MAJ1073
–
ADVANCED
ROCK
MECHANIC
AND
ENGINEERING
GEOLOGY
INFLUENCE
OF
GEOLOGY
ON
ENGINEERING
WORKS
AND
THE
PROFESSIONAL
RELATIONSHIP
BETWEEN
GEOLOGY
AND
ENGINEERING,
GEOMORPHOLOGY
–
SLOPE,
FOUNDATION,
EXCAVATION
IntroducKon
Geology
-‐ The
scienKfic
study
of
the
origin,
history,
and
structure
of
the
earth
which
includes
the
invesKgaKon
of
rocks,
forming
of
earth,
consKtuents
(mineral,
rocks)
Geomorphology
-‐Part
of
geology
which
is
the
study
of
landforms,
including
their
classificaKon,
descripKon,
nature,
origin,
development,
and
relaKonships
to
structures,
as
well
as
the
history
of
geologic
changes
Engineering
Geology
-‐ The
study
of
geologic
data,
techniques,
interacKon
and
principles
of
rock
and
soil
materials
where
its
involved
planning,
design,
construcKon,
operaKon
and
maintenance
of
engineering
structures
Influence
of
geology
on
engineering
works
-‐Geology
in
engineering
works
includes
reacKon
of
ground
with
the
built
structure,
the
excavaKon
of
soil
or
rocks
and
the
construcKon
material
from
the
excavate
rocks
-‐DeterminaKon
of
the
behavior
and
properKes
of
the
ground
may
help
in
engineering
design
process
-‐ Understanding
the
ground
condiKon
to
ensures
engineering
works
are
constructed
according
to
relevant
Kme
and
cost
-‐ Knowledge
in
geology
helps
in
planning,
construcKon
and
safety
Influence
of
geology
on
engineering
works
(cont.)
-‐ Site
invesKgaKon
for
construcKon
involved:
i)
Preliminary
invesKgaKon.
The
objecKve
of
this
stage
is
to
idenKfy
potenKal
problems
that
may
arise
from
site.
Using
exisKng
data
or
geological
informaKon
-‐
engineer
must
know
geology
to
read
geological
reports
and
judge
the
best
method
to
use
in
construcKon
ii)
Geological
survey
of
site
–
map
as
a
reference
for
decision
making
at
early
stage
of
construcKon
example:
map
on
seismic
zoning
(earthquake
prone
area)
influenced
in
construcKon
design,
map
on
landslides
&
slope
movement
influenced
in
the
slope
protecKon
design
iii)
Conduct
a
soil
invesKgaKon
procedure
e.g.
boring,
drill
etc.
to
reconfirm
of
site
condiKon
–
criKcal
point
at
site
iv)
Soil
test
to
determine
soil
properKes
for
design
works
or
to
determine
necessary
remediaKon
method
Professional
relaKonship
between
geology
and
engineering,
geomorphology
-‐
SLOPE
-‐Geology
in
slope
involved
study
of
slope
movement,
slope
failure
(landslide),
ground
water
&
pore
water
pressure
within
slope
material
-‐The
understanding
of
slope
failure
helps
to
provide
answers
relaKng
to
slope
control
and
determine
the
engineering
method
of
slope
protecKon
-‐ Slope
failure
occur
when
forces
causing
movement
>
resisKng
forces
(shear
strength
of
material),
e.g.
increase
in
pore
water
pressure
will
decrease
the
effecKve
strength
à
failure
-‐ In
rocks,
slope
failure
depends
on
orientaKon
&
nature
of
the
disconKnuiKes
present
Professional
relaKonship
between
geology
and
engineering,
geomorphology
–
SLOPE
(cont.)
-‐ValuaKon
of
slope
using
geology
knowledge
helps
in
determine
the
slope
control
&
stabilizaKon
method
(installaKon
of
catch
fences,
rock
traps,
steel
dowels
grouted
into
drilled
hole,
rock
anchor,
shorcrete,
retaining
structure,
etc)
Professional
relaKonship
between
geology
and
engineering,
geomorphology
-‐
FOUNDATION
-‐In
foundaKon,
load
from
structural
building
will
be
transferred
to
soil
or
rock
-‐FoundaKon
design
depends
on
engineering
performance
of
soil
or
rock
itself
which
includes
properKes
of
soil
or
rock
and
it
is
important
to
know
the
local
geological
(distribuKon
of
material)
and
groundwater
condiKons
Example:
determinaKon
of
noxious
material
if
any
–
sulphates
can
react
with
cement
if
in
contact
-‐UlKmate
bearing
capacity
of
soil
depends
on
water
table,
angle
of
shearing
resistance
Professional
relaKonship
between
geology
and
engineering,
geomorphology
–
EXCAVATION
-‐ ExcavaKon
is
removal
of
material
for
construcKon
purposes
-‐ Site
invesKgaKon
must
be
conducted
to
determine
the
method
and
rate
of
excavaKon
Professional
relaKonship
between
geology
and
engineering,
geomorphology
–
EXCAVATION
-‐ Stability
of
excavaKon
depends
on:
i)
ProperKes
of
soil
or
rock
in
bulk
–
shear
strength,
rock
joints,
weakness
planes,
etc
Example:
massive
plutonic
igneous
rock
(granite,
gabbro)
can
be
almost
verKcal
aeer
excavaKon
but
volcanic
rock
(basalt)
slope
angle
must
be
reduced
accordingly)
ii)
Structure
of
rock
or
soil
-‐
plane
weakness
of
the
new
exposed
face
Professional
relaKonship
between
geology
and
engineering,
geomorphology
–
EXCAVATION
(cont.)
-‐Stability
of
excavaKon
depends
on
(cont.):
iii)
Groundwater
condiKon
-‐
strength
of
soil
usually
weaken
in
saturated
condiKons
compare
to
dry
condiKon
-‐
high
pore
pressure
of
groundwater
in
weakness
layer
will
lower
its
fricKonal
resistance
to
movement
iv)
Stresses
-‐
stresses
in
soil
&
surroundings
has
change
due
to
excavaKon
and
may
affect
the
stability
of
excavated
area
Professional
relaKonship
between
geology
and
engineering,
geomorphology
–
EXCAVATION
(cont.)
-‐Method
of
rock
excavaKon
(drilling,
blasKng,
ripping,
digging)
depends
on
geology
at
site
which
includes
rock
properKes,
strength,
density,
fracture
pafern,
fracture
index,
abrasiveness,
groundwater,
etc
Example:
soe
sedimentary
layer
à
low
density
à
low
strength
explosives
hard
crystalline
rocks
à
high
density
à
high
strength
explosives
Conclusion
-‐ Geology
and
civil
engineering
works
are
related
to
each
other
and
it
is
important
to
know
the
condiKon
of
construcKon
site
-‐ Geology
knowledge
is
useful
during
site
invesKgaKon
which
helps
engineer
to
decide
the
structural
economical
design
or
proper
remediaKon
technique
without
neglecKng
the
safety
factor
