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PRODUCTION TEAM
EDITOR: Debra-Gail Williamson • ASSOCIATE EDITOR – DESIGN: Rorie Atkinson • GRAPHIC ARTIST / PAGINATOR: Roy France

CONT R IBUTOR S

ENGLISH LANGUAGE MATHEMATICS SOCIAL STUDIES

Shawnette Myers-Lawrence Kamau Karenga Charmaine Fuller-Wallace

INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY HUMAN & SOCIAL BIOLOGY PRINCIPLES OF BUSINESS PRINCIPLES OF ACCOUNTS
Shandeen Robinson-White Leroy Munroe Hilary Bassaragh Tedmore Clarke

INTEGRATED SCIENCE ENGLISH LITERATURE COMMUNICATION STUDIES CARIBBEAN STUDIES

Marlene Grey-Tomlinson Simone Gibbs Peta-Gaye Perkins Bryan Debgeri Whitely
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ENGLISH
LANGUAGE Lesson 5
with
Shawnett Myers-Lawrence

SUMMARY WRITING:
IDENTIFYING THE MAIN IDEA
Hello everyone.

We continue with summaries this week with specific focus

on one of the skills that you will need to write effective
summaries. This is a skill which you will also need for
those comprehension lessons. As we explored in the
previous lesson, a summary is basically a restatement of
the main idea and supporting details of a piece of writing.
If you were reading a passage with this as the main idea
WHAT IS THE MAIN IDEA? then the summary would focus on the many different
varieties of coral reefs since the writer is making the point
of its diversity. Look at this other main idea in relation to
the same subject matter - Coral reefs support more species
than any other marine environment. You would expect
that all the supporting details would focus on the many
species that depend on coral reefs for survival.

Let us look at an example. Can you identify the subject and

the main idea?

The abuse of alcohol has been proven dangerous to

people’s health yet many continue to drink for a
variety of reasons. For some, drinking is a social
activity reserved for parties, holiday gatherings and
for others it is a means of reducing stress or tension.
For underage drinkers alcohol use often represents
To decide what the main idea of a piece is you have to maturity and individuality. Whatever the reason, the
know the genre, purpose and subject matter of the regular use of and dependence on alcohol are
passage as these will help you to identify the main idea. dangerous practices.
The main idea of a passage is the point that the writer
wishes to make about the subject matter. The subject of
an essay may be coral reefs but the main idea is that coral
reefs are the most diverse of all marine ecosystems. JOL ENGLISH LANGUAGE continues on next page
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Which is the topic?

! Health

! Addiction

! Alcohol abuse

! Underage drinking

Which is the main idea?

! Regular drinking leads to addiction.

! Alcohol use is a social activity.

! Underage drinking is a dangerous practice and must be stopped.

! Although alcohol abuse is dangerous people continue to drink for various reasons.

The subject matter is of course (c) alcohol abuse and the main idea in this case is the first sentence paraphrased in (d).

MAIN IDEAS AND SUPPORTING DETAILS

For a writer to make his/her point, main ideas must have reasons and evidence. These are called supporting details
and a reader must be able to identify these as they will be included in the summary. As you read through a passage
you must distinguish between main ideas and supporting details. So what is the difference? Statements of the main
idea are usually general and broader while supporting details explain, illustrate or elaborate upon the main idea.

Let us examine this paragraph and identify the subject, main idea and supporting details.

Essay writing is a commonly used testing strategy in Jamaican schools. In addition, content essays are used to
test a wide range of language skills that a student must acquire. Some of these skills include grammar, spelling,
punctuation, vocabulary and organization strategies. The majority of high school students are tested using essays
in almost all the subjects that they study. These tests are also required in external exams which qualify students
for admission to sixth form and colleges. Essays are so widely used because they are designed to evaluate a
student’s academic ability regardless of his/her social or economic background. There are however, critics of this
method of testing as it is thought to put some students at a disadvantage based on the resources to which they
have had access and the language skills that they possess. These critics believe that essays are an unfair, biased
and outdated means of testing a student’s knowledge and ability.

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The paragraph could be analysed as follows:

Supporting
Subject Main idea
Details
Essays are used
to test content
and language skills.
Essay writing
is a common
testing strategy used
in Jamaican schools. Essays are used
for tests
in most subjects.

Testing with essays. Essays are used

in exams which qualify
students for sixth form
and college.

Essays are thought

to accurately measure
– students' knowledge
and ability.

Essays are thought

to be unfair, biased
and an outmoded
method of testing.

Having identified the subject, main idea and supporting details you would now need to combine this information into
a coherent unit using your own words as far as possible.

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TIPS ON IDENTIFYING THE EXPLICIT MAIN IDEA

! The main idea is often explicitly stated. You may have to read through first to see if this is the case.

! In a passage with several paragraphs the main idea is frequently located in the first paragraph. The main idea is
also referred to as the thesis or thesis statement especially if the passage has some elements of argument.

! The body of the piece usually contains the supporting details and the topic sentence. In each body paragraph
will be a supporting detail.

! Depending on the writer’s preference the main idea or topic sentences may be located in the beginning, middle
or end of the paragraph.

TIPS ON IDENTIFYING THE IMPLICIT MAIN IDEA

Sometimes the main idea is implied and as a reader you must figure it out. This is called making an inference. Here is
how you try to infer what the main idea is:

! Identify the topic as you would for any summary.

! Read all the supporting details and ask yourself what point the writer is trying to make.

! Try to see the connection among the details. Are there any recurring ideas or areas of commonality?

! Write a statement that captures the essence of the passage. This statement must be sufficiently broad to capture
the details presented in the passage.

If you are able to identify main and supporting ideas you will be well on your way to writing a good summary.
Remember that mastery of this part of the summary should earn you a good score for content.

So if you were to summarize the main idea of this lesson what would you write? Could you do so in fewer than twenty
words? As always you are encouraged to practice the skills that you learn using past paper questions.

Until next week.

Shawnett Myers-Lawrence is on the staff of St. Hugh’s High School

" Email: shawnomyl@yahoo.com
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MATHEMATICS Lesson 5
with Kamau Karenga

WAGES AND TAXES 7 8 9

+
4 5 6 –
Greetings, one and all! Today we look at the topic, Wages and Taxes. Here again
we have a topic of great relevance and importance. It is an awkward situation
when a worker is unable to understand his pay advice voucher. It is also 1 2 3 –:
important for students of mathematics because of the significance given to the
topic in the CSEC examinations. Most people depend on wages, and all of us pay 0 • = +
taxes. Therefore, we must understand how these things work.

a) Calculate the worker’s basic

WAGES
weekly wages.

Wages refer to some fixed regular payment made by an employer to an employee,

typically paid on a weekly or two-weekly basis. Wages are calculated based on b) Overtime is paid at 1 ½ times
an hourly rate and some basic hours. Usually a 40-hour week is considered a the regular hourly rates, and
basic weekly total, but this is not necessarily so. Individual situations may differ, double time on Sundays.
so reading and comprehension are very important here. If necessary, slowly and
carefully read the information. Calculate the overtime rates
for:
Example 1 i. one hour of overtime on
A technician in a sugar factory is paid a basic wage of $275.00 per hour a Saturday
for a 40-hour week. ii. one hour of overtime on
a Sunday

Basic wages = Basic Rate × Basic Hours

c) To earn extra money, the
technician works seven days
Overtime (OT) Rates:
from Monday to Sunday, 8
Time and a half = 1 ½ × Basic Rates hours each day for a total of 56
hours.
Double time = 2 × Basic Rates
Calculate the wages he earns
Overtime wages = OT Rate × OT Hours for the 56 hours.

Total Wages = Basic Wages + OT Wages JOL MATHEMATICS

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Solution 1 Solution 2

a) Basic weekly wages → $275 × 40 hours a) fixed salary for year → $10,000.00 × 12
= $11,000.00 = $120,000.00

b) i) Saturday OT → $275 × 1 ½ (or 1.5) b) annual commission is

= $412.50 per hour 2
2 % of sales → ——× 15,600,000.00 = $312,000.00
ii) Sunday OT → $275 × 2 (double) 100
= $550.00 per hour
c) total income
for the year → $120,000.00 + $312,000.00
c) Total wages for 56 hours
= $432,000.00
Regular (40 hours basic) = $11,000.00
Saturday $412.50 × 8 hours = $ 3,300.00 d) average total
Sunday $550.00 × 8 hours = $ 4,400.00 monthly income → $432,000.00 / 12 = $36,000.00
TOTAL = $18,700.00

TAXES
COMMISSION

There is a famous quotation “Give unto Caesar the things

A commission is usually paid to salespersons where they which are Caesar’s”. We pay sales tax, general
earn a percentage of the total value of goods sold. This may consumption tax (GCT) or value added tax (VAT), land tax,
or may not be in addition to a basic wage. For example, income tax, and taxes in many other forms. It is usually
some insurance sales agents are willing to meet clients (at calculated as some percentage of a figure. We sometimes
the client’s convenience) at 5:30 am or 11:30 pm. The reason pay tax without being aware of it. For example, if we
– no sales, no pay. There are situations where salespersons purchase a local newspaper for $60, the sales tax of 16.5%
need to make only a few sales per month to earn a is included in the price. That is, the $60 is actually 116%
satisfactory income; for example, in real estate transactions. of the cost without tax. The price of the newspaper
without tax is actually
Example 2 $60 60 × 100
———— = ————— → $ 51.50.
116.5% 116.5
In a certain company, a salesman is paid a fixed salary of
The tax is therefore $60.00 – $51.50 or $8.50.
$10,000.00 per month plus an annual commission of 2%
The publisher of the newspaper has to pay to the
on the total value of cars sold for the year. In 2014 the
government $8.50 for each newspaper sold.
salesman sold cars valued at $15.6 million. Calculate:

Income Tax: income tax is deducted from a worker’s salary

a) his fixed salary for the year
before the worker gets it. In most countries, the policy is
to withdraw the required amount or more. The worker
b) the amount he received in commission for the year
should file for a tax refund the following year if the
c) his total income for the year withdrawal is too high.

d) his average total monthly income JOL MATHEMATICS continues on next page
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Example 3 EVALUATION
The income tax in Jamaica is 25% of all salary above
$46,436 per month. What is the income tax levied on a
monthly salary of $85,000.00 per month? 1. A company pays its employees $195.50 per hour
for a 40- hour week. Overtime is paid at a rate of
time and a half.
a) Calculate the basic weekly wage for one
employee.
Solution 3
b) Calculate the overtime wage for an
employee who works 6 hours overtime in a
First, we determine the taxable income on $85,000.00. To
certain week.
do that we subtract the $46,436.00 (called the threshold).
Taxable income → $85,000.00 – $46,436.00 = $38,564.00 2. In a certain week the company paid its 10
employees a total of $92,276.00 in basic and
Income tax is therefore: overtime wages. Calculate for that week:
25 c) The total paid in overtime wages.
25% of $38,564.00 → —— × $38,564.00
100 d) The total number of overtime hours worked
= $9,641.00 by the employees.

Example 4 SOLUTION TO EVALUATION

Mrs Rowe buys 3 items at a supermarket. The total cost a) Basic weekly wage for one employee
before sales tax is added is $825.00. The cost after sales → $195.50 × 40 hours = $7,820.00
tax (GCT) is added is $924.00.
b) Overtime rate
→ $195.50 × 1 ½ (or 1.5) = $293.25 per hour
a) What is the amount of GCT paid?
For 6 hours → $293.25 × 6 = $1,759.50
b) What is the rate of GCT charged?
c) The total basic wages for 10 employees
→ basic weekly wages × 10 = $7,820.00 × 10
= $78,200.00
Overtime wages is the difference between the total
Solution 4 payment and the basic weekly wages
Overtime payment → $92,276.00 – $78, 200.00
a) The GCT is the difference of the two values: = $14,076.00
$924.00 – $825.00 = $99.00
d) Overtime hours
overtime payment $14,076.00
b) The GCT rate is determined by comparing the GCT → ———————— = ————— = 48 hours
with the cost before tax overtime rate $293.25
99
GCT rate → —— × 100 = 12% JOL MATHEMATICS continues on next page
825
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SOCIAL
STUDIES Lesson 5
with
Charmaine Fuller-Wallace

SCHOOL BASED ASSESSMENT

COMPONENTS
This week we will conclude the School Based Assessment ! If you only wrote one or two problem statements
Components you should write other suitable findings and
! Ensure that you follow your teacher’s suggestion/s.
TASK 7: ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA
(8 marks) EXAMPLE
This should show a clear interrogation of the data. Special
emphasis must be placed on the problem statement/s. In The Findings are:
order to get maximum points the following should be
done: 1. The main reason for the increasing level of
! Give an overview of the problem and area of single parent families in the community is
research as well as target group in the first 2 to 3 divorce or separation which accounts for 80%.
lines
! Make inferences based on data collected 2. The age group which accounts for the highest
! Address/interpret and analyze all questions on the level of single parent families is the 18-25 age
instrument group (45%) followed by the 26-33 age group
! Make references to figures, tables, quotations as well 30%.
as the rationale.
! Use terms such as majority, minority, trends, 3. The main problem faced by single parent
unanimous, none/no one and others when families in the community is their inability to
analyzing and interpreting the data care for themselves and their family which
! Use related literature such as books, newspaper accounts for ninety percent (90%).
clippings, or articles to support the data
4. In order to reduce the problems faced 80% of
! Cite sources in the body to support, expound on or
the respondents stated that the government
refute a point (Optional)
and private sector should provide better
employment opportunities for the residents as
NOTE: Sources used must be visible in the
well as provide on-going counselling sessions
bibliography/reference page.
at the community centre (80%).
TASK 8: STATEMENT OF FINDINGS (3 marks)
PLEASE NOTE: Even though I have written four you are
! This should represent three findings gathered from only required to write THREE.
the data collected from the research questions;
! Ensure that the Problem Statement (s) is/are in the
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TASK 9: RECOMMENDATIONS AND

IMPLEMENTATION STRATEGY
(3marks)

Identify the solutions: Two solutions based on findings are required. First identify the recommended solution to
two of the three findings.

Then, justify why your solution will work: The next part of the question requires the researcher to write the
strategy that will be employed to realize ONE of the recommendations made. Include who will provide assistance
and where it will be done and justify why the solution will work. Remember this must be practical and realistic.

WRITING SKILLS
(4marks)

Students, it is important to remember that the writing skills are four (4) very important marks. Therefore ensure
that your teacher assists you as you progress with the SBA. You can also ask someone to proofread your project
before submitting it to the teacher.

OVERALL PRESENTATION
(4MARKS)

Ensure that the project is in a clean cover. Include a cover page, title page and ensure that each task is in the
correct order. Also, the presentation, whether handwritten or typed should be neat and legible.

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COVER PAGE: The cover page must be as neat and as simple as possible. Pictures used must be in keeping with topic.

SAMPLE COVER PAGE

SOCIAL STUDIES CSEC SCHOOL BASED ASSESSMENT, 2015

ON SINGLE PARENT FAMILIES

YOU CAN PUT A PICTURE RELATING TO THE TOPIC HERE

(optional)

Name of Student: Cstana Waade

Candidate Number: 1000147674

School Code: 10001

Name of School: Whalnut High School

Teacher’s Name: Ms Burnie

Territory: Jamaica, West Indies

Research Topic/Title: Single Parent Families in the Community of Lavender Avenue, St. Catherine,
reasons for the level, problems faced and what can be done to reduce the level.

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THE TITLE PAGE

This comes immediately after the Cover Page. On this page students should type the title only on this page.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
! This should be brief
! should be done when the project is near completion
! You should acknowledge the contribution of individuals who assisted/contributed to the completion of the
research.

PLEASE NOTE: The cover page is # 1, the title page is #2 and the content page is #4 (see below)

SAMPLE CONTENT PAGE

Table of Contents
Acknowledgements …………………………………………...........…………………………….3
Problem Statement …………………………………………………………………..........….....5
Reason for Selecting the Topic ………………….………………………………….…......…6
Method of Investigation ………………………………………………………........…….…….6
Instrument used to collect data…………………………………………………….............7
Procedure for Data collection ...………………………………………………………….....11
Presentation of Data …………………………………………………………………........…...12
Analysis and Interpretation of Data ……………………………………………….………17
Findings ………………………………………………………………………………....................22
Recommendations and Implementation Strategy …..….…………………………..23
Reference/Bibliography ………………………………………………….……………......…..25

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REFERENCE/BIBLIOGRAPHY
! All sources including web sources that were used in the research must be placed here
! Sources must be double spaced
! listed in alphabetical order and
! students should adhere to APA guidelines as much as possible

EXAMPLES

Buck, N. S. (2010) Peaceful Parenting Retrieved from

http://www.peacefulparenting.com/index2.asp

Ramsawak R. & Umraw R.R. (2010) Modules in Social Studies with SBA Guide and CXC questions.
Fourth Edition. Trinidad and Tobago: Caribbean Educational Publisher

Teenage Pregnancy and Religion” (7th February, 2012) Retrieved from

http://www.pregnantteenhelp.org/teenage-pregnancy-and/teenage-pregnancy-and-religion/

GLOSSARY
This is not compulsory. However, any jargons/words/terms used that are not Standard English must be explained here.

ACTIVITY #1

Instructions: Answer True or False to the questions below.

1. The CSEC Social Studies exam has two sections: Section A and Section B ....................
2. The title page comes after the Cover Page ....................
3. Another name for Bibliography is Reference ....................
4. When writing the Data Collection component, there are 7 questions that must be answered ....................
5. The topic or research question is not necessay on the cover page ....................
6. At least three charts are needed when completing the component:
Presentation and Explanation of Data ....................

Next week we will look at Section A of the syllabus. Have a productive week!!!!

ANSWERS
1. True 2. True 3. True 4. False 5. False 6. True

Charmaine Fuller-Wallace is on the staff of St. Andrew Technical High School " Email: charmief2@yahoo.com
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INFORMATION
TECHNOLOGY Lesson 5
with
Shandeen Robinson-White

MICROSOFT APPLICATIONS
FOR SBA
Welcome to another informative lesson! Today we will
begin to look at the applications in the interest of the
SBAs. At this time of the year, grade 11 students are
usually working on their IT SBA. Remember now, you are
advised to do the SBA as long as you have access to the
necessary resources. Results have proven that candidates
who do the SBA perform better in the examination.

The internal assessment component of your examination tests skills from sections 2, 3, 6, 7 and 8 of the CSEC Information
Technology syllabus. It has a total of 90 marks, weighing 30% of the overall grade, broken down as follows:

3 Word processing – 20 marks

3 Spreadsheet – 20 marks Productivity tools total 60 marks
3 Database – 20 marks
3 Problem Solving/Programming – 30 marks

For candidates who will write the alternative paper, you will be tested theoretically on the same skills areas.

APPLICATION SOFTWARE/TOOLS
Application software/tools

The examination body has not dictated which software to use. They only require that the one you choose to use
must be able to carry out all the skills that will be tested.
For demonstration purposes in this lecture series, I will be using Microsoft Office 2013 suite:
3 Microsoft Word 2013 3 Microsoft Publisher 2013 3 Microsoft Access 2013
3 Microsoft Excel 2013 3 Microsoft PowerPoint 2013

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Microsoft Word 2013 window:

Tabs

Ribbon of the
“Home” tab

Vertical
scroll bar

Status bar

This program is used to create letters (mail merge), memorandums, and other documents.

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Microsoft Excel 2013 window:

Cell A1, which is referenced by its Formula bar

column letter and row number Column ‘P’

Row 8

Microsoft Excel is used to create spreadsheets and charts.

Microsoft Access 2013 window:

Please refer to the Jamaica

Observer Information Technology
booklet, 3rd edition, for details on
the applications windows.

MS Access is used to create databases.

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MAIL MERGE

One of the tasks that you will be required to prepare using a word processing software in your SBA, is mail merge.
Mail Merge is a useful word processing tool that allows you to produce multiple letters, labels, envelopes, name
tags, and more using information stored in a list, database, or spreadsheet. When performing a Mail Merge, you
will need a Word document (you can start with an existing one or create a new one) and a recipient list. It allows
users to personalise letters with names and addresses from a database or a spreadsheet list.

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Steps in creating your mail merge

1. First you will need to choose the ‘Mailings’ tab at the top of MS Word and select ‘Step-by-Step Mail Merge
Wizard’ from the ‘Start Mail Merge’ button's drop down list

2. Now a blank page will appear and you will need to select ‘Letter’ from the list on the right.

3. Next fill out the body of the letter you wish to send out and click ‘Next’ in the bottom right of the screen.

4. You will now have a new set of options on the right of the screen: Use current document, start from a
template and start from an existing document. We are going to pick ‘Use the current document’ and
select ‘Next’.

Select your recipients

5. Now you have to select your recipients, you will get the option to choose an Existing list, choose from Outlook
contacts or Type a new list.

6. Select ‘Type a new list’ and select ‘Create…’.

7. A new screen will appear and you will need to fill in the recipients information.

8. You will now have to save your list, after you click ‘OK’ pick the location you wish to save it and select ‘Save’.

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Finish your letter

1. Now it is time to finish your letter, if there is anything that you need to change now is the time.

2. To add recipient information simply place the cursor in the block where you would like the Address and
greeting line to appear and click the relevant link on the right of the screen.

In other words,
insert the merge fields
in the document
where you would like the address
to be in the letter.

3. When you have finished click ‘Next: Preview your letter’ in the bottom right of the screen and if you are
happy click ‘Next: Complete the merge’.
In other words, insert the merge fields in the document where you would like the address to be in the letter.

4. You can now print your letters and your recipient’s information will all be added in for you.

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HUMAN & SOCIAL
BIOLOGY Lesson 5
with
Leroy Munroe

SPECIALISED CELLS

Objectives:

At the end of this lesson students should be able to:

! Identify specialized cells of the human body.

! State the function(s) of the different specialised

cells.

! State the relation of cells to the organism as a

whole.

Organisms such as plants and animals are made up of many specialized cells and is said to be multi-cellular. Cells in
multi-cellular organisms are specialised in order to carryout different functions. Specialised cells differ in their structure
such as their size and shape. Everything in our body is made up of cells; our hair, finger nails, bones, muscles, body organs
and the blood are all made of cells. All of these cells contain the same genetic materials or DNA that makes us unique from
other individuals. Even though our cells contain the same genetic information they look and act different from each other.

As cells develop and differentiate, they become quite different in structure and function. These differentiated cells
become specialised in order to perform specific functions, hence are called specialised cells. Specialized cells are cells
that carry out specific functions in the human body. They provide specific function for larger tissues and organs.
Our body is made up of a number of these specialized cells and are found all over our body.

SPERM CELLS

Specialized sperm cells are necessary for reproduction to occur. Sperm cells are the male sex cells or gametes that take
part in sexual reproduction. Males start to produce sperm when they reach puberty. The shape of the cells is usually round
just before puberty. During puberty, the male produces the sex hormone testosterone that causes these cells to turn into
sperm. Sperm cells are produced in the testes/testicles also called ‘balls’. Sperm cells are the smallest cells of the human
body. They consist of a head, a mid-piece and a tail. A healthy male must produce between two hundred million to six
hundred million sperm cells in one ejaculation which is about a tea spoon full, in order to impregnate a female.

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The head of a sperm cell contains the nucleus that carries genetic information. They also have special enzymes called
acrosome, which allow them to penetrate the cell membrane of the female’s egg for fertilization to occur. The mid-piece
contains many mitochondria that provide the sperm with energy to move through the female cervix and uterus up to
the fallopian tubes where fertilization will occur once a mature egg is present. There is the tail or flagellum that propels
the sperm to swim up to the fallopian to fertilise an egg. Sperm cells carry X or Y chromosome that determines the sex of
a future child.

DIAGRAM OF A HUMAN SPERM CELL

head

mid-piece

tail (flagellum)
for propulsion

sack of
enzymes
to penetrate
membrane
mitochondria around ovium
to release
energy for
movement

nucleus

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EGG CELLS

These are the female reproductive cells. The egg or ovum is the female sex cell or gamete that takes part in sexual
reproduction by fusing with a sperm cell. It is the largest cell of the human body and is visible to the naked eye being
about the size of a full stop. The egg cell consists of a nucleus, cytoplasm and cell membrane that surround the outside.
The nucleus contains genetic information and the cytoplasm stores the food and nutrients. Egg cells carry only X
chromosomes. Eggs are produce in the ovaries. A female typically has about four hundred thousand follicles or potential
eggs, all formed before birth. Only approximately four hundred eighty (480) of these “eggs” will actually be released
during her reproductive life. It takes only one sperm cell to fertilize an egg.

DIAGRAM OF AN OVUM (EGG CELL)

protective
outer coat
of cells

large
nucleus

cytoplasm containing
small food store

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NERVE CELLS

Neurones are specialized nerve cells that transmit information throughout the body. These highly specialized nerve
cells are responsible for communicating information in both chemical and electrical form. Neurones are the basic nerve
cells of the nervous system. Nerve cells are highly specialized cells, which transmit message from one part to another
part of the body to stimulate other cells in the body in order to communicate. Nerve cells receive and send messages
from the body to the brain and back to the body. Nerve impulses travel electrically along the neurone and are
transmitted by chemical messengers (neurotransmitters) to the next neurone across a tiny gap, called a synapse.

DIAGRAM OF NERVE CELL

cell body

dentrites

axon

myelin sheath

nucleus

muscle fibre

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MUSCLE CELLS

Muscle cells make movement possible. Muscle cells are composed of bundles of specialized cells capable of contraction
and relaxation to create movement. Muscle cells are elongated contractile cells that make up an organism’s muscle
tissues. These cells help to maintain our body posture by providing strength, support and stability. There are only three
types of muscle cells.

i. The skeletal muscles that are attached to the bones to allow movement. These muscles are voluntary muscles
because you determine when to move them.

ii. The smooth muscles that cover the body organs such as the liver, kidneys, alimentary canals and other internal
organs. These muscles are involuntary because you cannot determine when they do their work.

iii. The cardiac muscles are the muscles of the heart. Cardiac muscles keep the heart beating, and are capable of
uninterrupted activity without fatigue. The cardiac muscle cells are responsible for the heart’s ability to beat
and pump blood throughout the body.

DIAGRAM OF MUSCLE CELLS OR MUSCLE FIBRES

cells

nucleus

stripes caused
by arrangement
of actin and myosin

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EPITHELIAL CELLS

These are the layers of cells that line the organs and glands of the body such as the inner lining of the lungs, liver,
digestive tract, skin and other body organs. They are also found on the outer surface of the body. They help to protect
or enclose our body organs. The main functions of the epithelial cells are for protection, other functions include
secretion, absorption, trans-cellular transport, detection of sensation and selectively permeable.

DIAGRAM OF EPITHELIAL CELLS

DIAGRAM OF A CILIATED
COLUMNAR EPITHELIUM CELL

DIAGRAM OF A SQUAMOUS EPITHELIUM

(FLATTENED CELL)

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RELATIONSHIP OF CELLS TO THE ORGANISM AS A WHOLE

When a number of cells are combined together they form tissues that have specialised functions. A tissue is a number
of cells combined together to perform a specific function(s). The four main types of tissues found in the human body
are, epithelial tissues formed by epithelial cells, muscle tissues formed from muscle cells, connective tissues made of
the blood cells, ligaments, and tendons and nervous tissues made of nerve cells.

When two or more tissues are combined they form an organ. Together they perform the same function(s). Example of
organs are, stomach which consist of nervous, muscle and epithelial tissues. Other examples of organs are, skin, tongue,
eyes and ears, sex organs to name a few. Similar organs are combined together to form a system that carry out similar
functions. Example of systems are the digestive, excretory, circulatory etc. All the system when combined and working
together form an organism which has the characteristics of life. The following sequence below can be used to show
how the body is made up, starting with the basic cells to the more complex organs.

cells tissues organs systems

WATCH THE THE VIDEO BELOW FOR MORE.

Have a good week.

Leroy Munroe is on staff of the Trench Town Polytechnic College " Email: leroy_munroe@yahoo.com
 THE DAILY OBSERVER Tuesday, October 10, 2017 Page 30

www.jamaicaobserver.com JOL LECTURE SERIES Jamaica Observer Limited

PRINCIPLES OF
BUSINESS Lesson 5
with
Hilary Bassaragh

FORMS OF BUSINESS

In today’s lesson, we will cover the following:

1. Forms of Business

PRIVATE SECTOR vs PUBLIC SECTOR

We will begin by considering the term, ‘sector of an economy’. The sector of an economy refers to a section, division
or part of an economy. The private sector involves areas of economic activity in which economic decisions are made
primarily by individual households and businesses. On the other hand, the public sector is where areas of economic
decisions are made primarily by the government. Please bear in mind that although there are major differences between
the two sectors, they do not conflict nor do they compete with each other. Rather, they complement each other and
purchase goods and services from each other in order to operate efficiently. In addition, the two sectors often give
advice to each other in order to carry out their interests.
Now, let us move on to the comparison of the two sectors

PRIVATE SECTOR VERSUS THE PUBLIC SECTOR

! The private sector consists of private individuals, private businesses and the market place. The public sector, on
the other hand, consists of state or government-owned enterprises.

! The private sector raises its funds through personal and family savings or inheritances, borrowing from banks
and other financial institutions, selling shares and through private loans.

! On the other hand, the public sector raises its funds by selling government bonds and treasury bills, revenue
collected from taxes, grants from overseas and loans from home and abroad.

! In allocating or distributing the scarce resources that it owns, the private sector is motivated by the opportunity
to maximize profits. The public sector, allocates the scarce resources it owns and seeks to maximize social welfare.

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! The private sector allocates resources to the production of luxury-type goods and services, for example, furniture
and cars. The public sector, however, allocates resources to the production of goods and services that are
considered to be necessary to the general well-being of society, for example, utilities such as water.

! The prices of public-sector goods and services tend to be lower and, therefore, more affordable than private-
sector goods and services.

! Business operations of the private sector rarely operate at a loss. Public- sector businesses tend to operate at a
loss for prolonged periods of time.

! In terms of employment, they both employ a significant number of persons. However, as the public sector
privatizes more businesses and a greater number of individuals become self-employed. We can conclude that
the private sector is a larger employer of labour than the public sector.

! The private sector functions with little or no government intervention, while the public sector intervenes in the
private sector to regulate it when necessary.

PRIVATE SECTOR PUBLIC SECTOR

The sole trader Local authorities

Partnerships State corporations

Companies – private and public limited companies Nationalized industries

Co-operatives Government departments

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We will begin by classifying those under the private sector:

THE SOLE TRADER

The sole trader is the simplest, most common and oldest form of business where there exists only one owner. This type
of business is also known as the sole proprietor business. EXAMPLES: retailers, restaurant owners, barbers, taxi drivers,
dressmakers, all of whom are the sole or single owners of their businesses.

Characteristics of the Sole Trader

1. The owner and the business are one and the same, that is, they are not separate entities.

2. They are mostly small businesses that require very little capital to set up.

3. Sole trader businesses are easy to establish, as there are very few legal requirements.

4. This type of business is usually financed by the owner from personal savings, inheritances or by borrowing from
friends and relatives. The Small Businesses Association of Jamaica also lends money to sole traders to set up
business.

5. The owner makes all the decisions and manages the business himself.

6. The owner bears all the risks and has unlimited liability. Unlimited liability means that his obligation in the
business is not limited to his investment in the business, but it may involve his having to sell his personal
belongings to help out the business.

7. All profits belong to him as the sole owner.

8. Many sole traders are assisted by family members and paid employees.

9. Sole traders often have to work long hours, rarely taking a break or vacations.

10. Lack of continuity, that is, if he dies, the business comes to its end.

11. The sole trader may do business under his own name. If he uses any other name, it must be registered with the
Registrar of Business Names.

Legal Aspects

There are virtually no legal formalities for this type of business. However, depending on the type of business, a permit
or license may be required. The business and its owner are inseparable, that is, they are one entity NOT two entities.

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THE PARTNERSHIP

ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES Partnerships consist of two (2) to twenty (20) part owners
engaged in business with a view to making a profit.
Examples of partnerships can be found among many
professionals, such as lawyers, doctors, dentists,
accountants, and stockbrokers.
The business is simple Nobody to consult in
and easy to start making decisions
Characteristics of Partnerships

1. Partners usually run their business based on what

is written in their partnership deed. In the absence
Decision-making is quick
Lack of continuity of this deed, partners make reference to the British
and easy
Partnership Act of 1890. This act, among other
things, states that profits and losses are to be shared
equally.
There is close personal
contact with employees Unlimited liability 2. Agreement on the conduct of the business is usually
and customers by unanimous vote.

3. Such businesses should be registered with the

Limited expansion of the Registrar of Companies, which will require
business because of a information on the business, such as its name, type
The business is flexible
lack of capital and low of business, names and occupations, if any, of
profits
partners, etc.

4. Partners will either share management functions,

The sole trader is
Profits do not have to be agree that one partner should serve as manager or
responsible for finding
shared they will employ a manager.
all the capital

5. When a partner leaves or dies, the partnership is

dissolved.
Long working hours
Longer opening hours
with little or no vacation 6. There are four basic types of partners: ordinary
partners (active or general partners), sleeping
(dormant) partners, limited liability partners and
unlimited liability partners. There must be at least
He has to bear all the one ordinary partner in limited partnerships.
Businesses of this type
risks and losses on his Limited partners do not take part in management.
are fairly easy to manage
own shoulders

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Legal Aspects

! Partners have a partnership deed which is normally written up by a lawyer.

! The business should be registered with the Registrar of Companies.

Advantages

1. More capital can be raised than in the sole trader type business.

2. Partnerships are fairly easily formed and start-up costs are low.

3. The business benefits from varied ideas and abilities of partners.

4. Specialization among managers increases output.

5. The partnership is more efficient and a more controlled business than the sole trader.

6. Workload can be shared. This allows partners to be able to take holidays.

7. Limited government interference.

8. Partners maintain close contact with employees and customers.

Disadvantages

1. Unlimited liability for ordinary partners and for unlimited partnerships.

2. Lack of continuity.

3. Disagreements often occur among partners.

4. All partners will lose if one partner makes a bad decision.

5. Capital is still limited since there can only be a maximum of 20 partners.

6. Difficulty in finding suitable partners.

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Many partners see that they can gain more advantages by turning their business into companies. There are TWO main
types of companies in the private sector of a mixed economy: the private company and the public company.

PRIVATE LIMITED COMPANIES

This refers to an association of persons between one and 20 in number. Private companies may be limited liability
companies or unlimited liability companies. They are usually limited liability companies. The members of a company
are referred to as shareholders.

Characteristics of Private Limited Companies

1. This type of business is usually a family affair.

2. They must be registered with the Registrar of Companies. Registration requires certain information to be provided
in a document known as the ‘Articles of Incorporation’. In Jamaica, there is a New Companies Act which came
into being on February 1, 2005. It would be good for you to do some research on this act to understand the
formation of private limited companies.

3. When the registrar is satisfied that all aspects of forming the company have been met, they will issue a Certificate
of Incorporation which gives the shareholders authority to carry on trade.

4. The company is a separate entity from its shareholders. Charges can therefore be brought against the company,
but not against individuals.

5. Finance is usually through private means: borrowing from financial institutions, government agencies and share
and debenture capital.

6. Private companies do not make a public appeal for share capital.

7. The business enjoys limited liability.

8. The private company has, ‘Co. Ltd.’ printed at the end of its name.

9. The life of the company is independent of the life of the shareholders. If a shareholder dies, the company continues
to exist.

Legal Aspects

! The private company must be registered with the Registrar of Companies.

! The business is considered as a separate entity from its members.

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The parent company makes all the decisions which are

carried out by the branches. Multinational corporations are
Advantages
owned by mostly developed countries. Examples of
1. A larger capital base can be obtained than with multinationals are: Nestlé, Cable and Wireless, General
the sole trader and the partnership. This means Motors, Texaco, and Toyota.
they can expand more.

2. Privacy is retained as the company does not

publish its accounts. ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES

3. Continuity- The company may have unlimited life.

4. There is limited liability for shareholders. Multinationals provide Multinationals transfer

foreign investment for profits to their own
5. Most often, the business is restricted to family their subsidiaries. countries.
members.

The subsidiaries benefit

They are not concerned
from foreign expertise
with the welfare of the
provided by the
Disadvantages subsidiaries.
multinationals.

1. It is not easy to transfer shares.

Multinational
They may practice
corporations help to
2. Capital and, therefore, growth may still be limited. production techniques
train labour in the host
that harm the
country and create
3. The public issuing of shares is not allowed by law. environment.
employment for locals.
4. Annual financial reports must be filed with the
Registrar of Companies. Their presence often has
Positive work ethics are
a negative effect on the
encouraged in the work
5. Most often, the business is restricted to family culture of the host
place.
members who may lack management skills and country.
expertise.

The host country gains

Multinationals tend to
tax revenue and foreign
MULTINATIONAL CORPORATIONS interfere in the political
exchange from the
life of the host country.
(TRANSNATIONAL CORPORATIONS) multinationals.

These are enterprises that engage in production in more

than one country, i.e., they have their headquarters in their
own country and branches in other countries. Hilary Bassaragh is on the staff of The Queen’s School
Multinationals are giant international companies and they " Email: ac_teacher@yahoo.com
are formed in order to increase market share and profits.
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PRINCIPLES OF
ACCOUNTS Lesson 5
with
Tedmore Clarke

THE DAY BOOKS CONTINUED

The following exercise will be used to demonstrate the steps involved in preparing the sales and returns inward journals:

EXERCISE

O. Palmer had the following transactions in her books for the month of Oct 2016.

Oct. 1 Goods sold on credit to C. Nurse: list price $2,400, less 10% trade discount (Invoice #3540).

5 Credit sales to B. Parson $1,550 (Invoice #3541).

7 Goods returned by C. Nurse: list price $300 (Credit Note #350).

10 Goods sold on credit to B. Parson: catalogue price $2,800, less 15% trade discount (Invoice #3542).

15 Goods returned by B. Parson: catalogue price $400; these being part of goods sold on Oct 10 (Credit
Note #351).

20 Credit sales to C. Lee $750 (Invoice #3543).

25 Credit sales to K. Gayle: list price $3,000; subject to a 20% trade discount (Invoice #3544).

28 Goods returned by C. Lee $50 (Credit Note #352).

31 Goods sold on credit to K. Gayle: priced at $1,500, less 10% trade discount (Invoice #3545).

You are required to write-up the Sales Journal and the Returns Inward Journal, post the items to the debtors’ accounts
and show the transfers to the General Ledger.

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SOLUTION

Tutorial Note

Items quoted at list or catalogue price usually involve trade discounts. Such discounts should be deducted before
the items are recorded. In addition, when goods are returned at list or catalogue price, the same rate of trade
discount applied to the original sale or purchase must also be applied to the returns.

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The following exercise will now be used to illustrate the steps required for the purchases and returns outward journals:

EXERCISE

S. Stewart, a grocer, had the following transactions for the month of December 2016:

Dec. 1 Bought goods on credit from Goodbuy Ltd., list price $1,200, less 10% trade discount.
8 Bought goods on credit from Eatright Ltd. $800.
10 Goods returned to Eatright Ltd. $100.
15 Bought goods on credit from Wholesalers Ltd., catalogue price $2,000, subject to 20% trade discount.
20 Goods returned to Wholesalers Ltd., catalogue price $200.
25 Goods bought on credit from Suppliers Ltd $970.
28 Allowance given by Suppliers Ltd for goods damaged in transit, $70.
31 Bought goods on credit from Eatright Ltd., catalogue price $2,700, less 33 1/3% trade discount.

You are required to:

a) enter up the purchases journal and the returns outward journal from the above;
b) post the transactions to the creditors’ accounts; and
c) transfer the totals of the journals to the general ledger.

Reminder: Deduct trade discount from all items quoted at list (or catalogue) prices!

SOLUTION

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Reminder

The same rate of trade discount applied on the original purchase or sale should also be applied on the returns,
whenever goods are returned at list price (catalogue price).

We will stop here for now. See you next week!

Tedmore Clarke is on the staff of Quality Academics

" Email: tedmoreorless@hotmail.com

LECTURE SERIES NOW

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Also available at bookstores islandwide.
 THE DAILY OBSERVER Tuesday, October 10, 2017 Page 43

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INTEGRATED
SCIENCE Lesson 5
with
Marlene Grey-Tomlinson

HEALTH AND SANITIATION –

PART 1
Hello students, in this the first of three lessons, we will
discuss conditions that encourage the breeding of
household pests and parasites.

A pest is an organism that is a nuisance. Pests often cause

some kind of damage. They can damage crops or food in
homes, and damage structures like the wooden parts of a
building. Pests do not usually cause a disease but some
can transmit the organism that does. When pests transmit Endoparasites, like tapeworm and hookworm, are
diseases they are referred to as vectors. For example, some parasites that live inside the body. For instance, they may
mosquitoes are vectors because they transmit the virus live in the blood system, muscles, liver, brain, or digestive
that causes zika. Examples of pests include flies, systems of animals.
mosquitoes, roaches and rats.

Parasites are plants or animals that live on or in another

organism, called the host, getting their nutrients from that
host. The host never benefits from the arrangement and
are usually harmed by the parasite.

Ectoparasites, example ticks and fleas, are parasites that

live outside the body. In animals, they live on the skin and
can cause itching and rashes.

ACTIVITY 1

1. What is the difference between pests and parasites?

2. Give TWO examples of pests.

3. Differentiate between endoparasites and ectoparasites.

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Pests thrive in unclean, dark places and where they have access to food. In houses where pests are, you will find the
following:
! food left uncovered in the kitchen
! food not stored properly
! unclean kitchen, with unwashed dishes constantly in the sink
! unclean cupboards and shelves
! unclean kitchen floors
! full garbage bins and unclean garbage bins
! floors and walls in the house are usually dirty.
! bathrooms – toilets and showers/baths dirty or not cleaned properly
! Water puddles and garbage lying around

The community also plays its part in promoting the breeding of pests. It is likely that some pests will be found in the
community where the conditions listed below exist.
! Faeces or dead animals lying around
! Septic tanks and drains with lids broken or missing
! Pools of water caused by leaking taps
! Overflowing of sewage drains
! Objects such as old tyres and other water-holding containers left lying around which could collect water
! Rubbish, including food scraps, left lying around, and/or in heaps
! Blocked and/or unclean gutters and gullies
! Overgrown grassy areas.

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! Keep food in containers with tight-fitting lids.

ACTIVITY #2
! Use the toilet properly and ensure that the toilet is
Look around your house and community. flushed after use. Toilet paper is the only kind of
paper that should be flushed down the toilet.
Are there any pests?
! Make sure the entire bathroom is cleaned regularly
What conditions do you see around that will cause
pests to breed and thrive?
! Ensure that the house is cleaned regularly.

Make a list of actions that you could take to ensure that

! Use fly screens to stop pests entering the house and
the household and the community are aware of the issues
seal all holes around the house.
and what can be done to eliminate pests.

Once the hygiene aspects are covered, then there are THREE
CONTROLLING PESTS ways which may be employed to control pests and
parasites from spreading diseases.
When houses and yards are kept clean, there is no food for
pests and nowhere for them to live and breed, and this in 1. Biological control methods include using natural
turn means that there will be few pests. Pests can be enemies of the pest, which means using another
controlled by first practising good hygiene. There is little organism to control that pest. For example, having
point to having a pesticide program to control pests if the a cat around to get rid of rats.
relevant hygiene factors are not addressed as well. The
pests will soon return if good hygiene is not maintained. 2. The most common method of pest control is the use
of chemicals, like pesticides that either kill pests or
Below are some ways that good hygiene can help with inhibit their development. Pesticides are often
controlling pests: classified according to the pest they are intended to
control. For example, insecticides are used to control
! Clean up after each meal. Wash all utensils used and insects and herbicides control weeds.
properly store left overs.
3. Mechanical pest control is the management and
! Put all rubbish into a closed bin. Wash the bin once
control of pests using physical means. One example
it is empty.
is using rat traps to control and kill rats.

! Wrap all food scraps tightly in paper before putting

them in the bin. ACTIVITY 2

! Keep all areas, cupboards and floors of the house

Can you think of other ways that pests are controlled using
clean and free of food scraps.
both biological and mechanical means?
! Regularly clean behind stoves, refrigerators and
other household appliances. JOL INTEGRATED SCIENCE continues on next page
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ENGLISH
LITERATURE Lesson 5
with
Simone Gibbs

MORE CHANGES TO THE STRUCTURE

OF THE EXAM
Hello there. I’m glad that you decided to view this week’s
lesson because within will be very important information
regarding the English B examination next year. I outlined
some changes which appeared in Lesson # 1 a few weeks
ago and informed you about the new structure. Recently,
however, CSEC has made even more changes to Paper 01
which you must know in order to properly prepare for the
examination. Let’s first look at what remains the same
about Paper 01 then what has changed.

WHAT STAYS THE SAME

1. The paper will be worth 60 marks.

2. It will be divided into THREE sections.

3. Knowledge of the three genres will be tested: Section A – drama, Section B – poetry and Section C – prose.

4. The stimulus used will NOT be from any of the prescribed texts. It will be from material you are not likely to
have seen.

WHAT IS NEW

1. There will now be 60 MULTIPLE CHOICE questions, 20 on each genre.

2. Instead of the 1 hour and 45 minutes that was given previously, the paper will now be 2 hours long.

3. At least ONE of the stimuli used will be Caribbean based.

4. The paper will be worth 29% of the overall grade (Paper 02 will be worth 50% and the SBA will be worth 21%)

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Here is an example of a question that you might get in Section B of this examination.

Read the following poem carefully and choose the best answer from the options provided.

THE BUSINESS TRIP

Aaah …….the solitude To the neatly stacked

of this hotel room. Stationery, that I had left untidy.
25 Shoes, quietly sitting in a row.
Alone. The bathroom cleaned, and I had not made it so.
Away from home
The bed is truly inviting
5 No cuts to dress Oh, how exciting!
Don’t have to clean up the kitchen’s mess
No eggs to fry My hotel room.
No clothes to put out to dry 30 Just for me.
No home work My sanctuary for a few days.
10 Don’t have to iron his shirt
No shower to scour But ….. alas
No tension I have worked for my pay
No explanations And I must make my way
35 Back to the ones I adore
Just me. To be head cook, bottle washer and more
15 Alone. To resume my integral insignificant role
By myself.
In this hotel room. Far, far away
From the solitude
In the morning I experience what’s rare: 40 Of that hotel room.
Breakfast; already prepared!
20 From nine until five by Simone C. Gibbs
I affect many lives
Then I’m transported back

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QUESTIONS

1. Who is the persona in the poem?

a) a smart teacher
b) a mother/housewife
c) a tired businessman
d) a maid

2. What does the word “aah” in line 1 reflect about the persona’s state of mind?
a) she is angry
b) she is frustrated
c) she is content
d) she is overjoyed

3. The persona seems to enjoy:

a) ironing shirts
b) scouring showers
c) travelling by air
d) being alone in the hotel room

4. The literary device which can be found in “Shoes quietly sitting in a row” (line 25) is?
a) personification
b) alliteration
c) metaphor
d) paradox

5. The mood in line 25 can be said to be:

a) excitement
b) pleasure
c) anxiety
d) peaceful

6. Stanza 2 is really about –

a) all the things that the persona has to deal with at home
b) Repetition of the word “no”
c) the speaker’s anger
d) the chores that the persona likes to do

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7. Identify the literary device found in the following: “To resume my integral insignificant role” (line 37).
a) simile
b) hyperbole
c) paradox
d) onomatopoeia

8. What happened when the speaker leaves the room and returns?
a) She lost her shoes
b) Someone came in and cleaned the room
c) The bed invited her to lie in it
d) She fell asleep

9. This line (37) means that she is returning home to:

a) apply for a better job
b) play an important part in the life of her family
c) continue to do important things for her family although she does not get any credit for it
d) re-organise how chores are done in her family

10. The persona’s life seems to be:

a) busy
b) boring
c) exciting
d) troubled

11. The word “sanctuary” in line 31 means:

a) a safe place
b) a church
c) someone who is pure and holy
d) someone who is tried and true

12. Where does the persona go from nine to five?

a) to the hotel
b) to work
c) home
d) to clean the room

13. The reason for your answer in (12) above is:

a) This is usually the time that people work and she is on a business trip
b) the poem highlights many cleaning activities
c) the trip has ended and so she would go back home
d) the word hotel is mentioned several times

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14. How does the speaker feel about her family? 19. The hotel seems to be:
a) She doesn’t like them a) a luxurious one
b) She wishes that they were on the trip with her b) in a busy neighbourhood
c) She loves them c) far away from home
d) She is impartial d) a quiet place

15. How does the persona feel about the services that she 20. The BEST alternative title for this poem is:
receives in the hotel room? a) The Best Hotel Room Ever
a) she appreciates them b) The Inviting Bed
b) she is annoyed by them c) Chores, chores, chores
c) she is not affected in any way d) Phenomenal Woman
d) she would like to have them at home

ANSWERS
16. The treatment she receives in the hotel room makes
the persona feel –
a) unappreciated 1. B 2. C 3. D 4. A 5. D

b) tired
c) special 6. A 7. C 8. B 9. C 10. A

d) homesick
11. A 12. B 13. A 14. C 15. A
17. The dominant figurative device in the poem is:
a) Biblical allusion 16. C 17. D 18. B 19. C 20. D
b) Simile
c) Imagery That’s the lesson for this week. Please join me next week
d) Rhyme for another informative lesson.

18. What emotion is the speaker feeling in the last stanza? TAKE CARE!
a) contentment
b) regret
Simone Gibbs is on the staff of Calabar High School
c) relief
" Email: simonecgibbs@yahoo.com
d) joy
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► Communication
Studies 53 – 57

► Caribbean
Studies 58 – 66

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TIVOLI GARDENS HIGH SCHOOL, KINGSTON: These smiles confirm that it pays to play our
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COMMUNICATION
STUDIES Lesson 5
with
Peta-Gaye Perkins Bryan

COMMUNICATION

Hi everyone. For today’s lesson it’s

all about communication. Before
we get started, let us look at the
passage from last week and check
my suggested summary against
yours to see how you did.

Being an Uptown (UPT) Girl is more than being from a certain zip code; it’s an all-consuming career path. From
birth, all UPT Girls are enrolled in the “catch a man” PhD programme with a double major in “good-good”
body and a minor in protecting the family name. Excellence is a must! As is being well-bred, trained and
disciplined regarding how to be perceived as the perfectly behaved daughter, the smiling trophy girlfriend
and the ageless wife.

The rules are non-negotiable: somewhere, someone is watching.

UPT Girls are well-heeled, well-surnamed, come from good homes and are expected to marry into even better
ones. The ultimate goal is to have a man. Hence looks and the men in their lives, be they fathers or boyfriends, are
of importance. Careers are encouraged to prevent ennui until marriage and motherhood. Eschew all thoughts of
taking over the family business! Don’t be simple, that’s for the boys! But it is acceptable that they helm the
associated family charity until they spawn the next generation of UPT princesses, of course.

The UPT Girl listens keenly to her Chief of Staff — her mother — ably supported by a cabal of aunties,
whose greatest pleasure in life is imparting tried and proven truisms on how to find a man, hold a man
and run a household.

It is possible to work one’s way into being an UPT Girl, but be warned, the social rules have to be adhered to more
strictly than those born with social pedigree.

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WHAT IS COMMUNICATION?
Communication can then be defined as a complex and dynamic process of exchanging meaningful messages.
As a process communication is a series of events, it is dynamic, never ending and ever changing (Steinberg, 2007).

WHAT IS INVOLVED IN THE COMMUNICATION PROCESS?

The Communication Process has distinct components

1. The sender – this refers to an individual, group or organization who initiates the communication. The sender’s
experiences, attitudes, knowledge, skill, perceptions and culture influence the message.

2. Encoding the message – the first step the sender has to begin with is encoding the message. Encoding can be
referred to as translating information into a message in the form of symbols that represent ideas or concepts. It
is important for the sender to use symbols that are familiar to the intended receiver. A good way for the sender
to improve encoding their message is to visualize the communication from the receiver’s point of view.

3. The Channel – this is the selection of a means by which to convey the message. Most channels are oral or written
and in recent times with the development of technology they are visual. Some examples of channels include
telephones, reports or memos.

4. The receiver – this is the individual to whom the message is directed. The extent to which this person
comprehends the message will depend on a number of factors. These factors include knowledge about the topic,
receptivity and relationship. All interpretations by the receiver are dependent on the individual’s experiences,
attitudes, knowledge, skills, perception and culture.

5. Decoding – This is done by the receiver. This is where the message is examined, the stimulus is sent to the brain
for interpreting, in order to assign some type of meaning to it. The receiver begins to interpret the symbols sent
by the sender, translating the message to their own set of experiences in order to make the symbols meaningful.

6. Feedback – this is the final link in the chain of the communication process. After receiving the message the
receiver responds in some way and signals that response to the sender. The signal may take the form of a spoken
comment, a long sigh, a smile or some other action. Without feedback, the sender cannot confirm that the receiver
has interpreted the message correctly. Feedback provides an opportunity for the sender to take corrective action
to clarify a misunderstood message.

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7. Noise – anything that interferes with the correct interpretation of the intended message is referred to as ‘noise’.
Noise will ultimately affect understanding and at all costs attempts should be made to minimize it. There are
three (3) types of noise:

! Internal – this refers to thoughts or feelings that may interfere with communication such as daydreaming,
feeling ill or tired.

! Semantic noise – this is reactions aroused unintentionally by symbols or words, causing the listener to
abruptly focus on an unrelated topic, such as cancer, accident or discriminatory remarks.

! External – anything outside of a person that distracts him or her during communication such as
environmental factors, sights, sounds, smells and textures.

Please see below a pictorial presentation of the process

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CARIBBEAN
STUDIES Lesson 5
with
Debgeri Whitely

SCHOOL - BASED ASSESSMENT

(PART 2)
Hello everyone, welcome back! This week we’ll continue looking at the Caribbean Sea

requirements for the School - Based Assessment.

ANSWERS TO LAST WEEK’S ACTIVITY

1. Define the following key terms / sources of information (existing literature, internet sources, oral histories,
newspaper reports, minutes of meetings and archives.

ANSWER:

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2. Construct a table showing the source, types, selection criteria, when to use and the disadvantage.

ANSWER:

SOURCES TYPES SELECTION CRITERIA WHEN TO USE DISADVANTAGE

*The time to write and print
*Books *To get an overview of
a book can cause
*Scholarly *Date of publication main
Existing information to be outdated
articles *Stability of the ideas/background
Literature *Facts can be incorrect
*statistical and information information on a topic
*Information is revised
other reports *To get historical facts
leading to change in content
*When the information *Difficult to establish
*Current nature and
*Reputable has not been credibility of sources
Internet accuracy of
websites tampered with and *The information may be
Sources information/contents
*Databases lays the foundation for biased, inaccurate and
and links
deeper analysis incomplete

*Eyewitness *Quality of evidence *Depends on the memory of

*To learn more about
accounts for understanding the participant
Oral people’s (overlooked
*Audio/Video about people’s past *Information is limited to a
Histories groups) way of
recordings (Eg. particular area/country or
life/culture
*Transcripts Culture/traditions) organization/agency
*Lacks detailed study results
*Local
*They provide *A fee may be required for
*National *Relevance to the
Newspaper information that can accessing their information
*International topic being
Reports lead you to other *Can sensationalize
*Commentary researched
sources events/facts to create a
*E-paper
‘good story’
*Records may be incomplete
*Availability of factual
*Gather information on – lengthy discussions not
*Verbatim and chronological
Minutes of actions taken and the included
*Action events
Meetings attendees at the *May contain classified
*Closed-door *Provision of trends
meeting information – not worthy
over time
of public view
*News media
*Relevance to research *Data may not be up-to-date
*Government
topic *To present information *May be time consuming to
agencies’
Archive *Availability of the about past events/ search for
public records
needed data activities relevant/necessary
*Research
information
organization

Adopted from CAPE Revision Guide Caribbean Studies by Thompson, Lawson-Downer, St John and Thomas-Hunte; pages 9 - 10.

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Sources [4 marks]

Data collection is an integral part of any research project. It is the method used by researchers to collect information
so that the research questions can be answered. These methods often determine the outcome of the research. And as
such, this section is used to evaluate and describe the primary and secondary sources from which data was collected,
the methods used to collect data and how the sources contributed to your understanding of the area being investigated.
The table below contains the methods of enquiry used in conducting the Caribbean Studies Research paper. Please
ensure that the information written in this section (Data Collection Sources) does not exceed 100 words.

Methods of Enquiry – are the methods utilized in the collection

Methods of collecting information from a sample or fraction of a population that is being

Surveys studied. The most common forms of surveys are telephone interviews, mail survey and
in-person interviews.

Groups of individuals selected and assembled to provide insight into themes or ideas that
Focus Groups
the researcher wishes to investigate.

Involves conducting interviews with a select group of individuals. The researcher probes
In-depth
aspects of the participants’ feelings, attitudes, beliefs, and so on, with a view to discovering
Interviews
the respondent’s perspective on an issue, situation or idea.

Are directly related to the issue. First - hand information/evidence that have not been
Primary
interpreted. It is data created by a witness or participant of an event (for example,
Materials
interviews, diaries, letters, and observations).

Secondary Are sources of information or material that were derived from primary sources such as
Materials books, websites etc.)

The process in which a researcher studies people in their natural setting by observing and
Participant participating in the activities so that they can learn about them, by blending in and
Observation becoming a part of the setting before removing themselves in order to analyze and process
the data.

Non-participant The qualitative process of observation in which the researcher observes the subjects, but
Observation is separate from them and does not participate in the activities.

For additional information, please see pages 432 – 438 of the text Caribbean Studies for CAPE Examinations 2nd Ed. by J. Mohammed.

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Please remember to make mention of the Research Design used: explain what type of research you are doing (qualitative
or quantitative) and the type of sampling technique used to collect the data. Please note that for this course you will
use the Quantitative Research Design.

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ACTIVITY 1

Conduct a research on the research designs (qualitative or quantitative) and the different types of sampling techniques
(probability and non-probability) and target population.

PRESENTATION AND ANALYSIS OF DATA [18 MARKS]

Within this section there are two parts and these are
identified and outlined below. They each amount to the
total of 18 marks.

PRESENTATION OF DATA [8 MARKS]

In this section, different mediums/variety of forms are

used to show presentations of the data from the various
sources. These various forms/mediums should be
appropriate, well-labelled and accurate in order to acquire
the maximum number of marks. The forms of presenting
data are tabular, graphic and text as highlighted in the
diagram below.

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FORMS OF
DEFINITION/EXAMPLE(S)
PRESENTING DATA

TABULAR – the use of tables to show comparison

between data.

GRAPHIC – these include charts and graphs that are

used to present, summarize and explore
numerical data.

TEXT – data is presented in sentence or

paragraph form. Words are used to
convey pertinent information.

For additional information, please see pages 445 – 448 of the text Caribbean Studies for CAPE Examinations 2nd Ed.
by J. Mohammed.

There are three techniques mentioned in the Caribbean Studies syllabus that are used in the process of Analyzing Data.
These are trends / patterns, comparisons and categorization.

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ACTIVITY 2

Instructions: Match the technique for analyzing data with the following definitions.

a. ___________________ is the evident repeated nature in which a series of results or data are yielded.

b. ___________________ involves placing the data into groups based on classifications,

whether they are pre-set or created.

c. ___________________ is the gradual change of a condition or an output over time.

d. ___________________ refers to the calculation of data and displaying them to show similarities
and differences in results.

ANALYSIS OF DATA [10 MARKS]

In this section an explanation is given of the results obtained, why they were yielded and trends, patterns and anomalies
are identified.

In order to discuss your findings, ensure that you go back to the Literature Review. Compare what you found with the
data from the experts. Discuss the similarities and the differences of what the data from your instrument and the
literature from the different sources revealed.

In the last paragraph highlight any significant differences by comparing the sampling methods or research methods used.

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REFERENCES

1. CAPE Caribbean Studies for self-study and distance learning (distributed by Nelson-Thornes Ltd)

2. CAPE Caribbean Studies: An Interdisciplinary approach by Jennifer Mohamed - 2nd Ed ( distributed by Macmillan
Education)

3. CAPE Caribbean Studies by Ottley, Gentles and Dawson (distributed by Pearson Education Ltd)

4. CAPE Revision Guide Caribbean Studies by Thompson, Lawson-Downer, St John and Thomas-Hunte (Distributed by
HarperCollins Publishers Ltd)

Online Sources: Follow the links for further reading.

Methods of Data Collection:

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C969&thid=OIP.Rmd4peDRlqCSAphAbd95oQEsDh&q=method+of+data+collection&simid=608013705556921567&selectedI
ndex=0

Sources of Data
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AA05546&thid=OIP.l9h-WYaNwTflYZUpmKGUKwEsDe&q=sources+of+data&simid=608024344160110868&selectedIndex=0
&ajaxhist=0

Presentation of Data
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FC&thid=OIP.48VPIhziRV9IZpd1PFijIQEsDh&q=presentation+of+data&simid=608045217719976344&selectedIndex=1&ajax
hist=0

https://www.bing.com/images/search?view=detailV2&ccid=0GbpbzeH&id=D0ED2EEA6C703D37E26B480D3CC1638EDCAD4
6EA&thid=OIP.0GbpbzeHd7G5JYLkiWirsQEsDh&q=tabular+presentation+of+data&simid=607991371709547326&selectedI
ndex=0&ajaxhist=0

https://www.bing.com/images/search?view=detailV2&ccid=FiumHmkt&id=D37F0EC163C382426EEB16E2D559EC9F0F108
777&thid=OIP.FiumHmktgNiHwYNG8li4DAEgDY&q=presentation+of+data&simid=608030979902278412&selectedIndex=2
4&ajaxhist=0

https://www.bing.com/images/search?view=detailV2&ccid=PYl835Ez&id=D8066F6B02210516782AEAB6A9AEAE806C6608
25&thid=OIP.PYl835EzrHNJQo2xyI96CwEgDY&q=presentation+of+data&simid=608016355525984683&selectedIndex=13&
ajaxhist=0

Debgeri Whitely is on the staff of St. Hugh’s High School

" Email: dwhitely@sthughshigh.org