INTRODUCTION TO ANATOMY
Prof. Oluwadiya KS MBBS, FMCS(Orthop)
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What is anatomy?
The study of the gross structure of the human body
with the naked eyes and as well as microscopy.
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Why study anatomy?
Anatomy is one of the basis for the practice of medicine
It leads the physician towards an understanding of a patient’s
disease
It helps in making diagnosis and in planning treatment.
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Divisions of anatomy
Gross Anatomy Histology
(Macroscopic Anatomy) (Microscopic Anatomy)
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How can anatomy be studied?
1. Regional Anatomy: Each region (e.g. Thorax) of the
body is studied separately and all aspects of that region are
studied at the same time
2. Systemic Anatomy: Each system (e.g. Circulation) of
the body is studied and followed throughout the entire
body.
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ANATOMICAL POSITION
This is the position the body is assumed to be when its parts are
described.
Anatomical position is when
The person is standing erect
The upper-limbs are by the sides, with the palm of
the hands facing forwards
The head, eyes, and toes directed forward
Lower limbs are together with the feet directed
anteriorly
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ANATOMICAL POSITION
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ANATOMICAL SECTIONS and PLANES
is often useful to show a figure of a sectioned/cut
It
human body or organ.
SECTION - refers to a part cut along a plane.
- 3 Types of sections;
i. Transverse section
ii. Longitudinal section
iii. Oblique section
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ANATOMICAL SECTIONS
Transverse section – (also called cross-section)
refers to a part cut crosswise/ ”width wise”
Longitudinal section – is a cut made along the long
axis (length wise) of the organ.
Oblique section – refers to a cut which is neither
longitudinal nor transverse, but is slanted.
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ANATOMICAL SECTIONS
Longitudinal section of Transverse section of
kidney lungs
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Limitations of anatomical section
The term is limited in its usefulness
because it does not tell us how the cut was
made.
- was the cut made from “top-to-bottom”
or front-to-back” or “side-to-side”?
This is why anatomical planes are
preferred
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ANATOMICAL PLANES
Overcomes the limitation of anatomical sections by
indicating the direction of the cut
Geometrical concept referring to an imagined flat
surface.
They are used to describe the sections of the body.
There are 3 main anatomical planes;
i. Sagittal plane
ii. Coronal plane (also called Frontal plane)
iii. Horizontal plane (also called Transverse plane)
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ANATOMICAL PLANES
Sagittal plane – it is an imaginary vertical plane
(extending from front to back and top to bottom),
dividing the body into left and right portions.
Variances of sagittal plane
o Midsagittal plane – (also called Median plane) refers to a
sagittal plane that divides the body into exactly equal
right and left portions.
o Parasagittal – any plane parallel to the medial plane (often
used by neurologists)
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ANATOMICAL PLANES (Contd)
Frontal plane – (also called the coronal plane)
o A vertical plane passing through the body (at right
angles to sagittal plane) and divides the body into front
(anterior) and back (posterior) portions
Horizontal plane – (also called transverse plane)
o It divided the body into top (superior) and bottom
(inferior) portions
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ANATOMICAL PLANES
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ANATOMICAL DIRECTIONS
Useful for locating structures in the body.
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ANATOMICAL DIRECTIONS
LEFT - To the left of the body (not your left, the
subject’s) e.g. The stomach is to the left of the
liver
RIGHT – To the right of the body or structure
being studied. e.g. The right kidney is damaged
LATERAL – Toward the side; away from the
midsagittal plane. e.g. The eyes are lateral to the
nose.
MEDIAL – Toward the midsagittal plane; away
from the side e.g. The eyes are medial to the ears.
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ANATOMICAL DIRECTIONS
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ANATOMICAL DIRECTIONS
ANTERIOR :– Toward the front of the body .e.g.
The nose is on the anterior aspect of the head.
POSTERIOR :– Toward the back (rear) of the
body e.g. The heel is posterior to the toes.
SUPERIOR :– Toward the top of the body e.g.
The shoulders are superior to the hips.
INFERIOR:-Toward the bottom of the body e.g.
The ankles are inferior to the knees.
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ANATOMICAL DIRECTIONS
DORSAL – Along (or towards) the vertebral surface
of the body. e.g. Her scar is along the dorsal
surface.
VENTRAL – Along (towards) the belly surface of
the body. e.g. The navel is on the ventral surface.
CAUDAD (caudal) – Towards the tail. e.g. The neck
is caudad to the skull.
CEPHALAD –Towards the head e.g. The neck is
cephalad to the tail.
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ANATOMICAL DIRECTIONS
DEEP – Towards the inside of a part; away from the surface
e.g. The thigh muscles are deep to the skin
SUPERFICIAL – Towards the surface of a part; away from
the inside. e.g. The skin is a superficial organ
MEDULLARY – Refers to an inner region, or medulla e.g. The
medullary portion of the kidney contains the calyces
CORTICAL – Refers to an outer region, or cortex. e.g. The
cortical area of the kidney contains glomeruli
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BODY CAVITIES
Body cavities are broadly classified
into two groups:
Dorsal cavites: cavities in the “back” half of
the body
Ventral cavities: cavities in the “front” half
of the body
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BODY CAVITIES
DORSAL BODY CAVITIES – 2 main groups;
1. CRANIAL CAVITIES
2. SPINAL CAVITY
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DORSAL BODY CAVITIES
1. CRANIAL CAVITIES – Within the skull
Contains the brain
2. SPINAL CAVITY – Within the vertebral column
Contains the spinal cord
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BODY CAVITIES
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BODY CAVITIES
VENTRAL BODY CAVITIES – are cavities in the
“front” half of the body. Have six main groups;
1. THORACIC CAVITY
i. PLEURAL CAVITY
ii. MEDIASTINUM
2. ABDOMINOPELVIC CAVITY
i. ABDOMINAL CAVITY
ii. PELVIC CAVITY
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VENTRAL BODY CAVITIES
Thoracic cavity – within the rib cage. Contains the pleural
cavities and the mediastinum
i. Pleural cavities – Left one third and right one third of
the thoracic cavity. Contains the lung
ii. Mediastinum – Middle one third of thorax . Contains the
Heart, Trachea and the Oesophagus
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VENTRAL BODY CAVITIES
Abdominopelvic cavity – From the diaphragm to the
bottom of the trunk. Made up of the following cavities
i. Abdominal cavity – From the diaphragm to the rim
of the pelvic bones contains stomach, liver, most of
the intestines, pancreas, spleen and kidneys
ii. Pelvic cavity – From the pelvic rim to the floor of
the trunk contains portions of the intestines,
ovaries, uterus, urinary bladder.
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SURFACE REGIONS
Special terms used to describe specific regions of the
body
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SURFACE REGIONS: Anterior
Aspect
9. CRURAL – Anterior lower legs
1. ABDOMINAL – Area overlying (shin)
the abdominal cavity 10. CUBITAL – Anterior elbow joint
2. ANTEBRACHIAL – forearm 11. FEMORAL – Upper leg (thigh)
3. AXILLARY – Armpit 12. MENTAL – Chin
4. BRACHIAL – Upper arm 13. ORBITAL – Eye
5. BUCCAL – cheek 14. PATELLA – Anterior knee joint
6. CARPAL – wrist 15. PUBIC – Lower front of trunk,
7. CERVICAL – Neck between legs
8. COXAL - Hip 16. TARSAL – ankle
17. THORACIC - Chest
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Surface regions:
Anterior aspect
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SURFACE REGIONS: POSTERIOR
ASPECT
1. CERVICAL – Neck
2. GLUTEAL – Buttocks
3. LUMBAR – lower back
4. OCCIPITAL – Posterior of head
5. POPLITEAL – Posterior knee joint
6. SCAPULAR – shoulder blade
7. SURAL – calf
8. THORACIC – upper back
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Surface regions:
Posterior aspect
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MOVEMENTS
Movements take place at joints where two or more
bones or cartilages articulate with one another.
The different types of movements are;
1. FLEXION
2. EXTENSION
3. DORSIFLEXION
4. PLANTARFLEXION
5. ABDUCTION
6. ADDUCTION
7. ROTATION – MEDIAL and RADIAL ROTATION
8. OPPOSITION
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MOVEMENTS
9. PROTRACTION
10. RETRACTION
11. ELEVATION
12. DEPRESSION
13. EVERSION
14. INVERSION
15. PRONATION
16. SUPINATION
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MOVEMENTS
FLEXION – Bending or decreasing the angle between
the bones or parts of the body.
E.g. Flexion of the upper
limb at elbow joint is an
anterior bending; Flexion
of the knee at the knee
joint is a posterior bending.
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MOVEMENTS
EXTENSION – indicates straightening or increasing the
angle between the bones or parts of the body. e.g.
Extension at elbow joint occurs at posterior direction.
Extension at knee joint occurs in anterior direction.
HYPEREXTENSION – (OVER EXTENSION beyond
anatomical limit) - can cause injury e.g. Whiplash –
hyperextension of the neck during rear- end automobile
collision.
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MOVEMENTS - EXTENSION
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MOVEMENTS
DORSIFLEXION – Flexion at the ankle joint, as occurs
when walking uphill or lifting the toes off ground
PLANTARFLEXION – Turns the foot or toes toward
the plantar surface.
E.g. When standing on your toes)
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MOVEMENTS
ABDUCTION – means moving away
from body midline. E.g. Moving
an upper-limb away from the
side of the body.
ADDUCTION – means moving
toward the body midline
E.g. Moving an upper-limb
toward the side of the body.
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MOVEMENTS
ROTATION – involves turning
or revolving a part of the body
around its longitudinal axis
(E.g. turnings one’s head to the side)
MEDIAL ROTATION – Rotation
toward the midline of the body.
LATERAL ROTATION – Rotation
away from the midline of the body
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MOVEMENTS
OPPOSITION – Seen only in the hand. It is the
movement by which the pad of the thumb is brought to
another digit pad. E.g. We use this movement to pinch,
button a shirt.
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MOVEMENTS
PROTRACTION – Anterior (forward) sliding movement.
E.g. Sticking the chin out.
RETRACTION – Posterior
(backward) sliding movement.
E.g. Tucking the chin in.
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MOVEMENTS (Shoulder)
PROTRACTION- (SCAPULAR ABDUCTION) Shoulder
girdle moves forward to or from anatomical position.
RETRACTION – (SCAPULAR ADDUCTION) Shoulder
girdle moves backward from anatomical position.
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MOVEMENTS
ELEVATION – Raises or moves a part superiorly
(upward) E.g. Elevating the shoulders when shrugging.
DEPRESSION – Lowers or moves a part inferiorly .
E.g. Depressing the shoulders when standing at ease.
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MOVEMENTS
EVERSION – Lateral (outward) rotation of sole of
foot.
INVERSION – Medial (inward) rotation of the sole of
foot.
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MOVEMENTS
PRONATION – Movement of the forearm and hand so that
the it is rotated medially along the longitudinal axis - so
that the palm of the hand faces posteriorly (backward)
SUPINATION – Movement of the forearm and hand so that
it is rotated laterally along the longitudinal axis – so the
palm of the hand faces anteriorly (frontward). This is the
anatomical position of the forearm and the hand
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Positioning
PRONE – Face down
SUPINE – Face up
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JOINTS
Is an articulation, the place of union or junction
between two or more bones or parts of bones of the
skeleton
They show a variety of form and function
some are freely movable
some are freely movable
some allow slight movements
some joints have NO movements
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JOINTS
CLASSIFICATION OF JOINTS : Classified
according to the manner or type of material by
which the articulating bones are united. There
are three types;
1. SYNOVIAL JOINTS
2. FIBROUS JOINTS
3. CARTILAGENOUS JOINT
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JOINTS
1. SYNOVIAL JOINTS
- Are movable joints containing lubricating fluid called
synovial fluid.
- 3 main parts of a synovial joint;
i) Joint cavity
ii) Bone ends covered with articular cartilage
(made of hyaline cartilage)
iii) Articular Capsule; This encloses the
articulating surfaces and joint cavity. They are
lined by synovial membranes
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TYPES OF SYNOVIAL JOINTS
SIX types of synovial joints;
Classification is according to the shape of
articulating surface and/or type of movement
they permit
1. PLANE JOINT
2. HINGE JOINTS
3. SADDLE JOINTS
4. CONDYLOID JOINTS
5. BALL AND SOCKET JOINT
6. PIVOT JOINT
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SYNOVIAL JOINTS
1. PLANE JOINTS
- Usually uniaxial
- Permits gliding or sliding movements
E.g. acromiumclavicular joint
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SYNOVIAL JOINTS
2. HINGE JOINT
- Uniaxial joint
- Permits flexion and extension only
E.g. Elbow joint
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SYNOVIAL JOINTS
3. SADDLE JOINT
- Biaxial
- Saddle-shaped heads permit movement in two different
planes.
E.g. Carpometacarpal joint
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SYNOVIAL JOINTS
4. CONDYLOID JOINT
- Biaxial
- Permit flexion and extension,
abduction and adduction and circumduction.
E.g. metacarpophalangeal joint
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SYNOVIAL JOINTS
5. BALL AND SOCKET JOINTS
- Multiaxial
- A rounded head fits into a concavity which permits
movement on several axis.
E.g. Hip joint
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SYNOVIAL JOINTS
6. PIVOT JOINT
- Uniaxial joint
- A round process of bone fits into a bony ligamentous
socket allows rotation.
E.g. Atlantoaxial joint.
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JOINTS
2. FIBROUS JOINTS
- Are united by fibrous tissue
- The amount of movement depends on length of
fibers uniting articulating bone
EXAMPLES;
i) SUTURES of skull
ii) SYNDESMOSES of fibrous joint
iii) GOMPHOSIS
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FIBROUS JOINTS
i) SUTURES of skull
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FIBROUS JOINTS
ii) SYNDESMOSIS of fibrous joint
- Unites bones with a sheet of fibrous tissue )either
ligament or fibrous membrane)
- Partially movable. e.g. tibio-fibula.
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FIBROUS JOINTS
iii) GOMPHOSIS (Dentoalveolar syndesmosis)
- is a synarthrosis (joint) that binds the teeth to bony
sockets in the maxillary bone and mandible.
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JOINTS
3) CARTILAGENOUS JOINTS
- Bone ends are united by hyaline cartilage or
fibrocartilages
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CARTILAGENOUS JOINTS
HYALINE
cartilage joints
between sternum
and ribs
(SYNCHONDROSIS)
Growth
regions of
immature
bones
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Thank you.
Question?
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