Treaty of Shimonoseki
After China’s humiliating defeat by Japan in the Sino-Japanese War of 1895, the Treaty of Simonoseki (or
Treaty of Maguan) was signed by Li Hongzhang and Ito Hirobumi at Shimonoseki on 17 April 1895, and
entered into force on 8 May 1895 by the exchange of the instruments of ratification at Chefoo. The treaty
constituted the deepest wound China ever suffered since the Opium War.
Li Hongzhang
Ito Hirobumi
Sino-Japanese Peace Treaty Memorial Hall, Shimonoseki city, Yamaguchi prefecture, Japan
TREATY OF PEACE
His Majesty the Emperor of Japan and His Majesty the Emperor of China, desiring to
restore the blessings of peace to their countries and subjects and to remove all cause for
future complications, have named as their Plenipotentiaries for the purpose of concluding
a Treaty of Peace, that is to say:
His Majesty the Emperor of Japan, Count ITO Hirobumi, Junii, Grand Cross of the
Imperial Order of Paullownia, Minister President of State; and Viscount MUTSU
Munemitsu, Junii, First Class of the Imperial Order of the Sacred Treasure, Minister of
State for Foreign Affairs.
And His Majesty the Emperor of China, LI Hung-chang, Senior Tutor to the Heir
Apparent, Senior Grand Secretary of State, Minister Superintendent of Trade for the
Northern Ports of China, Viceroy of the province of Chili, and Earl of the First Rank; and
LI Ching-fong, Ex-Minister of the Diplomatic Service, of the Second Official Rank:
Who, after having exchanged their full powers, which were found to be in good and
proper form, have agreed to the following Articles:—
Article 1
China recognises definitively the full and complete independence and autonomy of
Korea, and, in consequence, the payment of tribute and the performance of ceremonies
and formalities by Korea to China, in derogation of such independence and autonomy,
shall wholly cease for the future.
Article 2
China cedes to Japan in perpetuity and full sovereignty the following territories,
together with all fortifications, arsenals, and public property thereon:—
(a) The southern portion of the province of Fêngtien within the following boundaries
[1]:
The line of demarcation begins at the mouth of the River Yalu and ascends that stream
to the mouth of the River An-ping, from thence the line runs to Fêng-huang, from thence
to Hai-cheng, from thence to Ying-kow, forming a line which describes the southern
portion of the territory. The places above named are included in the ceded territory. When
the line reaches the River Liao at Ying-kow, it follows the course of the stream to its
mouth, where it terminates. The mid-channel of the River Liao shall be taken as the line
of demarcation.
This cession also includes all islands appertaining or belonging to the province of
Fêngtien situated in the eastern portion of the Bay of Liao-tung and the northern portion
of the Yellow Sea.
(b) The island of Formosa, together with all islands appertaining or belonging to the
said island of Formosa.
(c) The Pescadores Group, that is to say, all islands lying between the 119th and 120th
degrees of longitude east of Greenwich and the 23rd and 24th degrees of north latitude.
Article 3 [2]
The alignment of the frontiers described in the preceding Article, and shown on the
annexed map, shall be subject to verification and demarcation on the spot by a Joint
Commission of Delimitation, consisting of two or more Japanese and two or more
Chinese delegates, to be appointed immediately after the exchange of the ratifications of
this Act. In case the boundaries laid down in this Act are found to be defective at any
point, either on account of topography or in consideration of good administration, it shall
also be the duty of the Delimitation Commission to rectify the same.
The Delimitation Commission will enter upon its duties as soon as possible, and will
bring its labours to a conclusion within the period of one year after appointment.
The alignments laid down in this Act shall, however, be maintained until the
rectifications of the Delimitation Commission, if any are made, shall have received the
approval of the Governments of Japan and China.
Article 4
China agrees to pay to Japan as a war indemnity the sum of 200,000,000 Kuping taels;
the said sum to be paid in eight instalments. The first instalment of 50,000,000 taels to be
paid within six months, and the second instalment of 50,000,000 to be paid within twelve
months, after the exchange of the ratifications of this Act. The remaining sum to be paid
in six equal instalments as follows: the first of such equal annual instalments to be paid
within two years, the second within three years, the third within four years, the fourth
within five years, the fifth within six years, and the the sixth within seven years, after the
exchange of the ratifications of this Act. Interest at the rate of 5 per centum per annum
shall begin to run on all unpaid portions of the said indemnity from the date the first
instalment falls due.
China shall, however, have the right to pay by anticipation at any time any or all of the
said instalments. In case the whole amount of the said indemnity is paid within three
years after the exchange of the ratifications of the present Act all interest shall be waived,
and the interest for two years and a half or for any less period, if any already paid, shall
be included as part of the principal amount of the indemnity.
Article 5
The inhabitants of the territories ceded to Japan who wish to take up their residence
outside the ceded districts shall be at liberty to sell their real property and retire. For this
purpose a period of two years from the date of the exchange of ratifications of the present
Act shall be granted. At the expiration of that period those of the inhabitants who shall
not have left such territories shall, at the option of Japan, be deemed to be Japanese
subjects.
Each of the two Governments shall, immediately upon the exchange of the ratifications
of the present Act, send one or more Commissioners to Formosa to effect a final transfer
of that province, and within the space of two months after the exchange of the
ratifications of this Act such transfer shall be completed.
Article 6
All Treaties between Japan and China having come to an end as a consequence of war,
China engages, immediately upon the exchange of the ratifications of this Act, to appoint
Plenipotentiaries to conclude with the Japanese Plenipotentiaries, a Treaty of Commerce
and Navigation and a Convention to regulate Frontier Intercourse and Trade. The Treaties,
Conventions, and Regulations now subsisting between China and the European Powers
shall serve as a basis for the said Treaty and Convention between Japan and China. From
the date of the exchange of ratifications of this Act until the said Treaty and Convention
are brought into actual operation, the Japanese Governments, its officials, commerce,
navigation, frontier intercourse and trade, industries, ships, and subjects, shall in every
respect be accorded by China most favoured nation treatment.
China makes, in addition, the following concessions, to take effect six months after the
date of the present Act:—
First.—The following cities, towns, and ports, in addition to those already opened,
shall be opened to the trade, residence, industries, and manufactures of Japanese subjects,
under the same conditions and with the same privileges and facilities as exist at the
present open cities, towns, and ports of China:
Shashih, in the province of Hupeh.
Chungking, in the province of Szechwan.
Suchow, in the province of Kiangsu.
Hangchow, in the province of Chekiang.
The Japanese Government shall have the right to station consuls at any or all of the
above named places.
Second.—Steam navigation for vessels under the Japanese flag, for the conveyance of
passengers and cargo, shall be extended to the following places:
On the Upper Yangtze River, from Ichang to Chungking.
On the Woosung River and the Canal, from Shanghai to Suchow and Hangchow.
The rules and regulations that now govern the navigation of the inland waters of China
by Foreign vessels shall, so far as applicable, be enforced, in respect to the above named
routes, until new rules and regulations are conjointly agreed to.
Third.—Japanese subjects purchasing goods or produce in the interior of China, or
transporting imported merchandise into the interior of China, shall have the right
temporarily to rent or hire warehouses for the storage of the articles so purchased or
transported without the payment of any taxes or extractions whatever.
Fourth.—Japanese subjects shall be free to engage in all kinds of manufacturing
industries in all the open cities, towns, and ports of China, and shall be at liberty to
import into China all kinds of machinery, paying only the stipulated import duties thereon.
All articles manufactured by Japanese subjects in China shall, in respect of inland
transit and internal taxes, duties, charges, and exactions of all kinds, and also in respect of
warehousing and storage facilities in the interior of China, stand upon the same footing
and enjoy the same privileges and exemptions as merchandise imported by Japanese
subjects into China.
In the event additional rules and regulations are necessary in connexion with these
concessions, they shall be embodied in the Treaty of Commerce and Navigation provided
for by this Article.
Article 7
Subject to the provisions of the next succeeding Article, the evacuation of China by the
armies of Japan shall be completely effected within three months after the exchange of
the ratificatioins of the present Act.
Article 8
As a guarantee of the faithful performance of the stipulations of this Act, China
consents to the temporary occupation by the military forces of Japan of Weihaiwei, in the
province of Shantung. [3]
Upon payment of the first two instalments of the war indemnity herein stipulated for
and the exchange of the ratifications of the Treaty of Commerce and navigation, the said
place shall be evacuated by the Japanese forces, provided the Chinese Government
consents to pledge, under suitable and sufficient arrangements, the Customs revenue of
China as security for the payment of the principal and interest of the remaining
instalments of the said indemnity. In the event that no such arrangements are concluded,
such evacuation shall only take place upon the payment of the final instalment of said
indemnity.
It is, however, expressly understood that no such evacuation shall take place until after
the exchange of the ratifications of the Treaty of Commerce and Navigation.
Article 9
Immediately upon the exchange of the ratifications of this Act, all prisoners of war
then held shall be restored, and China undertakes not to ill-treat or punish prisoners of
war so restored to her by Japan. China also engages to at once release all Japanese
subjects accused of being military spies or charged with any other military offences.
China further engages not to punish in any manner, nor to allow to be punished, those
Chinese subjects who have in any manner been compromised in their relations with the
Japanese army during the war.
Article 10
All offensive military operations shall cease upon the exchange of the ratifications of
this Act.
Article 11
The present Act shall be ratified by their Majesties the Emperor of Japan and the
Emperor of China, and the ratifications shall be exchanged at Chefoo on the 8th day of
the 5th month of the 28th year of MEIJI, corresponding to the 14th day of the 4th month
of the 21st year of KUANG HSÜ.
In witness whereof the respective Plenipotentiaries have signed the same and affixed
thereto the seal of their arms.
Done in Shimonoseki, in duplicate, this 17th day of the fourth month of the 28th year
of MEIJI, corresponding to the 23rd day of the 3rd month of the 21st year of KUANG
HSÜ.
Count ITO HIROBUMI, [L.S.]
Junii, Grand Cross of the Imperial Order of Paullownia
Minister President of State
Plenipotentiary of His Majesty the Emperor of Japan
Viscount MUTSU MUNEMITSU, [L.S.]
Junii, First Class of the Imperial Order of the Sacred Treasure
Minister of State for Foreign Affairs
Plenipotentiary of His Majesty the Emperor of Japan
LI HUNG-CHANG, [L.S.]
Plenipotentiary of His Majesty the Emperor of China
Senior Tutor to the Heir Apparent
Senior Grand Secretary of State
Minister Superintendent of Trade for the Northern Ports of China
Viceroy of the province of Chili
Earl of the First Rank
LI CHING-FONG
Plenipotentiary of His Majesty the Emperor of China
Ex-Minister of the Diplomatic Service, of the Second Official Rank
