TABLE OF CONTENTS
OBSERVATION REPORTS
2013
This is my observation reports in 2013
OBSERVATION
Vacation ago, me and family went for a vacation, especially in the area of
Java. There we visited places that are very popular and well known for its natural
beauty.
We had time to visit: Prambanan temple, temple burobudur, national zoo,
Monas, and much more. To be friends or fathers and mothers interested in
engunjunginya teacher, I will write data about the area that I visit
Page 1
OBSERVATION
Candi Prambanan or Candi Rara Jonggrang is a 9th-century Hindu
temple compound in Central Java, Indonesia, dedicated to the Trimurti, the expression
of God as the Creator (Brahma), the Preserver (Vishnu) and the Destroyer (Shiva).
The temple compound is located approximately 17 kilometres northeast of the city
of Yogyakarta on the boundary between Central Java and Yogyakarta provinces.
The temple compound, a UNESCO World Heritage Site, is the largest Hindu temple
site in Indonesia, and one of the biggest in Southeast Asia. It is characterized by its tall
and pointed architecture, typical of Hindu temple architecture, and by the towering 47-
metre-high central building inside a large complex of individual temples. Prambanan
attracts many visitors from across the world.
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OBSERVATION
CONSTRUCTION
Prambanan is the largest Hindu temple of ancient Java, and the construction of this
royal temple was probably started by Rakai Pikatan as the Hindu Sanjaya Dynasty's answer to
the Buddhist Sailendra Dynasty's Borobudur and Sewu temples nearby. Historians suggest that
the construction of Prambanan probably was meant to mark the return of the Hindu Sanjaya
Dynasty to power in Central Java after
almost a century of Buddhist Sailendra
Dynasty domination. Nevertheless, the
construction of this massive Hindu temple
signifies that the Medang court had shifted
the focus of its patronage
from Mahayana Buddhism toShivaist Hindui
sm.
A temple was first built at the site
around 850 CE by Rakai Pikatan and
expanded extensively by King Lokapala
and Balitung Maha
Sambu the Sanjaya king of the Mataram
Kingdom. According to the Shivagrha
inscription of 856 CE, the temple was built
to honor Lord Shiva and its original name
was Shiva-grha (the House of Shiva)
or Shiva-laya (the Realm of Shiva).
[4]
According to Shivagrha inscription, a
public water project to change the course of
a river near Shivagrha Temple was
conducted during the construction of the
temple. The river, identified as the Opak
River, now runs north to south on the western side of the Prambanan temple compound.
Historians suggest that originally the river was curved further to east and was deemed too near
to the main temple.The project was done by cutting the river along a north to south axis along
the outer wall of the Shivagrha Temple compound. The former river course was filled in and
made level to create a wider space for the temple expansion, the space for rows
of pervara temples.
Some archaeologists propose that the statue of Shiva in the garbhagriha (central
chamber) of the main temple was modelled after King Balitung, serving as a depiction of his
deified self after death.
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OBSERVATION
The temple compound was expanded by successive Mataram kings such
as Daksa and Tulodong with the addition of hundreds of perwara temples around the chief
temple. Prambanan served as the royal temple of the Kingdom of Mataram, with most of the
state's religious ceremonies and sacrifices being conducted there. At the height of kingdom,
scholars estimate that hundreds of brahmins with their disciples lived within the outer wall of the
temple compound. The urban center and the court of Mataram were located nearby, somewhere
in the Prambanan Plain.
ABAMOMENT
In the 930s, the court was shifted to East Java by Mpu Sindok, who established
the Isyana Dynasty. An eruption of Mount Merapi volcano, located north of Prambanan in
central Java, or a power struggle probably caused the shift. That marked the beginning of the
decline of the temple. It was soon abandoned and began to deteriorate.
The temples themselves collapsed during a major earthquake in the 16th century.
Although the temple ceased to be an important center of worship, the ruins scattered around the
area were still recognizable and known to the local Javanese people in later times. The statues
and the ruins become the theme and the inspiration for the Loro Jonggrang folktale. After the
division of Mataram Sultanate in 1755, the temple ruins and the Opak River were used to
demarcate the boundary between Yogyakarta and Surakarta (Solo) Sultanates, which became
the current border between Yogyakarta and the province of Central Java.
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OBSERVATION
CONTEMPORAY EVENTS
In the early 1990s the government removed the market that
had sprung up near the temple and transformed the surrounding
villages and rice paddies into an archaeological park. The park
covers a large area, from Yogyakarta-Solo main road in the south,
encompassing the whole Prambanan complex, the ruins of
Lumbung and Bubrah temples, and as far as the Sewu temple
compound in the north. In 1992 the Indonesian government created
a State-owned Limited Liability Enterprise (PERSERO) of PT Taman
Wisata Candi Borobudur, Prambanan, dan Ratu Boko. This
enterprise is the authority for the park management of Borobudur
Prambanan Ratu Boko and the surrounding region. Prambanan is
one of the most visited tourist attraction in Indonesia.
The Trimurti open-air and indoor stages on the west side of
the temple right across the Opak river, were built to stage
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OBSERVATION
the Ramayana ballet. This traditional Javanese dance is the
centuries old dance of the Javanese court, performed every full
moon night in the Prambanan temple since the 1960s. Since then,
Prambanan has become one of the major archaeological and
cultural tourism attractions in Indonesia.
After the reconstruction of the main temples in 1990s, Prambanan
once again reclaim its status as an important religious center
for Hindu rituals and ceremonies in Java. The religious significance
revival of Prambanan was due to Balinese and Javanese Hindu
communities in Yogyakarta and Central Java that annually perform
their sacred ceremonies in Prambanan, such as Galungan, Tawur
Kesanga, and Nyepi.
The temple was damaged during the May 2006 Java
earthquake. Early photos suggested that although the complex was
structurally intact, the damage was significant. Large pieces of
debris, including carvings, were scattered over the ground. The
temple was closed to visitors until the damage could be fully
assessed. Eventually, the head of Yogyakarta Archaeological
Conservation Agency stated that it would take months to identify the
precise extent of the damage.However, some weeks later in 2006
the site was re-opened for visitors. In 2008, 856,029 Indonesian
visitors and 114,951 foreign visitors has visited Prambanan. In 6
January 2009 the reconstruction of Nandi temple finished. [10] As of
2009, the interior of most of the temples remains off-limits for safety
reasons.
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OBSERVATION
2. CANDI BUROBUDUR
Page 7
OBSERVATION
Borobudur, or Barabudur, is a 9th-century Mahayana Buddhist Temple in Magelang, Central
Java, Indonesia. The monument consists of six square platforms topped by three circular platforms, and
is decorated with 2,672 relief panels and 504 Buddha statues.[1] A main dome, located at the center of
the top platform, is surrounded by 72 Buddha statues seated inside a perforated stupa.
Built in the 9th century during the reign of the Sailendra Dynasty, the temple's design
in Gupta architecture reflects India's influence on the region. It also depicts the gupta style from India
and shows influence of Buddhism as well as Hinduism. [2][3] The monument is both a shrine to the Lord
Buddha and a place for Buddhist pilgrimage. The journey for pilgrims begins at the base of the
monument and follows a path around the monument and ascends to the top through three levels
symbolic of Buddhist cosmology: Kāmadhātu (the world of desire), Rupadhatu (the world of forms)
andArupadhatu (the world of formlessness). The monument guides pilgrims through an extensive
system of stairways and corridors with 1,460 narrative relief panels on the walls and the balustrades.
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OBSERVATION
Evidence suggests Borobudur was constructed in the 9th century and abandoned following the 14th
century decline of Hindu kingdoms in Java, and the Javanese conversion to Islam.[4] Worldwide
knowledge of its existence was sparked in 1814 by Sir Thomas Stamford Raffles, then the British ruler
of Java, who was advised of its location by native Indonesians. Borobudur has since been preserved
through several restorations. The largest restoration project was undertaken between 1975 and 1982 by
the Indonesian government and UNESCO, following which the monument was listed as a
UNESCO World Heritage Site.[5] Borobudur is still used for pilgrimage; once a year Buddhists in
Indonesia celebrate Vesak at the monument, and Borobudur is Indonesia's single most visited tourist
attraction.
ETYMPLOGY
In Indonesian, ancient temples are referred to as candi; thus locals refer to "Borobudur
Temple" as Candi Borobudur. The term candi also loosely describes ancient structures, for
example gates and baths. The origins of the name Borobudur however are unclear,[9] although
the original names of most ancient Indonesian temples are no longer known. [9] The name
Borobudur was first written in Sir Thomas Raffles' book on Javan history.[10] Raffles wrote about
a monument called borobudur, but there are no older documents suggesting the same name.
[9]
The only old Javanese manuscript that hints at the monument as a holy Buddhist sanctuary
is Nagarakretagama, written by Mpu Prapanca in 1365.[11]
The name Bore-Budur, and thus BoroBudur, is thought[by whom?] to have been written by
Raffles in English grammar to mean the nearby village of Bore; most candi are named after a
nearby village. If it followed Javanese language, the monument should have been named
'BudurBoro'. Raffles also suggested that 'Budur' might correspond to the modern Javanese
word Buda ("ancient")—i.e., "ancient Boro".[9] However, another archaeologist suggest the
second component of the name (Budur) comes from Javanese term bhudhara (mountain).[12]
The construction and inauguration of a sacred Buddhist building—possibly a reference
to Borobudur—was mentioned in two inscriptions, both discovered in Kedu, Temanggung
Regency. The Karangtengah inscription, dated 824, mentioned a sacred building
named Jinalaya (the realm of those who have conquered worldly desire and reached
enlightenment), inaugurated by Pramodhawardhani, daughter of Samaratungga. The Tri
Tepusan inscription, dated 842, is mentioned in the sima, the (tax-free) lands awarded by Çrī
Kahulunnan (Pramodhawardhani) to ensure the funding and maintenance of
a Kamūlān calledBhūmisambhāra.[13] Kamūlān is from the word mula which means 'the place of
origin', a sacred building to honor the ancestors, probably those of the Sailendras. Casparis
suggested that Bhūmi Sambhāra Bhudhāra, which in Sanskrit means "The mountain of
combined virtues of the ten stages of Boddhisattvahood", was the original name of Borobudur.
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OBSERVATION
CONSTRUCTION
There is no written record of who built Borobudur or of its intended purpose. [18] The
construction time has been estimated by comparison betweencarved reliefs on the temple's
hidden foot and the inscriptions commonly used in royal charters during the 8th and 9th
centuries. Borobudur was likely founded around 800 CE. [18] This corresponds to the period
between 760 and 830 CE, the peak of the Sailendra dynasty in central Java,[19] when it was
under the influence of the Srivijayan Empire. The construction has been estimated to have
taken 75 years and been completed during the reign ofSamaratungga in 825.[20][21]
There is confusion between Hindu and Buddhist rulers in Java around that time. The
Sailendras were known as ardent followers of Buddhism, though stone inscriptions found at
Sojomerto suggest they may have been Hindus. [20] It was during this time that many Hindu and
Buddhist monuments were built on the plains and mountains around the Kedu Plain. The
Buddhist monuments, including Borobudur, were erected around the same time as the
Hindu Shiva Prambanan temple compound. In 732 CE, the Shivaite
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OBSERVATION
King Sanjaya commissioned a Shivalinga sanctuary to be built on the Wukir hill, only 10 km
(6.2 mi) east of Borobudur.[22]
Construction of Buddhist temples, including Borobudur, at that time was possible
because Sanjaya's immediate successor, Rakai Panangkaran, granted his permission to the
Buddhist followers to build such temples.[23] In fact, to show his respect, Panangkaran gave the
village of Kalasan to the Buddhist community, as is written in the Kalasan Charter dated 778
CE.[23] This has led some archaeologists to believe that there was never serious conflict
concerning religion in Java as it was possible for a Hindu king to patronize the establishment of
a Buddhist monument; or for a Buddhist king to act likewise. [24] However, it is likely that there
were two rival royal dynasties in Java at the time—the Buddhist Sailendra and
the Saivite Sanjaya—in which the latter triumphed over their rival in the 856 battle on
the Ratubaka plateau.[25] This confusion also exists regarding the Lara Jonggrang temple at
the Prambanan complex, which was believed that it was erected by the victor Rakai Pikatan as
the Sanjaya dynasty's reply to Borobudur, [25] but others suggest that there was a climate of
peaceful coexistence where Sailendra involvement exists in Lara Jonggrang.
ABANDONMENT
Borobudur lay hidden for centuries under layers of volcanic ash and jungle growth. The
facts behind its abandonment remain a mystery. It is not known when active use of the
monument and Buddhist pilgrimage to it ceased. Sometime between 928 and 1006, King Mpu
Sindok moved the capital of theMedang Kingdom to the region of East Java after a series of
volcanic eruptions; it is not certain whether this influenced the abandonment, but several
sources mention this as the most likely period of abandonment. [4][17] The monument is
mentioned vaguely as late as ca. 1365, in Mpu Prapanca'sNagarakretagama written
during Majapahit era and mentioning "the vihara in Budur".[27] Soekmono (1976) also mentions
the popular belief that the temples were disbanded when the population converted to Islam in
the 15th century.[4]
The monument was not forgotten completely, though folk stories gradually shifted from
its past glory into more superstitious beliefs associated with bad luck and misery. Two old
Javanese chronicles (babad) from the 18th century mention cases of bad luck associated with
the monument. According to the Babad Tanah Jawi (or the History of Java), the monument was
a fatal factor for Mas Dana, a rebel who revolted against Pakubuwono I, the king ofMataram in
1709.[4] It was mentioned that the "Redi Borobudur" hill was besieged and the insurgents were
defeated and sentenced to death by the king. In the Babad Mataram (or the History of the
Mataram Kingdom), the monument was associated with the misfortune of Prince Monconagoro,
the crown prince of the Yogyakarta Sultanate in 1757.[28] In spite of a taboo against visiting the
monument, "he took what is written as the knight who was captured in a cage (a statue in one of
the perforated stupas)". Upon returning to his palace, he fell ill and died one day later.
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OBSERVATION
3. KUTA BEACH
Kuta District (Indonesian:Kecamatan Kuta) covers subdistricts/villages
(Indonesian:Kelurahan/Desa) of Kuta Village, Legian, Seminyak, Kedonganan, and Tuban.
Furthermore Badung Regency has 3 districts with the name Kuta: Kuta, Kuta South District Kecamatan
Kuta Selatan (Jimbaran and the whole Nusa Dua peninsula), and Kuta North District Kecamatan Kuta
Utara (villages of Kerobokan Klod, Kerobokan, Kerobokan Kaja, Tibu Beneng, Canggu and Dalung).
Kuta is now the center of an extensive tourist-oriented urban area that merges into the neighboring
towns. Legian, to the north, is the commercial hub of Kuta and the site of many restaurants and
entertainment spots. Most of the area's big beachfront hotels are in the southern section of Tuban.
Legian and Seminyak are northern extensions of Kuta along Jl. Legian and Jl. Basangkasa.
They are somewhat quieter suburbs with cottage-style accommodations, where many of the expat
crowd live. Also to the north are Petitenget, Berawa, Canggu, and Seseh — new and quieter
continuations of Kuta's beach. They are easy to reach through Abian Timbul or Denpasar and
Kerobokan. Several large hotels are located in this area: the Oberoi Bali, Hard Rock Hotel Bali, the Intan
Bali Village, the Legian in Petitenget, the Dewata Beach and the Bali Sani Suites in Berawa.
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OBSERVATION
So reports the results of my observations along with the history of the places
I visited neighbors. I made some data there that I took from the internet. For
your attention all theteacher. I say thank you.
NAME : I GEDE PUTU RYAN ADIPATHYAMA PERDANA
NUMBER: 11
CLASS : 8A
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