Chapter 10 Acquisition and Disposition of Property, Plant, and Equipment · 10–1
ACQUISITION AND DISPOSITION OF PROPERTY,
CHAPTER 10 PLANT, AND EQUIPMENT
This IFRS Supplement provides expanded discussions of accounting guidance under
International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) for the topics in Intermediate
Accounting. The discussions are organized according to the chapters in Intermediate
Accounting (13th or 14th Editions) and therefore can be used to supplement the U.S. GAAP
requirements as presented in the textbook. Assignment material is provided for each sup-
plement chapter, which can be used to assess and reinforce student understanding of IFRS.
GOVERNMENT GRANTS
Many companies receive government grants. Government grants are assistance re-
ceived from a government in the form of transfers of resources to a company in return
for past or future compliance with certain conditions relating to the operating activi-
ties of the company.1 For example, ABInBev NV (BEL) received government grants
related to fiscal incentives given by certain Brazilian states, based on the company’s
operations and investments in these states. Danisco A/S (DEN) notes that it receives
government grants for such items as research, development, and carbon-dioxide (CO2)
allowances and investments.
In other words, a government grant is often some type of asset (such as cash; secu-
rities; property, plant, and equipment; or use of facilities) provided as a subsidy to a com-
pany. A government grant also occurs when debt is forgiven or borrowings are provided
to the company at a below-market interest rate. The major accounting issues with gov-
ernment grants are to determine the proper method of accounting for these transfers on
the company’s books and how they should be presented in the financial statements.
Accounting Approaches
When companies acquire an asset such as property, plant, and equipment through a
government grant, a strict cost concept dictates that the valuation of the asset should
be zero. However, a departure from the cost principle seems justified because the only
costs incurred (legal fees and other relatively minor expenditures) are not a reasonable
basis of accounting for the assets acquired. To record nothing is to ignore the economic
realities of an increase in wealth and assets. Therefore, most companies use the fair
value of the asset to establish its value on the books.
What, then, is the proper accounting for the credit related to the government grant
when the fair value of the asset is used? Two approaches are suggested—the capital U.S. GAAP
PERSPECTIVE
(equity) approach and the income approach. Supporters of the equity approach believe
the credit should go directly to equity because often no repayment of the grant is Under U.S. GAAP, companies
expected. In addition, these grants are an incentive by the government—they are not report grants at fair value. In
general, companies
earned as part of normal operations and should not offset expenses of operations on
recognize grants as revenue
the income statement. in the period received.
Supporters of the income approach disagree—they believe that the credit should be
reported as revenue in the income statement. Government grants should not go directly
1
Recognize that there is a distinction between government grants and government
assistance. Government assistance can take many forms, such as providing advice related
to technical legal or product issues or being a supplier for the company’s goods or services.
Government grants are a special part of government assistance where financial resources
are provided to the company. In rare situations, a company may receive a donation (gift).
The accounting for grants and donations is essentially the same. IFRS does provide an
option of recording property, plant, and equipment at zero cost although it appears this
practice is rarely followed.
10–2 · IFRS Supplement
to equity because the government is not a shareholder. In addition, most government
grants have conditions attached to them which likely affect future expenses. They should,
therefore, be reported as grant revenue (or deferred grant revenue) and matched with
the associated expenses that will occur in the future as a result of the grant.
Income Approach
IFRS requires the income approach and indicates that the general rule is that grants should
be recognized in income on a systematic basis that matches them with the related costs
that they are intended to compensate. [1] This is accomplished in one of two ways for
an asset such as property, plant, and equipment:
1. Recording the grant as deferred grant revenue, which is recognized as income on a
systematic basis over the useful life of the asset, or
2. Deducting the grant from the carrying amount of the assets received from the grant,
in which case the grant is recognized in income as a reduction of depreciation expense.
To illustrate application of the income approach, consider the following three examples.
Example 1: Grant for Lab Equipment. AG Company received a €500,000 subsidy from
the government to purchase lab equipment on January 2, 2011. The lab equipment cost
is €2,000,000, has a useful life of five years, and is depreciated on the straight-line basis.
As indicated, AG can record this grant in one of two ways: (1) Credit Deferred Grant
Revenue for the subsidy and amortize the deferred grant revenue over the five-year
period. (2) Credit the lab equipment for the subsidy and depreciate this amount
over the five-year period.
If AG chooses to record deferred revenue of $500,000, it amortizes this amount over
the five-year period to income ($100,000 per year). The effects on the financial state-
ments at December 31, 2011, are shown in Illustration 10-1.
ILLUSTRATION 10-1
Statement of Financial Position
Government Grant Non-current assets
Recorded as Deferred Lab equipment €2,000,000
Revenue Less: Accumulated depreciation 400,000 €1,600,000
Non-current liabilities
Deferred grant revenue € 300,000
Current liabilities
Deferred grant revenue 100,000
Income Statement
Grant revenue for the year € 100,000
Depreciation expense for the year 400,000
Net income (loss) effect (€ 300,000)
If AG chooses to reduce the cost of the lab equipment, AG reports the equipment
at €1,500,000 (€2,000,000 €500,000) and depreciates this amount over the five-year
period. The effects on the financial statements at December 31, 2011, are shown in
Illustration 10-2.
The amount of net expense is the same for both situations ($300,000), but the pres-
entation on the financial statements is different.2
2
Both approaches have deficiencies. Reducing the cost of the asset for the grant means that
the lab equipment’s cost on the statement of financial position may be considered understated.
Recording the deferred grant revenue on the credit side of the statement of financial position
is problematic as many believe it is not a liability nor is it equity. Hopefully, the present study
conducted by the IASB and FASB on revenue recognition will provide clarity in this area.
Chapter 10 Acquisition and Disposition of Property, Plant, and Equipment · 10–3
ILLUSTRATION 10-2
Statement of Financial Position
Non-current assets
Government Grant
Lab equipment €1,500,000 Adjusted to Asset
Less: Accumulated depreciation 300,000 €1,200,000
Income Statement
Depreciation expense for the year € 300,000
Example 2: Grant for Past Losses. Flyaway Airlines has incurred substantial operating
losses over the last five years. The company now has little liquidity remaining and is
considering bankruptcy. The City of Plentiville does not want to lose airline service and
feels it has some responsibility related to the airlines losses. It therefore agrees to provide
a cash grant of $1,000,000 to the airline to pay off its creditors so that it may hopefully
continue service. Because the grant is given to pay amounts owed to creditors for past
losses, Flyaway Airlines should record the income in the period it is received. The
entry to record this grant is as follows.
Cash 1,000,000
Grant Revenue 1,000,000
If the conditions of the grant indicate that Flyaway must satisfy some future obliga-
tions related to this grant, then it is appropriate to credit Deferred Grant Revenue and
amortize it over the appropriate periods in the future.
Example 3: Grant for Borrowing Costs. The City of Puerto Aloa is encouraging the
high-tech firm TechSmart to move its plant to Puerto Aloa. The city has agreed to pro-
vide an interest-free loan of $10,000,000, with the loan payable at the end of 10 years,
provided that TechSmart will employ at least 50 percent of its work force from the
community of Puerto Aloa over the next 10 years. TechSmart’s incremental borrow-
ing rate is 8 percent. Therefore, the present value of the future loan payable
($10,000,000) is $6,499,300 ($10,000,000 .64993i=8%, n=5). The entry to record the
borrowing is as follows.
Cash 6,499,300
Notes Payable 6,499,300
In addition, using the deferred revenue approach, the company records the grant as
follows.
Cash 3,500,700
Deferred Grant Revenue 3,500,700
TechSmart then uses the effective-interest rate to determine interest expense of
$519,944 (8% $6,499,300) in the first year. The company also decreases Deferred Grant
Revenue and increases Grant Revenue for $519,944. As a result, the net expense related
to the borrowing is zero in each year.
Unfortunately, the accounting for government grants is still somewhat unsettled.
Companies are permitted to record grants at nominal values or at fair value. In addi-
tion, they may record grants to property, plant, and equipment either as a reduction of
the asset or to deferred grant revenue. The key to these situations is to provide disclo-
sures that highlight the accounting approaches. Presented below are examples of how
grants are disclosed in the notes to the financial statements.
A company that adopted the deferred income approach is AB Electrolux (SWE),
as shown in Illustration 10-3.
10–4 · IFRS Supplement
ILLUSTRATION 10-3
Deferred Income AB Electrolux
Disclosure Notes to the financial statements
Note 1 Accounting and valuation principles: Government grants
Government grants relate to financial grants from governments, public authorities, and
similar local, national, or international bodies. These are recognized when there is a reasonable
assurance that the Group will comply with the conditions attaching to them, and that the
grants will be received. Government grants related to assets are included in the balance
sheet as deferred income and recognized as income over the useful life of the assets.
Kazakhymys plc (GBR) is an example of a company adopting a policy of deducting
grants related to assets from the cost of the assets, as shown in Illustration 10-4.
ILLUSTRATION 10-4
Reduction of Asset Kazakhymys plc
Disclosure Notes to the consolidated financial statements
3. Summary of significant accounting policies: Government grants
Government grants are recognised at their fair value where there is reasonable assurance
that the grant will be received and all attaching conditions will be complied with. When
the grant relates to an expense item, it is recognised as income over the periods necessary
to match the grant on a systematic basis to the costs that it is intended to compensate.
Where the grant relates to an asset, the fair value is credited to the cost of the asset and is
released to the income statement over the expected useful life in a consistent manner with
the depreciation method for the relevant asset.
When a company contributes a non-monetary asset, it should record the amount
of the donation as an expense at the fair value of the donated asset. If a difference
exists between the fair value of the asset and its book value, the company should rec-
ognize a gain or loss. To illustrate, Kline Industries donates land to the City of San Paulo
for a city park. The land cost $80,000 and has a fair value of $110,000. Kline Industries
records this donation as follows.
Contribution Expense 110,000
Land 80,000
Gain on Disposal of Land 30,000
The gain on disposal should be reported in the “Other income and expense” section of
the income statement, not as revenue.
COSTS SUBSEQUENT TO ACQUISITION
After installing plant assets and readying them for use, a company incurs additional
costs that range from ordinary repairs to significant additions. The major problem is
allocating these costs to the proper time periods.
In determining how costs should be allocated subsequent to acquisition, compa-
nies follow the same criteria used to determine the initial cost of property, plant, and
equipment. That is, they recognize costs subsequent to acquisition as an asset when
the costs can be measured reliably and it is probable that the company will obtain fu-
ture economic benefits. Evidence of future economic benefit would include increases
in (1) useful life, (2) quantity of product produced, and (3) quality of product produced.
Chapter 10 Acquisition and Disposition of Property, Plant, and Equipment · 10–5
Repairs
Ordinary Repairs
A company makes ordinary repairs to maintain plant assets in operating condition. It
charges ordinary repairs to an expense account in the period incurred, on the basis that
it is the primary period benefited. Maintenance charges that occur regularly include
replacing minor parts, lubricating and adjusting equipment, repainting, and cleaning.
A company treats these as ordinary operating expenses.
It is often difficult to distinguish a repair from an improvement or replacement.
The major consideration is whether the expenditure benefits more than one year or one
operating cycle, whichever is longer. If a major repair (such as an overhaul) occurs,
several periods will benefit. A company should generally handle this cost as an im-
provement, or replacement.
Major Repairs
Some companies, such as airlines Ryanair (IRL) or Lufthansa (DEU) or shipping compa-
nies such as A.P. Moller—Maersk (DEN) or CMA CGM Group (FRA), have substantial
overhaul costs related to their airplanes or ships. For example, assume the Shipaway
Company has just purchased a new ship for $200 million. The useful life of the ship is
20 years, but every 4 years it must be dry-docked and a major overhaul done. It is es-
timated that the overhaul will cost $4 million. The $4 million should be accounted for
as a separate component of the cost of the ship (using component depreciation) and
depreciated over 4 years. At the time of the major overhaul, the cost and related de-
preciation to date should be eliminated and replaced with the new cost incurred for
the overhaul.
Summary of Costs Subsequent to Acquisition
Illustration 10-5 summarizes the accounting treatment for various costs incurred sub-
sequent to the acquisition of capitalized assets.
ILLUSTRATION 10-5
Type of Expenditure Normal Accounting Treatment
Summary of Costs
Additions Capitalize cost of addition to asset account. Subsequent to Acquisition
Improvements and Remove cost of and accumulated depreciation on old asset, recognizing of Property, Plant, and
replacements any gain or loss. Capitalize cost of improvement/replacement. Equipment
Rearrangement and Expense costs of rearrangement and reorganization costs as expense.
reorganization
Repairs (a) Ordinary: Expense cost of repairs when incurred.
(b) Major: Remove cost and accumulated depreciation of old asset,
recognizing any gain or loss. Capitalize cost of major repair.
DISPOSITION OF PROPERTY, PLANT, AND EQUIPMENT U.S. GAAP
PERSPECTIVE
A company, like Nokia (FIN), may retire plant assets voluntarily or dispose of them by U.S. GAAP generally does not
sale, exchange, involuntary conversion, or abandonment. Regardless of the type of apply component
disposal, depreciation must be taken up to the date of disposition. Then, Nokia should depreciation. As a result,
remove all accounts related to the retired asset. Generally, the book value of the specific major overhaul costs are
plant asset does not equal its disposal value. As a result, a gain or loss develops. The capitalized when incurred
reason: Depreciation is an estimate of cost allocation and not a process of valuation. without regard to the initial
The gain or loss is really a correction of net income for the years during which Nokia expenditure. An alternative
used the fixed asset. treatment is to debit the
overhaul cost to Accumulated
Nokia should report gains or losses on the disposal of plant assets in the income
Depreciation.
statement along with other items from customary business activities. However, if it
10–6 · IFRS Supplement
sold, abandoned, spun off, or otherwise disposed of the “operations of a component of
a business,” then it should report the results separately in the discontinued operations
section of the income statement. That is, Nokia should report any gain or loss from
disposal of a business component with the related results of discontinued operations.
AUTHORITATIVE LITERATURE
Authoritative Literature References
[1] International Accounting Standard 20, Accounting for Government Grants and Disclosure of Government Assistance
(London, U.K.: International Accounting Standards Committee Foundation, 2001).
QUESTIONS
1. How should the amount of interest capitalized be dis- 2. Ito Company receives a local government grant to help
closed in the notes to the financial statements? How defray the cost of its plant facilitates. The grant is provided
should interest revenue from temporarily invested excess to encourage Ito to move its operations to a certain area.
funds borrowed to finance the construction of assets be Explain how the grant might be reported.
accounted for?
EXERCISES
E10-1 (Government Grants) In 2010, Sato Corporation received a grant for ¥2 million to defray the
cost of purchasing research equipment for its manufacturing facility. The total cost of the equipment is
¥10 million.
Instructions
Prepare the journal entry to record this transaction, if Sato uses (a) the deferred revenue approach, and
(b) the reduction of asset approach.
E10-2 (Government Grants) Rialto Group received a grant from the government of £100,000 to
acquire £500,000 of delivery equipment on January 2, 2010. The delivery equipment has a useful life
of 5 years. Rialto uses the straight-line method of depreciation. The delivery equipment has a zero
residual value.
Instructions
(a) If Rialto Group reports the grant as a reduction of the asset, answer the following questions.
(1) What is the carrying amount of the delivery equipment at December 31, 2010?
(2) What is the amount of depreciation expense related to the delivery equipment in 2011?
(3) What is the amount of grant revenue reported in 2010 on the income statement?
(b) If Rialto Group reports the grant as deferred grant revenue, answer the following questions.
(1) What is the balance in the deferred grant revenue account at December 31, 2010?
(2) What is the amount of depreciation expense related to the delivery equipment in 2011?
(3) What is the amount of grant revenue reported in 2010 on the income statement?
E10-3 (Government Grants) Yilmaz Company is provided a grant by the local government to purchase
land for a building site. The grant is a zero-interest-bearing note for 5 years. The note is issued on Janu-
ary 2, 2010, for €5 million payable on January 2, 2015. Yilmaz’s incremental borrowing rate is 6%. The land
is not purchased until July 15, 2010.
Instructions
(a) Prepare the journal entry(ies) to record the grant and note payable on January 2, 2010.
(b) Determine the amount of interest expense and grant revenue to be reported on December 31, 2010.
Chapter 10 Acquisition and Disposition of Property, Plant, and Equipment · 10–7
USING YOUR JUDGMENT
FI NANCIAL REPORTI NG
Financial Statement Analysis Case
Unilever Group
Unilever Group (GBR and NLD) is ranked at 122 in the Fortune 500. It is a leading international com-
pany in the nutrition, hygiene, and personal-care product lines. Information related to Unilever’s prop-
erty, plant, and equipment in its 2008 annual report is shown in the notes to the financial statements
as follows.
UNILEVER
1. Property, Plant and Equipment (in part)
Property, plant and equipment is stated at cost less depreciation and impairment. Depreciation is
provided on a straight-line basis at percentages of cost based on the expected average useful lives of
the assets and their residual values which are reviewed periodically. Estimated useful lives by major
class of assets are as follows:
Freehold buildings (no depreciation on freehold land) 40 years
Leasehold buildings 40 years*
Plant and equipment 2–20 years
*or life of lease if less than 40 years
Property, plant and equipment is subject to review for impairment if triggering events or circumstances
indicate that this is necessary. Any impairment is charged to the income statement as it arises.
10. Property, Plant and Equipment
€ million € million
At cost less depreciation and impairment 2008 2007
Land and buildings 1,859 1,989
Plant and equipment 4,098 4,295
5,957 6,284
Includes freehold land 154 207
Commitments for capital expenditure at 31 December 286 321
Movements during 2008 € million € million € million
Land and Plant and
buildings equipment Total
Depreciation
1 January 2008 (1,030) (5,959) (6,989)
Disposals of group companies 22 63 85
Depreciation charge for the year (107) (681) (788)
Disposals 65 681 746
Currency Retranslation 66 413 479
Reclassification as held for sale 14 35 49
Other adjustments (11) 27 16
31 December 2008 (981) (5,421) (6,402)
Net book value 31 December 2008 1,859 4,098 5,957
Includes payments on account and assets in course
of construction 92 526 618
10–8 · IFRS Supplement
Unilever provided the following selected information in its 2008 cash flow statement.
UNILEVER
2008 ANNUAL REPORT
Consolidated Financial Statements (excerpts)
€ million
2008
Cash flow from operating activities 5,326
Income tax paid (1,455)
Net cash flow from operating activities 3,871
Interest received 105
Purchase of intangible assets (147)
Purchase of property, plant and equipment (1,142)
Disposal of property, plant and equipment 190
Acquisition of group companies, joint ventures and associates (211)
Disposal of group companies, joint ventures and associates 2,476
Acquisition of other non-current investments (126)
Disposal of other non-current investments 47
Dividends from joint ventures, associates and other non-current investments 132
(Purchase)/sale of financial assets 91
Net cash flow from/(used in) investing activities 1,415
Dividends paid on ordinary share capital (2,086)
Interest paid (487)
Additional financial liabilities 4,544
Repayment of financial liabilities (3,427)
Leases (67)
Share buy-back programme (1,503)
Other movements on treasury stock 103
Other financing activities (207)
Net cash flow from/(used in) financing activities (3,130)
Net increase/(decrease) in cash and cash equivalents 2,156
Cash and cash equivalents at the beginning of the year 901
Effect of foreign exchange rate changes (697)
Cash and cash equivalents at the end of the year 15 2,360
Instructions
(a) What was the carrying value of buildings and building equipment at the end of 2008?
(b) Does Unilever use a conservative or liberal method to depreciate its property, plant, and equipment?
(c) What was the actual interest expense paid by the company in 2008?
(d) What is Unilever’s free cash flow? From the information provided, comment on Unilever’s financial
flexibility.
Chapter 10 Acquisition and Disposition of Property, Plant, and Equipment · 10–9
BRI DGE TO TH E PROFESSION
Professional Research
Your client is in the planning phase for a major plant expansion, which will involve the construction of
a new warehouse. The assistant controller does not believe that interest cost can be included in the cost
of the warehouse, because it is a financing expense. Others on the planning team believe that some inter-
est cost can be included in the cost of the warehouse, but no one could identify the specific authoritative
guidance for this issue. Your supervisor asks you to research this issue.
Instructions
Access the IFRS authoritative literature at the IASB website (http://eifrs.iasb.org/). When you have accessed
the documents, you can use the search tool in your Internet browser to respond to the following ques-
tions. (Provide paragraph citations.)
(a) Is it permissible to capitalize interest into the cost of assets? Provide authoritative support for your
answer.
(b) What are the objectives for capitalizing interest?
(c) Discuss which assets qualify for interest capitalization.
(d) Is there a limit to the amount of interest that may be capitalized in a period?
(e) If interest capitalization is allowed, what disclosures are required?
