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VEGETATIVE
PROPAGATION

SEED SEXUAL APOMICTI C OWN ROOT ON OTHER PLANT SPECIALIZED MICROPROPAGA

SEEDLINGS SYSTEM ROOT SYSTEM STRUCTURES TION

Cutting layering Grafting budding Bulbs

1 1 Tubers
PLANT
2 2
PROPAGATION Rhizomes
3

MICROPROPAGATION 4
Corms

Suckers
5
CUTTING ASEXUAL
6 Runners
LAYERING
7
DIVISION Offsets

BULB & CORM 8

Bulbils

TUBER & RHIZHOME 9

Psuedobulbs
GRAFTING
Stolon
BUDDING
Others

GRAFTING & BUDDING Fruit tree and ornamental

flowering plants (Citrus, Roses,
Two (or more) Bougainvillea, Coleus etc.)
different plants are Basic before doing grafting?
united then they
grow as one plant/
KNOWLEDGE
forma functional / +
composite plant EXPERIENCE

• Grafting is among the most expensive propagation

techniques.

• Budding, which is a form of grafting, is 3x more costly

than cuttings and 14x more expensive than seedling
propagation

• Traditional and highly efficient grafting and budding

systems are essential for the propagation of many
woody plant species.

• New markets continue to require grafted and budded

In grafted plants the shoot system consists of growth arising from one (or more)
buds on the scion. The root system consists of an extension of the original plants for improved plant quality, fruit yield, superior
rootstock. The graft union remains at the junction of the two parts throughout the forms, and better adaptation to greater ecological
life of the plant.
ranges.
principles of grafting and budding chapter eleven

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HISTORY TERMINOLOGY
 1560 B.C- Chinese ROOTSTOCK
385-322 B.C -Aristotle
371-287 B.C – Teophrastus
• Lower part of tree
1350-1600 – imported plant in European country maintain by • Including stems + branches @ dormant buds
grafting
16th century – cleft and whip graft in England (cambium layer • Will form root system of new plant
must be matched), nature of the tissue was not
understood, grafting wax by clay + dung.
17th century – budded and grafted tree in England
18th century – SCION
• Stephen Hales – circulation of sap in plants, approach graft
• Ariel part of the tree
• Duhamel – wound healing
• Thoüİn (1821) – described 119 methods of grafting, change habit • Include dormant buds of the tree whose
resulting from grafting
desired characteristics need to multiplicities
Late 19th century- Duhamel – early work of anatomy of the graft union.
1891- Liberty Hyde Bailey – The Nursery Book – describe and illustrated • Will form crown of new plant
methods of grafting and budding in US and Europe

TERMINOLOGY TERMINOLOGY
VASCULAR CAMBIUM
CALLUS
• A thin layer of meristematic cells between trees‟
• Undifferentiated cells form around a plant wound
bark (phloem) and wood (xylem).
• In grafting and budding, callus form around the
• Capable of dividing into new cells that may
wound at the union of scion and rootstock
differentiate into new tissue and organs
• Callus will develop new vascular system
INTERSTOCK
• A piece of stem inserted by means of two graft unions
between the rootstock and scion BUDDING
• Used to avoid incompatibility between stock and scion • Special form graft which is the scion consist single
• To produced special tree forms to control disease (free- buds
blight resistance) • More scion can be produced from single mother
• To take advantages of their growth-controlling properties

TERMINOLOGY ROOTSTOCK CATEGORIES

Graft union:
The place where the scion and stock grow together SEEDLING CLONAL

• From seed • From vegetatively

De novo meristems • Relatively simple and propagated plants eg.
New meristematic areas initiated from parenchyma cells economic Layering @ cutting @
such as the vascular cambium that must develop in the micropropagation @
• Deeper root and more
callus bridge of a grafted plant. apomictic seedling
firmly
• More cost-effective
Plasmodesmata • Genetic variation
method
Minute cytoplasmic threads that extend through openings • Uniformity of seedling
• Uniformity
in cell walls and connect the protoplasts of adjacent living variability can be
cells at the graft interface. controlled by managing
production condition in
nursery

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BENEFITS OF GRAFTING BENEFITS OF GRAFTING

1. Maintaining clones that cannot be readily 5. Hastening plant growth rate to reduce
maintained or economically propagated by production time
other asexual methods 6. Obtaining special forms of plant growth
2. Obtaining the benefits of the certain 7. Repairing damaged parts of the tree.
rootstock (double working)
8. Study and elimination of virus diseases
3. Changing cultivars of established plants
(top-working) 9. Study of plant developmental
physiological processes
4. Hastening reproductive maturity and early
fruit production

Relative size of apple trees on different rootstock. The reduction in tree size ranges
from dwarfing (25 to 50 percent of a standard full-size tree) to semi-dwarfing (60 to
70 percent) to vigorous to very vigorous (same size as a seedling tree). With the
exception of Antonovka, all listed are clonal rootstock. The absolute size of the
mature, composite tree is determined by soil, climate, culture, and the vigor of the Grafted ornamental (a) cactus and (b) succulents. An easily rooted cultivar is used as
the rootstock and an unusual attractive type is used as the scion. These grafts are
scion cultivar (e.g., the scions of the vigorous cultivar „Mutsu‟ are twice as large as made in large quantities in Japan and Korea, and shipped to wholesale nurseries in
„Golden Delicious‟ on „Malling 9‟ dwarfing rootstock). other countries for rooting, potting, and growing until ready for sale in retail outlets.

TOOLS
Materials

1.Sharped budding knife

2.Parafilm, propagation tape-elastic
3.Grafting wax + brush (control moisture,
insectiside, elastic, water reppellent,
resist in ↑ T)
4.Rootstock and scion

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TYPES OF PLANTS GRAFTING 1. Cleft grafting @ top working

Simplest and most popular forms of grafting.
1. Cleft grafting @ top working Method for top working both flowering and fruiting trees in
order to change varieties.
Is also used to propagate plants that are difficult to root.
Both scion and rootstock are dormant.
Rootstock - 1 to 4 inches in diameter and straight grained.
Scion - 1/4 inch in diameter, straight, and long enough at least
consist three buds, 6 and 8 inches long .
NOTE: The temperature of grafting wax is critical. It must be hot
enough to flow but not so hot as to kill plant tissue. Recently,
paint-like sealants have replaced wax in many areas because
they are easier to use and require no heating.

MEC CH 03

1 2 Cleft graft of Citrus sp.

(KASTURI & PURUT)

3 4

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2. Bark Grafting
Bark grafting involves making
vertical slits through the bark of
a plant's rootstock, and then
inserting multiple scions
around the rootstock.

Rootstock is at least 4 – 12
inches in diameter.

Is done when the bark slips

easily from the wood but
before major sap flow.

The rootstock is severed with a

sharp saw, leaving a clean cut
as with cleft grafting.

MEC CH 03

Grafting Waxes
Good grafting waxes :
Grafting waxes serve two purposes:

1. Adhere to plant surfaces and are not

(1) To seal over the graft union and prevent washed off by rain.
loss of moisture, and
2. Do not get brittle and crack.
(2) To prevent entrance of disease and
decay-causing organisms. 3. Do not melt in hot weather.
4. Remain flexible to allow for swelling of
the scion and enlargement of the
stock.

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3.Veneer Grafting 4. Splice Grafting

This grafting method is an
ideal choice for propagating
conifers, camellias and
rhododendrons that are slow
This simple method is usually applied
growing. to herbaceous materials that callus or
Veneer grafting involves
"knit" easily,
removing bark from one side
of the scion and from a It is used on plants with a stem
portion of the rootstock, and
then placing the exposed diameter of 1/2 inch or less.
cambiums together.

To produced a compact or
Both the stock and scion must be of
dwarf form tree the same diameter
Side veneer graft

Splice Grafting
5. Whip and Tongue Grafting
Commonly used to graft nursery crops or woody
ornamentals.

Both the rootstock and scion should be of equal size and

preferably no more than 1/2 inch in diameter.

The technique is similar to splice grafting except that the

whip on the rootstock holds the tongue of the scion in
place (and vice versa).

This leaves both hands free to wrap the joint.

Similar cuts on both the stock and scion. same as for a

splice graft.

These cuts should be made with a single draw of the knife

and should have a smooth surface so that the two can
develop a good graft union.

Whip and Tongue Grafting

Steps in the whip graft

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Whip and Tongue Grafting

MEC CH 03

6. Saddle Grafting
Whip and Tongue Grafting; and cleft grafting of 2
varieties of Labisia (alata & pumila)
 Saddle grafting is used to propagate evergreen
rhododendron and is a quick and easy grafting
technique.

Works well on both potted and field-grown stock.

An inverted V - rootstock and V - scion, and the two
pieces are joined together.

Both rootstock and scion should be the same

diameter.

For best results, use saddle grafting on dormant

stock.

Stock should not be more than 1 inch in diameter.

Saddle Grafting 7. Bridge Grafting

 Used to "bridge" a diseased or damaged area of a
plant, usually at or near the base of the trunk.

 Such damage commonly results from contact with

grading or lawn maintenance equipment, or it may
be caused by rodents, or disease organisms.

 The bridge graft provides support as well as a

pipeline that allows water and nutrients to move
across the damaged area.

 Bridge grafts are usually done just before active

plant growth begins.

 They may be performed any time the bark on the

injured plant "slips.“

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8. Inarch Grafting

Similar to bridge grafting, inarch grafting is used to

bypass a damaged area of stem.

The difference between the two methods is that inarch

grafting uses an existing shoot or sucker water sprout
that is already growing below and extending above
the injury. from the same plant that is growing below
the injury and extends the growth to a point above the
injury.

Water and nutrients can then travel from below the

damaged area to the top of the plant.

Bridge Grafting

9. Approach Grafting

Inarch Grafting

Steps in Approach Grafting

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Citrus hystric Citrus microcarpa

Limau purut Limau kasturi

10. Bud Grafting / BUDDING T- BUDDING

Removing the bark shield

with the bud attached
Bud grafting involves using a bud instead of a stem for a scion.
Is ideal for propagating roses and ornamental shrubs.

T-shaped cut on
rootstock.

Budding knives Bark shield with bud

Preparing The Budwood Wrapped bud
inserted into T cut.

Steps in the T- budding

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STEPS IN T- BUDDING

Bottom view of
shield bud

Cambium layer
greenish line
between dark
brown bark
and the white
wood

Start above bud and Return grafted tree to

wrap grafting strip greenhouse bench
tightly around stem
to cover all parts of In 2 to 3 weeks graft
shield except bud union will form between
scion and rootstock
Tie off strip with knot
When graft union is
Wrapping keeps bud in complete, scion will
close contact with begin to produce new
stock and prevents leaves and use
drying of exposed rootstock's root system
tissue to obtain water and
nutrients

Once bud begins to

grow, remove upper
part of tree by
cutting through the Graft union on tree
stem about 1/2 inch
will be evident for
above scion
several years as
"dogleg"

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CHIP BUDDING

Removing chip from budstick

Rootstock cut for T budding

MEC CH 03

Chip bud wrapped with plastic tape

BUDDING

Steps in the Chip

budding

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A B
CORRECT INCORRECT

Formation of the graft union

In grafting, as well as budding:
• A “de novo” formed meristematic area
The vascular cambium of the scion or bud must be
must develop between scion and aligned with the vascular cambium of rootstock.
rootstock for a successful graft union
In woody plants the cambium is a very thin ribbon
of actively dividing cells located just below the bark.
3 events
The cambium produces conductive tissue for the
1. Adhesion of the rootstock & scion actively growing plant.
2. Proliferation of callus at the graft
This vascular cambium initiates callus tissue at the
interface = callus bridge
graft and bud unions in addition to stimulating
3. Vascular differentiation across the graft tissue growth on the basal ends of many vegetative
interface cuttings before they have rooted.

FORMATION OF THE GRAFT UNION

• Lining up of vascular cambium of the
rootstock and scion
1
• Wounding response
2

• Callus bridge formation

3
• Wound repair xylem and phloem,
differentiation of vascular cambium
across the callus bridge
4 Stage 1: Lining up vascular cambiums of the rootstock and scion,
• Production of secondary xylem and Stage 2: subsequent wound healing response.
Stage 3: Callus bridge formation.
phloem from the new vascular cambium Stage 4: Wound-repair xylem and phloem occur in the callus bridge just prior to initial cambium formation.
in the callus bridge
5 Stage 5: The vascular cambium is completed across the callus bridge and is forming secondary xylem and phloem.

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Top view of cleft graft

Stage 1 - Callus formation in

region of cambium.
Parenchyma cells in young
xylem and phloem around the
cambium of both the stock and
scion divide and produce
undifferentiated callus
(parenchyma) cells.

Enlarged view showing callus Stage 2 - Callus bridge formation.

production from parenchyma cells in The callus from the stock and scion proliferate, fill the gap
the young xylem near the cambium. between the scion and stock, and combine to form a callus bridge.

Stage 3 - Differentiation of new cambium.

Parenchyma cells, in the callus between the cambium of the
stock and scion, differentiate into cambium cells, thus uniting the
cambium of the stock with the cambium of the scion.

Steps in graft union formation

1. lining up of the vascular cambium of rootstock
and scion.

Cambial matched closely

Prerequisite:
Stock and scion = thickness
Tied firmly → no free passage
Stock + scion → Good RH + T (15-30oC) + wax
parechymatous cells → for healing, good cambial
interlocked contact and for rapid growth of
cambial cells
Free from pathogenic
Stage 4 - Formation of secondary xylem and phloem from new cambium. organism
The new cambium produces secondary xylem on the inside and secondary
phloem on the outside, which form a continuum with the xylem/phloem of the Formation of successful
stock and scion. This vascular connection allows translocation between the union
stock and scion

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Steps in graft union formation WOUNDING RESPONSE

• Some literature refers to a “wound healing response” , “wound healing process”,
or “healing of the graft union.”
2. Wound Response
• A wounded area of a plant is not healed per se by the replacement of injured
tissues; rather, it is compartmentalized from the rest of the plant as a defensive
• Necrotic layer 1 cell deep forms on both scion and mechanism to eliminate invasion of pathogens, and so on.
stock
• This is all part of the response or reaction to wounding, which occurs in grafting,
budding, or the propagation of a cutting.
• Undifferentiated callus tissue is produced from
• A necrotic plate or isolation layer at the graft interface is first formed, which
uninjured parenchyma cells below the necrotic layer
helps adhere the grafted tissues together, especially near the vascular bundles.
Wound repair occurs by meristematic activity, which results in the initial
• Callus forms a wound periderm (outer “bark”) which formation of a wound periderm between the necrotic layer and uninjured tissue
becomes suberized to prevent entry of pathogens the wound periderm becomes suberized to further reduce pathogen entry.
• In grafting, the close physical contact of scion and stock cells, and pressure
• Necrotic layer dissolves exerted on the graft union area from the scion and rootstock tied or wedged
together prevents the necrotic layer from forming a barrier to graft union
formation.
• Profuse callusing causes the majority of the necrotic layer to disappear (in most
* periderm - the corky outer layer of a plant stem formed in secondary situations). Further meristematic activity occurs in graft union formation, ending
thickening or as a response to injury or infection. with the formation of a vascular cambium in the callus bridge area.

Steps in graft union formation Steps in graft union formation

3. Callus Bridge Formation 4. Wound-repair :
• First the xylem and then the phloem is repaired
• Callus proliferates for 1 - 7 days
• Occurs through differentiation of vascular
• Callus mostly comes from scion (due to basal cambium across the callus bridge
movement of auxins and CHO’s, etc.)
• Process takes 2 - 3 weeks in woody plants
• An exception to this is on established rootstock which
can develop more callus than that from the scion.
• Adhesion of scion and rootstock cells with a mix of
pectins, CHO’s and proteins. Probably secreted by
dictyosomes which are part of the Golgi bodies in cells.

* Dictyosomes - A series of flattened plates or double lamellae that accumulate along the
graft interface one of the component parts of the Golgi apparatus. They secrete materials
into the cell wall space between the graft components via vesicle migration to the
plasmalemma.

Steps in graft union formation

5. Production of 2º xylem and phloem from new

vascular cambium in the callus bridge
• Important that this stage be completed before much new
leaf development on scion or else the leaves will wilt
and the scion may die
• Some water can be translocated through callus cells but
not enough to support leaves

• Cell-to-cell transport via plasmodesmata = symplastic

transport (links cells membranes)

• Apoplastic transport is between adhering cells

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ANATOMICAL BASIS AND TIME COURSE OF BUD UNION

FORMATION
(Fig. 11-11 and p. 319 from Hartmann, Kester and Davies 1990)

MEC CH 03

REQUIREMENT FOR SUCCESSFUL GRAFTING

1. Compatibility
Graft union formation in grafted pea roots.
2. Plant sp. and type of graft
This sequence of grafting events is
common to top grafting and root grafting in 3. Environmental conditions during and following grafting
many other woody and herbaceous plant
species. What will vary is the time period in
grafting events with different species.
4. Growth activity of the rootstock

5. Polarity in grafting

6. The Graftmanship of grafting

7. Virus contamination, insect and diseases

8. Plant growth regulators and graft union formation

9. Post graftage – bud-forcing methods

REQUIREMENT FOR SUCCESSFUL GRAFTING

1. Compatibility - Genetic limits of grafting, Cont…
1. Compatibility - Genetic limits of grafting
• General rules:
• Monocots are harder than dicot.
• Grafting between species within a genus (50/50 chance of
- Lack vascular rings and have scattered vascular bundles instead success).
• Reciprocal interspecies grafts are not always successful

• General rules: • Grafting between genera within the same family (rather remote)

• The more closely related plants are (botanically), the better the • Chamaecyparis (cypress) on Thuja (arborvitae)
chances for the graft to be successful • Citrus (citrus) on Poncirus (hardy orange)
• Grafting within a clone (no problems) • Pyrus (pear) on Cydonia (quince)
• Grafting between clones within a species (usually no problems) • In the Solanaceae (nightshade family) grafting between
genera is not a problem! Tomato, tobacco, potato, pepper,
• Problems can occur with Pseudotsuga (evergreen conifer) petunia, morning glory, etc.
and Acer rubrum and Quercus rubra (deciduous angiosperm
plants)

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1. Compatibility - Genetic limits of grafting, Cont… 2. Plant species and type of graft
• Easy plants = apples, grapes, pears
General rules:(continued)
• Difficult plants = hickories, oaks and
• Grafting between families: nearly impossible! beeches
• Gymnosperms are usually grafted scions
• The first known graft union between two • Angiosperms are usually budded scions
different families was published in 2000. The
families were two succulents:

• Cactaceae and Capparaceae

An incompatible graft with

the melon scion forming
adventitious roots above the
grafted Cucurbita rootstock.
The melon will establish its
own roots above graft, which
is not desirable.

Courtesy M. Edelstein.

REQUIREMENT FOR SUCCESSFUL GRAFTING REQUIREMENT FOR SUCCESSFUL GRAFTING

3. Environmental conditions following

4. Growth activity of the rootstock
grafting
• Temperature: effects callus production. • “T-budding” depends on the bark of the rootstock
“slipping” meaning the cambial cells are actually
• Depends on plant! (beech calluses better at 7.2ºC while grape dividing and separate easily from each other
is best at 23ºC)

• Easy to control in a greenhouse but difficult in the field • “slipping” usually occurs in late spring or early
summer
• Moisture: needed for cell enlargement in the callus bridge
• At certain periods of high growth in spring, plants
• Maintain using plastic bags over scion
(like walnut, maple and grape) can have excessive
• Wrap with grafting tape, Parafilm, grafting rubbers and wax root pressure producing sap and “bleeding”, forcing
• Place union in damp peat moss or wood shavings for off the scion and an result in an unsuccessful graft
callusing

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REQUIREMENT FOR SUCCESSFUL GRAFTING REQUIREMENT FOR SUCCESSFUL GRAFTING

5. The art and craftsmanship (especially with 7. Plant growth regulators and graft union
conifers) formation
• Only a small portion of the cambial regions of the rootstock
and scion are properly aligned. • Exogenous auxins have not proven beneficial
• Other errors: insufficient or delayed waxing, uneven cuts, use of
• Endogenous auxin is needed in the scion to produce
desiccated scions, and girdling that occurs when polyethylene
wrapping tape is not removed expeditiously after graft “take” callus
occurs.

8. Post-graft (bud-forcing) methods

• “crippling” or “lopping” = bending (restriction) cutting
6. Virus contamination, insects and disease halfway through the rootstock shoot above the bud union
• Viruses cause delayed incompatibilities and breaking over the shoot. This “breaks” apical
• Blackline in walnut and brownline in plum dominance and the scion bud can elongate and maintain
• Bacteria and fungi can enter the wound made during grafting growth of the grafted plant.

REQUIREMENT FOR SUCCESSFUL GRAFTING

9. Polarity in grafting
• Top-grafting: proximal end of scion inserted into
distal end of rootstock

• Root-grafting: proximal end of scion inserted into

proximal end of rootstock

• Inverse scions in bridge grafts can remain alive

but will not expand/grow

• Budding: upright orientation of bud should be

maintained

Inverse graft of grape with

graft union forming between
the distal end of the scion to
the distal end of the rootstock.
Notice that the shoot reorients
itself via gravitational
response.

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GRAFT INCOMPATIBILITY

Bridge graft on a pear • Compatibility = ability of two different

tree five months after
grafting. plants grafted together to produce a
Center scion was
successful union and continue to
inserted with reversed develop satisfactorily
polarity. Although the
scion is alive it has not
increased from its
original size. • Graft failure: caused by anatomical
The two scions on either
mismatching/poor craftmanship,
side were inserted with adverse environment, disease and graft
normal polarity and have
grown rapidly. incompatibility

GRAFT INCOMPATIBILITY GRAFT INCOMPATIBILITY

Graft incompatibility from: External symptoms of incompatibility

1. Failure of successful graft or bud union in high
1. Adverse physiological responses percentages
between grafting partners 2. Early yellowing or defoliation in fall
2. Virus transmission 3. Shoot die-back and ill-health

3. Anatomical abnormalities of the vascular 4. Premature death

tissue in the callus bridge 5. Marked differences in growth rate of scion and
stock
• Overgrowth at above or below the graft union
• Suckering of rootstock
• Breakage at the graft union

GRAFT INCOMPATIBILITY GRAFT INCOMPATIBILITY

• Anatomical flaws leading to incompatibility • Physiological and Pathogen-Induced

Incompatibility
I. Non-translocatable = localized. Problem is
• Poor vascular differentiation
fixed by using mutually compatible
interstock(no direct contact between scion
• Phloem compression and vascular
and stock)
discontinuity II. Translocatable = spreads. Interstock does
not solve the problem. Some mobile
• Delayed incompatibility may take 20 years to chemical causes phloem degradation. Ex:
show up (often in conifers and oaks) cyanogenic glucosides like prunasin is
converted to hydrocyanic acid (from Quince
to pear)

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GRAFT INCOMPATIBILITY GRAFT INCOMPATIBILITY

Predicting incompatible combinations

• Pathogen-induced virus of phytoplasma
induced 1. Electrophoresis test to look for cambial peroxidase
banding (chestnut, oak and maple). Peroxidases
• Tristeza = viral disease of budded sweet produce specific lignins and the lignins must be
orange that is grafted onto infected sour similar for both scion and stock for the graft to be
orange rootstock successful long-term.

2. Stain tissues at the graft union and examine

microscopically

3. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) checks for

vascular discontinuity

GRAFT INCOMPATIBILITY

Correcting incompatible combinations

1. Generally not cost-effective. Remove and
top-work the rootstock

2. Bridge graft with a mutually compatible

rootstock

3. Inarch with a seedling of compatible

rootstock

Scion or rootstock outgrowth can still lead to a large, strong tree. Such outgrowth
(arrows) is more related to the genetic tendency for growth, than to incompatibility.
(a) Scion overgrowing rootstock:Acer pentaphyllum on A pseudoplatanus rootstock,
and (b) grapefruit scion on sour orange rootstock, which tolerates alkaline, heavy
soils,but can be susceptible toTrestiza. Photo a courtesy B. Upchurch.

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Effects of rootstock on scion Effects of rootstock on scion

1. Size and growth habit • Note: trees on dwarfing rootstocks are more
fruitful and if closed planted result in a higher
• The most significant effect yield per acre!

• Dwarf trees have less management costs

associated with pruning and spraying
2. Fruiting increases:
3. Size, quality and maturity of fruit
• Precocity = early maturity
• No transmission of fruit traits from rootstock to
• Bud formation and numbers scion
• Fruit set = No. of fruits that actually develop • Quality due to mineral nutrient uptake by the
rootstock can be improved or decreased
• Yield = No. and weight of fruit at harvest

Effects of rootstock on scion Tomatoes

4. Rootstock can effect rate of maturity of the scion as it

hardens-off in the fall Greenhouse tomatoes
5. Increase the scion tolerance of adverse edaphic (soil) • Specially bred –
conditions
susceptible to soil-
• Ex: heavy, wet, compact, low O2 soils borne diseases
• Betula populifolia (Japanese white birch) grafted on
• Grafted onto varieties
Betula nigra (River birch) with strong disease
6. Increase pest and disease resistance (esp. nematodes).
resistance
Ex: Citrus, grapes, peaches

Tomato Grafting Grafting Techniques for Controlling Fusarium

Wilt of Bitter Gourd
• Scion & rootstock
about the same
diameter
• Use high humidity
for 7-10 days until
graft has healed

Grafting Methods of Bitter Gourd

to Loofah Rootstock

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Nursery or field grafting RH20303

In slide contains pictures and information from the internet that are not specified in the
source. Therefore, it is forbidden to publish in any medium.

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