APPENDIKS B

PERHITUNGAN NERACA ENERGI

Data Konstanta kapasitas panas

Cp = A + BT + C/T2

Dimana : Cp = Kapasitas Panas (Kcal/Kmol oK) YANG INI BAGI DENGAN BM DULU

A,B,C = Konstanta

T = Suhu (oK)

Suhu reference = 25 oC = 298.15 o

K

Komponen BM Range Suhu A B C

N2 28 (300-3000) °K 6.5 0.001 - perry hal 2-165

O2 32 (300-5000) °K 8.27 0.000258 -187700 perry hal 2-165

H2O(g) 18 (300-2500) °K 8.22 0.00015 1.34E-06 perry hal 2-163

CaSO4 136 (273-1373) °K 18.52 0.02197 -156800 perry hal 2-162

CO2 44 (273-1200) °K 10.34 0.00274 -195500 perry hal 2-162

CaCO3 100 (273-1033) °K 19.68 0.01189 -307600 perry hal 2-162

NaCl 58.5 (273-1074) °K 10.79 0.0042 - perry hal 2-167

H2 2 (273-2500) °K 6.62 0.00081 - perry hal 2-163

H2C2O4 90 (50-323) °K 0.259 0.00076 - perry hal 2-177

(Robert H Perry/Cecil H Chilton,Fifth Edition)

Kapasitas panas NaOH(l)

Cp/R = A + BT + C/T2

Dimana : Cp = Kapasitas Panas (cal/mol oK) PERIKSA LAGI

R = 1.9872 (cal/ mol °K) DIBAGI BM, DIBAGI 1000

A,B,C = Konstanta

T = Suhu (oK)

Suhu reference = 25 oC = 298.15 oK

Komponen A B C Berat Molekul

NaOH 0.121 0.016316 194800 40

(J.M.Smith,H.C Vanness,Sixth Edition) hal 658

Kapasitas panas H2O(l)

T Cp Cp T Cp Cp
o
K KJ/Kg oK Kcal/Kg oK o
K KJ/Kg oK Kcal/Kg oK

273.15 4.2200 1.0086 323.15 4.1830 0.9998

283.15 4.195 1.0026 333.15 4.187 1.0007

293.15 4.185 1.0002 343.15 4.192 1.0019

298.15 4.182 0.9995 353.15 4.199 1.0036

303.15 4.181 0.9993 363.15 4.208 1.0057

 313.15 4.1810 0.9993 373.15 4.2190 1.0084

(transport processes and unit operations. Christie.j.geankoplis, hal856)

Kapasitas panas H2O(g)

T Cp Cp

o
K KJ/Kg oK Kcal/Kg oK

373.2 1.8880 0.4512

422.1 1.9090 0.4563

477.6 1.9340 0.4622

533.2 1.9680 0.4704

588.8 1.9970 0.4773

644.3 2.0300 0.4852

699.9 2.0680 0.4943

(transport processes and unit operations. Christie.j.geankoplis, hal863)

Senyawa Rumus BM Cp (J/mol oK) Cp (kcal/kg oK)

Natrium Oksalat Na2C2O4 134 130 0.2319 NIST (273-373)

Calsium Oksalat CaC2O4 128 152.8 0.2853 hal 631

(Lange's,1999)

Kapasitas panas Natrium Formiat(NaCHOO (s))

T Cp Cp
BM
o
K J/moloK Kcal/KgoK

298 87.6800 0.3082

68
304 88.3 0.3104

NIST

Kapasitas panas Ca(OH)2

Cp/R = A + BT + C/T2

Dimana : Cp = Kapasitas Panas (cal/mol oK) PERIKSA LAGI

R = 1.9872 (cal/ mol °K) DIBAGI BM, DIBAGI 1000

A,B,C = Konstanta

T = Suhu (oK)

Suhu reference = 25 oC = 298.15 oK

Komponen A B C Berat Molekul

Ca(OH)2 9.597 0.005435 - 74

(J.M.Smith,H.C Vanness,Sixth Edition) hal 658

Kapasitas panas Natrium Karbonat(Na2CO3(s))

Dimana : Cp = Kapasitas Panas (J/mol ⁰K)

A,B,C,D,E= Konstanta
DIKALI DGN 0,239006/1000, DIBAGI DGN BM/1000 T = Suhu (oK)/1000

Suhu = 298 oK Sampai 723 oK

Komponen A B C D E Berat Molekul

Na2CO3 175.2010 -348.0580 743.0720 -305.5510 -1.6342 106

Suhu = 723 oK Sampai 1123 oK

Komponen A B C D E Berat Molekul

Na2CO3 -1067.0000 2469.3400 -1829.0600 505.7480 100.1820 106

NIST

Kapasitas panas NatriumSulfat(Na2SO4(s))

Dimana : Cp = Kapasitas Panas (J/mol ⁰K)

A,B,C,D,E= Konstanta

DIKALI DGN 0,239006/1000, DIBAGI DGN BM/1000 T = Suhu (oK)/1000

LIHAT FASENYA

Komponen BM Temperatur 298-1157 298-1157 298-1000 298-1000 298-1000

A 154.1365 252.9416 52.33891 97.09767 96.97466

B 12.24966 -309.083 184.8692 149.0676 149.5454

Na2SO4 142 C 49.39296 381.0595 129.4622 -43.87886 -44.51148

D -15.42553 -113.814 -60.06174 13.96711 14.24313

E -0.190212 -3.192919 1.055407 -0.877515 -0.8749

NIST

Kapasitas panas CO (g)

Cp/R = A + BT + CT2 + DT-2 Dimana : Cp = Kapasitas Panas (cal/mol oK)

R = 1.9872 cal/ mol oK

A,B,C,D = Konstanta PERIKSA LAGI

T = Suhu (oK) DIBAGI BM

Suhu reference = 25 oC = 298.15 oK

Komponen A B C D Berat Molekul

CO 3.376 0.000557 - -3100 28

(J.M.Smith,H.C Vanness,Sixth Edition) hal 657

Kapasitas panas CaO

Dimana : Cp = Kapasitas Panas (J/mol ⁰K)

DIKALI DGN 0,239006/1000, DIBAGI DGN BM/1000 A,B,C,D,E= Konstanta

T = Suhu (oK)/1000

Suhu reference = 25 oC = 298.15 oK

Komponen A B C D E Berat Molekul

CaO 49.95403 4.887916 -0.352056 0.046187 -0.825097 56

NIST
AHfo Beberapa komponen :

Senyawa Rumus BM AHfo

kJ/mol kcal/mol kcal/kg

Cellulosa (C6H10O5)x (162)x -233.320 -1440.24691

Glukosa C6H12O6 180 -1273.3 -1690.7 (Lange's,1999)

Natrium Hidroksida NaOH 40 -101.96 -2549 (Perry 5 ed,1973)

Natrium glukosa C6H11O6Na 202 -243.389 -1204.89604

Oksigen O2 32 0 0 (Perry 5 ed,1973)

Natrium Oksalat Na2C2O4 134 -313.8 -2341.79104 (Perry 5 ed,1973)

Hidrogen H2 2 0 0 (Perry 5 ed,1973)

Natrium Asetat NaCH3COO 82 -726.34 -2117.06618 (Lange's,1999)

Karbon Dioksada CO2 44 -94.052 -2137.54545 (Perry 5 ed,1973)

Natrium Karbonat Na2CO3 106 -1130.7 -2549.46968 (Lange's,1999)

Natrium Formiat NaCHOO 68 -666.5 -2342.60769 (Lange's,1999)

Calsium Hidroksida Ca(OH)2 74 -235.58 -3183.51351 (Perry 5 ed,1973)

Calcium Oksalat CaC2O4 128 -1360.6 -332.2 -2595.3125 (Lange's,1999)

Calsium Asetat Ca(CH3COO)2 158 -1029 -1556.56267 (Lange's,1999)

Calcium Formiat Ca(COOH)2 130 1386.6 2549.271952 (Lange's,1999)

Calsium Karbonat CaCO3 100 -1207.6 -2886.23327 (Lange's,1999)

Asam Sulfat H2SO4 98 -193.68 -1976.32653 (Perry 5 ed,1973)

Calsium Sulfat CaSO4 136 -338.73 -2490.66176 (Perry 5 ed,1973)

Asam Oksalat H2C2O4 90 -821.7 -2182.12237 (Lange's,1999)

Asam Asetat CH3COOH 60 -486 -1935.94646 (Lange's,1999)

Asam Formiat CHOOH 46 -97.8 -2126.08696 (Perry 5 ed,1973)

Asam Karbonat H2CO3 62 -167.19 -2696.6129 (Perry 5 ed,1973)

Air H2O 18 -57.7979 -3210.99444 (Perry 5 ed,1973)

Carbon Monoxide CO 28 -110.53 -943.475143 nist

Natrium Klorida NaCl (273-1074) °K -385.92 #VALUE! nist

Calcium Oxide CaO 56 -635.09 -2710.53845 nist

Steam yang digunakan adalah saturated steam dengan dengan temperaturdengan T = 148 0C dan P= 4.5 bar

Hs = 2744.02 kj/kgoC = 655.8372 kcal/kgoK

hs = 623.572 kj/kgoC = 149.0375 kcal/kgoK (Geankoplish)

Air pendingin yang digunakan adalah air cooling tower dengan suhu masuk 30 oC dan keluar 45 oC
Cp H2O pada 30 oC = 0.9987 kcal/kgoC (Geankoplish)

Cp H2O pada45 oC = 0.9989 kcal/kgoC (Geankoplish)

Air pencuci yang digunakan adalah air proses dengan suhu masuk = 30 oC

Cp H2O pada 30 oC = 0.99866 kcal/kgoC (Geankoplish)

1. Furnace
∆H2 Qloss
T2 = 390 ˚C

∆H1 ∆H3
ΣHR
T1 = 30˚C T3 = 390 ˚C

Q1 ts = 390 ˚C

Neraca panas total : ∆H1 + ∑HR + Q1 = ∆H2 + ∆H3 + Qloss

Dimana :

∆H1 = Panas natrium format masuk furnice

∑HR = Panas reaksi

∆H2 = Panas yang dibawa gas keluar furnice

∆H3 = Panas yang dibawa bahan keluar furnice

Q1 = Panas yang dibawa steam

Qloss = Panas yang hilang

a. Menentukan panas yang dibawa bahan masuk ∆H1

Persamaan :

Suhu bahan masuk = 30 °C = 303.15 °K

Suhu referensi = 25 °C = 298.15 °K

Suhu dalam furnice = 400 °C = 673.15 °K

Suhu bahan keluar = 390 °C = 663.15 °K

HCOONa = × 0.3100 × (303,15-298,15) = Kcal/jam

H2O = × 4.1950 × (303,15-298,15) = Kcal/jam

Impurities = × #VALUE! × (303,15-298,15) = Kcal/jam

∆H1 = Kcal/jam

b. Menentukan panas reaksi (ΣHR)

Persamaan : ΣHR = (ΔHR + ΔH298) - ΔHreaktan

Dalam furnace terjadi 2 reaksi,

Suhu reaksi dalam furnace = 400 °C = 673.15 °K

 Maka,

- Reaksi 1 (ΣHR1)

2 HCOONa (COONa)2 + H2

ΔH reaktan :

HCOONa = × × (673,15 - 298,15) = Kcal/jam

ΔH produk :

(COONa)2 = × 0.2319 × (673,15 - 298,15) = Kcal/jam

H2 = × ### × (673,15 - 298,15) = Kcal/jam

ΔH produk = Kcal/jam

ΔH298 = (ΔH°f (COONa)2 + ΔH°f H2) - (ΔH°f HCOONa)

= (-2341,791045 + 0) - (-2342,607693) KALIKAN DENGAN MASSA (RATE)]

= Kcal/jam

ΔHR1 = (ΔH produk + ΔH298) - ΔH reaktan

= + +

= Kcal/jam

- Reaksi 2(ΣHR2)

(COONa)2 Na2CO3 + CO

ΔH reaktan :

(COONa)2 = × × (673,15 - 298,15) = Kcal/jam

ΔH produk :

Na2CO3 = × 0.4077 × (673,15 - 298,15) = Kcal/jam

CO = × 0.2657 × (673,15 - 298,15) = Kcal/jam

ΔH produk = Kcal/jam

ΔH298 = (ΔH°f Na2CO3 + ΔH°f CO) - (ΔH°f (COONa)2)

= (-2549,46967 + (-943,4751434)) - (-2341,791045)

= Kcal/jam

ΔHR2 = (ΔH produk + ΔH298) - ΔH reaktan

= + +

= Kcal/jam

ΣHR total = ΔHR1 + ΔHR2

= +

= Kcal/jam

c. Menentukan panas yang terkandung dalam gas keluar (ΔH2)

 Persamaan :

H2 = × #VALUE! × (673,15 - 298,15) = Kcal/jam

CO = × 0.2657 × (673,15 - 298,15) = Kcal/jam

ΔH2 =

d. Menemukan panas yang terkandung dalam bahan keluar (ΔH3)

(COONa)2 = × 0.2319 × (673,15 - 298,15) = Kcal/jam

Na2CO3 = × #REF! × (673,15 - 298,15) = Kcal/jam

H2O = × 7.4804 × (673,15 - 298,15) = Kcal/jam

Impurities × #VALUE! × (673,15 - 298,15) = Kcal/jam

ΔH3 = Kcal/jam

e. Menentukan panas yang hilang (Q loss)

Q loss = 15% × (ΔH1 + ΣHR +Q1)

= Kcal/jam

f. Menentukan panas steam (Q1)

∆H1 + ∑HR + Q1 = ∆H2 + ∆H3 + Qloss

Q1 = (∆H2 + ∆H3 + Qloss) - (∆H1 + ∑HR)

Q1 = Kcal/jam

Diketahui :

λsteam (pada t = 400 °C) = Btu/Lbm = Kcal/Kg

Jumlah steam yang dibutuhkan : = Kg/jam

Masuk (Kcal/jam) Keluar (Kcal/jam)

ΔH1 = ΔH2 =

ΣHR = ΔH3 =

Q1 = Q loss =

Total = Total =

2. Mixer CaO

Qloss

ΔH1 ΔH2
ΣHR
T1 = 30 ˚C T2 = 265 ˚C

Neraca panas total : ΔH1 + ΣHR = ΔH2 + Qloss

Dimana :
 ΔH1 = panas bahan masuk mixer

ΣHR = panas reaksi

ΔH2 = panas Ca(OH)2 keluar mixer

Qloss = panas yang hilang

a. Menentukan panas yang terkandung dalam bahan masuk (ΔH1)

Persamaan :

CaO = × × (303,15-298,15) = Kcal/jam

H2O = × 4.1950 × (303,15-298,15) = Kcal/jam

Impurities × × (303,15-298,15) = Kcal/jam

ΔH1 = Kcal/jam

b. Menentukan panas dibawah air proses (ΔH2)

H20 = × × = Kcal/Jam

c. Menentukan panas reaksi (ΣHR)

Reaksi : CaO + H2O Ca(OH)2

Suhu reaksi 265 °C = 538.15 °K

- ΔH reaktan

CaO = × × (538,15-298,15) = Kcal/Jam

H2O = × × (538,15-298,15) = Kcal/Jam

= Kcal/Jam

- ΔH produk

Ca(OH)2 = × × (538,15-298,15) = Kcal/Jam

= Kcal/Jam

- ΔH 298 = (ΔH°f Ca(OH)2) - (ΔH°f CaO + ΔH°f H2O)

= -

= Kcal/Jam

ΣHR= (ΔH produk + ΔH 298) - ΔH reaktan

= Kcal/Jam

d. Menentukan panas yang terkandung dalam bahan keluar (ΔH2)

Ca(OH)2 = × × (538,15-298,15) = Kcal/Jam

H2O = × × (538,15-298,15) = Kcal/Jam

Impurities × × (538,15-298,15) = Kcal/Jam

= Kcal/Jam
 e. Panas yang hilang (Qloss)

Asumsi : Qloss = (ΔH1 + ΣHR) - ΔH2

Qloss =

= Kcal/Jam

Masuk (Kcal/jam) Keluar (Kcal/jam)

ΔH1 = ΔH2 =

ΣHR = Q loss =

Total = Total =

3. Mixer (COONa)2

Qloss

∆H1 ∆H2

T1 = 400˚C T2 = 400 ˚C

Neraca panas total : ΔH1 = ΔH2 + Qloss

Dimana :

ΔH1 = panas bahan masuk mixer

ΔH2 = panas bahan keluar mixer

Qloss = panas yang hilang

a. Menentukan panas yang terkandung dalam bahan masuk (ΔH1)

Persamaan :

(COONa)2 = × × (673,15 - 298,15) = Kcal/jam

Na2CO3 = × × (673,15 - 298,15) = Kcal/jam

H2O = × × (673,15 - 298,15) = Kcal/jam

Impurities × × (673,15 - 298,15) = Kcal/jam

ΔH1 = Kcal/jam

b. Menentukan panas yang terkandung dalam bahan keluar (ΔH2)

(COONa)2 = × × (673,15 - 298,15) = Kcal/jam

Na2CO3 = × × (673,15 - 298,15) = Kcal/jam

H2O = × × (673,15 - 298,15) = Kcal/jam

Impurities × × (673,15 - 298,15) = Kcal/jam

ΔH2 = Kcal/jam

c. Panas yang hilang (Qloss)

Asumsi : Qloss = (ΔH1) - ΔH2

Qloss =
 = Kcal/Jam

Masuk (Kcal/jam) Keluar (Kcal/jam)

ΔH1 = ΔH2 =

Q loss =

Total = Total =

3. Cooler (COONa)2
Qloss

∆H1 ∆H2

T1 = 400˚C T2 = 90 ˚C

Q1 ts = 90 ˚C

Neraca panas total ΔH1 = ΔH2 + Q1+ Qloss

Dimana :ΔH1 = Panas bahan masuk

ΔH2 = Panas bahan keluar

Q1 = Panas dibawa pendingin

Qloss = Panas yang hilang

a. Menentukan panas bahan masuk cooler

(COONa)2 = × × (673,15 - 298,15) = Kcal/jam

Na2CO3 = × × (673,15 - 298,15) = Kcal/jam

H2O = × × (673,15 - 298,15) = Kcal/jam

Impurities × × (673,15 - 298,15) = Kcal/jam

ΔH2 = Kcal/jam

b. Menentukan panas bahan keluar (ΔH2)

Suhu bahan keluar = 90 °C = 363.15 °K

(COONa)2 = × × (363,15 - 298,15) = Kcal/jam

Na2CO3 = × × (363,15 - 298,15) = Kcal/jam

H2O = × × (363,15 - 298,15) = Kcal/jam

Impurities × × (363,15 - 298,15) = Kcal/jam

ΔH2 = Kcal/jam

c. Menentukan panas yang hilang (Qloss)

Asumsi Qloss = 2%

Q loss = 2% × (ΔH1)

= Kcal/jam
 d. Menentukan panas dibawah pendingin (Q1)

ΔH1 = ΔH2 + Q1+ Qloss

Q1 = ΔH1 - (ΔH2 + Qloss)

Q1 =

Q1 = Kcal/jam

Kebutuhan media pendingin

Digunakan brine (25 % NaCl) untuk mendinginkan bahan

Suhu masuk media pendingin

Suhu keluar media pendingin =

Cp brine pada suhu 40 oC = kcal/kg oC (Fig 3-11 Perry)

Cp brine pada suhu 100 oC = kcal/kg oC (Fig 3-11 Perry)

Q media pendingin (Q1) = m x Cp x (tout - tin)

massa brine = Q media pendingin (Q1)

Cp x (tout - tin)

= kg/jam

Masuk (Kcal/jam) Keluar (Kcal/jam)

ΔH1 = ΔH2 =

Q1 =

Q loss =

Total = Total =

4. Cooler Ca(OH)2
Qloss

∆H1 ∆H2

T1 = 400˚C T2 = 90 ˚C

Q1 ts = 90 ˚C

Neraca panas total ΔH1 = ΔH2 + Q1+ Qloss

Dimana :ΔH1 = Panas bahan masuk

ΔH2 = Panas bahan keluar

Q1 = Panas dibawa pendingin

Qloss = Panas yang hilang

a. Menentukan panas bahan masuk cooler

(COONa)2 = × × (673,15 - 298,15) = Kcal/jam

Na2CO3 = × × (673,15 - 298,15) = Kcal/jam

 H2O = × × (673,15 - 298,15) = Kcal/jam

Impurities × × (673,15 - 298,15) = Kcal/jam

ΔH2 = Kcal/jam

b. Menentukan panas bahan keluar (ΔH2)

Suhu bahan keluar = 90 °C = 363.15 °K

(COONa)2 = × × (363,15 - 298,15) = Kcal/jam

Na2CO3 = × × (363,15 - 298,15) = Kcal/jam

H2O = × × (363,15 - 298,15) = Kcal/jam

Impurities × × (363,15 - 298,15) = Kcal/jam

ΔH2 = Kcal/jam

c. Menentukan panas yang hilang (Qloss)

Asumsi Qloss = 2%

Q loss = 2% × (ΔH1)

= Kcal/jam

d. Menentukan panas dibawah pendingin (Q1)

ΔH1 = ΔH2 + Q1+ Qloss

Q1 = ΔH1 - (ΔH2 + Qloss)

Q1 =

Q1 = Kcal/jam

Kebutuhan media pendingin

Digunakan brine (25 % NaCl) untuk mendinginkan bahan

Suhu masuk media pendingin

Suhu keluar media pendingin =

Cp brine pada suhu 40 oC = kcal/kg oC (Fig 3-11 Perry)

Cp brine pada suhu 100 oC = kcal/kg oC (Fig 3-11 Perry)

Q media pendingin (Q1) = m x Cp x (tout - tin)

massa brine = Q media pendingin (Q1)

Cp x (tout - tin)

= kg/jam