THE BELGIAN CONSTITUTION

This publication contains the text of the Belgian Con-

stitution as updated following the constitutional revi-
sion of 24 October 2017 (Belgian Official Gazette of 29
November 2017)

JULY 2018
BELGIAN HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
 Legal Affairs and Parliamentary Documentation Department
of the Belgian House of Representatives
D/2018/4686/11

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 CONTENTS
Title I
On federal Belgium, its components and its territory 5

Title Ibis
On general political objectives of federal Belgium,
the Communities and the Regions 6

Title II
On Belgians and their rights 6

Title III
On powers 13

Chapter I – On the federal Houses 16

Section I – On the House of Representatives 22
Section II – On the Senate 24

Chapter II – On federal legislative power 30

Chapter III – On the King and the Federal Government 35

Section I – On the King 35
Section II – On the Federal Government 37
Section III – On responsibilities 40

Chapter IV – On Communities and Regions 42

Section I – On bodies 42
Sub-section I – On Community and Regional Parliaments 42
Sub-section II – On Community and Regional Governments 44
Section II – On responsibilities 47
Sub-section I – On the responsibilities of the Communities 47
Sub-section II – On the competences of the Regions 50
Sub-section III – Special provisions 50

Chapter V – On the Constitutional Court,

and the prevention and resolution of conflicts 52
Section I – On the prevention of conflicts of competence 52
Section II – On the Constitutional Court 52
Section III – On the prevention and the settlement of
conflicts of interest 53

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 Chapter VI – On judicial power 54

Chapter VII – On the Council of State and administrative courts 60

Chapter VIII – On provincial and municipal institutions 61

Title IV
On international relations 64

Title V
On finances 65

Title VI
On the armed forces and the police service 69

Title VII
General provisions 70

Title VIII
On the revision of the Constitution 71

Title IX
The entry into force and transitional provisions 74

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 THE CONSTITUTION

TITLE I

ON FEDERAL BELGIUM, ITS COMPONENTS

AND ITS TERRITORY

Article 1

Belgium is a federal State composed of Communities and Regions.

Article 2

Belgium comprises three Communities: the Flemish Community, the

French Community and the German-speaking Community.

Article 3

Belgium comprises three Regions: the Flemish Region, the Walloon Region
and the Brussels Region.

Article 4

Belgium comprises four linguistic regions: the Dutch-speaking region, the

French-speaking region, the bilingual region of Brussels-Capital and the Ger-
man-speaking region.
Each municipality of the Kingdom forms part of one of these linguistic re-
gions.
The boundaries of the four linguistic regions can only be changed or cor-
rected by a law passed by a majority of the votes cast in each linguistic group
in each House, on condition that a majority of the members of each group is
present and provided that the total number of votes in favour that are cast in
the two linguistic groups is equal to at least two thirds of the votes cast.

Article 5

The Flemish Region comprises the following provinces: Antwerp, Flemish

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Brabant, West Flanders, East Flanders and Limburg. The Walloon Region com-
prises the following provinces: Walloon Brabant, Hainaut, Liege, Luxembourg
and Namur.
A law can exclude certain territories, of which it establishes the boundaries,
from division into provinces, bring them directly under the federal executive
power and subject them to a specific statute. This law must be passed by a
majority as described in Article 4, last paragraph.

Article 6

Provincial subdivisions can only be established by the law.

Article 7

The boundaries of the State, the provinces and the municipalities can only
be changed or corrected by virtue of a law.

TITLE IBIS

ON GENERAL POLITICAL OBJECTIVES OF FEDERAL BELGIUM,

THE COMMUNITIES AND THE REGIONS

Article 7bis

In the exercise of their respective competences, the Federal State, the

Communities and the Regions pursue the objectives of sustainable develop-
ment in its social, economic and environmental aspects, taking into account the
solidarity between the generations.

TITLE II

ON BELGIANS AND THEIR RIGHTS

Article 8

The status as a Belgian citizen is acquired, kept and lost according to rules

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established by civil law.
The Constitution and the other laws concerning political rights, establish,
apart from this status, the necessary conditions for the exercising of these
rights.
In a departure from the second paragraph, the law can, in accordance with
Belgium’s international and supranational obligations, establish a right to vote
for citizens of the European Union who are not Belgian citizens.
The right to vote referred to in the preceding paragraph can be extended
by a law to Belgian residents who are not citizens of a Member State of the
European Union, under the conditions and in accordance with the terms spec-
ified in such a law.

Transitional provision

The law referred to in the fourth paragraph cannot be passed before 1

January 2001.

Article 9

Naturalisation is granted by the federal legislative power.

Article 10

No class distinctions exist in the State.

Belgians are equal before the law; they alone are eligible for civil and military
service, but for the exceptions that can be created by a law for particular cases.
Equality between women and men is guaranteed.

Article 11

Enjoyment of the rights and freedoms recognised for Belgians must be pro-
vided without discrimination. To this end, laws and federate laws guarantee
among others the rights and freedoms of ideological and philosophical minori-
ties.

Article 11bis

The law, federate law or rule referred to in Article 134 guarantees that
women and men may equally exercise their rights and freedoms, and in partic-
ular promotes their equal access to elective and public mandates.
The Council of Ministers and the Governments of the Communities and

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the Regions include both women and men.
The law, federate law or rule referred to in Article 134 provides for women
and men to sit on the permanent deputations of the provincial councils, the
colleges of the burgomasters and aldermen, the councils and permanent com-
mittees of the public centres for social welfare and on the executives of any
other inter-provincial, supra-municipal, inter-municipal or intra-municipal ter-
ritorial body.
The preceding paragraph does not apply when the law, federate law or rule
referred to in Article 134 provides for the direct election of the members of
the permanent deputations of the provincial councils, of aldermen, of the mem-
bers of the councils and permanent committees of the social welfare centres
or of the members of the executives of any other inter-provincial, supra-mu-
nicipal, inter-municipal or intra-municipal territorial body.

Article 12

The freedom of the individual is guaranteed.

No one can be prosecuted except in the cases provided for by the law, and
in the form prescribed by the law.
Except in the case of a flagrant offence, no one can be arrested except on
the strength of a reasoned judge’s order, which must be served at the latest
within forty-eight hours from the deprivation of liberty and which may only
result in provisional detention.

Article 13

No one can be separated, against his will, from the judge that the law has
assigned to him.

Article 14

No punishment can be introduced or administered except by virtue of the

law.

Article 14bis

Capital punishment is abolished.

Article 15

One’s home is inviolable; no house search may take place except in the

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cases provided for by the law and in the form prescribed by the law.

Article 16

No one can be deprived of his property except in the case of expropriation

for a public purpose, in the cases and manner established by the law and in
return for fair compensation paid beforehand.

Article 17

Assets may not be confiscated as a means of punishment.

Article 18

Civil death is abolished; it cannot be re-introduced.

Article 19

Freedom of worship, its public practice and freedom to demonstrate one’s

opinions on all matters are guaranteed, but offences committed when this free-
dom is used may be punished.

Article 20

No one can be obliged to contribute in any way whatsoever to the acts and
ceremonies of a religion or to observe its days of rest.

Article 21

The State does not have the right to intervene either in the appointment
or in the installation of ministers of any religion whatsoever or to forbid these
ministers from corresponding with their superiors, from publishing the acts of
these superiors, but, in this latter case, normal responsibilities as regards the
press and publishing apply.
A civil wedding should always precede the blessing of the marriage, apart
from the exceptions to be established by the law if needed.

Article 22

Everyone has the right to the respect of his private and family life, except
in the cases and conditions determined by the law.

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 The laws, federate laws and rules referred to in Article 134 guarantee the
protection of this right.

Article 22bis

Each child is entitled to have his or her moral, physical, mental and sexual
integrity respected.
Each child has the right to express his or her views in all matters affecting
him or her, the views of the child being given due weight in accordance with
his or her age and maturity.
Each child has the right to benefit from measures and facilities which pro-
mote his or her development.
In all decisions concerning children, the interest of the child is a primary
consideration.
The law, federate law or rule referred to in Article 134 ensures these rights
of the child.

Article 23

Everyone has the right to lead a life in keeping with human dignity.
To this end, the laws, federate laws and rules referred to in Article 134
guarantee economic, social and cultural rights, taking into account correspond-
ing obligations, and determine the conditions for exercising them.
These rights include among others:
1° the right to employment and to the free choice of an occupation within
the context of a general employment policy, aimed among others at
ensuring a level of employment that is as stable and high as possible, the
right to fair terms of employment and to fair remuneration, as well as
the right to information, consultation and collective negotiation;
2° the right to social security, to health care and to social, medical and
legal aid;
3° the right to decent accommodation;
4° the right to the protection of a healthy environment;
5° the right to cultural and social fulfilment;
6° the right to family allowances.

Article 24

§ 1. Education is free; any preventive measure is forbidden; the punishment

of offences is regulated only by the law or federate law.
The community offers free choice to parents.

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 The community organises non-denominational education. This implies in
particular the respect of the philosophical, ideological or religious beliefs of
parents and pupils.
Schools run by the public authorities offer, until the end of compulsory
education, the choice between the teaching of one of the recognised religions
and non-denominational ethics teaching.

§ 2. If a community, in its capacity as an organising authority, wishes to

delegate powers to one or several autonomous bodies, it can only do so by
federate law adopted by a two-thirds majority of the votes cast.

§ 3. Everyone has the right to education with the respect of fundamental

rights and freedoms. Access to education is free until the end of compulsory
education.
All pupils of school age have the right to moral or religious education at the
community’s expense.

§ 4. All pupils or students, parents, teaching staff or institutions are equal

before the law or federate law. The law and federate law take into account
objective differences, in particular the characteristics of each organising author-
ity that warrant appropriate treatment.

§ 5. The organisation, the recognition and the subsidising of education by

the community are regulated by the law or federate law.

Article 25

The press is free; censorship can never be introduced; no security can be

demanded from authors, publishers or printers.
When the author is known and resident in Belgium, neither the publisher,
the printer nor the distributor can be prosecuted.

Article 26

Belgians have the right to gather peaceably and without arms, in accordance
with the laws that can regulate the exercise of this right, without submitting it
to prior authorisation.
This provision does not apply to open air meetings, which are entirely sub-
ject to police regulations.

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 Article 27

Belgians have the right to enter into association or partnership; this right
cannot be subject to any preventive measure.

Article 28

Everyone has the right to address petitions signed by one or more persons
to the public authorities.
Constituted bodies are alone entitled to address petitions under a collec-
tive name.

Article 29

The confidentiality of letters is inviolable.

The law determines which officials may violate the confidentiality of letters
entrusted to the postal service.

Article 30

The use of languages spoken in Belgium is optional; only the law can rule
on this matter, and only for acts of the public authorities and for judicial affairs.

Article 31

No authorisation is necessary prior to taking legal action against civil serv-

ants for offences resulting from their administration, except with regard to
what has been ruled on concerning ministers and members of the Community
and Regional Governments.

Article 32

Everyone has the right to consult any administrative document and to ob-
tain a copy, except in the cases and conditions stipulated by the laws, federate
laws or rules referred to in Article 134.

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 TITLE III

ON POWERS

Article 33

All powers emanate from the Nation.

These powers are exercised in the manner laid down by the Constitution.

Article 34

The exercising of specific powers can be assigned by a treaty or by a law to

institutions of public international law.

Article 35

The federal authority only has competences in the matters that are formally
assigned to it by the Constitution and the laws passed by virtue of the Consti-
tution itself.
The Communities and the Regions, each in its own field of concern, have
competences for the other matters, under the conditions and in the terms
stipulated by the law. This law must be adopted by a majority as described in
Article 4, last paragraph.

Transitional provision

The law referred to in the second paragraph determines the date on which
this article comes into force. This date cannot precede the date of the entry
into force of the new article to be inserted in Title III of the Constitution, which
determines the competences exclusive to the federal authority.

Article 36

The federal legislative power is exercised jointly by the King, the House of
Representatives and the Senate.

Article 37

The federal executive power, as regulated by the Constitution, belongs to

the King.

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 Article 38

Each Community has those powers which are recognised by the Constitu-
tion or by the laws passed by virtue of the Constitution.

Article 39

The law assigns to the regional bodies that it creates and that are composed
of elected representatives the power to manage the matters that it determines,
with the exception of those referred to in Articles 30 and 127 to 129, within
the scope and according to the manner laid down by a law. This law must be
passed by a majority as described in Article 4, last paragraph.

Article 39bis

Except for matters relating to finances or budget or matters that are regu-
lated by a majority of two thirds of the votes cast, matters attributed exclu-
sively to regional bodies can be the subject of a referendum in the Region con-
cerned.
The rule referred to in Article 134 determines the procedures and arrange-
ments for the referendum, and is adopted by a majority of two thirds of the
votes cast, under the condition that the majority of the members of the Parlia-
ment concerned is present. A law passed by a majority as described in Article
4, last paragraph lays down additional majority requirements with respect to
the Brussels-Capital Region.

Article 39ter

The law, federate law or rule referred to in Article 134 that regulates the
elections for the House of Representatives or a Community or Regional Par-
liament, and that is promulgated less than one year before the date on which
the legislative term is to come to an end, comes into force no sooner than one
year after it has been promulgated.

Transitional provision

This article comes into force on the day when the first elections for the
European Parliament take place after it has been published in the Belgian Official
Gazette.

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 Article 40

Judiciary power is exercised by the courts.

Court decisions are executed in the name of the King.

Article 41

Interests which are exclusively of a municipal or provincial nature are ruled

on by municipal or provincial councils, according to the principles laid down by
the Constitution. However, the rule referred to in Article 134 can abolish the
provincial institutions in implementation of a law passed by a majority as de-
scribed in Article 4, last paragraph. In such a case, the rule referred to in Article
134 can replace them by supra-municipal collectivities, the councils of which
rule the exclusively supra-municipal interests in accordance with the principles
established by the Constitution. The rule referred to in Article 134 must be
adopted by a majority of two thirds of the votes cast, under the condition that
the majority of the members of the Parliament concerned is present.
The rule referred to in Article 134 defines the competences, working rules
and mode of election of intra-municipal territorial bodies that are authorised
to regulate matters of municipal interest.
These intra-municipal territorial bodies are created in municipalities with
more than 100,000 inhabitants following the initiative of the municipal council.
Their members are directly elected. In implementation of a law adopted by a
majority as described in Article 4, last paragraph, the federate law or rule re-
ferred to in Article 134 regulates the other conditions and the way in which
such intra-municipal territorial bodies may be created.
This federate law and the rule referred to in Article 134 can only be
adopted by a majority of two thirds of the votes cast, under the condition that
the majority of the members of the Parliament concerned is present.
Matters of municipal, supra-municipal or provincial interest can be the sub-
ject of a referendum in the municipality, supra-municipal collectivity or prov-
ince concerned. The rule referred to in Article 134 regulates the procedures
and arrangements for the referendum.

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 CHAPTER I

ON THE FEDERAL HOUSES

Article 42

The members of the two Houses represent the Nation, and not only those
who elected them.

Article 43

§ 1. For cases determined by the Constitution, the elected members of the

House of Representatives are divided into a Dutch linguistic group and a French
linguistic group, in the manner determined by the law.

§ 2. For cases determined by the Constitution, senators, except the senator

appointed by the Parliament of the German-speaking Community, are divided
into a Dutch linguistic group and a French linguistic group.
The senators referred to in Article 67, § 1, 1° and 6° make up the Dutch
linguistic group of the Senate. The senators referred to in Article 67, § 1, 2° to
4° and 7° make up the French linguistic group of the Senate.

Transitional provision

This article comes into force on the day when elections take place with a
view to the complete renewal of the Community and Regional Parliaments in
2014.
The following provisions apply until that day:

Ҥ 1. For cases determined by the Constitution, the elected members of

each House are divided into a Dutch linguistic group and a French linguistic
group, in the manner determined by the law.

§ 2. The senators referred to in Article 67, § 1, 1°, 3° and 6° make up the

Dutch linguistic group of the Senate. The senators referred to in Article 67, §
1, 2°, 4° and 7° make up the French linguistic group of the Senate.”.

Article 44

The Houses meet by right each year on the second Tuesday of October,

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unless they have been convened prior to this by the King.
The Houses must meet for at least forty days each year. The Senate is a
non-permanent body.
The King pronounces the closing of the session.
The King has the right to convene the Houses to an extraordinary meeting.

Transitional provision

The second sentence of the second paragraph comes into force on the day
when elections take place with a view to the complete renewal of the Com-
munity and Regional Parliaments in 2014.

Article 45

The King can adjourn the Houses. However, the adjournment cannot be
for longer than one month, nor can it be repeated in the same session without
the consent of the Houses.

Article 46

The King has the right to dissolve the House of Representatives only if the
latter, with the absolute majority of its members:
1° either rejects a motion of confidence in the Federal Government and
does not propose to the King, within three days of the day of the re-
jection of the motion, the appointment of a successor to the prime
minister;
2° or adopts a motion of no confidence with regard to the Federal Gov-
ernment and does not simultaneously propose to the King the appoint-
ment of a successor to the prime minister.
The motions of confidence and no confidence can only be voted on forty-
eight hours after the tabling of the motion.
Moreover, the King may, in the event of the resignation of the Federal Gov-
ernment, dissolve the House of Representatives after having received its agree-
ment expressed by the absolute majority of its members.
The act of dissolution convenes the electorate within forty days and the
House of Representatives within two months.
In case both Houses are dissolved in accordance with Article 195, the
Houses are convened within three months.
In case of early dissolution, the new federal parliamentary term may not
extend beyond the day when the first election of the European Parliament fol-
lowing this dissolution is held.

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 Transitional provision

After the 2014 election of the European Parliament, a law, passed by a ma-
jority as described in Article 4, last paragraph, fixes the date when the sixth
paragraph comes into force. This date is that on which Article 65, third para-
graph and Article 118, § 2, fourth sub-paragraph come into force.
The fourth and fifth paragraphs come into force on the day when elections
take place with a view to the complete renewal of the Community and Regional
Parliaments in 2014. Until this date, the following provisions are applicable in
lieu of the fourth and fifth paragraphs:

“The dissolution of the House of Representatives entails the dissolution of

the Senate.
The act of dissolution convenes the electorate within forty days and the
Houses within two months.
The dissolution of the House of Representatives leading to parliamentary
elections at federal level that take place the same day as the 2014 election of
the Community and Regional Parliaments entails the dissolution of the Senate.
The electorate for the House of Representatives is convened within forty days.
The Houses are convened within three months.”.

Article 47

The sittings of the Houses are public.

Nevertheless, each House can meet in camera at the request of its presi-
dent or of ten members.
It decides afterwards, by absolute majority, whether the sitting must be
continued in public on the same subject.

Article 48

Each House verifies the credentials of its members and judges any dispute
that can be raised on this matter.

Article 49

One cannot be a member of both Houses at the same time.

Article 50

Any member of either House appointed by the King as minister and who

18
accepts this appointment ceases to sit in Parliament and takes up his mandate
again when the King has terminated his office as minister. The law determines
the rules for his replacement in the House concerned.

Article 51

Any member of either House appointed by the Federal Government to any

salaried position other than that of minister and who accepts the appointment
immediately ceases to sit in Parliament and only takes his seat again after having
been re-elected.

Article 52

Each session, each House appoints its president, its vice-presidents, and
forms its bureau.

Article 53

All resolutions are passed by an absolute majority of the votes cast, except
for what is established by the rules of procedure of the Houses with regard to
elections and nominations.
If the vote is tied, the proposal submitted for discussion is rejected.
Neither of the two Houses can pass a resolution unless a majority of its
members is present.

Article 54

Except for budgets and laws requiring a special majority, a reasoned motion
signed by at least three-quarters of the members of one of the linguistic groups
and tabled following the depositing of the report and prior to the final vote in
a public sitting can declare that the provisions that it designates of a Govern-
ment bill or private member’s bill can gravely damage relations between the
Communities.
In this case, Parliamentary procedure is suspended and the motion is re-
ferred to the Council of Ministers, which within thirty days gives its reasoned
opinion on the motion and invites the House involved to pronounce on this
opinion or on the Government bill or private member’s bill that, if need be,
has been amended.
This procedure can be applied only once by the members of a linguistic
group with regard to the same Government bill or private member’s bill.

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 Article 55

Votes are cast by sitting and standing or by call-over; on the laws as a whole
is always voted by call-over. The election and nomination of candidates are
carried out by secret ballot.

Article 56

The House of Representatives has the right to hold an enquiry.

At the request of fifteen of its members, the House of Representatives, a
Community or Regional Parliament or the King, the Senate can decide by ab-
solute majority of the votes cast, with at least a third of the votes cast in each
linguistic group, that an information report will be drafted concerning an issue
that also has repercussions on the competences of the Communities or Re-
gions. The report is approved by absolute majority of the votes cast, with at
least a third of the votes cast in each linguistic group.

Transitional provision

This article comes into force on the day when elections take place with a
view to the complete renewal of the Community and Regional Parliaments in
2014. Until this day, the following provision applies:

“Each House has the right to hold an enquiry.”.

Article 57

It is forbidden to present petitions to the Houses in person.

The House of Representatives has the right to send to ministers petitions
that are addressed to it. The ministers are obliged to give explanations on the
content of these petitions whenever the House so requires.

Transitional provision

The second paragraph comes into force on the day when elections take
place with a view to the complete renewal of the Community and Regional
Parliaments in 2014. Until this day, the following provision applies in lieu of the
second paragraph:

“Each House has the right to send to ministers petitions that are addressed

20
to it. The ministers are obliged to explain the content of these petitions when-
ever the House so requires.”.

Article 58

No member of either House can be prosecuted or be the subject of any

investigation with regard to opinions expressed and votes cast by him in the
exercise of his duties.

Article 59

Except in the case of a flagrant offence, no member of either House may,

during a session and in criminal matters, be directly referred or summoned
before a court or be arrested, except with the authorisation of the House of
which he is a member.
Except in the case of a flagrant offence, coercive measures requiring the
intervention of a judge cannot, during a session and in criminal matters, be
instituted against a member of either House, except by the first President of
the appeal court at the request of the competent judge. This decision is to be
communicated to the President of the House concerned.
All searches or seizures executed by virtue of the preceding paragraph can
be performed only in the presence of the President of the House concerned
or a member appointed by him.
During the session, only the officers of the public prosecutor’s office and
competent officers may institute criminal proceedings against a member of ei-
ther House.
The member concerned of either House may at any stage of the judicial
enquiry request during a session and in criminal matters that the House of
which he is a member suspend proceedings. To grant this request, the House
concerned must decide by a majority of two thirds of the votes cast.
Detention of a member of either House or his prosecution before a court
is suspended during the session if the House of which he is a member so re-
quests.

Article 60

Each House determines, in its rules of procedure, the way in which it exer-
cises its duties.

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 SECTION I

ON THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES

Article 61

The members of the House of Representatives are elected directly by citi-

zens who are at least eighteen years of age and who do not fall within the
categories of exclusion stipulated by the law.
Each elector has the right to only one vote.

Article 62

The composition of the electoral colleges is regulated by the law.

Elections take place in accordance with the system of proportional repre-
sentation that the law determines.
Voting is obligatory and secret. It takes place in the municipality, except in
the cases determined by the law.

Article 63

§ 1. The House of Representatives is composed of one hundred and fifty

members.

§ 2. The number of seats in each electoral district corresponds to the result

of dividing the number of inhabitants of the electoral district by the federal
divisor, which is obtained by dividing the number of the population of the King-
dom by one hundred and fifty.
The remaining seats are assigned to the electoral districts with the greatest
surplus of population not yet represented.

§ 3. The distribution of the members of the House of Representatives

among the electoral districts is determined by the King in proportion to the
population.
The number of inhabitants in each electoral district is established every ten
years by a census or by any other means defined by the law. The King publishes
the results within six months.
Within three months of this publication, the King determines the number
of seats to be assigned to each electoral district.
The new distribution is applied as of the following general election.

22
 § 4. The law determines the electoral districts; it also determines the con-
ditions required to be an elector as well as the way in which elections are
conducted.
However, the law determines special rules with a view to protecting the
legitimate interests of French and Dutch-speaking people in the former prov-
ince of Brabant.
The provisions which establish these special rules may only be amended by
a law passed by a majority as described in Article 4, last paragraph.

Article 64

To be eligible, one must:

1° be Belgian;
2° enjoy civil and political rights;
3° have reached the age of eighteen;
4° be resident in Belgium.
No other condition of eligibility can be required.

Transitional provision

The first paragraph, 3° comes into force on the day when elections take
place with a view to the complete renewal of the Community and Regional
Parliaments in 2014. Until this day, and without prejudice to Article 64, 1°, 2°
and 4°, one must have reached the age of twenty-one.

Article 65

The members of the House of Representatives are elected for five years.
The House is re-elected as a whole every five years.
Elections for the House take place on the same day as elections for the
European Parliament.

Transitional provision

After elections for the European Parliament have been held in 2014, a law
passed by a majority as described in Article 4, last paragraph sets the date on
which the third paragraph comes into force. This date is that on which Article
46, sixth paragraph and Article 118, § 2, fourth sub-paragraph come into force.
Parliamentary elections at federal level will in any case take place on the
same day as the first elections for the European Parliament following the pub-
lication of this revision in the Belgian Official Gazette.

23
 Article 66

Each member of the House of Representatives has an annual indemnity of

twelve thousand francs.
Within the national borders, the members of the House of Representatives
have the right to free travel on all means of transport operated or conceded
by the public authorities.
The President of the House of Representatives can be granted an annual
indemnity to be charged to the allowance that covers the expenses of this
assembly.
The House determines the amount that can be deducted from the indem-
nity to form a contribution to retirement and pension funds that it considers
necessary to set up.

SECTION II

ON THE SENATE

Article 67

§ 1. The Senate is composed of sixty senators, of whom:

1° twenty-nine senators appointed by the Flemish Parliament from among
its members or from among the members of the Dutch linguistic group
of the Parliament of the Brussels-Capital Region;
2° ten senators appointed from among its members by the Parliament of
the French Community;
3° eight senators appointed from among its members by the Parliament of
the Walloon Region;
4° two senators appointed from among its members by the French linguis-
tic group of the Parliament of the Brussels-Capital Region;
5° one senator appointed from among its members by the Parliament of
the German-speaking Community;
6° six senators appointed by the senators referred to in 1°;
7° four senators appointed by the senators referred to in 2° to 4°.

§ 2. At least one of the senators referred to in § 1, 1° is to be legally resident

in the bilingual region of Brussels-Capital on the day of his election.
Three of the senators referred to in § 1, 2° are member of the French
linguistic group of the Parliament of the Brussels-Capital Region. As a departure

24
from § 1, 2°, one of these three senators must not be a member of the Parlia-
ment of the French Community.

§ 3. The Senate is composed of no more than two-thirds of senators of the

same gender.

§ 4. When a list mentioned in Article 68, § 2 is not represented by senators

respectively referred to in § 1, 1° or in § 1, 2°, 3° or 4°, the senators referred
to in § 1, 6° or in § 1, 7° may be appointed by the Members of the House of
Representatives who have been elected on the aforesaid list.

Transitional provision

This article comes into force on the day when elections take place with a
view to the complete renewal of the Community and Regional Parliaments in
2014. Until this day, the following provisions apply:

Ҥ 1. Without prejudice to Article 72, the Senate is composed of seventy-

one senators, of whom:
1° twenty-five senators elected in accordance with Article 61 by the Dutch
electoral college;
2° fifteen senators elected in accordance with Article 61 by the French
electoral college;
3° ten senators appointed from among its members by the Parliament of
the Flemish Community, called the Flemish Parliament;
4° ten senators appointed from among its members by the Parliament of
the French Community;
5° one senator appointed from among its members by the Parliament of
the German-speaking Community;
6° six senators appointed by the senators referred to in 1° and 3°;
7° four senators appointed by the senators referred to in 2° and 4°.
When their Parliament is re-elected as a whole and this re-election does
not coincide with the renewal of the Senate, the senators referred to in the
first paragraph, 3° to 5° who no longer have a seat in their Parliament retain
the mandate of senator until the opening of the first session following the re-
election of their Parliament.

§ 2. At least one of the senators referred to in § 1,1°,3° and 6° is to be

legally resident in the bilingual region of Brussels-Capital on the day of his elec-
tion.
At least six of the senators referred to in § 1, 2°, 4° and 7° are to be legally

25
resident in the bilingual region of Brussels-Capital on the day of their election.
If at least four of the senators referred to in § 1, 2° are not legally resident in
the bilingual region of Brussels-Capital on the day of their election, at least two
of the senators referred to in § 1, 4° must be legally resident in the bilingual
region of Brussels-Capital on the day of their election.”.

Article 68

§ 1. The Senate seats referred to in Article 67, § 1, 1° are distributed among

the lists according to the system of proportional representation determined by
the law, in the way laid down by the law, on the basis of the addition of the
vote counts of the lists obtained in the different electoral districts at the elec-
tion for the Flemish Parliament.
The lists of which the vote counts are added up in pursuance of the first
subparagraph only qualify for being allocated Senate seats referred to in Article
67, § 1, 1° provided that they have obtained at least one seat in the Flemish
Parliament.
The Senate seats referred to in Article 67, § 1, 2° to 4° are distributed among
the lists according to the system of proportional representation determined by the
law, in the way laid down by the law, on the basis of the addition of the vote counts
of the lists obtained in the different electoral districts at the election for the Parlia-
ment of the Walloon Region and the vote counts of the lists for the French linguistic
group obtained at the election for the Parliament of the Brussels-Capital Region.
The lists of which the vote counts are added up in pursuance of the third sub-
paragraph only qualify for being allocated Senate seats referred to in Article 67, §
1, 2° to 4° provided that they have obtained at least one seat respectively in the
Parliament of the French Community, in the Walloon Parliament and in the French
linguistic group of the Parliament of the Brussels-Capital Region.
The law determines the rules for the appointment of the senators referred to
in Article 67, § 1, 1° to 4°, with the exception of the detailed rules which, in pur-
suance of a law passed by a majority as described in Article 4, last paragraph, are
laid down by the Community Parliaments, each for itself, by federate law. This fed-
erate law must be passed by a two-thirds majority of the votes cast, on condition
that the majority of the members of the Parliament concerned is present.
The senator referred to in Article 67, § 1, 5° is appointed by the Parliament
of the German-speaking Community by absolute majority of the votes cast.

§ 2. The Senate seats referred to in Article 67, § 1, 6° to 7° are distributed

among the lists according to the system of proportional representation determined
by the law, in the way laid down by the law, on the basis of the addition of the vote
counts of the lists obtained at the election for the House of Representatives. The
aforesaid system of proportional representation is the system which is described

26
in Article 63, § 2 of the Constitution. A law passed by a majority as described in
Article 4, last paragraph determines the electoral districts of which the votes are
taken into consideration for distributing the seats of the senators referred to in
Article 67, § 1, 6° and 7° who belong respectively to the Dutch and the French
linguistic group.
A list may only be taken into consideration for distributing the seats of a
single linguistic group.
The law determines the rules for the appointment of the senators referred
to in Article 67, § 1, 6° to 7°.

Transitional provision

This article comes into force on the day when elections take place with a
view to the complete renewal of the Community and Regional Parliaments in
2014, with the exception of § 2, first sub-paragraph, last sentence. Until this
day, the following provisions apply:

“§ 1. The total number of senators referred to in Article 67, § 1, 1°, 2°, 3°,
4°, 6° and 7° is divided, according to the system of proportional representation
that the law determines, among each linguistic group on the basis of the vote
count of the lists obtained at the election of the senators referred to in Article
67, § 1, 1° and 2°.
For the appointment of the senators referred to in Article 67, § 1, 3° and 4°,
only those lists are taken into consideration on which at least one senator referred
to in Article 67, § 1, 1° and 2° is elected and provided that a sufficient number of
members elected on this list sit, according to the case, in the Parliament of the
Flemish Community or the Parliament of the French Community.
For the appointment of the senators referred to in Article 67, § 1, 6° and
7°, only those lists are taken into consideration on which at least on senator
referred to in Article 67, § 1, 1° and 2° is elected.

§ 2. For the election of the senators referred to in Article 67, § 1, 1° and

2°, voting is obligatory and secret. Voting takes place in the municipality, except
in the cases that the law determines.

§ 3. For the election of senators referred to in Article 67, § 1, 1° and 2°,

the law determines the electoral districts and the composition of the electoral
colleges; it also determines the conditions which must be met in order to be
an elector, as well as the way in which elections are conducted.
The law determines the rules for the appointment of the senators referred to
in Article 67, § 1, 3° to 5°, with the exception of the detailed rules which, in pur-
suance of a law passed by a majority as described in Article 4, last paragraph, are

27
laid down by the Community Parliaments, each for itself, by federate law. This fed-
erate law must be adopted by a two-thirds majority of the votes cast, on condition
that the majority of the members of the Parliament concerned is present.
The senator referred to in Article 67, § 1, 5° is appointed by the Parliament
of the German-speaking Community by absolute majority of the votes cast.
The law determines the rules for the appointment of the senators referred
to in Article 67, § 1, 6° and 7°.”.

Article 69

In order to be appointed as a senator, one must:

1° be Belgian;
2° enjoy civil and political rights;
3° have reached the age of eighteen;
4° be resident in Belgium.

Transitional provision

This article comes into force on the day when elections take place with a
view to the complete renewal of the Community and Regional Parliaments in
2014. Until this day, the following provisions apply:

“In order to be elected or appointed as a senator, one must:

1° be Belgian;
2° enjoy civil and political rights;
3° have reached the age of twenty-one;
4° be resident in Belgium.”.

Article 70

The mandate of the senators referred to in Article 67, § 1, 1° to 5° runs

from the day when they take the oath in the Senate and ends, after the com-
plete renewal of the Parliament that has appointed them, on the day when the
first session of the latter is opened.
The mandate of the senators referred to in Article 67, § 1, 6° and 7° runs
from the day when they take the oath in the Senate and ends on the day when
the first session of the House of Representatives following its complete re-
newal is opened.

28
 Transitional provision

This article comes into force on the day when elections take place with a
view to the complete renewal of the Community and Regional Parliaments in
2014. Until this day, the following provisions apply:

“The senators referred to in Article 67, § 1, 1° and 2° are elected for four
years. The senators referred to in Article 67, § 1, 6° and 7° are appointed for
four years.
The Senate is in any case renewed as a whole when the elections for the
Community and Regional Parliaments are held in 2014.”.

Article 71

Senators do not receive a salary.

They do, however, have the right to be compensated for expenses.
The compensation granted to the senators referred to in Article 67, § 1, 1°
to 4° is fixed by the Community or Regional Parliament that appoints them. It
is charged to this Parliament.
The compensation granted to the senator referred to in Article 67, § 1, 5°
is the same as the compensation granted to the senators referred to in Article
67, § 1, 3° and is charged to the Parliament of the German-speaking Commu-
nity.
The compensation granted to the senators referred to in Article 67, § 1, 6°
and 7° is charged to the Senate’s allowance.
Within the national borders, the members of the Senate have the right to
free travel on all means of transport operated or conceded by the public au-
thorities.

Transitional provision

The insertion of the third to fifth paragraphs of this article becomes effec-
tive on the day when elections take place with a view to the complete renewal
of the Community and Regional Parliaments in 2014.
Until this day, senators are entitled to a compensation of four thousand
francs a year.

Article 72

[Repealed]

29
 Article 73

Any assembly of the Senate that is held when the House of Representatives
is not in session is null and void.

CHAPTER II

ON FEDERAL LEGISLATIVE POWER

Article 74

As a departure from Article 36, federal legislative power is jointly exercised

by the King and the House of Representatives for other matters than those
described in Articles 77 and 78.

Transitional provision

This article comes into force on the day when elections take place with a
view to the complete renewal of the Community and Regional Parliaments in
2014. Until this day, the following provisions apply:

“As a departure from Article 36, federal legislative power is jointly exer-
cised by the King and by the House of Representatives for:
1° the granting of naturalisation;
2° laws relating to the civil and criminal liability of the King’s ministers;
3° State budgets and accounts, without prejudice to Article 174, first par-
agraph, second sentence;
4° the setting of army quotas.”.

Article 75

Each branch of the federal legislative power has the right to propose legis-
lation. However, the Senate can only exercise this right with respect to the
matters described in Article 77.
With respect to the matters described in Article 78, draft bills submitted
to the Houses on the King’s initiative are tabled with the House of Represent-
atives and then sent to the Senate.

30
 Transitional provision

This article comes into force on the day when elections take place with a
view to the complete renewal of the Community and Regional Parliaments.
Until this day, the following provisions apply:

“Each branch of the federal legislative power has the right to propose leg-
islation.
Except for those matters described in Article 77, draft bills submitted to
the Houses following the King’s initiative are tabled with the House of Repre-
sentatives and are then sent to the Senate.
Draft bills relating to the approval of treaties submitted to the Houses fol-
lowing the King’s initiative are tabled with the Senate and then sent to the
House of Representatives.”.

Article 76

A draft bill may be adopted by a House only after having been voted on
article by article.
The Houses have the right to amend and to split the articles and amend-
ments proposed.
The Rules of Procedure of the House of Representatives provide for a sec-
ond reading procedure.

Transitional provision

The third paragraph comes into force on the day when elections take place
with a view to the complete renewal of the Community and Regional Parlia-
ments in 2014.

Article 77

The House of Representatives and the Senate are equally competent with
respect to:
1° declaring that there are reasons to revise such constitutional provision
as they determine, and with respect to revising and co-ordinating the
Constitution;
2° matters that must be settled by both legislative Houses by virtue of the
Constitution;
3° the laws to be passed by a majority as described in Article 4, last para-
graph;

31
 4° the laws relating to the institutions and financing of the German-speak-
ing Community;
5° the laws relating to the financing of political parties and the control of
electoral expenditure;
6° the laws relating to the organisation of the Senate and the senator’s
status.
A law passed by a majority as described in Article 4, last paragraph may
designate other matters for which the House of Representatives and the Senate
are equally competent.

Transitional provision

This article comes into force on the day when elections take place with a
view to the complete renewal of the Community and Regional Parliaments in
2014. Until this day, the following provisions apply:

“The House of Representatives and the Senate are equally competent with
respect to:
1° declaring that there are reasons to revise such constitutional provision
as they determine, and with respect to such constitutional revision;
2° matters that must be settled by both legislative Houses by virtue of the
Constitution;
3° the laws described in Articles 5, 39, 43, 50, 68, 71, 77, 82, 115, 117,
118, 121, 123, 127 to 131, 135 to 137, 140 to 143, 145, 146, 163, 165,
166, 167, § 1, third sub-paragraph, § 4 and § 5, 169, 170, § 2, second
sub-paragraph, § 3, second and third sub-paragraphs, § 4, second sub-
paragraph, and 175 to 177, as well as the laws enacted in order to ex-
ecute the above-mentioned laws and articles;
4° the laws to be adopted by a majority as described in Article 4, last par-
agraph, as well as the laws enacted in order to execute such laws;
5° the laws referred to in Article 34;
6° the laws approving treaties;
7° the laws adopted in accordance with Article 169, to guarantee that in-
ternational or supranational commitments are observed;
8° the laws relating to the Council of State;
9° the organisation of the courts;
10°the laws approving cooperation agreements between the State, the
Communities and the Regions.
A law adopted by a majority as described in Article 4, last paragraph may
designate other laws for which the House of Representatives and the Senate
are equally competent.”.

32
 Article 78

§ 1. With the reservation of what is provided for in Article 77, draft bills
adopted by the House of Representatives with respect to the following matters
are sent to the Senate:
1° the laws enacted in order to execute laws to be passed by a majority
as described in Article 4, last paragraph;
2° the laws described in Articles 5, 39, 115, 117, 118, 121, 123, 127 to
129, 131, 135 to 137, 141 to 143, 163, 165, 166, 167, § 1, third sub-
paragraph, 169, 170, § 2, second sub-paragraph, § 3, second and third
sub-paragraphs, and § 4, second sub-paragraph, 175 and 177, as well as
the laws enacted in order to execute the above-mentioned laws, with
the exception of the legislation on the organisation of automated vot-
ing;
3° the laws passed in accordance with Article 169, to guarantee that in-
ternational and supranational commitments are observed;
4° the laws relating to the Council of State and the federal administrative
courts.
A law passed by a majority as described in Article 4, last paragraph may
designate other matters that the Senate can examine according to the proce-
dure as described in this article.

§ 2. The Senate examines the draft bill at the request of the majority of its
members, including at least a third of the members of each linguistic group.
This request is made within fifteen days from the receipt of the bill.
The Senate may, within no more than thirty days:
- decide that there is no ground to amend the bill;
- adopt the bill after having amended it.
If the Senate does not pronounce on the bill within the time allotted, or if
it has informed the House of Representatives of its decision not to amend, the
bill is sent by the House of Representatives to the King.
If the bill has been amended, the Senate sends it to the House of Repre-
sentatives, which makes a final decision by either passing or amending it.

Transitional provision

This article comes into force on the day when elections take place with a
view to the complete renewal of the Community and Regional Parliaments in
2014. Until this day, the following provisions apply:

“In other matters than those described in Articles 74 and 77, draft bills

33
adopted by the House of Representatives are sent to the Senate.
At the request of at least fifteen senators, the Senate examines the draft
bills. This request is made within fifteen days of the draft bill being received.
The Senate may, within no more than sixty days:
- decide not to amend the draft bill;
- adopt the bill after having amended it.
If the Senate does not pronounce on the bill within the time allotted, or if
the Senate has informed the House of Representatives of its decision not to
amend, the bill is sent by the House of Representatives to the King.
If the bill has been amended, the Senate sends it to the House of Repre-
sentatives, which makes a final decision by either adopting or rejecting all or
some of the amendments adopted by the Senate.”.

Article 79

[Repealed]

Article 80

[Repealed]

Article 81

[Repealed]

Article 82

A Parliamentary consultation committee composed equally of members of

the House of Representatives and of the Senate settles conflicts of competence
that arise between the two Houses and may, by mutual agreement, extend the
examination deadline set in Article 78 at any time.
If no majority exists in the two groups composing the committee, the latter
makes its decision by a majority of two thirds of its members.
A law determines the composition and functioning of the committee, as
well as the way of calculating the time limits set in Article 78.

Transitional provision

This article comes into force on the day when elections take place with a
view to the complete renewal of the Community and Regional Parliaments.
Until this day, the following provisions apply:

34
 “A Parliamentary consultation committee composed equally of members of
the House of Representatives and of the Senate settles conflicts of competence
that arise between the two Houses and may, by mutual agreement, extend the
examination deadlines set in Articles 78 to 81 at any time.
In no majority exists in the two groups composing the committee, the latter
makes its decision by a majority of two thirds of its members.
A law determines the composition and functioning of the committee, as
well as the way of calculating the time limits set in Articles 78 to 81.”.

Article 83

Each private member’s bill and each Government bill mentions whether it con-
cerns a matter described in Article 74, Article 77 or Article 78.

Article 84

Only the law can give an authoritative interpretation of laws.

CHAPTER III

ON THE KING AND THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT

SECTION I

ON THE KING

Article 85

The constitutional powers of the King are hereditary through the direct,
natural and legitimate descent from H.M. Leopold, George, Christian, Freder-
ick of Saxe-Coburg, by order of primogeniture.
The descendant mentioned in the first paragraph who marries without the
King’s consent or, in his absence, without the consent of those exercising the
King’s powers in cases provided for by the Constitution shall be deprived of
his right to the crown.
Nonetheless, this right may be restored by the King or, in his absence, by
those exercising the powers of the King in cases provided for by the Constitu-
tion, but only with the assent of both Houses.

35
 Article 86

For lack of a descendant of H.M. Leopold, George, Christian, Frederick of

Saxe-Coburg, the King may appoint his successor, the assent of the Houses, in
the manner described in Article 87.
In the absence of an appointment made in the manner described above, the
throne is considered vacant.

Article 87

The King may not at the same time act as head of another State without
the consent of both Houses.
Neither House may deliberate on this matter unless two thirds of its mem-
bers are present, and the resolution is only adopted if it attracts at least two
thirds of the votes.

Article 88

The King’s person is inviolable; his ministers are accountable.

Article 89

The law determines the civil list for the duration of each reign.

Article 90

Upon the death of the King, the Houses meet without being convened at
the latest on the tenth day after his death. If the Houses have been dissolved
previously, and if the act of dissolution convenes them to meet later than the
tenth day following the King’s death, the members of the former Houses take
up their seats again until the meeting of those who will replace them.
From the death of the King until the oath is sworn by his successor to the
throne or by the Regent, the King’s constitutional powers are exercised, in the
name of the Belgian people, by the ministers meeting in council, and under their
responsibility.

Article 91

The King attains his majority upon his eighteenth birthday.

The King only accedes to the throne after having sworn the following oath
before the united Houses:

36
 “I swear to observe the Constitution and the laws of the Belgian people, to pre-
serve the country’s national independence and its territorial integrity.”.

Article 92

If upon the death of the King, his successor is a minor, the two Houses
meet as a single assembly to appoint a Regent and a Guardian.

Article 93

If the King finds himself unable to reign, the ministers, having had this ina-
bility stated, immediately convene the Houses. The Regent and Guardian are
appointed by the joint Houses.

Article 94

Only one person may be Regent.

The Regent takes up office only after having sworn the oath as prescribed
in Article 91.

Article 95

If the throne is vacant, the Houses, deliberating as one assembly, provision-

ally appoint a Regent, until the convening of the fully renewed Houses; this
meeting must take place within two months. The new Houses, deliberating as
one assembly, fill the vacancy.

SECTION II

ON THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT

Article 96

The King appoints and dismisses his ministers.

The Federal Government offers its resignation to the King if the House of
Representatives, by an absolute majority of its members, adopts a motion of
no-confidence proposing a successor to the prime minister for appointment by
the King or proposes a successor to the prime minister for appointment by
the King within three days of the rejection of a motion of confidence. The King

37
appoints the proposed successor as prime minister, who takes office when the
new Federal Government is sworn in.

Article 97

Only Belgians may be ministers.

Article 98

No member of the royal family may be a minister.

Article 99

The Council of Ministers is composed of no more than fifteen members.

With the possible exception of the prime minister, the Council of Ministers
is composed of an equal number of Dutch-speaking members and French-
speaking members.

Article 100

Ministers have access to both Houses and must be heard whenever they so
request.
The House of Representatives may require the presence of ministers. The
Senate may require their presence for the matters mentioned in Article 77 or
78. For other matters, it may request their presence.

Transitional provision

The second sentence of the second paragraph comes into force on the day
when elections take place with a view to the complete renewal of the Com-
munity and Regional Parliaments in 2014. Until this day, the following provision
applies, without prejudice to the first paragraph and the first and last sentences
of the second paragraph:

“The Senate may require their presence for discussion of a Government

bill or private member’s bill as mentioned in Article 77 or a Government bill
as mentioned in Article 78 or for the exercise of its right of inquiry as men-
tioned in Article 56.”.

38
 Article 101

Ministers are accountable to the House of Representatives.

No minister can be prosecuted or be the subject of any investigation with
regard to opinions expressed by him in the exercise of his duties.

Article 102

In no circumstances may a written or oral order of the King exempt a min-

ister from his accountability.

Article 103

Ministers are tried exclusively by the appeal court for offences they have
allegedly committed in the exercise of their duties. The same rule applies in the
case of offences allegedly committed by ministers outside the exercise of their
duties and for which they are tried during the exercise of their duties. As the
case may be, Articles 59 and 120 are not applicable.
The law determines the manner of proceeding against them, both when
they are prosecuted and when they are tried.
The law designates the appeal court having jurisdiction, which sits in banc,
and specifies its composition. The judgments of the appeal court can be ap-
pealed to the united chambers of the Supreme Court, which does not pro-
nounce on the merits of the case.
Only the public prosecutor to the appeal court that has jurisdiction may
institute and lead criminal proceedings against a minister.
Authorisation by the House of Representatives is required for any public
prosecutor’s request to refer the minister concerned to a particular court or
to discharge him, for his direct summons before the appeal court and, except
in a case of a flagrant offence, for his arrest.
The law determines the procedure to be followed when Articles 103 and
125 are both applicable.
A pardon may be granted to a minister convicted in accordance with the
first paragraph only upon request by the House of Representatives.
The law determines in which cases and in accordance with which rules in-
jured parties may institute a civil action.

Transitional provision

The present article is not applicable to acts which have been the subject of
a preliminary judicial investigation or to proceedings instituted prior to the

39
entry into force of the law implementing the article.
In such a case, the following rule applies: the House of Representatives has
the right to indict ministers and to bring them before the Supreme Court. Only
the united chambers of this court have jurisdiction to try ministers in cases
covered by the criminal laws and by application of the penalties prescribed by
such laws. The Law of 17 December 1996 concerning the temporary and partial
implementation of Article 103 of the Constitution remains applicable in such
cases.

Article 104

The King appoints and dismisses the federal secretaries of State.

These are members of the Federal Government. They do not form part of
the Council of Ministers. They are deputies to a minister.
The King determines their duties and the limits within which they may re-
ceive the right to countersign.
Constitutional provisions that apply to ministers apply equally to federal
secretaries of State, with the exception of Articles 90, second paragraph, 93
and 99.

SECTION III

ON RESPONSIBILITIES

Article 105

The King has no powers other than those formally attributed to him by the
Constitution and by specific laws passed by virtue of the Constitution itself.

Article 106

No act of the King can take effect without the countersignature of a minis-
ter, who, in doing so, assumes responsibility for it.

Article 107

The King bestows ranks within the army.

He appoints civil servants to positions in the general and foreign affairs ad-
ministrations of the State, but for those exceptions created by the laws.

40
 He makes appointments to other positions only by virtue of specific legal
provisions.

Article 108

The King makes decrees and regulations required for the execution of laws,
without ever having the power either to suspend the laws themselves or to
grant dispensation from their execution.

Article 109

The King sanctions and promulgates laws.

Article 110

The King has the right to remit or to reduce sentences passed by judges,
except with regard to what has been ruled on concerning ministers and mem-
bers of the Community and Regional Governments.

Article 111

The King may not pardon a minister or a member of a Community or Re-

gional Government convicted by the Supreme Court, except at the request of
the House of Representatives or of the Parliament concerned.

Article 112

The King may mint money, in execution of the law.

Article 113

The King may confer titles of nobility, without ever having the power to
attach privileges to them.

Article 114

The King grants military orders, with consideration of the rules laid down
by the law.

41
 CHAPTER IV

ON COMMUNITIES AND REGIONS

SECTION I

ON BODIES

SUB-SECTION I
ON COMMUNITY AND REGIONAL PARLIAMENTS

Article 115

§ 1. There is a Parliament of the Flemish Community, called the Flemish

Parliament, and a Parliament of the French Community, the composition and
functioning of which are determined by a law adopted by a majority as de-
scribed in Article 4, last paragraph.
There is a Parliament of the German-speaking Community, the composition
and functioning of which are determined by the law.

§ 2. Without prejudice to Article 137, the regional bodies referred to in

Article 39 include a Parliament for each Region.

Article 116

§ 1. The Community and Regional Parliaments are composed of elected

representatives.

§ 2. Each Community Parliament is composed of members elected directly

as members of the Community Parliament concerned or as members of a Re-
gional Parliament.
Except when Article 137 is applied, each Regional Parliament is composed
of members elected directly as members of the Regional Parliament concerned
or as members of a Community Parliament.

Article 117

Members of the Community and Regional Parliaments are elected for a pe-
riod of five years. The Community and Regional Parliaments are re-elected as

42
a whole every five years.
Elections for the Community and Regional Parliaments take place on the
same day and coincide with elections for the European Parliament.
In execution of a law as described in Article 118, § 2, fourth sub-paragraph,
a federate law or a rule referred to in Article 134, passed in accordance with
Article 118, § 2, fourth sub-paragraph, may derogate from the first and second
paragraphs.

Article 118

§ 1. Elections referred to in Article 116, § 2, as well as the composition and

functioning of Community and Regional Parliaments are regulated by the law.
Except for the Parliament of the German-speaking Community, such a law is
adopted by a majority as described in Article 4, last paragraph.

§ 2. A law adopted by a majority as described in Article 4, last paragraph desig-

nates those matters relating to the election, composition and functioning of the
Brussels-Capital Region Parliament, the Flemish Community Parliament, the French
Community Parliament and the Walloon Region Parliament which these Parlia-
ments regulate, each for itself, either by federate law or by rule as referred to in
Article 134, according to the case. This federate law and this rule as referred to in
Article 134 are adopted by a two-thirds majority of the votes cast, provided that a
majority of the members of the Parliament concerned is present.
The law as described in the first sub-paragraph determines additional ma-
jority requirements with respect to the Parliament of the Brussels-Capital Re-
gion.
A law designates those matters relating to the election, composition and
functioning of the Parliament of the German-speaking Community which this
Parliament regulates by federate law. This federate law is adopted by a two-
thirds majority of the votes cast, provided that a majority of the members of
the Parliament is present.
The law as described in the first or third sub-paragraph, according to the
case, may entitle the Community and Regional Parliaments to determine, each
for itself, by federate law or rule referred to in Article 134, according to the
case, the duration of the term for which they are elected and the date of their
election. This federate law and rule referred to in Article 134 are adopted by
majorities as described in the first to third sub-paragraphs.

Transitional provision

After elections for the European Parliament have been held in 2014, a law
passed by a majority as described in Article 4, last paragraph sets the date on

43
which § 2, fourth sub-paragraph, comes into force. This date is that on which
Article 46, sixth paragraph and Article 65, third paragraph come into force.

Article 118bis

Within the national borders, the members of the Regional and Community
Parliaments, referred to in Articles 2 and 3, have the right to free travel on all
means of transport operated or conceded by the public authorities.

Article 119

A member of a Community or Regional Parliament cannot be at the same

time a member of the House of Representatives. Moreover, neither can he be
a senator as referred to in Article 67, § 1, 6° and 7°.

Transitional provision

This article comes into force on the day when elections take place with a
view to the complete renewal of the Community and Regional Parliaments in
2014. Until this day, the following provisions apply:

“A member of a Community or Regional Parliament cannot be at the same

time a member of the House of Representatives. Moreover, neither can he be
a senator as referred to in Article 67, § 1, 1°, 2°, 6° and 7°.”.

Article 120

All members of Community and Regional Parliaments benefit from the im-
munities described in Articles 58 and 59.

SUB-SECTION II
ON COMMUNITY AND REGIONAL GOVERNMENTS

Article 121

§ 1. There is a Government of the Flemish Community and a Government

of the French Community, the composition and functioning of which are de-
termined by a law adopted by a majority as described in Article 4, last para-
graph.

44
 There is a Government of the German-speaking Community, the composi-
tion and functioning of which are determined by the law.

§ 2. Without prejudice to Article 137, the regional bodies referred to in

Article 39 include a Government for each Region.

Article 122

Members of each Community or Regional Government are elected by their

Parliament.

Article 123

§ 1. The law establishes the composition and functioning of the Community

and Regional Governments. Except with regard to the Government of the Ger-
man-speaking Community, this law is adopted by a majority as described in
Article 4, last paragraph.

§ 2. A law adopted by a majority as described in Article 4, last paragraph desig-

nates those matters relating to the composition and functioning of the Brussels-
Capital Region Government, the Flemish Community Government, the French
Community Government and the Walloon Region Government which their Parlia-
ments regulate, each one in so far as it is concerned, either by federate law or by
rule as referred to in Article 134, according to the case. This federate law and this
rule referred to in Article 134 are adopted by a two-thirds majority of the votes
cast, provided that a majority of the members of the Parliament concerned is pre-
sent.
The law as described in the first sub-paragraph determines additional ma-
jority requirements with respect to the Parliament of the Brussels Capital Re-
gion.
A law designates those matters relating to the composition and functioning
of the government of the German-speaking Community which the Parliament
of this Community regulates by federate law. This federate law is adopted by a
two-thirds majority of the votes cast, provided that a majority of the members
of the Parliament is present.

Article 124

No member of a Community or Regional Government can be prosecuted

or be the subject of any investigation with regard to opinions expressed and
votes cast by him in the exercise of his duties.

45
 Article 125

Members of a Community or Regional Government are tried exclusively by

the appeal court for offences they have allegedly committed in the exercise of
their duties. The same rule applies in the case of offences allegedly committed
by members of a Community or Regional Government outside the exercise of
their duties and for which they are tried during the exercise of their duties. As
the case may be, Articles 120 and 59 are not applicable.
The law determines the manner of proceeding against them, both when
they are prosecuted and when they are tried.
The law designates the appeal court that has jurisdiction, which sits in banc,
and specifies its composition. The judgments of the appeal court can be ap-
pealed to the united chambers of the Supreme Court, which does not pro-
nounce on the merits of the case.
Only the public prosecutor to the appeal court having jurisdiction may in-
stitute and lead criminal proceedings against a member of a Community or of
a Regional Government.
Authorisation by the Parliament of the Community or Region, each one for
matters of its concern, is required for any public prosecutor’s request to refer
the member concerned to a particular court or to discharge him, for his direct
summons before the appeal court and, except in a case of a flagrant offence,
for his arrest.
The law determines the procedure to be followed when Articles 103 and
125 are both applicable and when there is a double application of Article 125.
A pardon may be granted to a member of a Community or Regional Gov-
ernment convicted in accordance with the first paragraph only upon request
by the Community or Regional Parliament concerned.
The law determines in which cases and in accordance with which rules in-
jured parties may bring a civil action.
The laws referred to in the present article must be adopted by a majority
as described in Article 4, last paragraph.

Transitional provision

The present article is not applicable to acts which have been the subject of
a preliminary judicial investigation or to proceedings instituted prior to the
entry into force of the law implementing the article.
In such a case, the following rule applies: the Community or Regional Par-
liament concerned has the right to indict members of their Government and
to bring them before the Supreme Court. Only the united chambers of this
court have jurisdiction to try ministers in cases covered by the criminal laws

46
and by application of the penalties prescribed by such laws. The special Law of
28 February 1997 concerning the temporary and partial implementation of Ar-
ticle 125 of the Constitution remains applicable in such cases.

Article 126

Constitutional provisions that apply to members of the Regional and Com-

munity Governments, as well as the implementing laws referred to in Article
125, last paragraph apply equally to Regional secretaries of State.

SECTION II

ON RESPONSIBILITIES

SUB-SECTION I
ON THE RESPONSIBILITIES OF THE COMMUNITIES

Article 127

§ 1. The Parliaments of the Flemish and French Communities, each one in

so far as it is concerned, regulate by federate law:
1° cultural matters;
2° education, with the exception of:
a) the setting of the beginning and of the end of compulsory education;
b) minimum standards for the granting of diplomas;
c) the pension scheme;
3° cooperation between the Communities, as well as international coop-
eration, including the concluding of treaties for those matters referred
to in 1° and 2°.
A law adopted by a majority as described in Article 4, last paragraph desig-
nates the cultural matters referred to in 1° and determines the forms of coop-
eration referred to in 3°, as well as the specific arrangements for the concluding
of treaties referred to in 3°.

§ 2. These federate laws have the force of law in the Dutch-speaking and
French-speaking regions respectively, as well as in those institutions established
in the bilingual region of Brussels-Capital which, because of their activities, must
be considered as belonging exclusively to one Community or the other.

47
 Article 128

§ 1. The Parliaments of the Flemish and French Communities regulate by

federate law, each one in so far as it is concerned, person-related matters, as
well as, in such matters, cooperation between the Communities and interna-
tional cooperation, including the concluding of treaties.
A law adopted by a majority as described in Article 4, last paragraph desig-
nates such person-related matters and determines the forms of cooperation,
as well as the specific arrangements for the concluding of treaties.

§ 2. These federate laws have the force of law in the Dutch-speaking and
French-speaking regions respectively, as well as – unless a law adopted by a
majority as described in Article 4, last paragraph determines otherwise – with
regard to those institutions established in the bilingual region of Brussels-Cap-
ital which, because of their organisation, must be considered as belonging ex-
clusively to one Community or the other.

Article 129

§ 1. The Parliaments of the Flemish and French Communities, to the exclu-

sion of the federal legislator, regulate by federate law, each one as far as it is
concerned, the use of languages for:
1° administrative matters;
2° education in the establishments created, subsidised or recognised by
the public authorities;
3° social relations between employers and their personnel, as well as com-
pany acts and documents required by the law and by regulations.

§ 2. These federate laws have the force of law in the Dutch-speaking and
French-speaking regions respectively, except as concerns:
— the municipalities or groups of municipalities adjacent to another lin-
guistic Region and in which the law prescribes or permits the use of
another language than that of the Region in which they are located. For
these municipalities, a change to the rules governing the use of lan-
guages in the matters as described in § 1 may be made only by a law
adopted by a majority as described in Article 4, last paragraph;
— services whose activities extend beyond the linguistic region within
which they are located;
— federal and international institutions designated by the law whose ac-
tivities are common to more than one Community.

48
 Article 130

§ 1. The Parliament of the German-speaking Community regulates by fed-

erate law:
1° cultural matters;
2° person-related matters;
3° education, within the limits established by Article 127, § 1, first sub-
paragraph, 2°;
4° cooperation between the Communities, as well as international coop-
eration, including the conclusion of treaties, for matters referred to in
1°, 2° and 3°;
5° the use of languages for education in establishments created, subsidised
or recognised by the public authorities.
The law designates the cultural and person-related matters referred to in
1° and 2° and determines the forms of cooperation referred to in 4°, as well
as the manner in which treaties are concluded.

§ 2. These federate laws have the force of law in the German-speaking re-
gion.

Article 131

The law determines the measures designed to prevent all forms of discrim-
ination for ideological or philosophical reasons.

Article 132

The right to propose legislation belongs to the Community Government

and to the members of the Community Parliament.

Article 133

Only the federate law can give an authoritative interpretation of federate

laws.

49
 SUB-SECTION II
ON THE COMPETENCES OF THE REGIONS

Article 134

Laws passed in order to execute Article 39 determine the judicial force of

the rules which the bodies that they create enact in matters which they deter-
mine.
They can confer to these bodies the power to pass federate laws that have
the force of law, within the jurisdiction and in the manner that they determine.

SUB-SECTION III
SPECIAL PROVISIONS

Article 135

A law adopted by a majority as described in Article 4, last paragraph desig-

nates the authorities which exercise for the bilingual region of Brussels-Capital
the competences not assigned to the Communities in the matters referred to
in Article 128, § 1.

Article 135bis

A law passed by a majority as described in Article 4, last paragraph can

attribute to the Region of Brussels-Capital, for the bilingual region of Brussels-
Capital, powers that have not been assigned to the Communities in the matters
referred to in Article 127, § 1, first sub-paragraph, 1° and in the same sub-
paragraph, 3°, insofar as this 3° concerns matters referred to in the aforesaid
1°.

Article 136

There are linguistic groups within the Parliament of the Brussels-Capital

Region, as well as executive colleges, responsible for Community matters; their
composition, functioning and competences and, without prejudice to Article
175, their financing are regulated by a law adopted by a majority as described
in Article 4, last paragraph.

50
 The colleges together form the United College, which acts as a consultation
and coordination body between the two Communities.

Article 137

With a view to the application of Article 39, the Parliaments of the Flemish
and French Communities, as well as their respective Governments, may exer-
cise the competences, respectively, of the Flemish Region and of the Walloon
Region, under the conditions and according to the terms set by the law. This
law must be adopted by a majority as described in Article 4, last paragraph.

Article 138

The Parliament of the French Community, on one hand, and the Parliament
of the Walloon Region and the French linguistic group of the Parliament of the
Brussels-Capital Region, on the other hand, may decide by common accord
and each by federate law, that in the French-speaking region, the Parliament
and the Government of the Walloon Region and, in the bilingual region of
Brussels-Capital, the French linguistic group of the Parliament of the Brussels-
Capital Region and its executive college exercise, in full or in part, competences
of the French Community.
These federate laws are adopted by a two-thirds majority of the votes cast
within the Parliament of the French Community and by absolute majority of
the votes cast within the Parliament of the Walloon Region and within the
French linguistic group in the Parliament of the Brussels-Capital Region, pro-
vided that a majority of the Parliament members or of the members of the
linguistic group concerned is present. They can regulate the financing of the
competences which they designate, as well as the transfer of personnel, assets,
rights and obligations linked with these competences.
These competences are exercised, according to the case, by means of fed-
erate laws, decisions or regulations.

Article 139

Upon proposal by their respective Governments, the Parliament of the

German-speaking Community and the Parliament of the Walloon Region can,
each by federate law, decide by common accord that the Parliament and the
Government of the German-speaking Community exercise, in whole or in part,
competences of the Walloon Region.
These competences are exercised, according to the case, by means of fed-
erate laws, decisions or regulations.

51
 Article 140

The Parliament and the Government of the German-speaking Community

exercise by means of decisions and regulations all other competences at-
tributed to them by the law.
Article 159 is applicable to these decisions and regulations.

CHAPTER V

ON THE CONSTITUTIONAL COURT, AND THE PREVENTION

AND RESOLUTION OF CONFLICTS

SECTION I

ON THE PREVENTION OF CONFLICTS OF COMPETENCE

Article 141

The law organises a procedure to prevent conflicts between laws, federate

laws and rules referred to in Article 134, as well as between federate laws
themselves and between the rules referred to in Article 134 themselves.

SECTION II

ON THE CONSTITUTIONAL COURT

Article 142

There is for all Belgium a Constitutional Court, the composition, compe-

tences and functioning of which are established by the law.
This Court rules by means of judgments on:
1° those conflicts referred to in Article 141;
2° the violation of Articles 10, 11 and 24 by a law, a federate law or a rule
as referred to in Article 134;
3° the violation of constitutional articles that the law determines by a law,
a federate law or by a rule as referred to in Article 134.

52
 A matter may be referred to the Court by any authority designated by the
law, by any person that can prove an interest or, pre-judicially, by any court.
The Court pronounces by a ruling, under the conditions and according to
the terms specified by the law, on every referendum described in Article 39bis
before it is organised.
In the cases, under the conditions and according to the terms that it speci-
fies, the law can give the Court competence to pronounce by a judgment on
appeals lodged against decisions made by legislative assemblies or bodies
thereof regarding the control of electoral expenditure incurred in the elections
for the House of Representatives.
The laws referred to in the first paragraph, in the second paragraph, 3° and
in the third to fifth paragraphs are adopted by a majority as described in Article
4, last paragraph.

SECTION III

ON THE PREVENTION AND THE SETTLEMENT OF CONFLICTS OF INTEREST

Article 143

§ 1. In the exercise of their respective responsibilities, the federal State, the

Communities, the Regions and the Joint Community Commission act with re-
spect for federal loyalty, in order to prevent conflicts of interest.

§ 2. The Senate makes decisions, by means of reasoned opinions, on con-

flicts of interest which may arise between the assemblies which legislate
through laws, federate laws or rules as referred to in Article 134, under the
conditions and in the manner determined by a law adopted by a majority as
referred to in Article 4, last paragraph.

§ 3. A law adopted by a majority as described in Article 4, last paragraph

organises a procedure designed to prevent and to settle conflicts of interest
between the Federal Government, the Community and Regional Governments
and the United College of the Joint Community Commission.

§ 4. The procedures described in §§ 2 and 3 do not apply to laws, decrees,

regulations, acts and decisions of the Federal State relating to the basis of tax-
ation, tax rates and exemptions, and any other element playing a role in the

53
computation of the personal income tax.

Transitional provision

Concerning the prevention and the settlement of conflicts of interest, the

ordinary law of 9 August 1980 on institutional reforms remains valid; however,
it can only be repealed, completed, corrected or replaced by those laws men-
tioned in §§ 2 and 3.

CHAPTER VI

ON JUDICIAL POWER

Article 144

Disputes about civil rights belong exclusively to the competence of the

courts.
However, the law can empower the Council of State or federal administra-
tive courts, in accordance with the terms it specifies, to rule on the effects that
their decisions have with respect to civil law.

Article 145

Disputes about political rights belong to the competence of the courts, ex-
cept for the exceptions established by the law.

Article 146

A court and a body capable of rendering judgment can only be established

by virtue of a law. No extraordinary courts or commissions may be created,
no matter under which designation.

Article 147

There is a Supreme Court for all Belgium.

This Court has no competence over the substance of the case.

54
 Article 148

Court hearings are public, unless such public access endangers morals or
the peace; if such is the case, the Court so declares in a judgment.
In cases of political or press offences, proceedings can only be conducted
in camera on the basis of a unanimous vote.

Article 149

Each judgment is supported by reasons. It is pronounced publicly.

Article 150

A jury is sworn in for all criminal matters, as well as for political and press
offences, with the exception of press offences motivated by racism or xeno-
phobia.

Article 151

§ 1. Judges are independent in the exercise of their jurisdictional compe-

tences. The public prosecutor is independent in conducting individual investi-
gations and prosecutions, without prejudice to the right of the competent min-
ister to order prosecutions and to prescribe binding directives on criminal pol-
icy, including policy on investigations and prosecutions.
Moreover, Community and Regional Governments have the right, each one
insofar as it is concerned, to order prosecutions regarding matters falling under
their responsibility through the Minister referred to in the first paragraph. A law
passed by a majority as described in Article 4, last paragraph determines the man-
ner in which they exercise this right.
A law passed by a majority as described in Article 4, last paragraph provides
for the participation by the Communities and the Regions, in matters falling
under their responsibility, in the elaboration of the directives described in the
first sub-paragraph and in planning security policy, and also for the participation
of their representatives in the meetings of the College of Public Prosecutors
General, insofar as these meetings have reference to these same matters.

§ 2. There is one High Council of Justice for all Belgium. In the exercise of
its competences, the High Council of Justice respects the independence re-
ferred to in § 1.
The High Council of Justice is composed of a Dutch-speaking college and

55
of a French-speaking college. Each college comprises an equal number of mem-
bers and is constituted with equal representation, on the one hand, of judges
and officers of the public prosecutor’s office elected directly by their peers
under the conditions and in the manner determined by the law and, on the
other hand, of other members appointed by the Senate by a two-thirds major-
ity of the votes cast, under conditions established by the law.
Within each college, there is a nomination and appointment committee, as
well as an advisory and investigatory committee, which are constituted with
equal representation in accordance with the provision laid down in the pre-
ceding paragraph.
The law specifies the composition of the High Council of Justice, of its col-
leges and of their committees, as well as the conditions under which and the
manner in which they exercise their competences.

§ 3. The High Council of Justice exercises its competences in the following

areas:
1° the nomination of candidates for appointment as judge, as referred to
in § 4, first sub-paragraph or for appointment as officer of the public
prosecutor’s office;
2° the nomination of candidates for an appointment to the positions re-
ferred to in § 5, first sub-paragraph and to the position of head of the
public prosecutor’s office;
3° access to the position of judge or of officer of the public prosecutor’s
office;
4° training of judges and of officers of the public prosecutor’s office;
5° drafting of general profiles for the positions referred to in 2°;
6° voicing of advice and of proposals concerning the general operation and
organisation of the judiciary;
7° general surveillance on and the promoting of the use of means of inter-
nal control;
8° to the exclusion of all disciplinary and criminal competences:
– the receiving and the following-up of complaints relating to the op-
eration of the judiciary;
– the conducting of an enquiry on the operation of the judiciary.
Under the conditions and in the manner determined by the law, the com-
petences referred to in 1° to 4° are assigned to the relevant nomination and
appointment committee, and the competences referred to in 5° to 8° are as-
signed to the relevant advisory and investigatory committee. The law deter-
mines the cases in which and the manner in which the nomination and appoint-
ment committees and the advisory and investigatory committees exercise their
competences jointly.

56
 A law to be adopted by a majority as described in Article 4, last paragraph
determines the other competences of this Council.

§ 4. The justices of the peace and the judges of the courts and of the Su-
preme Court are appointed by the King under the conditions and in the man-
ner specified by the law.
Such appointment is made on reasoned nomination by the relevant nomi-
nation and appointment committee, by a majority of two thirds in accordance
with the terms specified by the law and after evaluation of qualifications and
aptitude. The nomination can be rejected only in the manner specified by the
law and with justification.
In the case of appointment of an appeal judge or of a judge of the Supreme
Court, the general assembly of the court concerned issues a reasoned opinion
in the manner specified by the law, prior to the nomination referred to in the
preceding paragraph.

§ 5. The first president of the Supreme Court, the first presidents of the
appeal courts and the presidents of the lower courts are appointed to those
positions by the King under the conditions and in the manner specified by the
law.
Such appointment is made on reasoned nomination by the relevant nomi-
nation and appointment committee, by a majority of two thirds in accordance
with the terms specified by the law and after evaluation of qualifications and
aptitude. The nomination may be rejected only in the manner specified by the
law and with justification.
In the case of appointment to the position of first president of the Supreme
Court or of first president of an appeal court, the general assembly of the court
concerned issues a reasoned opinion in the manner specified by the law, prior
to the nomination referred to in the preceding paragraph.
The president of the Supreme Court, the presidents of the sections of this
court, the presidents of the divisions of the appeal courts and the vice-presi-
dents of the lower courts are appointed to their positions by the courts from
their midst under the conditions and in the manner specified by the law.
Notwithstanding the provisions of Article 152, the law specifies the dura-
tion of the appointment to these positions.

§ 6. In the manner specified by the law, the judges, the incumbents of the
positions referred to in § 5, fourth sub-paragraph and the officers of the public
prosecutor’s office are subject to an evaluation.

57
 Transitional provision

The provisions of §§ 3 to 6 enter into force after the setting up of the High
Council of Justice, referred to in § 2.
On that date, it is assumed that the first president and the president of the
Supreme Court, the presidents of the sections of this court, the first presidents
of the appeal courts, the presidents of the divisions of these courts and the
presidents and vice-presidents of the lower courts are appointed to these po-
sitions for the duration and under the conditions specified by the law and that
they are appointed at the same time to the Supreme Court, to the appeal court
or to the labour court and to the corresponding lower court, respectively.
In the meantime, the following provisions remain applicable:
The justices of the peace and the judges of the lower courts are appointed
directly by the King.
The judges of the appeal courts and the presidents and vice-presidents of
the courts of first instance under their jurisdiction are appointed by the King
from two lists each with two candidates, one submitted by these courts, the
other by the provincial councils and the Parliament of the Brussels-Capital Re-
gion, depending upon the case.
The judges of the Supreme Court are appointed by the King from two lists
each with two candidates, one submitted by the Supreme Court, the other
alternately by the House of Representatives and by the Senate.
In these two cases, the candidates placed on one list may also appear on
the other.
All the nominations are made public at least fifteen days before the appoint-
ment.
The courts choose from among themselves their presidents and vice-pres-
idents.

Article 152

Judges are appointed for life. They retire at an age determined by the law
and receive the pension provided for by the law.
No judge can be deprived of his post or suspended except by a court deci-
sion.
The transfer of a judge can only take place by his appointment to a new
position and with his consent.

Article 153

The King appoints and dismisses officials of the public prosecutor’s offices

58
attached to the courts.

Article 154

Salaries of members of the judicature are determined by the law.

Article 155

A judge cannot accept a salaried position from a Government, unless this

position is exercised free of charge, and even then, such a position must not
entail an incompatibility as determined by the law.

Article 156

There are five appeal courts in Belgium:

1° that of Brussels, with jurisdiction over the provinces of Flemish Brabant,
of Walloon Brabant and the bilingual region of Brussels-Capital;
2° that of Ghent, with jurisdiction over the provinces of West Flanders
and East Flanders;
3° that of Antwerp, with jurisdiction over the provinces of Antwerp and
Limburg;
4° that of Liege, with jurisdiction over the provinces of Liege, Namur and
Luxembourg;
5° that of Mons, with jurisdiction over the province of Hainaut.

Article 157

There are military courts when a state of war referred to in Article 167, §
1, second sub-paragraph has been stated to exist. The organisation of the mil-
itary courts, their powers, their members’ rights and obligations as well as their
members’ terms of office are determined by the law.
There are commercial courts in the places determined by the law. The law
lays down rules for their organisation, their powers, the way their members
are appointed as well as their members’ terms of office.
The law also lays down rules for the organisation of the labour courts, their
powers, the way their members are appointed as well as their members’ terms
of office.
There are courts for the enforcement of penalties in the places determined
by the law. The law lays down rules for their organisation, their powers, the
way their members are appointed as well as their members’ terms of office.

59
 Transitional provision

The first paragraph becomes effective on the date of repeal of the Law of
15 June 1899 containing Titles I and II of the Military Penal Procedure Code.
Until then, the following provision remains effective:
Specific laws regulate the organisation of the military courts, their powers,
their members’ rights and obligations as well as their members’ terms of office.

Article 157bis

Any modification to essential features of the reform regarding the use of

languages in judicial matters in the judicial district of Brussels, as well as any
modification to features relating to this issue and concerning the public prose-
cutor’s office, the Bench and the extent of jurisdiction, may only be made by a
law passed by a majority as described in Article 4, last paragraph.

Transitional provision

The law determines the date on which this article comes into force. This
date is that on which the law of 19 July 2012 reforming the judicial district of
Brussels comes into force.

Article 158

The Supreme Court makes decisions in conflicts of powers in the manner

provided for by the law.

Article 159

Courts only apply general, provincial or local decisions and regulations pro-
vided that they are in accordance with the law.

CHAPTER VII

ON THE COUNCIL OF STATE AND ADMINISTRATIVE COURTS

Article 160

There is a Council of State for all Belgium, the composition, competences

60
and functioning of which are determined by the law. However, the law can give
the King the power to establish the procedure in accordance with the princi-
ples that it determines.
The Council of State makes decisions by means of judgments as an admin-
istrative court and provides an opinion in the cases determined by the law.
Any modification to the rules relating to the general assembly of the Coun-
cil of State’s Administrative Litigation Section which come into force on the
same day as this paragraph may only be made by a law passed by a majority as
described in Article 4, last paragraph.

Transitional provision

This article comes into force on 14 October 2012.

Article 161

An administrative court can only be established by virtue of a law.

CHAPTER VIII

ON PROVINCIAL AND MUNICIPAL INSTITUTIONS

Article 162

Provincial and municipal institutions are regulated by the law.

The law guarantees the application of the following principles:
1° the direct election of the members of provincial and municipal councils;
2° the attribution to provincial and municipal councils of all that is of pro-
vincial and municipal interest, without prejudice to the approval of their
acts in the cases and in the manner that the law determines;
3° the decentralisation of competences to provincial and municipal insti-
tutions;
4° the public nature of provincial and municipal council meetings, within
the limits established by the law;
5° the disclosure of accounts and budgets;
6° the intervention of the supervisory authority or of the federal legislative
power to prevent the law from being violated or public interests from
being harmed.
Supra-municipal collectivities are governed by the rule referred to in Article

61
134. This rule enshrines the application of the principles mentioned in the sec-
ond paragraph. Other principles considered essential can be set by the rule
referred to in Article 134, whether or not adopted by a majority of two thirds
of the votes cast, under the condition that the majority of the members of the
Parliament concerned is present. Articles 159 and 190 are applicable to deci-
sions and regulations of supra-municipal collectivities.”
In accordance with a law adopted by a majority as described in Article 4,
last paragraph, the federate law or the rule referred to in Article 134 estab-
lishes the conditions and the manner in which several provinces, supra-munic-
ipal collectivities or municipalities can cooperate or form associations. How-
ever, provincial councils, councils of supra-municipal collectivities or municipal
councils cannot be permitted to deliberate jointly.

Article 163

The competences exercised in the Flemish and Walloon Regions by elected

provincial bodies are exercised, in the bilingual region of Brussels-Capital, by
the Flemish and French Communities and by the Joint Community Commis-
sion, each with respect to matters falling under their responsibility in pursuance
of Articles 127 and 128 and, with respect to other matters, by the Brussels-
Capital Region.
However, a law adopted by a majority as described in Article 4, last para-
graph establishes the detailed rules by which the Brussels-Capital Region or
any institution whose members are designated by the latter exercise the com-
petences described in the first paragraph which do not belong to those matters
referred to in Article 39. A law adopted by the same majority lays down rules
for the attribution to those institutions described in Article 136 of all or part
of the competences referred to in the first paragraph that belong to those
matters described in Articles 127 and 128.

Article 164

The drafting of registry office certificates relating to civil status and the
maintenance of registers fall exclusively under the responsibility of the munici-
pal authorities.

Article 165

§ 1. The law creates metropolitan districts and federations of municipalities.

It determines their organisation and their competences and, when doing so,
guarantees the application of the principles described in Article 162.

62
 Each metropolitan district has a council and an executive college.
The president of the executive college is elected by the council from its
midst; his election is ratified by the King; the law establishes his status.
Articles 159 and 190 apply to the decisions and regulations of the metro-
politan districts and the federations of municipalities.
The boundaries of the metropolitan districts and of the federations of mu-
nicipalities can only be changed or corrected by virtue of a law.

§ 2. The law creates the body within which each metropolitan district and
the nearest federations of municipalities consult each other under the condi-
tions and in the manner which the law establishes to examine common prob-
lems of a technical nature that fall under their respective competence.

§ 3. Several federations of municipalities may cooperate or form associa-

tions with each other or with one or more metropolitan districts in accordance
with the conditions and in the manner prescribed by the law to jointly regulate
and manage those issues that fall within their competence. Their councils are
not permitted to deliberate jointly.

Article 166

§ 1. Article 165 applies to the metropolitan district to which the capital of

the Kingdom belongs, with the exception of what is provided for hereinafter.

§ 2. The competences of the metropolitan district to which the capital of

the Kingdom belongs are, in the manner determined by a law adopted by a
majority as described in Article 4, last paragraph, exercised by the bodies of
the Brussels-Capital Region created by virtue of Article 39.

§ 3. The bodies described in Article 136:

1° possess, each for its Community, the same competences as the other
organising powers with respect to cultural, educational and person-re-
lated matters;
2° exercise, each for its Community, the competences delegated to them
by the Flemish Community Parliament and by the French Community
Parliament;
3° jointly regulate those matters described in 1° which are of common
interest.

63
 TITLE IV

ON INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS

Article 167

§ 1. The King directs international relations, notwithstanding the compe-

tence of Communities and Regions to regulate international cooperation, in-
cluding the concluding of treaties, for those matters that fall within their com-
petences in pursuance of or by virtue of the Constitution.
The King commands the armed forces; he states that there exists a state of
war or that hostilities have ceased. He notifies the Houses with additional ap-
propriate messages as soon as interests and security of the State permit.
Cession, exchange or expansion of territory can only take place by virtue
of a law.

§ 2. The King concludes treaties, with the exception of those regarding

matters described in § 3.These treaties take effect only after they have received
the approval of the House of Representatives.

§ 3. The Community and Regional Governments described in Article 121

conclude, each one in so far as it is concerned, treaties regarding matters that
fall within the competence of their Parliament. These treaties take effect only
after they have received the approval of the Parliament.

§ 4. A law adopted by a majority as described in Article 4, last paragraph

fixes the specific rules for the concluding of treaties described in § 3 and of the
treaties that do not exclusively concern matters falling within the competence
of the Regions or Communities in pursuance of or by virtue of the Constitu-
tion.

§ 5. The King, by common consent with the Community or Regional Gov-

ernments concerned, can denounce treaties concluded before 18 May 1993
and covering matters described in § 3.
The King denounces these treaties if the Community or Regional Govern-
ments concerned invite him to do so. A law adopted by a majority as described
in Article 4, last paragraph establishes the procedure in the event of disagree-
ment between the Community and Regional Governments concerned.

64
 Transitional provision

The second sentence of § 2 comes into force on the day when elections
take place with a view to the complete renewal of the Community and Regional
Parliaments in 2014. Until this day, treaties referred to in § 2 take effect only
after they have received the approval of both Houses.

Article 168

From the beginning, the Houses are informed of negotiations concerning

any revision of the treaties establishing the European Community and the trea-
ties and acts which have modified or complemented them. They receive the
draft treaty before its signature.

Article 168bis

With respect to the election of the European Parliament, the law deter-
mines special rules with a view to protecting the legitimate interests of French
and Dutch-speaking people in the former province of Brabant.
The provisions which establish these special rules may only be amended by
a law passed by a majority as described in Article 4, last paragraph.

Article 169

In order to ensure the observance of international or supranational obliga-

tions, the authorities mentioned in Articles 36 and 37 can, provided that the
conditions stipulated by the law are met, temporarily replace the bodies men-
tioned in Articles 115 and 121. This law must be adopted by a majority as
described in Article 4, last paragraph.

TITLE V

ON FINANCES

Article 170

§ 1. Taxes to the benefit of the State can only be introduced by a law.

§ 2. Taxes to the benefit of a Community or Region can only be introduced

65
by a federate law or a rule as described in Article 134.
The law determines, with respect to the taxes referred to in the first sub-
paragraph, the exceptions that are proved to be necessary.

§ 3. A charge or tax can only be introduced by a province or a supra-mu-

nicipal collectivity by the decision of its council.
The law determines, with respect to the taxes described in the first para-
graph, the exceptions that are proved to be necessary.
The law can abolish, either totally or partially, the taxes referred to in the
first sub-paragraph.

§ 4. A charge or tax can only be introduced by the metropolitan districts,

federations of municipalities or by the municipalities by a decision of their coun-
cil.
The law determines, with respect to the taxes referred to in the first sub-
paragraph, the exceptions that are proved to be necessary.

Article 171

Taxes to the benefit of the State, a Community or a Region are subject to

an annual vote.
The rules which introduce them are valid only for one year if they are not
renewed.

Article 172

No privileges with regard to taxes can be introduced.

No exemption or reduction of taxes can be introduced except by a law.

Article 173

Except to the benefit of the provinces, the bodies responsible for polders
and for draining and flood protection, and except for the cases formally ex-
cepted by the laws, the federate laws and rules referred to in Article 134,
charges can only be claimed from citizens in the form of taxes to the benefit of
the State, the Community, the Region, the metropolitan district, the federation
of municipalities or the municipality.

Article 174

Each year, the House of Representatives passes the law that settles the final

66
accounts and approves the budget. However, the House of Representatives
and the Senate fix, each for itself, their operating allowances annually.
All State receipts and expenditure must be included in the budget and in
the accounts.

Article 175

A law adopted by a majority as described in Article 4, last paragraph estab-

lishes the system for financing the Flemish Community and the French Com-
munity.
The Flemish and French Community Parliaments decide by federate law,
each one in so far as it is concerned, upon the use of their revenues.

Article 176

A law establishes the system for financing the German-speaking Commu-

nity.
The Parliament of the German-speaking Community decides by federate
law upon the use of its revenues.

Article 177

A law adopted by a majority as described in Article 4, last paragraph estab-

lishes the system for financing the Regions.
Regional Parliaments determine, each one for matters of its concern, the
use of their revenues, by means of the rules referred to in Article 134.

Article 178

Under the conditions and in the manner stipulated by a law adopted by a

majority as described in Article 4, last paragraph, the Parliament of the Brus-
sels-Capital Region transfers, by the rule referred to in Article 134, financial
means to the Joint Community Commission and to the Flemish and French
Community Commissions.

Article 179

No pension or gratuity payable by the public treasury can be attributed

other than by virtue of a law.

67
 Article 180

Members of the Court of Audit are appointed by the House of Represent-

atives for a term established by the law.
This Court is responsible for examining and validating the general admin-
istration accounts and the accounts of all accounting officers answerable to the
public treasury. It must see that no budgetary item is surpassed and that no
transfers take place. The Court also has general oversight of operations relating
to the establishment and collection of entitlements owed to the State, including
tax receipts. It clears the accounts of the various State administrations and is
responsible for collecting all information and accounting documents needed for
that purpose. General accounts of the State are submitted to the House of
Representatives with the Court of Audit’s observations.
This Court is organised by the law.
The law can entrust the Court of Audit with the control of the budgets and
accountancy of the Communities and Regions, as well as of the public interest bod-
ies which depend on them. It can also permit their control to be regulated by the
federate law or the rule referred to in Article 134. Except as far as the German-
speaking Community is concerned, the said law is passed by the majority as de-
scribed in Article 4, last paragraph.
The law, the federate law of the rule referred to in Article 134 can entrust
additional tasks to the Court of Audit. After the Court has agreed to it, the
federate law or the rule referred to in Article 134 fixes the fee that is paid to
the Court for carrying out these tasks. No fee is due for carrying out a task
that the Court is already performing for a Community or Region before this
paragraph comes into force.

Article 181

§ 1. The salaries and pensions of ministers of religion are paid for by the
State; the amounts required are charged annually to the budget.

§ 2. The salaries and pensions of representatives of organisations recognised

by the law as providing moral assistance according to a non-denominational
philosophical concept are paid for by the State; the amounts required are
charged annually to the budget.

68
 TITLE VI

ON THE ARMED FORCES AND THE POLICE SERVICE

Article 182

Army recruitment methods are determined by the law. The law also regu-
lates the promotion, the rights and the duties of military personnel.

Article 183

Military quotas are subject to an annual vote. The law that determines them
is valid only for one year if it is not renewed.

Article 184

The organisation and competence of the integrated police service, struc-

tured at two levels, are regulated by the law. The essential features of the status
of the members of the personnel of the integrated police service, structured
at two levels, are regulated by the law.

Transitional provision

However, the King can decide upon and implement the essential features
of the status of the members of the personnel of the integrated police service,
structured at two levels, provided that this decree, with regard to these fea-
tures, is confirmed by the law before 30 April 2002.

Article 185

Foreign troops may only be admitted to the service of the State, or occupy
or cross the territory by virtue of a law.

Article 186

Military personnel can only be deprived of rank, honours and pensions in

the manner described by the law.

69
 TITLE VII

GENERAL PROVISIONS

Article 187

The Constitution cannot be wholly or partially suspended.

Article 188

From the day on which the Constitution becomes enforceable, all laws,
decrees, decisions, regulations and other acts that are contrary to it are abro-
gated.

Article 189

The text of the Constitution is drafted in Dutch, in French and in German.

Article 190

No law or decision, or regulation of general, provincial or municipal admin-

istration is binding until it has been published in the manner described by the
law.

Article 191

All foreigners on Belgian soil benefit from the protection provided to per-
sons and property, except for those exceptions provided for by the law.

Article 192

An oath can only be made obligatory by virtue of a law. The law determines
the wording.

Article 193

The Belgian Nation adopts red, yellow and black colours, and as arms of
the kingdom the Lion of Belgium with the motto: UNION IS STRENGTH.

70
 Article 194

The city of Brussels is the capital of Belgium and the seat of the Federal
Government.

TITLE VIII

ON THE REVISION OF THE CONSTITUTION

Article 195

The federal legislative power has the right to declare that there are reasons
to revise such constitutional provision as it determines.
Following such a declaration, the two Houses are automatically dissolved.
Two new Houses are then convened, in accordance with Article 46.
These Houses make decisions, in common accord with the King, on the
points submitted for revision.
In this case, the Houses can only debate provided that at least two thirds
of the members who make up each House are present; and no change is
adopted unless it is supported by at least two thirds of the votes cast.

Transitional provision

The Houses, as they were constituted following their full renewal on 13

June 2010, may however, in common consent with the King, pronounce on the
revision of the following provisions, articles and groups of articles, but only to
the effect as indicated hereafter:
1° Articles 5, second paragraph, 11bis, 41, fifth paragraph, 159 and 190, in
order to guarantee the full exercise of the Regions’ autonomy towards
the provinces without prejudice neither to the present specific provi-
sions of the law of 9 August 1988 modifying the law on municipalities,
the electoral law for municipalities, the law organising public centres for
social welfare, the law on provinces, the electoral Code, the electoral
law for provinces and the law organising simultaneous elections for the
Legislative Houses and the provincial councils, nor to those relating to
the office of governor, and in order to limit the meaning of the word
“province” used in the Constitution to its sole territorial meaning, to
the exclusion of any institutional meaning;
2° Article 23, in order to guarantee the right to child allowances;

71
 3° Title III, in order to insert in it a provision aimed at prohibiting to modify
election laws less than one year before the date when elections are to
be held;
4° Articles 43, § 1, 44, second paragraph, 46, fifth paragraph, 69, 71, 74,
75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80, 81, 82, 83 and 168, in order to implement the
reform of the bicameral system and entrust the residual legislative pow-
ers to the House of Representatives;
5° Articles 46 and 117, in order to provide that the parliamentary elec-
tions at federal level will take place the same day as the election of the
European Parliament and that, in case of early dissolution, the new fed-
eral parliamentary term may not extend beyond the day when the elec-
tion of the European Parliament following this dissolution is held, as
well as in order to permit a law passed by a majority as described in
Article 4, last paragraph to entitle the Regions and Communities to
determine, by special decree or special ordinance, the duration of the
term for which their Parliaments are elected and the date for the elec-
tion of these Parliaments, and to provide that a law, passed by a majority
as described in Article 4, last paragraph, fixes the date when the new
rules laid down in this division with regard to elections will enter into
force;
6° Article 63, § 4, in order to supplement it with a sub-paragraph providing
that, for the election of the House of Representatives, the law estab-
lishes special rules with a view to protecting the legitimate interests of
French and Dutch-speaking people in the former province of Brabant,
and also providing that the provisions which establish these special rules
can only be amended by a law passed by a majority as described in
Article 4, last paragraph;
7° Title III, Chapter IV, Section II, Sub-section III, in order to insert in it an
article permitting a law passed by a majority as described in Article 4,
last paragraph to attribute to the Region of Brussels-Capital, for the
bilingual region of Brussels-Capital, powers that have not been assigned
to the Communities in the matters referred to in Article 127, § 1, first
sub-paragraph, 1° and in the same sub-paragraph, 3°, insofar as this 3°
concerns matters referred to in the aforesaid 1°;
8° Title III, Chapter IV, Section II, Sub-section III, in order to permit a law
passed by a majority as described in Article 4, last paragraph to simplify
the procedures for cooperation between entities;
9° Article 143, in order to supplement it with a paragraph that precludes
the procedure relating to conflicts of interest from being initiated with
respect to a law or decision of the federal authority which modifies the
basis of taxation, the tax rate, exemptions or any other element playing

72
 a role in the computation of the personal income tax;
10°Title III, Chapter VI, in order to insert in it a provision according to
which any modification to essential features of the reform regarding the
use of languages in judicial matters in the judicial district of Brussels, as
well as any modification to features relating to this issue and concerning
the public prosecutor’s office, the Bench and the extent of jurisdiction,
may only be made by a law passed by a majority as described in Article
4, last paragraph;
11°Article 144, in order to provide that the Council of State and, as the
case may be, federal administrative courts may rule on the effects that
their decisions have with respect to private law;
12°Article 151, § 1, in order to provide that the Communities and the
Regions are entitled to order prosecutions regarding matters falling un-
der their responsibility through the Minister of Justice, who immediately
carries out the prosecutions, and in order to permit a law passed by a
majority as described in Article 4, last paragraph to provide for the
participation by the Communities and the Regions, in matters falling
under their responsibility, in decisions concerning the investigation and
prosecution policy of public prosecutors, the binding guidelines with
respect to criminal policy, the representation in the College of Public
Prosecutors General, and in decisions concerning the Guide Note on
Full Security and the National Security Scheme;
13°Article 160, in order to add a paragraph providing that any modification
to the new powers granted to the general assembly of the Council of
State’s Administrative Litigation Section and any modification to the
rules for deliberation in this assembly may only be made by a law passed
by a majority as described in Article 4, last paragraph;
14°Title IV, in order to insert in it an article providing that, with respect to
the election of the European Parliament, the law determines special
rules with a view to protecting the legitimate interests of French and
Dutch-speaking people in the former province of Brabant, and that the
provisions which establish these special rules can only be amended by
a law passed by a majority as described in Article 4, last paragraph;
15°Article 180, in order to provide that assemblies which legislate through
federate laws or rules referred to in Article 134 may entrust tasks to
the Court of Audit, for which a fee may be charged.
The Houses can only debate on the items mentioned in the first paragraph
provided that at least two thirds of the members who make up each House
are present and no change is adopted unless it is supported by at least two
thirds of the votes cast.
This transitional provision is not to be considered as a declaration in the

73
sense of Article 195, second paragraph.

Article 196

No constitutional revision can be started or pursued during times of war

or when the Houses are prevented from meeting freely on federal territory.

Article 197

During a regency, no changes can be made to the Constitution regarding

the constitutional powers of the King and Articles 85 to 88, 91 to 95, 106 and
197 of the Constitution.

Article 198

In agreement with the King, the Constituent Houses can change the num-
bering of articles and of subdivisions of the articles of the Constitution, as well
as the subdivisions of the latter into titles, chapters and sections, modify the
terminology of provisions not submitted for revision in order to harmonise
them with the terminology of new provisions and to ensure the concordance
of the Dutch, French and German texts of the Constitution.
In this case, the Houses can debate only provided that at least two thirds
of the members who make up each House are present; and no change will be
adopted unless it is supported by at least two thirds of the votes cast.

TITLE IX

THE ENTRY INTO FORCE AND TRANSITIONAL PROVISIONS

I. – The provisions of Article 85 will for the first time be applicable to the
progeny of H.R.H. Prince Albert, Felix, Humbert, Theodore, Christian, Eugene,
Marie, Prince of Liege, Prince of Belgium, it being understood that the marriage
of H.R.H. Princess Astrid, Josephine, Charlotte, Fabrizia, Elisabeth, Paola, Marie,
Princess of Belgium to Lorenz, Archduke of Austria-Este, is regarded as having
obtained the consent described in Article 85, second paragraph.
Until such time, the following provisions remain in effect.
The constitutional powers of the King are hereditary through the direct,
natural and legitimate descent from H.M. Leopold, George, Christian, Freder-
ick of Saxe-Coburg, from male to male, by order of primogeniture and with

74
the permanent exclusion of women and of their descendants.
The prince who marries without the King’s consent or, in his absence, with-
out the consent of those exercising the King’s powers in cases provided for by
the Constitution shall be deprived of his right to the crown.
Nonetheless, this right may be restored by the King or, in his absence, by
those exercising the powers of the King in cases provided for by the Constitu-
tion, but only with the assent of both Houses.

II. [Repealed]

III. – Article 125 is valid for events taking place after 8 May 1993.

IV. [Repealed]

V. [Repealed]

VI. – § 1. [Repealed]

§ 2. [Repealed]

§ 3. The personnel and the assets of the province of Brabant will be divided
between the province of Flemish Brabant, the province of Walloon Brabant,
the Brussels-Capital Region, the authorities and the institutions described in
Articles 135 and 136, as well as the federal authority, in accordance with the
terms determined by a law adopted by a majority as described in Article 4, last
paragraph.
Following the next renewal of the provincial councils and until they are
divided, personnel and assets remaining in common will be jointly managed by
the province of Flemish Brabant, the province of Walloon Brabant and by the
authorities which are competent in the bilingual region of Brussels-Capital.

§ 4. [Repealed]

§ 5. [Repealed]

75