PUERTO GALERA NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL – MAIN CAMPUS
PAGBASA AT PAGSUSURI NG IBA’T IBANG TEKSTO TUNGO SA PANANALIKSIK | S.Y. 2018-2019
THE ART & SCIENCE OF ACKNOWLEDGMENT; APA: Citations & Reference Page Formatting
Ang Sining at Agham ng Pagkilala; APA: Pagbabanggit & Anyo ng Pahinang Sanggunian
What is APA?- American Psychological Association is the most commonly used format for manuscripts in the
Social Sciences. APA regulates; Style, In text Citations, References, A list of all sources used.
Generalities- PGNHS Modified
1. Typed, double spaced; do not use extra spaces between paragraphs (Single-spaced for Final Paper)
2. 8.5 X 11 paper
3. 1” margins all around (1.25 left for final)
4. Times New Roman 12 point font
5. Justified (unless there are copied in text citations-long quote)
6. Two spaces after a period at the end of a sentence is recommended for ease of reading comprehension (p. 88 in
manual and APA website)
7. Use of headings
Text Citations- Information from sources must be cited. This acknowledges the author’s work, and allows the reader to
access the information in the References section of your paper. Follow the (author, date) method of in-text citation. If no
date is available, write (n.d.) in place of the date. The author's last name and the year of publication for the source should
appear in the text,
for example: (Jones, 1998)
Three key points in APA citations
1. Use author, date format whenever possible.
2. If the source is quoted, you MUST include the page or paragraph number.
3. If author’s name is not available, use the title of the document in place of the author’s name
Three types of text citations:
1. Paraphrase (summary)
2. Short Quote = less than 40 words
3. Long Quote= more than 40 words
In-text Citations: Paraphrase
A paraphrase is material from a source which has been summarized in your own words.
All paraphrases must be cited, using the author’s last name and year of publication.
No page number is required.
Paraphrase: Example
If the author’s name is a part of the sentence structure, the year follows the author’s names in parenthesis. Quotation
marks are not included.
Example:
Berk (2007) found that children begin to play organized games with rules, once they reach school-age.
When the author’s name is not part of the sentence structure (parenthetical citation), the author’s name and year of
publication are included at the end of the citation, in parenthesis. Quotation marks are not included.
Example:
Studies conducted found that children begin to use organized play and games with rules at school-age (Berk, 2007).
In-text Citations: What to include in the parentheses
If the author’s name is part of the sentence, place only the year of publication in parentheses.
Example:
Berk (2007) found that children begin to play organized games with rules, once they reach school-age.
When the author’s name is not part of the sentence, place both the name and the year, separated by a comma, in
parentheses
Example:
Studies conducted found that children begin to use organized play and games with rules at school-age (Berk,
2007).
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In-text Citations: Short Quote
A direct quote is information included in a paper, which is taken directly from the source. Short quotes = less than 40
words. Enclosed within quotation marks. Cited using the author’s last name, year of publication, and page number (or
paragraph number, if page number is not available.)
Example:
“Reading makes use of many skills at once, taxing all aspects of our information-processing systems” (Berk, 2007, p.
306).
Research has shown that “mathematics teaching in elementary school builds on and greatly enriches children’s informal
knowledge of number concepts and counting” (Berk, 2007, p. 307).
In-text Citations: Long Quote (>40 words)
Quotes over 40 words must be block formatted. Quotation marks are not used. The entire block quote is indented
five spaces, and double-spaced.
Example:
Berk (2007) found the following to be true:
We have seen that middle childhood brings major advances in perspective taking, the capacity to imagine
what other people may be thinking and feeling. These changes support self-self-esteem, understanding
of others, and a wide variety of social skills. (p. 336)
Citations
Table 6.1 Basic Citation Styles
Type of Citation First Citation in Text Subsequent Parenthetical Parenthetical
Citations in Text Format, First Format, Second
One Author Walker (2000) Walker (2000) Citations
(Walker, 2007) Citations
(Walker, 2007)
Two Authors Walker and Allen (2004) Walker and Allen (2004) (Walker & Allen, 2004) (Walker & Allen, 2004)
Three Authors Bradley, Ramirez, and Bradley et al. (1999) (Bradley, Ramirez, & (Bradley et al., 1999)
Soo (1999) Soo, 1999)
Four Authors Bradley, Ramirez, Soo, Bradley et al. (2006) (Bradley, Ramirez, Soo, (Bradley et al., 2006)
and Walsh (2006) & Walsh, 2006)
Five Authors Walker, Allen, Bradley, Walker et al. (2008) (Walker, Allen, Bradley, (Walker et al., 2008)
Ramiriz, and Soo Ramirez, & Soo, 2008)
(2008)
Six + Authors Wasserstein et al. Wasserstein et al. (Wasserstein et al., (Wasserstein et al.,
(2005) (2005) 2005) 2005)
Groups (abbrev.) National Institute of NIHM (2003) (National Institute of (NIMH, 2003)
Mental Health (NIMH, Mental Health [NIMH],
2003) 2003)
Groups (no abbrev.) University of Pittsburgh University of Pittsburgh (University of Pittsburgh, (University of
(2005) (2005) 2005) Pittsburgh, 2005)
In-text Citations: Electronic sources
When citing an electronic document, whenever possible, cite it in the author-date style. If electronic source lacks page
numbers, locate and identify paragraph number or paragraph heading
Example:
Recent research has yielded similar results (Smith, 1997, para. 6).
In-text Citations: Unknown author
When the author’s name is designated as “Anonymous” cite in text the word Anonymous followed by a comma and the
date.
Example:
(Anonymous, 1998)
In the Reference list, an anonymous work is alphabetized by the word Anonymous as the author with the remaining
publication data.
When a work has no identified author, cite the title of the reference and the year. If it is a long title, use the first few words
Use quotation marks around the title of an article, a chapter or a webpage. Italicize the title of a journal, a book, a
brochure or a report.
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Examples
Recent research reveals (“Six Sites Meet,” 2006) significantly…
Full publication title is “Six sites meet for comprehensive anti-gang initiative conference.” Notice the title was shortened
for the in text citation because the title was long
The book College Bound Seniors (2008) asserts that…
Because there is no author listed for these sources, use the title in place of the author’s name in the citation and on the
References page, in alphabetical order.
Examples
Recent research reveals (“Six Sites Meet,” 2006) significantly…
The book College Bound Seniors (2008) asserts that…
REFERENCE LIST
1. In the back of the paper, on a separate page titled References (NOT Works Cited, Bibliography), list all the
sources cited and quoted in the paper
2. Make sure you list ALL your sources referred to in the body of the paper
3. All references listed alphabetically, by first author
4. Only author’s last name and initials are provided (invert all authors’ names)
5. It is OK to OVERCITE than UNDERCITE
What’s on a Reference Page?
Examples of Sources
1. Journal article with DOI:
Murzynski, J., & Degelman, D. (1996). Body language
of women and judgments of vulnerability to sexual
assault. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 26,
1617-1626. doi:10.1111/j.1559-1816.1996.tb00088.x
2. Journal article without DOI:
Koenig, H. G. (1990). Research on religion and mental health in later life: A review and commentary.
Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 23, 23-53.
3. Journal article without DOI, retrieved online
[Note: For articles retrieved from databases, include the URL of the journal home page. Database information is not
needed. Do not include the date of retrieval.]:
Aldridge, D. (1991). Spirituality, healing and medicine. British Journal of General Practice, 41, 425-427. Retrieved from
http://www.rcgp.org.uk/publications/bjgp.aspx
4. Book:
Paloutzian, R. F. (1996). Invitation to the psychology of religion (2nd ed.). Boston: Allyn and Bacon.
5. Informally published Web document:
Degelman, D. (2009). APA style essentials. Retrieved from
http://www.vanguard.edu/faculty/ddegelman/detail.aspx?doc_id=796
6. Informally published Web document (no date):
Nielsen, M. E. (n.d.). Notable people in psychology of religion. Retrieved from
http://www.psywww.com/psyrelig/psyrelpr.ht m
7. Informally published Web document (no author, no date):
Gender and society. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.trinity.edu/~mkearl/gender.html
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8. Abstract from secondary database:
Garrity, K., & Degelman, D. (1990). Effect of server introduction on restaurant tipping. Journal of Applied Social
Psychology, 20, 168-172. Abstract retrieved from PsycINFO database.
9. Article or chapter in an edited book:
Shea, J. D. (1992). Religion and sexual adjustment. In J. F. Schumaker (Ed.), Religion and mental health (pp. 70-84).
New York: Oxford University Press.
10. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders:
American Psychiatric Association. (2000). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (4th ed., text rev.).
Washington, DC: Author.
References Used in this Article
American Psychological Association (2009). The Basics of APA style tutorial. Retreived from
http://www.apastyle.org/learn/tutorials/basics-tutorial.aspx
American Psychological Association (2010). Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association (6th ed),
Washington, DC: Author
Berk, L. (2007). Development through the lifespan (4th ed.). Boston: Allyn and Bacon.
Degelman, D. (2009). APA style essentials. Retrieved from
http://www.vanguard.edu/faculty/ddegelman/detail.aspx?doc_id=796
Purdue Online Writing Lab (2010). Retrieved from http://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/560/03/
Schor, E. (1995). Caring for your school-age child; ages 5-12. New York: Bantam Books.
DON STEPHERSON V. CALDA, Ph.D.
Graduate School Faculty –
Divine Word College of Calapan
Special Assistant on Employment Services – Provincial Government of Oriental Mindoro
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