TARIFF AND CUSTOMS LAWS

Substantive Aspect of Tariff and Customs Laws

Meaning and Scope

Section 3514 (TCC)

Provides that Tariff and Customs Laws include not only the provisions of the code itself and regulations pursuant
thereto but all other laws and regulation which are subject to enforcement by the Bureau of Customs or otherwise within its
jurisdiction. It extend not only to the provisions of the Tariff Customs Code but to all other laws as well; like Central Bank
Circulars, the enforcement of which is entrusted to the Bureau of Customs.

Nature of Customs Duties and Tariff

1. Custom duties:

Are duties which are one charged upon commodities on their being imported into or exported out of a country.

2. Tariff:

Means a book of rates, a table or catalogue drawn usually in alphabetical order containing the names of several kinds
of merchandise with the duties to be paid for the same as settled or agreed upon between several states that holds
commerce together.

Concept of Goods for Customs duty purposes:

As to Imported Articles:

All articles when imported from any foreign country into the Philippines shall be subject to duty upon each
importation even thought previously exported from the Philippines. Except as otherwise specifically provided for in the code
or other laws:

As to Exported Articles

Certain articles like specific types of wood, mineral plant, vegetable and animal products are subject to tariff and
premium duties.

Note: Articles: When used with reference to importation or exportation includes goods, wares and merchandise and, in general
anything that maybe made the subject of exportation and importation.

Pertinent Case:

4 US dollars, having ceased to be legal tender in the Philippines, fall within the meaning of the term “merchandise”

http://www.angelfire.com/me4/francute/TCC.htm 28/10/2018, 7>21 PM

Page 1 of 34
 (Bastida vs. Acting Commissioner of Customs, et al, L-24011, Oct. 24, 1970)

Articles / Goods Covered under the Tariff and Customs Code:

1. Articles subject to duty

General Rule: All articles when imported from a foreign country including those previously exported from the
Philippines one subject to duty unless otherwise specifically provided for in the Tariff and Customs Code or other
laws. (Sec. 100, TCS)

2. Prohibited Importations

Classifications:

A. Articles which are absolutely prohibited:

1. weapons of war

2. gambling devices

3. narcotics or prohibited drugs

4. immoral, obscene or insidious articles

5. those prohibited under special laws

B. Articles Qualifiedly Prohibited:

Refers to those which maybe imported but subject to, and after compliance with, certain conditions.

Pertinent Cases:

1. Where such conditions as to warrant lawful importation neither do nor exist, the legal effects of the
importation of qualifiedly prohibited articles are the same as those of absolutely prohibited articles.
(Auyong Hian vs CTA, 59 SCRA 110)

2. Prohibited importations one subject to forfeiture whether the shipper and the consignee are one and the
same person. (UTE PATEROR vs. Bureau of Customs, 193 S 132)

3. Conditionally-free importations:

These are articles which are exempt from import duties upon compliance with the formalities prescribed
with regulations promulgated by the Commission of Customs with the approval of the Secretary of Finance.
(Sec. 105, TCC)

This article includes:

1. Those prohibited for in Sec. 105 of the Tariff and Customs Code;

2. Those granted to government agencies, government-owned or controlled corporations with agreement

http://www.angelfire.com/me4/francute/TCC.htm 28/10/2018, 7>21 PM

Page 2 of 34
 with foreign countries;

3. Those given to international institutions, entitled to exemption by agreement or special laws; and

4. Those that maybe granted by the President upon NEDA’s recommendation.

Liability for Custom Duties

General Rule: All importations / exportation of articles / goods are subject to customs duties.

Exceptions:

1. Exempt under the TCC.

2. Exemption granted to government agencies, instrumentalities with existing contracts, commitment, agreements or
obligations with foreign countries.

3. Exempt international organizations pursuant to agreements or special laws; and

4. Exempt by the President upon recommendation of NEDA.

Liability of Importer for Custom Duties:

1. A personal debt which can be discharged only by payment in full thereof;

2. A lien upon the imported article while they are in custody or subject to the control of the government.

Valuation of the Goods:

Invoice value of the goods plus:

1. freight

2. insurance

3. cost

4. expenses, and

5. other necessary expenses.

Note: Imported goods must be entered into a custom house at their port of entry otherwise they shall be considered as
contraband and the importer is liable for smuggling.

Import entry

It is a declaration in the Bureau of Customs showing particulars of the imported article that will enable the customs
authorities to determine the correct duties.

1. When importation does begin?

http://www.angelfire.com/me4/francute/TCC.htm 28/10/2018, 7>21 PM

Page 3 of 34
 Importation begins when the carrying vessel or aircraft enters the jurisdiction of the Philippines with the intention to
unlade therein.

2. When is it terminated / ended?

Importation is deemed terminated upon payment of duties, taxes and other charges due upon the articles pr secured to
be paid at a port of entry and the legal permit for withdrawal shall gave been granted or in case said articles are free
of duties, taxes and other charges, until they have legally left the jurisdiction of the customs (Sec. 1202, TCC)

Note: All imported articles into the Philippines, whether subject to duty or not, shall be entered through a customs house at a
port of entry.

1. Port of Entry

Means a domestic open to both foreign and continuous trade including airport of entry.

2. Exportation

It is the bringing out of goods from the Philippines territorial jurisdiction.

3. Under Executive Order # 26, Series of 1986, Export taxes, except on logs, have been suspended

Kinds of Custom Duties

A. Regular / Ordinary Duties

These are duties imposed on imported articles that enter the country of the Philippines in avoidance with the
schedules and classifications provided under the Tariff and Customs Code.

Classification:

1. Advalorem Duty

Duty based on the value of the imported article.

2. Specific Duty

Duty based on the dutiable weight of goods number or measurement.

B. Special Duties

Imposed in addition to regular or ordinary duties principally in order to protect local industries against unfair
competition from foreign manufacturers or procedures; consumer against possible deceptions; and national interest.

Classifications:

1. Dumping Duty

Imposed by the secretary of Finance upon the recommendation of the Tariff Commission when:

http://www.angelfire.com/me4/francute/TCC.htm 28/10/2018, 7>21 PM

Page 4 of 34
 a. The price of the imported article is deliberately or continually fixed at less than the fair market value or
cost of production; and

b. Importation would cause or likely cause and injury to local industries engaged in the manufacture or
production of the same or similar articles or prevent their establishment.

Amount of special duty: extent of the under pricing.

2. Countervailing duty

Special duty imposed on imported articles which are granted any kind or form of subsidy by the government in
the country or origin or exportation, the importation of which has caused or threatens to cause material injury to
a domestic industry or has materially relaided the growth or, prevents the establishment of a domestic industry.
(RA #8751)

Requisites:

1. The levy of an excise tax or inland tax or local goods of the same or similar class as the article imported or
the grant of subsidy to the foreign exporter by his government; and

2. The importation is likely to insure materially established local industries or prevent their establishments.

Amount of special duty: Equal to the bounty or subsidy or subvention.

3. Marking Duty

Special duty of five percent (5%) advalorem imposed or articles properly marked, collected by the
commissioner, except when such article is exported or destroyed under the customs supervision and prior to
final liquidation of the corresponding entry.

Purpose: To prevent possible deception of the consumers.

4. Discriminatory/Retaliatory duty

Imposed on imported goods whenever it is found as a fact that the country of origin discriminates against the
commerce of the Philippines in such a manner as to place the commerce of the Philippines at a disadvantage
compared with the commerce of any foreign country.

5. Duties imposed under the Flexible Tariff Clause (Sec. 401, TCC)

Import duties which are modified by the President upon investigation of the Tariff Commissions and
recommendation of the National Economic Development Authority in the interest of national economy, general
welfare and national security.

The President is given by the Tariff and Customs Code ample powers to adjust tariff rates Sec. 401 of TCC; empowers the
president to:

1. Increase, reduce, or remove existing protective rates of import duty;

http://www.angelfire.com/me4/francute/TCC.htm 28/10/2018, 7>21 PM

Page 5 of 34
 2. Establish import quota or to ban imports of any commodity;

3. Impose and additional duty on all imports not exceeding 10% advalorem whenever necessary.

Limitations imposed regarding the Flexible Tariff Clause:

1. Conduct by the Tariff Commission of an investigation in which a public hearing shall be hold wherein interested
parties shall be afforded reasonable opportunity to be present, produce evidence and to be heard;

2. The commission shall also hear the views and recommendations of any government office, agency or instrumentality
concerned;

3. The commission shall submit their findings and recommendations to the NEDA within 30 days after the termination of
the public hearings. The NEDA thereafter, submits its recommendation to the President.

Administrative Aspect of
Tariff and Customs Laws

Agencies directly concerned with Tariff and Customs Administration:

TARIFF COMMISSION

Officials of the Tariff Commission are the chairman and 2 member Commissioners, all appointed by the President.

Functions:

A. Investigative Powers:

1. Administration and the fiscal and industrial effect of the Tariff and Customs laws of this country now in force
or when hereafter be enacted;

2. Relations between the rates of duty on raw materials and the finished or partly finished products;

3. Effects of ad valorem and specific duties and of compound, specific and ad valorem duties;

4. All questions relative to the arrangement of schedules and classification of articles in several sections of the
tariff law;

5. Tariff relations between the Philippines and the Foreign countries, commercial treaties, preferential provisions,
economic alliances, the effect of export bounties and preferential transportation rate;

6. Volume of importations compared with domestic production and consumption;

7. Conditions, causes and effects relating to completion of foreign industries with those of the Philippines,
including dumping and cost of production;

8. In general, to investigate the operation of customs and tariff laws, including their relations to the national
revenues, their effect upon the industries or labor of the country and to submit reports of its investigation;

http://www.angelfire.com/me4/francute/TCC.htm 28/10/2018, 7>21 PM

Page 6 of 34
 9. Nature and composition and the classification and heading number for customs revenue and other related
purposes.

B. Administrative Assistance to the President and Congress

1. Ascertain conversion costs and costs of production:

a. In the principal growing, producing or manufacturing:

1. Centers in the Philippines whenever possible;

2. Centers in foreign countries; whenever necessary;

b. Including effects of tariff modifications or import restriction or prices.

2. Select and describe representative articles imported to the Philippines similar to or comparable with those
locally produced

3. Ascertain imposts costs of such representative articles so selected.

4. Ascertain the grower’s producers or manufacturer’s selling prices.

5. Submit annual reports of these to the President of the Philippines, copies of which shall be furnished to the
NEDA, BSP, Dept. of Finance and the Bureau of Investments.

BUREAU OF CUSTOMS

Composed of one chief and 2 assistant chiefs known as commissioner of customs, appointed by the President
respectively.

Functions of the Bureau of Customs (CASE)

1. Control smuggling and related frauds.

2. Assessment and collection of Revenues from imported articles and all other impositions under the tariff and customs
laws.

3. Supervision and control over due entrance and clearance of vessels and aircraft engaged in foreign commerce.

4. Enforcement of Tariff and Custom Code and related laws.

5. Supervision on control over the handling of foreign mails arriving in the Philippines.

6. Supervise and control all import and export cargos for the protection of the government revenue.

7. Exclusive original jurisdiction over seizure and forfeiture cases under the tariff and customs laws.

Other Powers:

1. Supervision of collection districts and ports of entry, coast ruse trade, vessels an aircrafts used in foreign trade;

http://www.angelfire.com/me4/francute/TCC.htm 28/10/2018, 7>21 PM

Page 7 of 34
 2. Ascertainment, collection and recovery of import duty;

3. Warehousing of imported articles; and

4. Administrative proceedings like search , seizure and arrest, including forfeitures.

Commissioner of Customs is vested with authority to:

A. Assess

B. Collect

1. All lawful revenues from imported articles;

2. All other dues, fees, charges, fines and penalties.

Procedural Aspect of
the Tariff and Customs Laws

Nature of Customs Protest; Seizures and Forfeiture cases

There are two kinds of proceedings in the Bureau of Customs, these are:

a. Customs protest cases- deal safely with liability for customs, duties, fees and other charges.

b. Seizure and forfeiture cases- refer to matters involving smuggling or the act of any person who fraudulently imports or
brings into the Philippines, or assists in so doing, any article contrary to law, or shall receive, conceal, buy, sell or in
any manner facilitate the importation, concealment, or sale of such auricles after importation, knowing the same to
have been imported contrary to law smuggling includes the exportation act of articles in a manner contrary to law.
(Sec. 3154, TCC).

Procedure in Custom Protest Cases

These are the steps:

1. The collector of customs shall cause all the articles entering the jurisdiction of his district and destined for
importation through his port to be entered at the customs house. He shall appraise and classify such articles, and shall
assess and collect the duties, taxes and other charges thereon. He shall also hold possession of all imported articles
upon which duties, taxes, and other charges have not been paid of secured to be paid.

http://www.angelfire.com/me4/francute/TCC.htm 28/10/2018, 7>21 PM

Page 8 of 34
 2. The importer / owner makes the payment after the final liquidation.

3. The importer / owner adversely affected by the collector’s ruling may file a written protest with the Collector of
custom at the time of payment or within 15 days thereafter.

4. The Collector of Customs issues an order for hearing within 15 days from receipt of the protest and renders his
decision within 30 days from the termination of hearing.

5. In case an adverse decision is rendered within the 30-day period from the termination, the importer/owner may
appeal to the Commissioner of Customs within 15 days after notification of decision or lapse of the 30-day period to
decide. The importer/ owner may give written notice to the collector and one copy furnished to the Commissioner of
his desire to have the matter reviewed by the Commissioner. The Collector shall forthwith transmit all the seconds of
the proceedings to the Commissioner.

6. In case an adverse decision is rendered, the importer/ owner may appeal to the Court of Tax Appeals within 30 days
from receipt of the decision; and

7. In case an adverse decision is still rendered, the importer/ owner may appeal to the Court of Appeals and the
Supreme Court.

Automatic Review in Customs Proceedings

Whenever the decision of the Collector is adverse to the Government, said decision is automatically elevated to the
Commissioner for review, and if such decision is affirmed by the commissioner, the same shall be automatically
elevated to and finally received by the Secretary of Finance.

Rationale: It is intended to protect the interest of the Government in the collection of taxes and custom duties in
seizures and protest cases. Moreover, a favorable decision will no be appealed by the taxpayer and certainly a collector
will not appeal his own decision (See Yaokasin vs. Commissioner of Customs, et al. G.R. No. 84111; Dec. 22, 1989.)

Automatic Review Applies to:

1) Custom Protest Cases

2) Seizures and Forfeiture Cases

Custom Seizures and Forfeiture Cases

Basic Concepts:

a) Jurisdiction of Customs in Seizures and Forfeiture

Related Provisions:

The territorial jurisdiction of the Bureau of Customs embraces “all seas within the jurisdiction of the Philippines, and
over all coasts, ports, harbors, bays, rivers and inland waters whether navigable or not from the sea.” (Sec. 603,
TCC)

Extra-Territorial jurisdiction

http://www.angelfire.com/me4/francute/TCC.htm 28/10/2018, 7>21 PM

Page 9 of 34
 (Right of Hot Pursuit):

“Whether a vessel becomes a subject to a seizure by reason of an act done in the Philippine waters, in violation of the
Tariff and Customs Laws, a pursuit of such vessel, begins with the jurisdictional waters may contain beyond the
maritime zone, and the vessel may be seized in the high seas. (Sec. 603, TCC).

“Imported articles which Maybe the subject to seizures for violation of the Tariff and Customs laws maybe pursued
in their transportation in the Philippines by land, water or air, and such jurisdiction exerted over them at any place
therein as may be necessary for the due enforcement of the law. (Sec. 603, TCC)

Pertinent Case:

The Supreme Court upheld the seizure and forfeiture as valid despite the fact that the importation had not yet begun
and that the seizure was affected outside the Philippine waters. The Supreme Court held that the authority of a nation
within its own territory is absolute and exclusive. The power to secure itself from injury may certainly be exercised
beyond the limits of its territory. (Qiluh Asaali, et al. vs. Commissioner of Customs, L- 24170, Feb. 28, 1969).

b) Place where Searchers and Seizures may be conducted

1) Right of the Police \ officers to Enter Enclosure

Any person exercising police power conferred under such code may at any time enter, pass through, or search
any land or enclosure, or any warehouse, store or other building, not being a dwelling house.
A warehouse, store or other building or enclosure used for the keeping or storage of article does not
become a dwelling house within the meaning hereof merely by reason of the fact that a person employed as a
watchman lives in the place, nor will the fact that his family stays there with him alter the case.

2) Search of Dwelling House

A Dwelling house may be entered and searched only upon warrant issued by a judged.

Note: Except in the case of the search of a dwelling house, persons exercising police authority under the
customs may effect search and seizure without a search warrant in the enforcement of custom laws.

3) Right to search vessels or Aircraft and Persons or Articles Conveyed therein

It is lawful for any person exercising police authority under the TCC to go aboard any vessel or aircraft within
the limits of any Collection district and to inspect, search and examine said vessel or aircraft and any other
trunk, package, box as envelope on board, and to search any person on board the said vessel or aircraft if
underway, to use all necessary force to compel compliance; and if it shall appear that any breach or violation of
the customs and tariff laws of the Philippines has been committed, whereby or in consequence of which such
vessel or aircraft, or the article, or any part thereof on, on board of or imported by such vessel or aircraft is
liable to forfeiture, to make seizure of the same.

Note: 1) Such power shall extend to the removal of any false bottom, partition, bulkhead or other obstruction. 2)
No proceeding herein shall give rise to any claim fro the damage caused to the article or vessel or
aircraft.

1) Right to Search Vehicles, Beast and Persons

http://www.angelfire.com/me4/francute/TCC.htm 28/10/2018, 7>21 PM

Page 10 of 34
 It shall also be lawful for a person exercising authority to open and examine any box, trunk, envelope or other
container, wherever found when he has reasonable cause to suspect the presence of dutiable or prohibited article
or article introduced into the Philippines contrary to law and likewise to stop, search ad examine any vehicle,
beast or person reasonably suspected of holding or conveying such article.

2) Search of Persons Arriving from Foreign Countries

All persons coming in the Philippines from the foreign countries shall be liable to detention and search by the
Customs Authorities under such regulations as may be prescribed relative thereto. (Sec. 603, TCC)

Non-necessity of Search Warrant

General Rule: Persons exercising police authority under the customs laws may effect search and seizures without a search
warrant in the enforcement of customs laws. (See Sec. 2208, TCC)

Exception: In the case of a dwelling house (Pacis etc. vs. Pamaran, March 15, 1974).

Reason: On grounds of practicality.

Pertinent Cases on Searches and Seizures

1) The legality of a search can be contested only by the party whose rights have been impaired thereby and that the
objection to an unlawful search and seizure is purely personal and cannot be availed of by third parties. (Nasiad, et
al. vs. CTA, Nov. 29, 1994)

2) Warrants of seizure and detention issued by the Collector of C covering the seizure of imported goods are not
general warrants issued in violation of Section 3 (now section 4), rule 126 of the Rules of Court. Upon effecting the
seizure of the goods, the Bureau of Customs acquired exclusive jurisdiction not only over the case but also over the
goods seized for the purpose of enforcing the tariff and Customs laws. (Chia vs. Acting Collector of Customs, Sept.
26, 1989)

3) The proceedings upon search warrants must be absolutely legal, “for there is not a description of process known to
the law, the execution of which is more distressing to the citizen. Perhaps there is none which excites such intense
feeling in the consequence of its humiliating and degrading effect.” The warrants will always be constured strictly
without however, going the full length of requiring technical accuracy. No presumptions of regularity are to be
invoked in aid of process when an officer undertakes to justify under it. (Uy vs. BIR, Oct. 20, 2000)

Customs Forfeiture Actions

1. What kind of Actions are Customs Forfeiture?

An action for the forfeiture of seized goods in the Bureau of Customs is an action in rem, or action taken against the
Imported goods themselves independently arising from any criminal action or action in personam that may result as a
consequence of a violation of an existing law. Lack of knowledge by the owner does not generally render the vessel
immune from forfeiture. However, the forfeiture of a private carrier used in the conveyance of illegally imported or
exported articles requires knowledge on the part of the carrier-owner or his agent of the unlawful act. A prima facie
presumption shall exist against the vessel, vehicle or aircraft under any of the following circumstances:

http://www.angelfire.com/me4/francute/TCC.htm 28/10/2018, 7>21 PM

Page 11 of 34
 1. If the conveyance has been used for smuggling at least twice before;

2. If the owner is not in the business for which the conveyance is generally used; and,

3. If the owner is not financially in a position to own such conveyance.

Pertinent Cases:

Acting Commissioner of Customs

vs. CTA

The dismissal of the criminal charge in the Fiscal’s office against respondent Andrulis does not constitute re judicata
in the forfeiture proceedings. Forfeiture is in rem, whereas a criminal action is in personam. Conviction in the criminal
action is not a bar to forfeiture. Results of a criminal proceeding being dependent on the evidence therein will not
necessarily influence judgment in the forfeiture proceedings.

Llamado vs. Commissioner of Customs

123 SCRA 118

A Cessna plane carrying persons engaged in the smuggling of untaxed “blue seal” cigarettes, landed at an airstrip in
Alabat, Quezon Province. The plane was also used to bring in “de gaza” kerosene lanterns and kerosene used to light
the airstrip to facilitate the loading of the cigarettes. The plane was subject to forfeiture pursuant to Sec. 2530 (a) of
the Tariff and Customs Code. It is not necessary that the vessel or aircraft must carry the contraband. It is not likewise
essential that the vessel or aircraft must come from a foreign country.

Commissioner of Customs vs.

CTA and Jose Pascual
138 SCRA 581

The Supreme Court ruled that the forfeiture of Pascual’s vessel used in the illegal importation of untaxed cigarettes is
justified.

Forfeiture, according to the Citing the case of Vierneya vs. Commissioner of Customs (July 30, 1968), is in the
nature of proceedings in rem and is directed against the res. The fact that the owner of the vessel had no actual
knowledge that the vessel was illegally used does not render the vessel immune from forfeiture. This is so because
the forfeiture action is against the vessel itself.

Note: The said vessel was duly authorized to engage in coasturse trade but has no certificate of public convenience.

Transglobe International Inc.

vs. Court of Appeals
G.R. No. 126634,
January 25, 1999.

Forfeiture of seized goods in the Bureau of Customs is a proceeding against the goods and not against the owner. It
is the nature of a proceeding in rem, i.e. directed against the res or imported article and entails a determination of the
legality of their importation. In this proceeding, it is in legal contemplation the property itself which commits the

http://www.angelfire.com/me4/francute/TCC.htm 28/10/2018, 7>21 PM

Page 12 of 34
 violation and is treated as the offender, without reference whatsoever to the character or conduct of the owner.

2. Forfeiture Cases and the Doctrine Primary Jurisdiction

The Doctrine of primary jurisdiction provides that the Bureau of Customs acquired exclusive jurisdiction over
imported goods for the purpose of the enforcement of the Customs laws from the moment the goods are actually in
its possession or control even if no warrant of seizure or detention had previously been issued by the collector of the
Customs. Primary jurisdiction is vested in seizures and forfeiture proceedings in the collector and the Commissioner
or the Customs to the exclusion of the regular courts. (Commissioner of Customs vs. Navarro, L-33146, May 31,
1977)

Rationale of the doctrine: It is anchored on the policy of placing no necessary hindrance on the Government’s drive
not only to prevent smuggling and other frauds upon Customs but also to render effective the collection of import
and export duties duet to the State. (Jao, et, al. vs. Court of Appeals, et al. G.R. Nos. 104604 and 111223, Oct. 6,
1995).

Pertinent Cases:

1. Proceedings for the forfeiture of goods illegally imported are civil and administrative not criminal in nature
since they do not result in the conviction of the wrongdoer nor in the imposition upon him of a penalty
(Collector vs. Villaluz, L-34038, June 18, 1976; Commissioner vs. Navarro, supra; Republic vs. Bocar, supra).

2. “Proof beyond reasonable doubt” is not required to warrant forfeiture (Feeder International vs. CA, 197 SCRA
842).

3. The Collector of Customs, when sitting in forfeiture proceedings, constitutes a tribunal upon which the law
expressly confess jurisdiction to hear and determine all questions touching on the forfeiture and further
disposition of the illegal imported mechanics (Government of the P.I. vs. Gale, 24 Phil 95; Auyong Hian vs.
CTA, 19 SCRA 10).

4. Jurisprudence is replete with cases which have held that regional trial courts are devoid of any competence to
pass upon the validity of seizure and forfeiture proceedings conducted in the Bureau of Customs and to enjoin,
or otherwise interfere with these proceedings. The Collector of Customs sitting in the seizure and forfeiture
proceedings has exclusive jurisdiction to hear and determine all questions touching on the seizure and forfeiture
proceedings of dutiable goods. The regional trial courts are preclude from assuming cognizance over such even
though petition for certiorari, prohibition, or mandamus.

5. Even if a Customs seizure is illegal, exclusive jurisdiction still belongs to the Bureau of Customs (Jao, et. al vs.
CA, supra).

6. To seize or not to seize is discretionary on Customs, so mandamus does not lie. However, in case of grave abuse
by customs, petitioner can file certiorari proceedings (Provident Tree Farms, Inc. vs. Batario, Jr. etc et. al G.R.
No. 92285, March 28, 1994).

3. Procedure Governing Seizure and Forfeiture Cases

The steps are the following:

1. The imported articles are seized and a warrant for the detention of the property is issued by the collector of
Customs;

http://www.angelfire.com/me4/francute/TCC.htm 28/10/2018, 7>21 PM

Page 13 of 34
 2. If the owner or importer desires to secure the release of the property for legitimate, the Collector may surrender
it upon the filing of a sufficient bond; provided that the articles the importation of which is prohibited by law
shall not be released under bond.

3. The Collector of Customs makes a report of the seizure to the seizure to the Commissioner on Audits.

4. The Collector shall give the owner or importer of property or his agent a written notice of the seizure and shall
give him an opportunity to be heard;

5. Notice to an unknown owner shall be effected by posting for fifteen days (15) days in the public corridor of the
custom-house of the district in which the seizures was made, and, in the discretion of the Commissioner by
publication in a newspaper or by other means a he shall consider desirable;

6. The Collector of Customs schedules the hearing and renders his decision after the hearing is conducted;

7. In case the decision of the Collector of Customs is adverse to the importer/ owner, within fifteen (15) days after
notification in writing by the collector of his action or decision the importer/ owner may give written notice to
the Collector and one copy furnished to the Commissioner of his desire to have the matter reviewed by the
Commissioner. Thereupon, the collector shall forthwith transmit all the records of the proceeding to the
Commissioner;

8. In case the decision of the collector of Customs is affirmed by the Commissioner of Customs, or in case of
inaction on the part of the Commissioner of Customs, the importer/ owner may appeal to the court of Appeals
within 30 days from notice of the decision; and

9. In case an adverse decision is still rendered, the importer/ owner may appeal to the Court of Appeals and the
Supreme Court.

Note: If the Collector renders a decision adverse to the Government, such decision shall automatically, be
elevated to and reviewed by the Commissioner; and if the Collector’s decision is affirmed by the
Commissioner, such decision shall be automatically elevated to, and be finally be reviewed by the secretary of
Finance.

If within 30 days from receipt of the record of the case by the Commissioner or by the Secretary of Finance, as
the case may be, no decision is rendered by either of them, the decision under review shall become final and
executory.

Settlement of Seizures

Subject to the approval of the commissioner of the district collector may while the case is still pending except when
there is fraud:

a) Accept the settlement of any seizure case- provided that the owner, importer, exporter or consignee or his agent
shall offer to pay a fine; or

b) In case of forfeiture- the owner, importer, exporter, consignee or his shall offer to pay for the domestic market
value of the seized article.

Note: The commissioner may accept the settlement of any seizure case on appeal in the same manner.

http://www.angelfire.com/me4/francute/TCC.htm 28/10/2018, 7>21 PM

Page 14 of 34
 Effect of Settlement: The property shall be forthwith released and all the liabilities which may or might attack to the
property by virtue of the offense which was the occasion of the seizure and all the liability which might have been
incurred under any cash deposit or bond given by the owner or agent in respect to such property shall be deemed to
be discharged.

Settlement of any seizure case shall not be allowed:

a. where the importation is absolutely prohibited or,

b. Where the release of the property could be contrary to the law.

Pertinent Cases:

1) Redemption of forfeited property is unavailing of three (3) instances:

a) when there is fraud,

b) where the importation is absolutely prohibited, or

c) Where the release of the property would be contrary to law. (Transglobe International, Inc. vs. C.A, supra)

2) The fraud contemplated by law must be actual and not constructive. It must be intentional fraud, consisting of
deception willfully and deliberately done or resorted to in order to induce another to give up some right.
(Farolan vs. CTA and Bagong Buhay Trading, 217 SCRA 298)

Remission of Customs, Duties and Compromise

The Collector of customs has the discretion

a) Remit the assessment and collection of customs duties, taxes and other charges where the aggregate amount is less
than ten (10) pesos; and

b) He may dispense with the seizure of article of the less than ten ( 10) pesos in value except:

1) in cases of prohibited importation; or,

2) habitual or intentional violation of tariff and customs laws.

Subject to the approval of the Secretary of Finance, the Commissioner of Customs may compromise cases
involving the imposition of fines, surcharges and forfeitures unless otherwise specified by law.

Administrative Penalties under the Tariff and Customs Code

These include:

a. Surcharges

http://www.angelfire.com/me4/francute/TCC.htm 28/10/2018, 7>21 PM

Page 15 of 34
 b. Fines

c. Forfeitures

a. The code imposes surcharges for:

1. failure to pay liquidated charges;

2. unauthorized withdrawal of imported articles from bonded warehouses;

3. failure to supply the consular or invoice when acquired;

4. undervaluation, misclassification or misdeclaration; and,

5. failure or refusal to give evidence or submit documents for examination

b. A fine may be imposed in the following case:

1. Any dutiable article is found in the baggage of an arriving passenger which is not included in the baggage
declaration;

2. breach of bond;

3. unlawful boarding as leaving of vessel or aircraft;

4. unloading of cargo before arrival at ports of destination, or at improper time or place after arrival; and

5. failure to supply the requisite manifest.

c. The penalty of forfeiture is imposed in the cases enumerated in Section 2530 of the Tariff and Customs Code.

The requisite for forfeiture are:

1. The wrongful making by the owner, importer, ex-porter or consignee of any declaration or affidavit or the
wrongful making as delivery by the same persons of any invoice, letter or paper touching on the importation
or exportation of merchandise; and

2. That such declaration, affidavit, invoice, letter or paper I false.

Remedies under the

Tariff and Customs Code

A. Government Remedies:

http://www.angelfire.com/me4/francute/TCC.htm 28/10/2018, 7>21 PM

Page 16 of 34
 a. Extrajudicial

1. Enforcement or tax lien

A tax lien attaches on the goods, regardless of the ownership while still in the custody or control of the
government

Proceeds of sale are applied to the tax due. Any deficiency or excess is for the account or credit,
respectively of the taxpayer

This is availed of when the importation is neither nor improperly made

2. Seizures

Generally applied when the penalty is fine or forfeiture which is imposed when the importation is unlawful
and it may be exercised even where the articles are not or no longer in Customs Custody, unless the
importation is merely attempted.

In the case of attempted importation, administrative fine or forfeiture may be affected only;

a. while the goods are still within the customs jurisdiction, or

b. in the hands or under the control of the importer or person who is aware thereof.

3. Sale of Property

Property in the customs custody shall be subject to sale under the following conditions;

a. abandoned articles;

b. articles entered under warehousing entry not withdrawn nor the duties and taxes paid thereon
within the period provided under Section 1908, TCC;

c. seized property, other than contraband, after liability to sale shall have been established by proper
administrative or judicial proceedings in conformity with the provision of this code: and

d. Any articles subject to a valid lien for customs duties, taxes or other charges collectible by the Bureau
of Customs, after the expiration of the period allowed for the satisfaction of the same.

Note: Goods in the collector’s possession or of Customs authorities pending payment of customs duties are
beyond the reach of attachment.

b. Judicial Action

The tax liability of the importer constitutes a personal debt to the government, enforceable by action (Sec. 1204,
TCC)

This is availed of when the tax lien is lost by the release of the goods.

http://www.angelfire.com/me4/francute/TCC.htm 28/10/2018, 7>21 PM

Page 17 of 34
 B. Taxpayer’s Remedies

Administrative Recourse

Claim for refund—a written claim for refund may be submitted by the importer:

1. In abatement uses such as:

a. on missing packages;

b. deficiencies in the contents of packages or shortage before arrival of the goods in the Philippines;

c. articles lost or destroyed after such arrival,

d. articles lost or destroyed

e. dead or injured animals; and

f. for manifest classical errors; (see section 1701-1708, TCC)

2. Judicial relief

In drawback cases where the goods are re-exported

a. Protest

see the earlier discussions on “Customs Protest Cases”

b. In seizure cases

see earlier discussion on the subject

c.Settlement of case by the payment of fine or redemption of forfeited property

see earlier discussions on the subject

Note: The owner or importer may abandon either expressly or By importation in favor of the Government thus
relieving himself of the tax liability but not from the possible criminal liability.

The taxpayer may appeal to the Court of Appeals which has exclusive jurisdiction to review decisions of the
Commissioner of Custom in cases involving:

a) liability for customs duties, fees or other money charges;

b) seizures, detention or release of property affected;

c) fines forfeitures or other penalties imposed in relation thereto; and

d) other matters arising under the customs Law or other laws administered by the Revenue of Customs.

http://www.angelfire.com/me4/francute/TCC.htm 28/10/2018, 7>21 PM

Page 18 of 34
 Remedies of the Government

Enumeration of the Remedies

Administrative

1. Distraint of Personal Property

2. Levy of Real Property

3. Tax Lien

4. Compromise

5. Forfeiture

6. Other Administrative Remedies

Judicial

7. Civil Action

8. Criminal Action

Distraint of Personal Property

Distraint- Seizure by the government of personal property, tangible or intangible, to enforce the payment of faces, to
be followed by its public sale, if the taxes are not voluntarily paid.

a. Actual – There is taking of possession of personal property out of the taxpayer into that of the government. In case
of intangible property. Taxpayer is also diverted of the power of control over the property;

b. Constructive – The owner is merely prohibited from disposing of his personal property.

Actual Distraint. Constructive Distraint

May be made on the property of any taxpayer whether
Made on the property only of a delinquent taxpayer.
delinquent or not
Taxpayer is merely prohibited from disposing of his
There is actual taking or possession of the property.
property.
Effected by having a list of the distraint property or by service Effected by requiring the taxpayer to sign a receipt of the
or warrant of distraint or garnishment. property or by leaving a list of same
An immediate step for collection of taxes where amount due Such immediate step is not necessary; tax due may not be
is definite. definite or it is being questioned.

Requisites:

1. Taxpayer is delinquent in the payment of tax.

2. Subsequent demand for its payment.

http://www.angelfire.com/me4/francute/TCC.htm 28/10/2018, 7>21 PM

Page 19 of 34
 3. Taxpayer must fail to pay delinquent tax at time required.

4. Period with in to assess or collect has not yet prescribed. In case of constructive distraint, requisite no. 1 is not
essential (see Sec. 206 TC)

When remedy not available:

Where amount involved does not exceed P100 (Sec. 205 TC). In keeping with the provision on the abatement of the
collection of tax as the cost of same might even be more than P100.

Procedure:

1. Service of warrant of distraint upon taxpayer or upon person in possession of taxpayer’s personal property.

2. Posting of notice is not less than two places in the municipality or city and notice to the taxpayer specifying time and
place of sale and the articles distrained.

3. Sale at public auction to highest bidder

4. Disposition of proceeds of the sale.

Who may effect distraint Amount Involved

1. commissioner or his due authorized representative In excess of P1,000,000.00
P1,000,000.00 or less
2. RDO

How Actual Distraint Effected

1. In case of Tangible Property:

a. Copy of an account of the property distrained, signed by the officer, left either with the owner or person from
whom property was taken, at the dwelling or place of business and with someone of suitable age and discretion

b. Statement of the sum demanded.

c. Time and place of sale.

2. In case of intangible property:

a. Stocks and other securities

Serving a copy of the warrant upon taxpayer and upon president, manager, treasurer or other responsible
officer of the issuing corporation, company or association.

b. Debts and credits

1. Leaving a copy of the warrant with the person owing the debts or having in his possession such credits
or his agent.

http://www.angelfire.com/me4/francute/TCC.htm 28/10/2018, 7>21 PM

Page 20 of 34
 2. Warrant shall be sufficient authority for such person to pay CIR his credits or debts.

c. Bank Accounts – garnishment

1. Serve warrant upon taxpayer and president, manager, treasurer or responsible officer of the bank.

2. Bank shall turn over to CIR so much of the bank accounts as may be sufficient.

How constructive Distraint Effected

1. Require taxpayer or person in possession to

a. Sign a receipt covering property distrained

b. Obligate him to preserve the same properties.

c. Prohibit him from disposing the property from disposing the property in any manner, with out the authority of
the CIR.

2. Where Taxpayer or person in possession refuses to sign:

a. Officer shall prepare list of the property distrained.

b. In the presence of two witnesses of sufficient age and discretion, leave a copy in the premises where property is
located.

Grounds of Constructive Distraint

1. Taxpayer is retiring from any business subject to tax.

2. Taxpayer is intending to leave the Philippines; or

3. To remove his property there from.

4. Taxpayer hides or conceals his property.

5. Taxpayer acts tending to obstruct collection proceedings.

Note:

1. Bank accounts may be distrained with out violating the confidential nature of bank accounts for no inquiry is made.
BIR simply seizes so much of the deposit with out having to know how much the deposits are or where the money or
any part of it came from.

2. If at any time prior to the consummation of the sale, all proper charges are paid to the officer conducting the same, the
goods distrained shall be restored to the owner.

3. When the amount of the bid for the property under distraint is not equal to the amount of the tax or is very much less
than the actual market value of articles, the CIR or his deputy may purchase the distrained property on behalf of the
national government.

http://www.angelfire.com/me4/francute/TCC.htm 28/10/2018, 7>21 PM

Page 21 of 34
 Levy of Real Property

Levy – Act of seizure of real property in order to enforce the payment of taxes. The property may be sold at public
sale, if after seizure; the taxes are not voluntarily paid. The requisites are the same as that of distraint.

Procedure:

1. International Revenue officer shall prepare a duly authenticated certificate showing

a. Name of taxpayer

b. Amount of tax and

c. Penalty due.

- enforceable through out the Philippines

2. Officer shall write upon the certificate a description of the property upon which levy is made.

3. Service of written notice to:

a. The taxpayer, and

b. RD where property is located.

4. Advertisement of the time and place of sale.

5. Sale at public auction to highest bidder.

6. Disposition of proceeds of sale.

The excess shall be turned over to owner.

Redemption of property sold or forfeited

a. Person entitled: Taxpayer or anyone for him

b. Time to redeem: one year from date of sale or forfeiture

- Begins from registration of the deed of sale or declaration of forfeiture.

- Cannot be extended by the courts.

c. Possession pending redemption – owner not deprived of possession

d. Price: Amount of taxes, penalties and interest thereon from date of delinquency to the date of sale together with
interest on said purchase price at 15% per annum from date of purchase to date of redemption.

Distraint and Levy compared

http://www.angelfire.com/me4/francute/TCC.htm 28/10/2018, 7>21 PM

Page 22 of 34
 1. Both are summary remedies for collection of taxes.

2. Both cannot be availed of where amount involved is not more than P100.

3. Distraint – personal property

Levy – real property

4. Distraint – forfeiture by government, not provided

Levy – forfeiture by government authorized where there is no bidder or the highest bid is not sufficient to pay the
taxes, penalties and costs.

5. Distraint – Taxpayer no given the right of redemption

Levy – Taxpayer can redeem properties levied upon and sold/forfeited to the government.

Note:

1. It is the duty of the Register of Deeds concerned upon registration of the declaration of forfeiture, to transfer the title
to the property with out of an order from a competent court
2. The remedy of distraint or levy may be repeated if necessary until the full amount, including all expenses, is collected.

Enforcement of Tax Lien

Tax Lien—a legal claim or charge on property, either real or personal, established by law as a security in default of the
payment of taxes.

1. Nature:

A lien in favor of the government of the Philippines when a person liable to pay a tax neglects or fails to do so upon
demand.\

2. Duration:

Exists from time assessment is made by the CIR until paid, with interests, penalties and costs.

3. Extent:

Upon all property and rights to property belonging to the taxpayer.

4. Effectivity against third persons:

Only when notice of such lien is filed by the CIR in the Register of Deeds concerned.

Extinguishment of Tax Lien

1. Payment or remission of the tax

2. Prescription of the right of the government to assess or collect.

http://www.angelfire.com/me4/francute/TCC.htm 28/10/2018, 7>21 PM

Page 23 of 34
 3. Failure to file notice of such lien in the office of register of Deeds, purchases or judgment creditor.

4. Destruction of the property subject to the lien.

In case Nos. 1 and 2, there is no more tax liability. Under nos. 3 and 4, the taxpayer is still liable.

Enforcement of Tax Lien vs. Distraint

A tax lien is distinguished from disttraint in that, in distraint the property seized must be that of the taxpayer,
although it need not be the property in respect to the tax is assessed. Tax lien is directed to the property subject to the tax,
regardless of its owner.

Note:

1. This is superior to judgment claim of private individuals or parties

2. Attaches not only from time the warrant was served but from the time the tax was due and demandable.

Compromise

Compromise—a contract whereby the parties, by reciprocal concessions, avoid litigation or put an end to one already
commenced.

Requisites:

1. Taxpayer must have a tax liability.

2. There must be an offer by taxpayer or CIR, of an amount to be paid by taxpayer.

3. There must be acceptance of the offer in settlement of the original claim.

When taxes may be compromised:

1. A reasonable doubt as to the validity if the claim against the taxpayer exists;

2. The financial position of the taxpayer demonstrates a clear inability to pay the assessed tax.

3. Criminal violations, except:

a. Those already filed in court

b. Those involving fraud.

Limitations:

1. Minimum compromise rate:

a. 10% of the basic tax assessed – in case of financial incapacity.

b. 40% of basic tax assessed – other cases.

http://www.angelfire.com/me4/francute/TCC.htm 28/10/2018, 7>21 PM

Page 24 of 34
 2. Subject to approval of Evaluation Board

a. When basic tax involved exceeds P1,000,000.00 or

b. Where settlement offered is less than the prescribed minimum rates.

Delegation of Power to Compromise

General Rule: The power to compromise or abate shall not be delegated by the commissioner.

Exception: The Regional Evaluation Board may compromise the assessment issued by the regional offices involving
basic taxes of P 500 K or less.

Remedy in case of failure to comply:

The CIR may either:

1. enforce the compromise, or

2. Regard it as rescinded and insists upon the original demand.

Compromise Penalty

1. It is a certain amount of money which the taxpayer pays to compromise a tax violation.

2. It is pain in lieu of a criminal prosecution.

3. Since it is voluntary in character, the same may be collected only if the taxpayer is willing to pay them.

Enforcement of forfeiture

Forfeiture—implies a divestiture of property with out compensation, in consequence of a default or offense. It

includes the idea of not only losing but also having the property transferred to another with out the consent of the owner and
wrongdoer.

1. Effect: Transfer the title to the specific thing from the owner to the government.

2. When available:
a. No bidder for the real property exposed for sale.

b. If highest bid is for an amount insufficient to pay the taxes, penalties and costs.

- With in two days thereafter, a return of the proceeding is duly made.

3. How enforced:

a. In case of personal property – by seizure and sale or destruction of the specific forfeited property.

b. In case of real property – by a judgment of condemnation and sale in a legal action or proceeding, civil or
criminal, as the case may require.

http://www.angelfire.com/me4/francute/TCC.htm 28/10/2018, 7>21 PM

Page 25 of 34
 4. When forfeited property to be destroyed or sold:

a. To be destroyed – by order of the CIR when the sale for consumption or use of the following would be
injurious to the public health or prejudicial to the enforcement of the law: (at least 20 days after seizure)

1. distilled spirits

2. liquors

3. cigars

4. cigarettes, and other manufactured products of tobacco

5. playing cards

6. All apparatus used in or about the illicit production of such articles.

b. To be sold or destroyed – depends upon the discretion of CIR

1. All other articles subject to exercise tax, (wine, automobile, mineral products, manufactured oils,
miscellaneous products, non-essential items a petroleum products) manufactured or removed in
violation of the Tax Code.
2. Dies for printing or making IR stamps, labels and tags, in imitation of or purport to be lawful stamps,
labels or tags.

5. Where to be sold:

a. Public sale: provided, there is notice of not less than 20 days.

b. Private sale: provided, it is with the approval of the Secretary of Finance.

6. Right of Redemption:

a. Personal entitled – taxpayer or anyone for him

b. Time to redeem – with in one (1) year from forfeiture

c. Amount to be paid – full amount of the taxes and penalties, plus interest and cost of the sale

d. To whom paid – Commissioner or the Revenue Collection Officer

e. Effect of failure to redeem – forfeiture shall become absolute.

Note: The Register of Deeds is duty bound to transfer the title of property forfeited to the government with our necessity of an
order from a competent court.

http://www.angelfire.com/me4/francute/TCC.htm 28/10/2018, 7>21 PM

Page 26 of 34
 Other Administrative Remedies

1. Requiring filing of bonds – in the following instances:

a. Estate and donor’s tax

b. Excise taxes

c. Exporter’s bond

d. Manufacturer’s and importer’s bond

2. Requiring proof of filing income tax returns

Before a license to engage in trade, business or occupation or to practice a profession can be issued.

3. Giving reward to informers – Sum equivalent to 10% of revenues, surcharges or fees recovered and/or fine or
penalty imposed and collected or P1, 000,000.00 per case, whichever is lower.

4. Imposition of surcharge and interest.

5. Making arrest, search and seizure

Limited to violations of any penal law or regulation administered by the BIR, committed with in the view of the
Internal Revenue Officer or EE.

6. Deportation in case of aliens – on the following grounds

a. Knowingly and fraudulently evades payment of IR taxes.

b. Willfully refuses to pay such tax and its accessory penalties, after decision on his tax liability shall have become
final and executory.

7. Inspection of books

Books of accounts and other accounting records of taxpayer must be preserved, generally within three years after
date the tax return was due or was filed whichever is later.

8. Use of National Tax Register

9. Obtaining information on tax liability of any person

10. Inventory – Taking of stock-in-trade and making surveillance.

11. Prescribing presumptive gross sales or receipt:

a. Person failed to issue receipts and invoices

b. Reason to believe that records do not correctly reflect declaration in return.\

http://www.angelfire.com/me4/francute/TCC.htm 28/10/2018, 7>21 PM

Page 27 of 34
 12. Prescribing real property values

13. Inquiring into bank deposit accounts of

a. A deceased person to determine gross estate

b. Any taxpayer who filed application for compromise by reasons of financial incapacity his tax liability.

14. Registration of Taxpayers.

Judicial Remedies

Civil and Criminal Actions:

1. Brought in the name of the Government of the Philippines.

2. Conducted by Legal Officer of BIR

3. Must be with the approval of the CIR, in case of action, for recovery of taxes, or enforcement of a fine, penalty or
forfeiture.

A. Civil Action

Actions instituted by the government to collect internal revenue taxes in regular courts (RTC or MTCs, depending
on the amount involved)

When assessment made has become final and executory for failure or taxpayer to:

a. Dispute same by filing protest with CIR

b. Appeal adverse decision of CIR to CTA

B. Criminal Action

A direct mode of collection of taxes, the judgment of which shall not only impose the penalty but also order
payment of taxes.

An assessment of a tax deficiency is not necessary to a criminal prosecution for tax evasion, provided there is a
prima facie showing of willful attempt to evade.

Effect of Acquittal on Tax Liability:

Does not exonerate taxpayer his civil liability to pay the tax due. Thus, the government may still collect the tax in
the same action.
Reason: Tax is an obligation, does not arise from a criminal act.

Effect of Satisfaction of Tax Liability on Criminal Liability

Will not operate to extinguish taxpayer’s criminal liability since the duty to pay the tax is imposed by statute,

http://www.angelfire.com/me4/francute/TCC.htm 28/10/2018, 7>21 PM

Page 28 of 34
 independent of any attempt on past of taxpayers to evade payment.

This is true in case the criminal action is based on the act to taxpayer of filing a false and fraudulent tax return and
failure to pay the tax.

Note: The satisfaction of civil liability is not one of the grounds for the extinction of criminal action.

Prescriptive Periods /
Statute Of Limitation

Purpose:

For purposes of Taxation, statue of limitation is primarily designed to protect the rights of the taxpayer’s against
unreasonable investigation of the taxing authority with respect to assessment and collection of Internal Revenue Taxes.

Prescription of Government’s Right to Assess Taxes:

General Rule: Internal Revenue Taxes shall be assessed within three (3) years after the last day prescribed by law for the
filing of the return or from the day the return was filed, in case it is filed beyond the period prescribed thereof. (Section 203
of the Tax Code)

Note:

1. A return filed before the last day prescribed by law for the filing thereof shall be considered as filed on such last day.

2. In case a return is substantially amended, the government right to assess the tax shall commence from the filing of
the amended return (CIR vs. Phoenix, May 20, 1965; Kei & Co. vs. Collector, 4 SCRA 872)

3. In computing the prescriptive period for assessment, the latter is deemed made when notice to this effect is released,
mailed or sent by the Commissioner to the correct address of the taxpayer. However, the law does not require that
the demand/notice be received within the prescriptive period. (Basilan Estates, Inc. vs. Commissioner 21, SCRA 17;
Republic vs. CA April 30, 1987)

4. An affidavit executed by a revenue office indicating the tax liabilities of a taxpayer and attached to a criminal
complaint for tax evasion, cannot be deemed an assessment. ( CIR vs. Pascoi Realty Corp. June 29, 1999)

5. A transcript sheets are not returns, because they do not contain information necessary and required to permit the
computation and assessment of taxes (Sinforo Alca vs. Commissioner, Dec. 29, 1964)

Exceptions: (Sec. 222 ic)

1. Where no return was filed - within ten (10) years after the date of discovery of the omission.

2. Where a return was filed but the same was false or fraudulent – within ten (10) years from the discovery of falsity or
fraud.

http://www.angelfire.com/me4/francute/TCC.htm 28/10/2018, 7>21 PM

Page 29 of 34
 Nature of Fraud:

a. Fraud is never presumed and the circumstances consisting it must be alleged and proved to exist by clear &
convincing evidence (Republic vs. Keir, Sept. 30, 1966)

b. The fraud contemplated by law is actual and not constructive. It must amount to intentional wrongdoing with
the sole object of avoiding the tax. A mere mistake is not a fraudulent intent. (Aznar case, Aug. 23, 1974)

c. A fraud assessment which has become final and executory, the fact of fraud shall be judicially taken cognizance
of in the civil or criminal action for the collection thereof. (Sec. 222 paragraph (a))

Fraud may be established by the following : (Badges of Fraud)

a. Intentional and substantial understatement of tax liability of the taxpayer.

b. Intentional and substantial overstatement of deductions of exemption

c. Recurrence of the foregoing circumstances.

Instances/Circumstances negating fraud:

a. When the Commissioner fails impute fraud in the assessment notice/demand for payment.

b. When the Commissioner failed to allege in his answer to the taxpayer’s petition for review when the case is
appealed to the CTA.

c. When the Commissioner raised the question of fraud only for the first time in his memorandum which was filed
the CTA after he had rested his case.

d. Where the BIR itself appeared, “not sure” as to the real amount of the taxpayer’s net income.

e. A mere understatement of income does not prove fraud, unless there is a sufficient evidence shaving fraudulent
intent.

3. Where the commissioner and the taxpayer, before the expiration of the three (3) year period of limitation have agreed
in writing to the extension of said period.

Note: Limitations:

a. The agreement extending the period of prescription should be in writing and duly signed by the taxpayer and
the commissioner.

b. The agreement to extend the same should be mode before the expiration of the period previously agreed upon.

4. Where there is a written waiver or renunciation of the original 3-year limitation signed by the taxpayer.

Note: Limitations:

a. The waiver to be valid must be executed by the parties before the lapse of the prescriptive period.

http://www.angelfire.com/me4/francute/TCC.htm 28/10/2018, 7>21 PM

Page 30 of 34
 b. A waiver is inefficient I it is executed beyond the original three year.

c. The commissioner can not valid agree to reduce the prescriptive period to less than that granted by law.

Imprescriptible Assessments:

1. Where the law does not provide for any particular period of assessment, the tax sought to be assessed becomes
imprescriptible.

2. Where no return is required by law, the tax is imprescriptible.

3. Assessment of unpaid taxes, where the bases of which is not required by law to be reported in a return such as excise
taxes. (Carmen vs. Ayala Securities Corp., Nov. 21, 1980)

4. Assessment of compensating and documentary stamp tax.

Prescription of Government’s
Right to Collect Taxes

A. General Rule:

1. Where an assessment was made – Any internal revenue tax which has been assessed within the period of
limitation may be collected by distraint or levy or by proceeding in court within 5 years following the date of
assessment.

2. Where no assessment was made and a return was filed and the same is not fraudulent or false- the tax should be
collected within 3 years after the return was due or was filed, whichever is later.

B. Exceptions:

1. Where a fraudulent/false return with intent to evade taxes was filed a proceeding in court for the collection of
the tax may be filed without assessment, at anytime within ten years after the discovery of the falsity or fraud.

Note: The 10-year prescriptive period for collector thru action does not apply if it appears that there was an
assessment. In such case, the ordinary 5-year period (now 3 years) would apply (Rep. vs. Ret., March 31, 1962)

2. When the taxpayer omits to file a return – a court proceeding for the collection of such tax may be filed without
assessment, at anytime within 10 years after the discovery of the omission.

3. Waiver of statute of limitations – any internal revenue tax, which has been assessed within the period agreed
upon, may be collected be distinct or levy of by a proceeding in court within the period agreed upon in writing
before the expiration of 5-year period.

4. Where the government makes another assessment on the basis of reinvestigation requested by the taxpayer –

http://www.angelfire.com/me4/francute/TCC.htm 28/10/2018, 7>21 PM

Page 31 of 34
 the prescriptive period for collection should be counted from the last assessment. (Rep. vs. Lopez, March 30,
1963)

5. Where the assessment is revised because of an amended return – the period for collection is counted from the
last revised assessment.

6. Where a tax obligation is secured by a surety bond – the government may proceed thru a court action to forfeit
a bond and enforce such contractual obligation within a period of ten years.

7. Where the action is brought to enforce a compromise entered into between the commission and the taxpayer –
the prescriptive period is ten years.

C. When tax is deemed collected for purposes of the prescriptive period.

1. Collection by summary remedies – It is effected by summary methods when the government avail of distraint
and levy procedure.

2. Collection by judicial action – The collection begins by filing the complaint with the proper court. (RTC)

3. Where assessment of the commissioner is protected & appealed to the CTA – the collection begin when the
government file its answer to taxpayer’s petition for review.

Rules of Prescription in Criminal Cases

Rule: All violations of any provision of the tax code shall prescribe after five (5) years.

Note:

When it should commence?

The five (5) year prescriptive period shall begin to run from the:

a. Day of the commission of the violation, if know.

b. If not known, from the time of discovery and the institution of judicial proceeding for its investigation and
punishment.

When it is interrupted:

a. When a proceeding is instituted against the guilty person

b. When the offender is absent from the Philippines.

When it should run again:

When the proceeding is dismissed for reason not Constituting jeopardy.

When does the defense of prescription may be raised:

http://www.angelfire.com/me4/francute/TCC.htm 28/10/2018, 7>21 PM

Page 32 of 34
 a. In civil case – If not raised in the lower court, it is bailed permanently; if can not be raised for the first time on
appeal.

b. In criminal case – It can be raised even if the case has been decided by the lower court but pending decision on
appeal.

Interruption of the Prescriptive Period

1. Where before the expiration of the time prescribed for the assessment of the tax, both the commissioner and the
taxpayer have consented in writing to its assessment after such time, the tax may be assessed prior to the expiration
of the period agreed upon.

2. The running of statute of limitations on making an assessment and the beginning of distraint/levy or a proceeding in
court for collection shall be suspended for the period.

During which the Commissioner is prohibited from making the assessment or beginning distraint/levy or a
proceeding in court and for 60 days thereafter; e.g.

a. Filing a petition for review in the CTA from the decision of the Commissioner. The commissioner is prevented
from filing an ordinary action to collect the tax.

b. When CTA suspends the collection of tax liability of the taxpayer pursuant to Section 11 of RA 1125 upon
proof that its collection may jeopardizes the government and /or the taxpayer.

c. When the taxpayer requests for reinvestigation which is granted by commissioner.

Note: A mere request for reinvestigation without any action or the part of the Commissioner does not
interrupt the running of the prescriptive period. The request must not be a mere pro-former. Substantial
issues must be raised.

d. When the taxpayer cannot be located in the address given by him in the return.

Note: If the taxpayer informs the Commissioner of any change in address the statute will not be suspended.

e. When the warrant of distraint or levy is duly served upon any of the following person:

1. taxpayer

2. his authorized representative

3. Member of his household with sufficient discretion and no property could be located.

f. When the taxpayer is out of the Philippines.

g. In criminal cases for violation of tax code – the period shall not run when the offender is absent from the
Philippines.

Note: A petition for reconsideration of a tax assessment does not suspend the criminal action. Reason: No
requirement for assessment of the tax before the criminal action may be instituted.

http://www.angelfire.com/me4/francute/TCC.htm 28/10/2018, 7>21 PM

Page 33 of 34
 Nota Bene:

1. The law on prescription remedial measure should be interpreted liberally in order to protect the taxpayer.

2. The defense of prescription must be raised by the taxpayer on time, otherwise it is deemed waived.
3. The question of prescription is not jurisdictional, and as defense it must be raised reasonably otherwise it is deemed
waived.

4. The prescriptive provided in the tax code over ride the statute of non-claims in the settlement of the deceased’s estate.

5. In the event that the collection of the tax has already prescribed, the government cannot invoke the principle of
Equitable recumbent by setting- off the prescribed tax against a tax refused to which the taxpayer is entitled.

http://www.angelfire.com/me4/francute/TCC.htm 28/10/2018, 7>21 PM

Page 34 of 34