN: 2229-3701, Vol. 2 (3) Jul – Sep 2011,

P.P. 872-879

WEB REFERENCE:-
1. http://ubimon.doc.ic.ac.uk/bsn/public/Jon_Coo
per.pdf
2. http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu
3. http://www.forumsains.com

Organized by Department of Electronics and Telecommunication, V.V.P.I.E.T, Solapur

5