Cyrillic script

The Cyrillic script /sɪˈrɪlɪk/ is a writing system used for various alphabets
across Eurasia, particularly in Eastern Europe, the Caucasus, Central Asia,
Cyrillic
and North Asia. It is based on the Early Cyrillic alphabet developed during
the 9th century AD at the Preslav Literary School in the First Bulgarian
Empire.[2][3][4] It is the basis of alphabets used in various languages,
especially those of Orthodox Slavic origin, and non-Slavic languages
influenced by Russian. As of 2011, around 252 million people in Eurasia use Type Alphabet
it as the official alphabet for their national languages, with Russia accounting
Languages National script of:
for about half of them.[5] With the accession of Bulgaria to the European
Belarus
Union on 1 January 2007, Cyrillic became the third official script of the
European Union, following Latin and Greek.[6] Bosnia and Herzegovina (also
Latin)
Cyrillic is derived from the Greek uncial script, augmented by letters from Bulgaria
the older Glagolitic alphabet, including some ligatures. These additional
Kazakhstan (until 2025)
letters were used for Old Church Slavonic sounds not found in Greek. The
Kyrgyzstan
script is named in honor of the two Byzantine brothers,[7] Saints Cyril and
Methodius, who created the Glagolitic alphabet earlier on. Modern scholars Macedonia
believe that Cyrillic was developed and formalized by early disciples of Mongolia (also Mongolian
Cyril and Methodius. script)
Montenegro (also Latin)
In the early 18th century, the Cyrillic script used in Russia was heavily
reformed by Peter the Great, who had recently returned from his Grand Russia
Embassy in western Europe. The new form of letters became closer to the Serbia (also Latin)
Latin alphabet, several archaic letters were removed and several letters were Tajikistan
personally designed by Peter the Great (such as Я which was inspired by
Romania
[8]
Latin R). West European typography culture was also adopted.
Ukraine
(see Languages using Cyrillic)
Time Earliest variants exist c. 940
Contents period
Letters Parent Egyptian hieroglyphs[1]
systems
Letterforms and typography
Proto-Sinaitic script
Cyrillic alphabets
Name Phoenician alphabet
History Greek alphabet
Relationship to other writing systems
Latin script Glagolitic alphabet
Romanization
Cyrillization Cyrillic

Computer encoding Sister Latin alphabet

Unicode systems
Other Coptic alphabet
Keyboard layouts Armenian alphabet
See also Greek alphabet
Notes
Direction Left-to-right
References
ISO 15924 Cyrl, 220
External links
Cyrs (Old Church Slavonic variant)

Unicode
 Unicode Cyrillic
Letters alias
Cyrillic script spread throughout the East Slavic and some South Slavic Unicode U+0400–U+04FF Cyrillic
range
territories, being adopted for writing local languages, such as Old East U+0500–U+052F Cyrillic Supplement
Slavic. Its adaptation to local languages produced a number of Cyrillic
U+2DE0–U+2DFF Cyrillic Extended-A
alphabets, discussed hereafter.
U+A640–U+A69F Cyrillic Extended-B
U+1C80–U+1C8F Cyrillic Extended-C

The early Cyrillic alphabet[9][10]

А Б В Г Д Е Ж Ѕ[11] И І К Л М Н О П Р С Т ОУ[12] Ф
Х Ѡ Ц Ч Ш Щ Ъ ЪІ[13] Ь Ѣ Ꙗ Ѥ Ю Ѫ Ѭ Ѧ Ѩ Ѯ Ѱ Ѳ Ѵ Ҁ[14]
Capital and lowercase letters were not distinguished in old manuscripts.

Yeri (Ы) was originally a ligature of Yer and I (Ъ + І = Ы). Iotation was indicated by
ligatures formed with the letter І: Ꙗ (not ancestor of modern Ya, Я, which is derived from
Ѧ), Ѥ, Ю (ligature of І and ОУ), Ѩ, Ѭ. Sometimes different letters were used
interchangeably, for example И = І = Ї, as were typographical variants like О = Ѻ. There
were also commonly used ligatures likeѠТ = Ѿ.

The letters also had numeric values, based not on Cyrillic alphabetical order, but inherited
from the letters' Greek ancestors.

Cyrillic numerals
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
А В Г Д Є Ѕ З И Ѳ

10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
І К Л М Н Ѯ Ѻ П Ч (Ҁ)

100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900

Р С Т Ѵ Ф Х Ѱ Ѿ Ц
The early Cyrillic alphabet is difficult to represent on computers. Many of the letterforms A page from the Church Slavonic
differed from modern Cyrillic, varied a great deal in manuscripts, and changed over time. Grammar of Meletius Smotrytsky
Few fonts include adequate glyphs to reproduce the alphabet. In accordance with Unicode (1619)
policy, the standard does not include letterform variations or ligatures found in manuscript
sources unless they can be shown to conform to the Unicode definition of a character
.

The Unicode 5.1 standard, released on 4 April 2008, greatly improves computer support for the early Cyrillic and the modern Church Slavonic
language. In Microsoft Windows, the Segoe UI user interface font is notable for having complete support for the archaic Cyrillic letters since
Windows 8.

Letters of the Cyrillic alphabet (see also Cyrillic digraphs)

А Б В Г Ґ Д Ђ Ѓ Е Ё Є Ж
A Be Ve Ge Ghe De Dje Gje Ye Yo Ukrainian Zhe
upturn Ye

З З́ Ѕ И І Ї Й Ј К Л Љ М
Ze Zje Dze I Dotted I Yi Short Je Ka El Lje Em
I

Н Њ О П Р С С́ Т Ћ Ќ У Ў
En Nje O Pe Er Es Sje Te Tshe Kje U Short U
 Ф Х Ц Ч Џ Ш Щ Ъ Ы Ь Э Ю
Ef Kha Tse Che Dzhe Sha Shcha Hard sign Yery Soft sign E Yu
(Yer) (Yeri)

Я
Ya

Important Cyrillic non-Slavic letters

Ӏ Ә Ғ Ҙ Ҫ Ҡ Җ Қ Ң Ҥ Ө Ү
Palochka Cyrillic Ayn Bashkir Bashkir Bashkir Zhje Ka with Ng En-ghe Barred O Straight
Schwa Dhe The Qa descender U

Ұ Һ Ҳ Ӑ
Straight Shha Kha with A with
U (He) descender breve
with
stroke

Cyrillic letters used in the past

Ꙗ Ѥ Ѧ Ѫ Ѩ Ѭ Ѯ Ѱ Ѳ Ѵ Ѷ
A iotified E iotified Yus small Yus big Yus small Yus big Ksi Psi Yn Fita Izhitsa Izhitsa
iotified iotified okovy

Ҁ ОУ Ѡ Ѿ Ѣ
Koppa Uk Omega Ot Yat

Letterforms and typography

The development of Cyrillic typography passed directly from the medieval stage to the late Baroque, without a Renaissance phase as in
Western Europe. Late Medieval Cyrillic letters (still found on many icon inscriptions today) show a marked tendency to be very tall and
narrow, with strokes often shared between adjacent letters.

Peter the Great, Czar of Russia, mandated the use of westernized letter forms in the early 18th century. Over time, these were largely adopted
in the other languages that use the script. Thus, unlike the majority of modern Greek fonts that retained their own set of design principles for
lower-case letters (such as the placement of serifs, the shapes of stroke ends, and stroke-thickness rules, although Greek capital letters do use
Latin design principles), modern Cyrillic fonts are much the same as modern Latin fonts of the same font family. The development of some
Cyrillic computer typefaces from Latin ones has also contributed to the visual Latinization of Cyrillic type.

Cyrillic uppercase and lowercase letter forms are not as differentiated as in

Latin typography. Upright Cyrillic lowercase letters are essentially small
capitals (with exceptions: Cyrillic ⟨а⟩, ⟨е⟩, ⟨і⟩, ⟨ј⟩, ⟨р⟩, and ⟨у⟩ adopted
Western lowercase shapes, lowercase ⟨ф⟩ is typically designed under the
influence of Latin ⟨p⟩, lowercase ⟨б⟩, ⟨ђ⟩ and ⟨ћ⟩ are traditional
handwritten forms), although a good-quality Cyrillic typeface will still Letters Ge, De, I, I kratkoye, Em, Te, Tse, Be and Ve in
upright (printed) and cursive (hand-written) variants.
include separate small-caps glyphs.[15]
(Top is set in Georgia font, bottom in OdessaScript.)
Cyrillic fonts, as well as Latin ones, have roman and italic types
(practically all popular modern fonts include parallel sets of Latin and
Cyrillic letters, where many glyphs, uppercase as well as lowercase, are simply shared by both). However, the native font terminology in most
Slavic languages (for example, in Russian) does not use the words "roman" and "italic" in this sense.[16] Instead, the nomenclature follows
German naming patterns:

Roman type is called pryamoy shrift ("upright type")—compare withNormalschrift ("regular type") in German
Italic type is called kursiv ("cursive") or kursivniy shrift ("cursive type")—from the German wordKursive, meaning italic
typefaces and not cursive writing
Cursive handwriting is rukopisniy shrift ("hand-written type") in Russian—in German:Kurrentschrift or Laufschrift, both
meaning literally 'running type'
As in Latin typography, a sans-serif face may have a mechanically sloped
oblique type (naklonniy shrift—"sloped", or "slanted type") instead of italic.

Similarly to Latin fonts, italic and cursive types of many Cyrillic letters
(typically lowercase; uppercase only for hand-written or stylish types) are
very different from their upright roman types. In certain cases, the
correspondence between uppercase and lowercase glyphs does not coincide in
Latin and Cyrillic fonts: for example, italic Cyrillic ⟨т⟩ is the lowercase
counterpart of ⟨Т⟩ not of ⟨М⟩.

A boldfaced type is called poluzhirniy shrift ("semi-bold type"), because there

existed fully boldfaced shapes that have been out of use since the beginning of
the 20th century. A bold italic combination (bold slanted) does not exist for all
font families. Cyrillic letters in cursive.

In Standard Serbian, as well as in Macedonian,[17] some italic and cursive

letters are allowed to be different to resemble more to the handwritten letters. The regular (upright) shapes are generally standardized among
languages and there are no officially recognized variations.[18]

The following table shows the differences between the upright and italic Cyrillic letters of the Russian alphabet. Italic forms significantly
different from their upright analogues, or especially confusing to users of a Latin alphabet, are highlighted.

а б в г д е ё ж з и й к л м н о п р с т у ф х ц ч ш щ ъ ы ь э ю я
а б в г д е ё ж з и й к л м н о п р с т у ф х ц ч ш щ ъ ы ь э ю я
Also available as a graphical image.

Note: in some fonts or styles, lowercase italic Cyrillic ⟨д⟩ (⟨д⟩) may look like Latin ⟨g⟩ and lowercase italic Cyrillic ⟨т⟩ (⟨т⟩) may look
exactly like a capital italic⟨T⟩ (⟨T⟩), only small.

Cyrillic alphabets
Among others, Cyrillic is the standard script for
writing the following languages:

Slavic languages: Belarusian, Bulgarian,

Macedonian, Russian, Rusyn, Serbo-
Croatian (for Standard Serbian, Bosnian,
and Montenegrin), Ukrainian
Non-Slavic languages: Abkhaz, Aleut
(now mostly in church texts),Bashkir,
Chuvash, Erzya, Kazakh (to be replaced
by Latin script by 2025[19] ), Kildin Sami,
Komi, Kyrgyz, Dungan, Mari, Moksha,
Mongolian, Ossetic, Romani (some Distribution of the Cyrillic script worldwide.
dialects), Sakha/Yakut, Tajik, Tatar, Tlingit Cyrillic is the sole official script.
(now only in church texts),Tuvan, Udmurt,
Yuit (Siberian Yupik), and Yupik (in Cyrillic is co-official with another alphabet. Inthe cases of Moldova and
Alaska). Georgia, this is in breakaway regions not recognized by the central
The Cyrillic script has also been used for languages government.
Cyrillic is not official, but is in common use as a legacy script.
of Alaska,[20] Slavic Europe (except for Western
Slavic and some Southern Slavic), the Caucasus, Cyrillic is not used
Siberia, and the Russian Far East.

The first alphabet derived from Cyrillic was Abur, used for the Komi language. Other Cyrillic alphabets include the Molodtsov alphabet for
the Komi language and various alphabets forCaucasian languages.

Name
Since the script was conceived and popularised by the followers of Cyril and Methodius, rather than by Cyril and Methodius themselves, its
name denotes homage rather than authorship. The name "Cyrillic" often confuses people who are not familiar with the script's history, because
it does not identify a country of origin (in contrast to the "Greek alphabet"). Some call it the "Russian alphabet" because Russian is the most
popular and influential alphabet based on the script. Some Bulgarian intellectuals, notably Stefan Tsanev, have expressed concern over this,
.[21]
and have suggested that the Cyrillic script be called the "Bulgarian alphabet" instead, for the sake of historical accuracy

In Bulgarian, Macedonian, Russian, and Serbian, the Cyrillic script is also known as
azbuka, derived from the old names of the first two letters
of most Cyrillic alphabets (just as the termalphabet came from the first two Greek lettersalpha and beta).

History
The Cyrillic script was created in the First Bulgarian Empire.[22] Its first variant, the
Early Cyrillic alphabet, was created at the Preslav Literary School. It is derived from the
Greek uncial script letters, augmented by ligatures and consonants from the older
Glagolitic alphabet for sounds not found in Greek. Tradition holds that Cyrillic and
Glagolitic were formalized either bySaints Cyril and Methodiuswho brought Christianity
to the southern Slavs, or by their disciples.[23][24][25][26] Paul Cubberley posits that
although Cyril may have codified and expanded Glagolitic, it was his students in the First
Bulgarian Empire under Tsar Simeon the Great that developed Cyrillic from the Greek
letters in the 890s as a more suitable script for church books.[22] Later Cyrillic spread
among other Slavic peoples, as well as among non-SlavicVlachs.

Cyrillic and Glagolitic were used for the Church Slavonic language, especially the Old
Church Slavonic variant. Hence expressions such as "И is the tenth Cyrillic letter"
typically refer to the order of the Church Slavonic alphabet; not every Cyrillic alphabet
uses every letter available in the script.

The Cyrillic script came to dominate Glagolitic in the 12th century. The literature
produced in the Old Bulgarian language soon spread north and became the lingua franca
A page from Азбука (Читанка) (ABC
(Reader)), the first Ruthenian language of the Balkans and Eastern Europe, where it came to also be known as Old Church
textbook, printed by Ivan Fyodorov in Slavonic.[27][28][29][30][31] The alphabet used for the modern Church Slavonic language
1574. This page features the Cyrillic in Eastern Orthodox and Eastern Catholic rites still resembles early Cyrillic. However,
alphabet. over the course of the following millennium, Cyrillic adapted to changes in spoken
language, developed regional variations to suit the features of national languages, and was
subjected to academic reform and political decrees. A notable example of such linguistic
reform can be attributed to Vuk Stefanović Karadžić who updated the Serbian Cyrillic alphabet by removing certain graphemes no longer
represented in the vernacular, and introducing graphemes specific to Serbian (i.e. Љ Њ Ђ Ћ Џ Ј), distancing it from Church Slavonic alphabet
in use prior to the reform. Today, many languages in the Balkans, Eastern Europe, and northern Eurasia are written in Cyrillic alphabets.

Relationship to other writing systems

Latin script
A number of languages written in a Cyrillic alphabet have also been written in a Latin alphabet, such as Azerbaijani, Uzbek, Serbian and
Romanian (in the Republic of Moldova until 1989, in Romania throughout the 19th century). After the disintegration of the Soviet Union in
1991, some of the former republics officially shifted from Cyrillic to Latin. The transition is complete in most of Moldova (except the
breakaway region of Transnistria, where Moldovan Cyrillic is official), Turkmenistan, and Azerbaijan. Uzbekistan still uses both systems, and
Kazakhstan has officially begun a transition from Cyrillic to Latin (scheduled to be complete by 2025). TheRussian government has mandated
that Cyrillic must be used for all public communications in all federal subjects of Russia, to promote closer ties across the federation. This act
was controversial for speakers of many Slavic languages; for others, such as Chechen and Ingush speakers, the law had political ramifications.
For example, the separatist Chechen government mandated a Latin script which is still used by many Chechens. Those in the diaspora
especially refuse to use the Chechen Cyrillic alphabet, which they associate with Russian imperialism.
Standard Serbian uses both the Cyrillic and Latin scripts. Cyrillic is nominally the
official script of Serbia's administration according to the Serbian constitution;[32]
however, the law does not regulate scripts in standard language, or standard language
itself by any means. In practice the scripts are equal, with Latin being used more often
in a less official capacity.[33]

The Zhuang alphabet, used between the 1950s and 1980s in portions of the People's
Republic of China, used a mixture of Latin, phonetic, numeral-based, and Cyrillic
letters. The non-Latin letters, including Cyrillic, were removed from the alphabet in
1982 and replaced with Latin letters that closely resembled the letters they replaced. Map showing the expansion of the use of
Latin alphabet in areas of former
Yugoslavia.
Romanization
There are various systems for Romanization of Cyrillic text, including transliteration
to convey Cyrillic spelling inLatin letters, and transcription to convey pronunciation.

Standard Cyrillic-to-Latin transliteration systems include:

Scientific transliteration, used in linguistics, is based on theBosnian and

Croatian Latin alphabet.
The Working Group on Romanization Systems[34] of the United Nations
recommends different systems for specific languages. These are the
most commonly used around the world.
ISO 9:1995, from the International Organization for Standardization.
American Library Association and Library of Congress Romanization
tables for Slavic alphabets (ALA-LC Romanization), used in North
American libraries. Map of European countries by script of
BGN/PCGN Romanization(1947), United States Board on Geographic national language.
Names & Permanent Committee on Geographical Names for British
Official Use). Alphabets in Europe
GOST 16876, a now defunct Soviet transliteration standard. Replaced by Greek
GOST 7.79, which is ISO 9 equivalent. Greek & Latin
Volapuk encoding, an informal rendering of Cyrillic text over Latin-
alphabet ASCII. Latin

See also Romanization of Belarusian, Bulgarian, Kyrgyz, Russian, Macedonian and Latin and Cyrillic
Ukrainian. Cyrillic
Georgian
Armenian
Cyrillization
Representing other writing systems with Cyrillic letters is calledCyrillization.

Computer encoding

Unicode
As of Unicode version 11.0, Cyrillic letters, including national and historical alphabets, are encoded across severalblocks:

Cyrillic: U+0400–U+04FF
Cyrillic Supplement: U+0500–U+052F
Cyrillic Extended-A: U+2DE0–U+2DFF
Cyrillic Extended-B: U+A640–U+A69F
Cyrillic Extended-C: U+1C80–U+1C8F
Phonetic Extensions: U+1D2B, U+1D78
Combining Half Marks: U+FE2E–U+FE2F
The characters in the range U+0400 to U+045F are basically the characters from ISO 8859-5 moved upward by 864 positions. The characters
in the range U+0460 to U+0489 are historic letters, not used now. The characters in the range U+048A to U+052F are additional letters for
various languages that are written with Cyrillic script.
Unicode as a general rule does not include accented Cyrillic letters. A few exceptions are:

combinations that are considered as separate letters of respective alphabets, like

Й, Ў, Ё, Ї, Ѓ, Ќ (as well as many letters of
non-Slavic alphabets);
two most frequent combinations orthographically required to distinguish
homonyms in Bulgarian and Macedonian:Ѐ, Ѝ;
a few Old and New Church Slavonic combinations:Ѷ, Ѿ, Ѽ.
To indicate stressed or long vowels, combining diacritical markscan be used after the respective letter (for example, U+0301 ◌́ COMBINING
ACUTE ACCENT: ы́ э́ ю́ я́ etc.).

Some languages, includingChurch Slavonic, are still not fully supported.

Unicode 5.1, released on 4 April 2008, introduces major changes to the Cyrillic blocks. Revisions to the existing Cyrillic blocks, and the
addition of Cyrillic Extended A (2DE0 ... 2DFF) and Cyrillic Extended B (A640 ... A69F), significantly improve support for the early Cyrillic
alphabet, Abkhaz, Aleut, Chuvash, Kurdish, and Moksha.[35]

Other
Punctuation for Cyrillic text is similar to that used in European Latin-alphabet languages.

Other character encoding systems for Cyrillic:

CP866 – 8-bit Cyrillic character encoding established byMicrosoft for use in MS-DOS also known as GOST-alternative.
Cyrillic characters go in their native order, with a "window" for pseudographic characters.
ISO/IEC 8859-5 – 8-bit Cyrillic character encoding established byInternational Organization for Standardization
KOI8-R – 8-bit native Russian character encoding. Invented in the USSR for use on Soviet clones of American IBM and DEC
computers. The Cyrillic characters go in the order of their Latin counterparts, which allowed the text to remain readable after
transmission via a 7-bit line that removed themost significant bit from each byte—the result became a very rough, but
readable, Latin transliteration of Cyrillic. Standard encoding of early 1990s for
Unix systems and the first Russian Internet
encoding.
KOI8-U – KOI8-R with addition of Ukrainian letters.
MIK – 8-bit native Bulgarian character encoding for use inMicrosoft DOS.
Windows-1251 – 8-bit Cyrillic character encoding established by Microsoft for use inMicrosoft Windows. The simplest 8-bit
Cyrillic encoding—32 capital chars in native order at 0xc0–0xdf, 32 usual chars at 0xe0–0xf f, with rarely used "YO"
characters somewhere else. No pseudographics. Former standard encoding in some GNU/Linux distributions for Belarusian
and Bulgarian, but currently displaced byUTF-8.
GOST-main.
GB 2312 – Principally simplified Chinese encodings, but there are also the basic 33 Russian Cyrillic letters (in upper- and
lower-case).
JIS and Shift JIS – Principally Japanese encodings, but there are also the basic 33 Russian Cyrillic letters (in upper- and
lower-case).

Keyboard layouts
Each language has its own standard keyboard layout, adopted from typewriters. With the flexibility of computer input methods, there are also
transliterating or phonetic/homophonic keyboard layouts made for typists who are more familiar with other layouts, like the common English
qwerty keyboard. When practical Cyrillic keyboard layouts or fonts are not available, computer users sometimes use transliteration or look-
alike "volapuk" encoding to type languages that are normally written with the Cyrillic alphabet.

See also
Cyrillic (Unicode block)
Cyrillic Alphabet Day
Cyrillic digraphs
Faux Cyrillic, real or fake Cyrillic letters used to give Latin-alphabet text a Soviet or Russian feel
Languages using Cyrillic
List of Cyrillic digraphs
List of Cyrillic letters
Russian cursive
Russian manual alphabet
 Yugoslav manual alphabet
Russian Braille
Yugoslav Braille
Vladislav the Grammarian
Internet top-level domains in Cyrillic: gTLDs, .мон, .бг, .қаз, .рф, .срб, .укр

Notes
1. Oldest alphabet found in Egypt(http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/521235.stm)
. BBC. 1999-11-15. Retrieved 2015-01-
14.
2. Dvornik, Francis (1956).The Slavs: Their Early History and Civilization . Boston: American Academy of Arts and Sciences.
p. 179. "The Psalter and the Book of Prophets were adapted or "modernized" with special regard to their use in Bulgarian
churches, and it was in this school that glagolitic writing was replaced by the so-called Cyrillic writing, which was more akin to
the Greek uncial, simplified matters considerably and is still used by the Orthodox Slavs."
3. Florin Curta (2006). Southeastern Europe in the Middle Ages, 500–1250(https://books.google.com/?id=YIAYMNOOe0YC&p
g=PR1&dq=Curta,+Florin,+Southeastern+Europe+in+the+Middle+Ages,+500-1250+(Cambridge+Medieval+T extbooks),+Ca
mbridge+University+Press#v=onepage&q=Cyrillic%20preslav&f=false) . Cambridge Medieval Textbooks. Cambridge
University Press. pp. 221–222.ISBN 0521815398.
4. J. M. Hussey, Andrew Louth (2010). "The Orthodox Church in the Byzantine Empire".Oxford History of the Christian Church
(https://books.google.com/?id=J-H9BTVHKRMC&pg=PR3-IA34&lpg=PR3-IA34&dq=The+Orthodox+Church+in+the+Byzanti
ne+Empire+Cyrillic+preslav+eastern#v=onepage&q=%20preslav%20eastern&f=false) . Oxford University Press. p. 100.
ISBN 0191614882.
5. List of countries by population
6. Leonard Orban (24 May 2007)."Cyrillic, the third official alphabet of the EU, was created by a truly multilingual European"(ht
tp://europa.eu/rapid/press-release_SPEECH-07-330_en.pdf)(PDF). europe.eu. Retrieved 3 August 2014.
7. Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001–05, s.v. "Cyril and Methodius, Saints"; Encyclopædia Britannica, Encyclopædia
Britannica Incorporated, Warren E. Preece – 1972, p. 846, s.v., "Cyril and Methodius, Saints" and "Eastern Orthodoxy ,
Missions ancient and modern";Encyclopedia of World Cultures, David H. Levinson, 1991, p. 239, s.v., "Social Science"; Eric
M. Meyers, The Oxford Encyclopedia of Archaeology in the Near East , p. 151, 1997; Lunt, Slavic Review, June 1964, p. 216;
Roman Jakobson, Crucial problems of Cyrillo-Methodian Studies ; Leonid Ivan Strakhovsky, A Handbook of Slavic Studies, p.
98; V. Bogdanovich, History of the ancient Serbian literature, Belgrade, 1980, p. 119
8. "Civil Type and Kis Cyrillic" (http://typejournal.ru/en/articles/Civil-Type). typejournal.ru. Retrieved 22 March 2016.
9. А. Н. Стеценко. Хрестоматия по Старославянскому Языку, 1984.
10. Cubberley, Paul. The Slavic Alphabets, 1996.
11. Variant form
12. Variant form
13. Variant form ЪИ
14. Lunt, Horace G. Old Church Slavonic Grammar, Seventh Edition, 2001.
15. Bringhurst (2002) writes "in Cyrillic, the difference between normal lower case and small caps is more subtle than it is in the
Latin or Greek alphabets,..." (p 32) and "in most Cyrillic faces, the lower case is close in color and shape to Latin small caps"
(p 107).
16. Name ital'yanskiy shrift (Italian font) in Russian refers to a particular font familyJPG (http://citforum.univ.kiev.ua/open_sourc
e/fonts/theory/thumbs/ris320.jpg)Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20070926182512/http://citforum.univ .kiev.ua/open_s
ource/fonts/theory/thumbs/ris320.jpg)26 September 2007 at theWayback Machine., whereas rimskiy shrift (roman font) is
just a synonym for Latin font, Latin alphabet.
17. Pravopis na makedonskiot jazik(http://www.pravopis.mk/sites/default/files/Pravopis-2017.PDF) (PDF). Skopje: Institut za
makedonski jazik Krste Misirkov. 2017. p. 3. ISBN 978-608-220-042-2.
18. Peshikan, Mitar; Jerković, Jovan; Pižurica, Mato (1994).Pravopis srpskoga jezika. Beograd: Matica Srpska. p. 42.ISBN 86-
363-0296-X.
19. Reuters (2017-10-26)."Alphabet soup as Kazakh leader orders switch from Cyrillic to Latin letters" (https://www.theguardian.
com/world/2017/oct/26/kazakhstan-switch-of ficial-alphabet-cyrillic-latin). The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077 (https://www.worldc
at.org/issn/0261-3077). Retrieved 2017-10-30.
20. "Orthodox Language Texts" (http://www.asna.ca/alaska/), Retrieved 2011-06-20
21. Tsanev, Stefan. Български хроники, том 4 (Bulgarian Chronicles, Volume 4), Sofia, 2009, p. 165
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884). These men from Thessaloniki who became apostles to the southern Slavs, whom they converted to Christianity ."
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References
Ivan G. Iliev. Short History of the Cyrillic Alphabet. Plovdiv. 2012. Short History of the Cyrillic Alphabet
Bringhurst, Robert (2002). The Elements of Typographic Style (version 2.5), pp. 262–264. Vancouver, Hartley & Marks.
ISBN 0-88179-133-4.
Nezirović, M. (1992). Jevrejsko-španjolska književnost. Sarajevo: Svjetlost. [cited in Šmid, 2002]
Šmid, Katja (2002). ""Los problemas del estudio de la lengua sefardí"(PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 7 April
2008. (603 KiB)", in Verba Hispanica, vol X. Liubliana: Facultad de Filosofía y Letras de la Universidad de Liubliana.
ISSN 0353-9660.
'The Lives of St. Tsurho and St. Strahota', Bohemia, 1495, Vatican Library
Philipp Ammon: Tractatus slavonicus. in: Sjani (Thoughts) Georgian Scientific Journal of Literary Theory and Comparative
Literature, N 17, 2016, pp. 248–56

External links
The Cyrillic Charset Soupoverview and history of Cyrillic charsets.
Transliteration of Non-Roman Scripts, a collection of writing systems and transliteration tables
History and development of the Cyrillic alphabet
Cyrillic Alphabets of Slavic Languagesreview of Cyrillic charsets in Slavic Languages.
data entry in Old Cyrillic / Стара Кирилица
Cyrillic and its Long Journey East - NamepediA Blog , article about the Cyrillic script
Vladimir M. Alpatov (24 January 2013)."Latin Alphabet for the Russian Language". Soundcloud (Podcast). The University of
Edinburgh. Retrieved 28 January 2016.

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