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UNIVERSITY OF ADEN

FACULTY OF ENGINEERING

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

Enma company
Summer Training

Name :- Maged Ben Break

Saeed
Reg. No. :-93016
Class :- B3C
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

Brief History About Enma company :

It is established in 2004 and it constructs two large projects.

The first one is Enma city " kabota" which consist of 66 buildings ,684 apartments

and 44 trading shops. This project started in December 2004 and finished in Augusts

2006 , the cost of this project is 16,000,000$ is taken from Saba Islamic bank.

The company improve the infrastructure for the project and introduce the basic

services including water , sewage ,electricity , lighting and roods.

The second one is Enma city " Abu Habra " it is started in September 2006 and it is

going to finish in 2011, it consist of 2200 apartment , 250 trading shop and stores, 96

villas and 5 towers each tower consist of 20 floor , the cost of this project is

110,000,000 $ approximately is also take from Saba Islamic bank

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

First of all we thank " ALLAH " who gave us everything to be here and to discuss
this summer training with u .



It was really a great pleasure for us to apply our training program that was scheduled
by our respected faculty (civil department ) at enma company , which is known by its

Good reputation.

It is out of any exaggeration that we have learned what to do and in some istances not
to do.

On top of the engineers who have helped us,were eng . osama al-haj.

We would like to thank for kindness and patience.

 

In this summer training report We will discuss what we have understood in Enma
city :-

project "Abu Habra " such as :

# receiving the reinforcement of beam and slab in the location .

# Form -work of column , slab .

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Contents

Introduction

Acknowledgment and Abstract

List of figures
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Contents

CHAPTER (1) Foundation

Definition 1.1

Type of foundation 1.3

2

a Isolated footing .1.3

b Combine footing .1.3

c Strap footing .1.3

d Mat of Raft footing.1.3

Foundation failure 1.4

CHAPTER (2) Column

Definition 2.1

Column formwork 2.2

Requirement of formwork 2.3

CHAPTER (3) Beam

Definition 3.1

Concrete cover of beam 3.2

Spacing of bars in beam 3.3

Stirrups ( vertical leg reinforcement ) 3.4

CHAPTER (4) Slab

Definition 4.1
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CHAPTER (5) Formwork of beam and slab

Formwork of R.C.C. beam and slab floor construction 5.1

Removal of formwork 5.2

CHAPTER (6)

Stone Masonry 1. 6

Mixing of Concrete 2 . 6

Segregation 3 . 6

REFERENCES
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CHAPTER(1)

FOUNDATION

Definition: Function of a foundation is to transfer the structural loads from a 1.1

.building safely into the ground

The selection of the foundation type for a particular site depends on the following
:considerations

Nature of subsoil -1

Nature and extent of difficulties -2

Availability of expertise and equipment -3

:Depending upon their nature and depth, foundation has been categorized as follows

Shallow foundations -1

.Deep foundations -2

: Type of foundation 1.3

-Isolated footing 1

Combined footing-2

Strap footing-3

Mat or raft foundation-4

Pile foundation-5

foundation Isolated

: a # Isolated footing.1.3
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A spread footing transfers the load from a concrete or steel column

to the soil supporting the structure. Its main function is to spread
out the intensity of the load upon the soil, because the area of
contact between the soil and the bottom of the footing is larger than
the contact area between the concrete column and the top of the
footing .

:b # Combine footing.1.3

Combined footings are provided to support two

or more column loads. These may be continuous
with rectangular or trapezoidal in plan as shown.
Combined footings become necessary under the
:following circumstances

.When the isolated footings overlap -1

When the exterior column is close to the -2

property line with the result symmetrical
. isolated cannot be provided
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: c # Strap footing.1.3

Strap footing is one of the types of combined. It

consists of an isolated footing of two columns
connected by a beam called strap beam. The strap
beam does not remain in contact with the soil and
thus does not transfer any load to the soil. This is
provided when one of the columns is on the property
.line
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: d # Mat or Raft footing.1.3

This is provided when the soil is having very low bearing capacity and when
columns loads are heavy, the required footing area becomes very large and
.uneconomical

Foundation failures 1.4

:The different causes for foundation failures can be listed as below

Non-uniform settlement of subsoil and masonry-1

Horizontal movement of the soil adjacent to structure-2

Alternate swelling and shrinkage in wet and dry cycles of the season-3

Lateral pressure due to lateral movement of earth tending to overturn the structure-4

Action of weathering agencies, e.g., sun, wind or rain-5

Lateral escape of the soil beneath the foundation of structure, and-6

.Roots of trees and shrubs which penetrate the foundation-7

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CHAPTER (2)

COLUMN

:Definition 2.1

Column is a structural member that carries its load in compression along its length, usually a
slender shaft that provides structural support by carrying axial loads in compression that
mean it is carrying axial loads in compression and transmit them from its top down to its base.
Columns are made of timber, stone, masonry steel, aluminum, concrete, plastic, and
.composite material. Column has different shape like circle square polygon etc

:Column Formwork 2.2

The following feathers of the formwork for R.C.C column should be noted

column box consist of two end (fixed with wedges) and tow sides (with yokes) , #
each built as panel of the plank sheets. At tope, cuts are made if column is made to
receive girder or beam as shown if fig below

The height of each panel is equal to the storey height mines of the slab thickness #
.and the floor sheeting

The width between two opposite panels is kept equal to the actual dimension of the #
.column plus twice the thickness of the sheeting

Yokes are equally spaced on both the sides and ends. They project at both the ends #
.by about 25 cm

A hoe is usually provided at bottom of form work to remove debris ,etc. before #
placing of the concrete .this clean out hole is covered before starting the concreting
. work

Formwork components for any column are required to be designed properly to resist #
.high pressure resulting from the quick filling of the concrete
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:Requirement of Formwork 2.3

Easy removal # Economy # Less leakage # Quantity # Rigidity #

Strength # supports # # Smooth surface

Easy removal : the design of the form work should be such that it can be removed (1
. easily with the least amount of humoring
This will also prevent the possible injury to concert

. which has not become sufficiently hard

If the remove of the formwork is easily it can be

.made fit for reuse with little expenditure

Economy: it is noted that the formwork doesn’t (2

contribute anything to the stability of finished

structure , it will be desirable to bring down its

cost to minimum consisting with safety. The various steps such as reduction in
number of irregular shape of forms, standardizing the room dimension, use of
component parts of commercial size, putting the form work in use again as early as
.possible

less leakage : the form work should be so arranged that there is minimum of (3
leakage through the joints. This is achieved by providing tight joints between adjacent
.section of the formwork

quality: the form should be designed & built accurately so that the desired size (4
. ,shape and finish of the concrete is attained

rigidity : the formwork should be rigid enough so as to retain the shape without any (5
appreciable deformation. For visible surface in the completed work ,the deflection is
limited to 1\300 of span and that for hidden surface, it limited to 1\150 of span. a
.formwork will be robust and stiff enough to allow repeated use

smooth surface: the inside surface of the formwork should be smooth so as to turn (6
out a good concrete surface. This is achieved by applying crude oil or soft soap
solution to the inside surface of the form work. This also makes the removal of the
.formwork easy

Strength: the formwork should be sufficiently stronger enough to bear the dead (7
load of wet concrete as well as the weight of equipment, labor, etc .required for
.placing and compacting the concrete. This requires carefully design of the form work
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:support(8

.the form work should be rest on sound, hard and non-yielding support

CHAPTER(3)
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BEAM

: Definition 3.1

: Beam is a horizontal structural member that supports a vertical loads including

.The own weigh of beam #

.Wall load #

.The loads transmitted from slab #

.Other loads that can be directly transmitted to beams #

And its length is much larger than its cross-sectional

.area

The cross-section of the beam can be rectangular ,circular , rolled I section ,annular
.…etc

.Beams are fabricated of steel, aluminum, concrete, wood and composite materials

They are used in buildings, bridges, aircraft, machinery and other types of structures

.There are three types of beams

simply supported beams #

Cantilever beam #

Continuous beam (fixed beam) #

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:Concrete cover for beam 3.2

It`s necessary to have a concrete cover between the surface of the beam and the
-: reinforcing bars for the following reason

To bond the reinforcement to the concrete so #

that the two elements act together ." The

efficiency of bond increase as the cover

Increases " also the cover should be at least

.One bar diameter for this purpose in beams

.To protect the reinforcement against corrosion #

In highly corrosive environments such as beams

.Constructed near ocean spray the cover should be increase

To protect the reinforcement from strength loss due to overheating in the case of #
.fire

:Spacing of bars in beam 3.3

The arrangement of bars within beams must

: Allows

Sufficient concrete on all sides of each bar #

.to transfer forces into or out of the bars

sufficient space so that the fresh concrete can be #

.placed and compacted around the bars

.sufficient space to allow a vibrator to reach through the bottom of the beam #
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:Stirrups ( vertical leg reinforcement ) 3.4

:Stirrups are very important in the beams because

.They can join the bars of beam #

.They can resist the shear force which come from loads on the beam #

The space between the stirrups increase at the support and decrease at the middle

Because shear force will be maximum at the face of the beam and decrease gradually
.to reach zero at the middle of the beam
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CHAPTER(4)

SLAB

: Definition 4.1

Reinforced concrete slabs may be considered as wide shallow beams. They are used
as floors and roofs of building with masonry bearing walls or with reinforced concrete
.or steel frames. Sometimes, they are supported even by timber beams

The following general requirements and principles should be observed in the

:construction of R.C.C slabs

When the size of the room is such that the length is equal to or less than 1.5 times #
the width, steel reinforcement is provided in both the direction. This type of slab is
known as two –way slab. When this two-way slab is constructed over masonry
supports, extra reinforcement is provided at the corners of the slab to resist the
.stresses developed due to restraining effect of the masonry wall

R.C.C slabs are provided to cover the distance between beams or supports. #
Simplest type of slab is generally simply supported on steel beams, but this type of
construction is not common .Usually, the slabs are provided continuous over the
.beams monolithically
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Sometimes, the slabs are directly supported by columns below. The top of column is #
slightly enlarged. This type of construction is known as flat slab. It is economically
used for sustaining heavier loads and is suitable for factories, theatres, hotels, parking
.space, etc

CHAPTER(5)

FORMWORK OF BEAM AND SLAB

5.1 Formwork for R.C.C. Beam and slab floor construction

In fig. Below the details of form for R.C.C. Beam or girder and slab monolithic floor

construction are shown. The decking or sheeting consist of plywood or timber

planks. the decking is supported on wooden joists ( called bearers) which are

properly spaced depending upon the loads to be borne within permissible

deflection limits. the maximum spacing of vertical posts or shores depends upon

the strength of stringers ( wooden beams ) or the capacity of shores to bear the

loads . The vertical posts shores, lateral supports, shore braces .steel base plates and

wooden wedges, provide a strong centering to beam and slab floor to bear all the

loads due to them.

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The following important features in connection with this form work for R.C.C. beam

and floor construction should be noted.

1- Slab from work may be supported by two arrangements namely.

a- decking is supporting by means of wooden centering on the floor below as

shown in fig. or b-planks decking is made to rest on the top of the beam and

girder sides .

2- The form work should be strong enough to support the weight of concrete plus

the additional load of nearly 30% to account for labor, storage of materials,

equipment, etc.

3- The slab form work may be made of steel forms while the other components

may be of wood

4- The form work for floor should be given the desired slope.

5-to avoid the construction of work or scaffolding, hoisted and placed in position

with the slab above.

6- When it is intend to provide secondary beams on the main beams, proper

openings at suitable location in main beams should be provided to receive the

form work of secondary beams.

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5.2 Removal of form work :

The removal of form-work differ from member to member of structure i.e.

1. The form-work of the side of the slab can be removed in 3 days.

2. The form-work of the column can be removed in 24 hours.

3. The form-work of the slab can be removed in 14 days.

4. The form-work of the cantilever portion and the suspended beams can be
removed in 21 days.
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Stone masonry: 6.1

-Definition 1 -1

The construction of building units bonded together with mortar and is the natural
.stones are used as a building units or building blocks

:Function of stone masonry

Bed: this is the lower surface of a brick or stone in each course this is surface of stone
.or brick perpendicular to the line of pressure

:Mixing of concrete 6.2

Mixing of concrete in this a structure is carried out by machine. And the mixing of the
materials of concrete was done thoroughly to ensure the uniform distribution of the
.materials in the concrete, sand, aggregate, cement and water

.Ratio of the ingredient of the concrete is 1:2:4 -1

.Aggregate is free from organic materials -2

Portland cement is used -3

in one cubic meter use seven bags of cement -4

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6.3 segregation
Segregation is caused by bad mixing or long work of vibrator on concrete and the
.damages of segregation is to weaken the member which happened in it

Like segregation of concrete it will be effect on its resistant to (bending or shear

forces)

.And solution before happened is by good mixing and reasonable use of vibrator
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REFERENCES
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DESIGN OF CONCRETE STRUCTURES #

, Thirteen edition ARTHUR H.NILSON

& DAVID DARWIN

CHARLES W.DOLAN

& STREGTH OF MATERIALS SURYA PATNAIS #

A new unified Theory for 21st century DALE HOPKINS

DESIGN OF REINFORCED CONCRETE MASHHOUR GHONEIM #

& DESING

MOHAMMED EL-MHILIMY First edition

BUILDING CONSTRUCTINO RSNGWALA #

BUILDING CONSTRUCTINO SP. ARORA & SP.BINDRA #

www.TAGA SOFT.com/pcais/index #

http://web.itu.edu.tr/ozudogru/course-fe1-du-2011/FE1-LN6- #
ShallowFoundations.pdf