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G.R. No. 165487. July 13, 2011.*

COUNTRY BANKERS INSURANCE CORPORATION,

petitioner, vs. ANTONIO LAGMAN, respondent.

Insurance Law; Continuing Bond; Rice Storage Business; A

continuing bond, as in this case where there is no fixed expiration
date, may be cancelled only by the obligee, by the Insurance
Commissioner, and by the court; By law and by the specific contract
involved in this case, the effectivity of the bond required for the
obtention of a license to engage in the business of receiving rice for
storage is determined not alone by the payment of premiums but
principally by the Administrator of the National Food Authority
(NFA).·The 1989 Bonds have identical provisions and they state in
very clear terms the effectivity of these bonds, viz.: NOW,
THEREFORE, if the above-bounded Principal shall well and truly
deliver to the depositors PALAY received by him for STORAGE at
any time that demand therefore is made, or shall pay the market
value therefore in case he is unable to return the same, then this
obligation shall be null and void; otherwise it shall remain in full
force and effect and may be enforced in the manner provided by said
Act No. 3893 as amended by Republic Act No. 247 and P.D. No. 4.
This bond shall remain in force until cancelled by the
Administrator of National Food Authority. This provision in
the bonds is but in compliance with the second paragraph of Section
177 of the Insurance Code, which specifies that a continuing bond,
as in this case where there is no fixed expiration date, may be
cancelled only by the obligee, which is the NFA, by the Insurance
Commissioner, and by the court. Thus: In case of a continuing bond,
the obligor shall pay the subsequent annual premium as it falls due
until the contract of suretyship is cancelled by the obligee or by the
Commissioner or by a court of competent jurisdiction, as the case
may be. By law and by the specific contract involved in this case,
the effectivity of the bond required for the obtention of a license to
engage in the business of receiving rice for storage is determined
not alone by the payment of premiums but principally by the

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Administrator of the NFA. From beginning to end, the

AdministratorÊs brief is the enabling or disabling document.

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* SECOND DIVISION.

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Evidence; Best Evidence Rule; Words and Phrases; Under the

best evidence rule, the original document must be produced
whenever its contents are the subject of inquiry; A photocopy, being a
mere secondary evidence, is not admissible unless it is shown that
the original is unavailable.·LagmanÊs insistence on novation
depends on the validity, nay, existence of the allegedly novating
1990 Bond. Country Bankers understandably impugns both. We see
the point. Lagman presented a mere photocopy of the 1990 Bond.
We rule as inadmissible such copy. Under the best evidence rule,
the original document must be produced whenever its contents are
the subject of inquiry. The rule is encapsulated in Section 3, Rule
130 of the Rules of Court, as follow: Sec. 3. Original document must
be produced; exceptions.·When the subject of inquiry is the
contents of a documents, no evidence shall be admissible other than
the original document itself, except in the following cases: (a) When
the original has been lost or destroyed, or cannot be produced in
court, without bad faith on the part of the offeror; (b) When the
original is in the custody or under the control of the party against
whom the evidence is offered, and the latter fails to produce it after
reasonable notice; (c) When the original consists of numerous
accounts or other documents which cannot be examined in court
without great loss of time and the fact sought to be established from
them is only the general result of the whole; and (d) When the
original is a public record in the custody of a public officer or is
recorded in a public office. A photocopy, being a mere secondary
evidence, is not admissible unless it is shown that the original is
unavailable.

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Same; Same; A party must first present to the court proof of loss
or other satisfactory explanation for the non-production of the
original instrument, and when more than one original copy exists, it
must appear that all of them have been lost, destroyed, or cannot be
produced in court before secondary evidence can be given of any one.
·Before a party is allowed to adduce secondary evidence to prove
the contents of the original, the offeror must prove the following: (1)
the existence or due execution of the original; (2) the loss and
destruction of the original or the reason for its non-production in
court; and (3) on the part of the offeror, the absence of bad faith to
which the unavailability of the original can be attributed. The
correct order of proof is as follows: existence, execution, loss, and
contents. In the case at bar, Lagman mentioned during the direct
examination that there are actually four (4) duplicate originals of
the 1990 Bond: the

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first is kept by the NFA, the second is with the Loan Officer of the
NFA in Tarlac, the third is with Country Bankers and the fourth
was in his possession. A party must first present to the court proof
of loss or other satisfactory explanation for the non-production of
the original instrument. When more than one original copy exists, it
must appear that all of them have been lost, destroyed, or cannot be
produced in court before secondary evidence can be given of any
one. A photocopy may not be used without accounting for the other
originals.
Novation; Requisites; Words and Phrases; Novation is the
extinguishment of an obligation by the substitution or change of the
obligation by a subsequent one which extinguishes or modifies the
first, either by changing the object or principal conditions, or by
substituting another in place of the debtor, or by subrogating a third
person in the rights of the creditor.·Having discounted the
existence and/or validity of the 1990 Bond, there can be no novation
to speak of. Novation is the extinguishment of an obligation by the
substitution or change of the obligation by a subsequent one which
extinguishes or modifies the first, either by changing the object or

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principal conditions, or by substituting another in place of the

debtor, or by subrogating a third person in the rights of the creditor.
For novation to take place, the following requisites must concur: 1)
There must be a previous valid obligation; 2) The parties concerned
must agree to a new contract; 3) The old contract must be
extinguished; and 4) There must be a valid new contract.
Insurance Law; Indemnity Agreements; Co-signors to an
Indemnity Agreement bind themselves jointly and severally to the
bonding company to indemnify it for any damage or loss sustained
on the account of the execution of the bond, among others.·The
liability of Lagman is expressed in Indemnity Agreements executed
in consideration of the 1989 Bonds which we have considered as
continuing contracts. Under both Indemnity Agreements, Lagman,
as co-signor, together with Santos, Ban Lee Lim and Reguine,
bound themselves jointly and severally to Country Bankers to
indemnify it for any damage or loss sustained on the account of the
execution of the bond, among others. The pertinent identical
stipulations of the Indemnity Agreements state: INDEMNITY:·To
indemnify and make good to the COMPANY jointly and severally,
any damages, prejudice, loss, costs, payments advances and
expenses of whatever

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kind and nature, including attorneyÊs fees and legal costs,

which the COMPANY may, at any time, sustain or incur, as well as
to reimburse to said COMPANY all sums and amounts of money
which the COMPANY or its representatives shall or may pay or
cause to be paid or become liable to pay, on account of or arising
from the execution of the above-mentioned BOND or any extension,
renewal, alteration or substitution thereof made at the instance of
the undersigned or anyone of them.

PETITION for review on certiorari of the decision and

resolution of the Court of Appeals.
The facts are stated in the opinion of the Court.
Velasquez and Associates for petitioner.
Leonides S. Respicio for respondent.

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PEREZ, J.:
This is a petition for review on certiorari under Rule 45
of the 1997 Rules of Civil Procedure, assailing the Decision1
and Resolution2 of the Court of Appeals dated 21 June 2004
and 24 September 2004, respectively.
These are the undisputed facts.
Nelson Santos (Santos) applied for a license with the
National Food Authority (NFA) to engage in the business of
storing not more than 30,000 sacks of palay valued at
P5,250,000.00 in his warehouse at Barangay Malacampa,
Camiling, Tarlac. Under Act No. 3893 or the General
Bonded Warehouse Act, as amended,3 the approval for said
license

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1 Penned by Associate Justice Magdangal M. De Leon with Associate

Justices Roberto A. Barrios and Mariano C. Del Castillo (now Supreme
Court Associate Justice) concurring. Rollo, pp. 29-36.
2 Id., at pp. 37(a)-38.
3 As amended by Republic Act No. 247 (An Act to Amend Act No.
3893), Presidential Decree No. 4 (Creating the National Grain Authority)
and Presidential Decree No. 1770 (Creating the National Food
Authority).

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was conditioned upon posting of a cash bond, a bond

secured by real estate, or a bond signed by a duly
authorized bonding company, the amount of which shall be
fixed by the NFA Administrator at not less than thirty-
three and one third percent (33 1/3%) of the market value
of the maximum quantity of rice to be received.
Accordingly, Country Bankers Insurance Corporation
(Country Bankers) issued Warehouse Bond No. 033044 for
P1,749,825.00 on 5 November 1989 and Warehouse Bond
No. 023555 for P749,925.00 on 13 December 1989 (1989
Bonds) through its agent, Antonio Lagman (Lagman).
Santos was the bond principal, Lagman was the surety and

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the Republic of the Philippines, through the NFA was the

obligee. In consideration of these issuances, corresponding
Indemnity Agreements6 were executed by Santos, as bond
principal, together with Ban Lee Lim Santos (Ban Lee
Lim), Rhosemelita Reguine (Reguine) and Lagman, as co-
signors. The latter bound themselves jointly and severally
liable to Country Bankers for any damages, prejudice,
losses, costs, payments, advances and expenses of whatever
kind and nature, including attorneyÊs fees and legal costs,
which it may sustain as a consequence of the said bond; to
reimburse Country Bankers of whatever amount it may
pay or cause to be paid or become liable to pay thereunder;
and to pay interest at the rate of 12% per annum computed
and compounded monthly, as well as to pay attorneyÊs fees
of 20% of the amount due it.7
Santos then secured a loan using his warehouse receipts
as collateral.8 When the loan matured, Santos defaulted in
his

_______________

4 Records, p. 6.
5 Id., at p. 7.
6 Id., at pp. 8-11.
7 Rollo, p. 57.
8 Santos obtained a loan from Far East Bank and Trust Co. and which
was guaranteed by Quedan Rural Credit Guarantee Corporation
(Quedancor). He obtained a P4 Million loan, as evidenced by two (2)
Promissory Notes under the Quedan Financing For Grain Stocks

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payment. The sacks of palay covered by the warehouse

receipts were no longer found in the bonded warehouse.9 By
virtue of the surety bonds, Country Bankers was compelled
to pay P1,166,750.37.10
Consequently, Country Bankers filed a complaint for a
sum of money docketed as Civil Case No. 95-73048 before
the Regional Trial Court (RTC) of Manila. In his Answer,

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Lagman alleged that the 1989 Bonds were valid only for 1
year from the date of their issuance, as evidenced by
receipts; that the bonds were never renewed and revived by
payment of premiums; that on 5 November 1990, Country
Bankers issued Warehouse Bond No. 03515 (1990 Bond)
which was also valid for one year and that no Indemnity
Agreement was executed for the purpose; and that the 1990
Bond supersedes, cancels, and renders no force and effect
the 1989 Bonds.11
The bond principals, Santos and Ban Lee Lim, were not
served with summons because they could no longer be
found.12 The case was eventually dismissed against them
without prejudice.13 The other co-signor, Reguine, was
declared in default for failure to file her answer.14

_______________

program which matures on 29 January 1991. Santos executed a Pledge

Agreement using his Quedan Warehouse Receipts covering the sacks of
palay to guarantee payment of said loans. Quedancor then issued a
Certificate of Guarantee Coverage upon request of FEBTC. Records, pp.
214-219 and 225.

9 Id., at p. 223.
10 The NFA, acting in behalf of Quedancor, proceeded against the
surety bonds issued by Country Bankers which, in turn, partially paid
P1,166,750.37 to Quedancor and left a balance of P1,233,749.50. Id., at
pp. 233-234.
11 Answer with Affirmative and Special Defenses and Counterclaim.
Rollo, pp. 61-63.
12 Records, p. 22.
13 Order dated 18 September 1995. Id., at p. 51.
14 Id., at p. 47.

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On 21 September 1998, the trial court rendered

judgment declaring Reguine and Lagman jointly and
severally liable to pay Country Bankers the amount of

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P2,400,499.87.15 The dispositive portion of the RTC

Decision16 reads:

„WHEREFORE, premises considered, judgment is hereby

rendered, ordering defendants Rhomesita [sic] Reguine and Antonio
Lagman, jointly and severally liable to pay plaintiff, Country
Bankers Assurance Corporation, the amount of P2,400,499.87, with
12% interest from the date the complaint was filed until fully
satisfied plus 20% of the amount due plaintiff as and for attorneyÊs
fees and to pay the costs.
As the Court did not acquire jurisdiction over the persons of
defendants Nelson Santos and Ban Lee Lim Santos, let the case
against them be DISMISSED. Defendant Antonio LagmanÊs
counterclaim is likewise DISMISSED, for lack of merit.‰17

In holding Lagman and Reguine solidarily liable to

Country Bankers, the trial court relied on the express
terms of the Indemnity Agreement that they jointly and
severally bound themselves to indemnify and make good to
Country Bankers any liability which the latter may incur
on account of or arising from the execution of the bonds.18
The trial court rationalized that the bonds remain in
force unless cancelled by the Administrator of the NFA and
cannot be unilaterally cancelled by Lagman. The trial court
emphasized that for the failure of Lagman to comply with
his obligation under the Indemnity Agreements, he is
likewise liable for damages as a consequence of the breach.
Lagman filed an appeal to the Court of Appeals,
docketed as CA G.R. CV No. 61797. He insisted that the
lifetime of the 1989 Bonds, as well as the corresponding
Indemnity Agree-

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15 See note 10.

16 Presided by Judge Zenaida R. Daguna. Rollo, pp. 81-86.
17 Id., at p. 86.
18 Id., at p. 84.

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ments was only 12 months. According to Lagman, the 1990

Bond was not pleaded in the complaint because it was not
covered by an Indemnity Agreement and it superseded the
two prior bonds.19
On 21 June 2004, the Court of Appeals rendered the
assailed Decision reversing and setting aside the Decision
of the RTC and ordering the dismissal of the complaint
filed against Lagman.20
The appellate court held that the 1990 Bond superseded
the 1989 Bonds. The appellate court observed that the 1990
Bond covers 33.3% of the market value of the palay,
thereby manifesting the intention of the parties to make
the latter bond more comprehensive. Lagman was also
exonerated by the appellate court from liability because he
was not a signatory to the alleged Indemnity Agreement of
5 November 1990 covering the 1990 Bond. The appellate
court rejected the argument of Country Bankers that the
1989 bonds were continuing, finding, as reason therefor,
that the receipts issued for the bonds indicate that they
were effective for only one-year.
Country Bankers sought reconsideration which was
denied in a Resolution dated 24 September 2004.21
Expectedly, Country Bankers filed the instant petition
attributing two (2) errors to the Court of Appeals, to wit:

A.
THE HONORABLE COURT OF APPEALS SERIOUSLY ERRED
IN DISREGARDING THE EXPRESS PROVISIONS OF SECTION
177 OF THE INSURANCE CODE WHEN IT HELD THAT THE
SUBJECT SURETY BONDS WERE SUPERSEDED BY A
SUBSEQUENT BOND NOTWITHSTANDING THE NON-
CANCELLA​TION THEREOF BY THE BOND OBLIGEE.

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19 Brief for Antonio Lagman. CA Rollo, pp. 21-24.

20 Rollo, pp. 29-36.
21 Id., at pp. 37(a)-38.

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Country Bankers Insurance Corporation vs. Lagman

B.
THE HONORABLE COURT OF APPEALS SERIOUSLY ERRED
IN HOLDING THAT RECEIPTS FOR THE PAYMENT OF
PREMIUMS PREVAIL OVER THE EXPRESS PROVISION OF
THE SURETY BOND THAT FIXES THE TERM THEREOF.22

Country Bankers maintains that by the express terms of

the 1989 Bonds, they shall remain in full force until
cancelled by the Administrator of the NFA. As continuing
bonds, Country Bankers avers that Section 177 of the
Insurance Code applies, in that the bond may only be
cancelled by the obligee, by the Insurance Commissioner or
by a competent court.
Country Bankers questions the existence of a third
bond, the 1990 Bond, which allegedly cancelled the 1989
Bonds on the following grounds: First, Lagman failed to
produce the original of the 1990 Bond and no basis has
been laid for the presentation of secondary evidence;
Second, the issuance of the 1990 Bond was not approved
and processed by Country Bankers; Third, the NFA as bond
obligee was not in possession of the 1990 Bond. Country
Bankers stresses that the cancellation of the 1989 Bonds
requires the participation of the bond obligee. Ergo, the
bonds remain subsisting until cancelled by the bond
obligee. Country Bankers further assert that Lagman also
failed to prove that the NFA accepted the 1990 Bond in
replacement of the 1989 Bonds.
Country Bankers notes that the receipts issued for the
1989 Bonds are mere evidence of premium payments and
should not be relied on to determine the period of effectivity
of the bonds. Country Bankers explains that the receipts
only represent the transactions between the bond principal
and the surety, and does not involve the NFA as bond
obligee.
Country Bankers calls this CourtÊs attention to the
incontestability clause contained in the Indemnity
Agreements

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22 Id., at p. 14.

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which prohibits Lagman from questioning his liability

therein.
In his Comment, Lagman raises the issue of novation by
asserting that the 1989 Bonds were superseded by the 1990
Bond, which did not include Lagman as party. Therefore,
Lagman argues, Country Bankers has no cause of action
against him. Lagman also reiterates that because of
novation, the 1989 bonds are neither perpetual nor
continuing.
Lagman anchors his defense on two (2) arguments: 1)
the 1989 Bonds have expired and 2) the 1990 Bond novates
the 1989 Bonds.
The Court of Appeals held that the 1989 bonds were
effective only for one (1) year, as evidenced by the receipts
on the payment of premiums.
We do not agree.
The official receipts in question serve as proof of
payment of the premium for one year on each surety bond.
It does not, however, automatically mean that the surety
bond is effective for only one (1) year. In fact, the effectivity
of the bond is not wholly dependent on the payment of
premium. Section 177 of the Insurance Code expresses:

„Sec. 177. The surety is entitled to payment of the premium as

soon as the contract of suretyship or bond is perfected and delivered
to the obligor. No contract of suretyship or bonding shall be valid
and binding unless and until the premium therefor has been paid,
except where the obligee has accepted the bond, in which
case the bond becomes valid and enforceable irrespective of
whether or not the premium has been paid by the obligor to
the surety: Provided, That if the contract of suretyship or bond is
not accepted by, or filed with the obligee, the surety shall collect
only reasonable amount, not exceeding fifty per centum of the
premium due thereon as service fee plus the cost of stamps or other
taxes imposed for the issuance of the contract or bond: Provided,
however, That if the non-acceptance of the bond be due to the fault
or negligence of the surety, no such service fee, stamps or taxes

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shall be collected.‰ (Emphasis supplied)

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The 1989 Bonds have identical provisions and they state

in very clear terms the effectivity of these bonds, viz.:

„NOW, THEREFORE, if the above-bounded Principal shall well

and truly deliver to the depositors PALAY received by him for
STORAGE at any time that demand therefore is made, or shall pay
the market value therefore in case he is unable to return the same,
then this obligation shall be null and void; otherwise it shall remain
in full force and effect and may be enforced in the manner provided
by said Act No. 3893 as amended by Republic Act No. 247 and P.D.
No. 4. This bond shall remain in force until cancelled by the
Administrator of National Food Authority.‰23

This provision in the bonds is but in compliance with the

second paragraph of Section 177 of the Insurance Code,
which specifies that a continuing bond, as in this case
where there is no fixed expiration date, may be cancelled
only by the obligee, which is the NFA, by the Insurance
Commissioner, and by the court. Thus:

„In case of a continuing bond, the obligor shall pay the

subsequent annual premium as it falls due until the contract of
suretyship is cancelled by the obligee or by the Commissioner or by
a court of competent jurisdiction, as the case may be.‰

By law and by the specific contract involved in this case,

the effectivity of the bond required for the obtention of a
license to engage in the business of receiving rice for
storage is determined not alone by the payment of
premiums but principally by the Administrator of the NFA.
From beginning to end, the AdministratorÊs brief is the
enabling or disabling document.
The clear import of these provisions is that the surety
bonds in question cannot be unilaterally cancelled by
Lagman. The same conclusion was reached by the trial
court and we quote:

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23 Records, p. 174.

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„As there appears no record of cancellation of the Warehouse

Bonds No. 03304 and No. 02355 either by the administrator of the
NFA or by the Insurance Commissioner or by the Court, the
Warehouse Bonds are valid and binding and cannot be unilaterally
cancelled by defendant Lagman as general agent of the plaintiff.‰24

While the trial court did not directly rule on the

existence and validity of the 1990 Bond, it upheld the 1989
Bonds as valid and binding, which could not be unilaterally
cancelled by Lagman. The Court of Appeals, on the other
hand, acknowledged the 1990 Bond as having cancelled the
two previous bonds by novation. Both courts however failed
to discuss their basis for rejecting or admitting the 1990
Bond, which, as we indicated, is bone to pick in this case.
LagmanÊs insistence on novation depends on the validity,
nay, existence of the allegedly novating 1990 Bond. Country
Bankers understandably impugns both. We see the point.
Lagman presented a mere photocopy of the 1990 Bond. We
rule as inadmissible such copy.
Under the best evidence rule, the original document
must be produced whenever its contents are the subject of
inquiry.25 The rule is encapsulated in Section 3, Rule 130 of
the Rules of Court, as follow:

„Sec. 3. Original document must be produced; exceptions.·

When the subject of inquiry is the contents of a documents, no
evidence shall be admissible other than the original document itself,
except in the following cases:
(a) When the original has been lost or destroyed, or cannot be
produced in court, without bad faith on the part of the offeror;
(b)  When the original is in the custody or under the control of
the party against whom the evidence is offered, and the latter fails
to produce it after reasonable notice;

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24 Id., at p. 281.
25 Herrera, REMEDIAL LAW, Vol. V (1999 ed.), p. 166.

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(c) When the original consists of numerous accounts or other

documents which cannot be examined in court without great loss of
time and the fact sought to be established from them is only the
general result of the whole; and
(d) When the original is a public record in the custody of a
public officer or is recorded in a public office.‰26

A photocopy, being a mere secondary evidence, is not

admissible unless it is shown that the original is
unavailable.27 Section 5, Rule 130 of the Rules of Court
states:

„SEC. 5 When original document is unavailable.·When the

original document has been lost or destroyed, or cannot be produced
in court, the offeror, upon proof of its execution or existence and the
cause of its unavailability without bad faith on his part, may prove
its contents by a copy, or by a recital of its contents in some
authentic document, or by the testimony of witnesses in the order
stated.‰

Before a party is allowed to adduce secondary evidence

to prove the contents of the original, the offeror must prove
the following: (1) the existence or due execution of the
original; (2) the loss and destruction of the original or the
reason for its non-production in court; and (3) on the part of
the offeror, the absence of bad faith to which the
unavailability of the original can be attributed. The correct
order of proof is as follows: existence, execution, loss, and
contents.28
In the case at bar, Lagman mentioned during the direct
examination that there are actually four (4) duplicate
originals of the 1990 Bond: the first is kept by the NFA, the
second is

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26 See Consolidated Bank and Trust Corporation (SOLIDBANK) v.

Del Monte Motor Works, Inc., G.R. No. 143338, 29 July 2005, 465 SCRA
117, 130-131.
27 Lee v. Tambago, A.C. No. 5281, 12 February 2008, 544 SCRA 393,
404.
28 Citibank, N.A. Mastercard v. Teodoro, 458 Phil. 480, 489; 411 SCRA
577, 584-585 (2003) citing De Vera v. Aguilar, G.R. No. 83377, 9 February
1993, 218 SCRA 602, 606.

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778 SUPREME COURT REPORTS ANNOTATED

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with the Loan Officer of the NFA in Tarlac, the third is

with Country Bankers and the fourth was in his
possession.29 A party must first present to the court proof of
loss or other satisfactory explanation for the non-
production of the original instrument.30 When more than
one original copy exists, it must appear that all of them
have been lost, destroyed, or cannot be produced in court
before secondary evidence can be given of any one. A
photocopy may not be used without accounting for the
other originals.31
Despite knowledge of the existence and whereabouts of
these duplicate originals, Lagman merely presented a
photocopy. He admitted that he kept a copy of the 1990
Bond but he could no longer produce it because he had
already severed his ties with Country Bankers. However,
he did not explain why severance of ties is by itself reason
enough for the non-availability of his copy of the bond
considering that, as it appears from the 1989 Bonds,
Lagman himself is a bondsman. Neither did Lagman
explain why he failed to secure the original from any of the
three other custodians he mentioned in his testimony.
While he apparently was able to find the original with the
NFA Loan Officer, he was merely contented with producing
its photocopy. Clearly, Lagman failed to exert diligent
efforts to produce the original.
Fueling further suspicion regarding the existence of the

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1990 Bond is the absence of an Indemnity Agreement.

While Lagman argued that a 1990 Bond novates the 1989
Bonds, he raises the defense of „non-existence of an
indemnity agree-

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29 Testimony of Antonio Lagman. TSN, 29 April 1997, pp. 12-13.

30 Heirs of Teofilo Gabatan v. Court of Appeals, G.R. No. 150206, 13
March 2009, 581 SCRA 70, 87-88 citing Department of Education,
Culture and Sports v. Del Rosario, 490 Phil. 193, 204; 449 SCRA 299, 313
(2005).
31 Citibank, N.A. Mastercard v. Teodoro, supra note 27 at p. 490 citing
Herrera, REMEDIAL LAW, Vol. V (1999 ed.), p. 178 citing further 5
Moran 88 (1980 ed.) and Peaks v. Cobb, 192 77 N.E. 881.

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ment‰ which would conveniently exempt him from liability.

The trial court deemed this defense as indicia of bad faith,
thus:

„To the observation of the Court, defendant Lagman contended

that being a general agent (which requires a much higher
qualification than an ordinary agent), he is expected to have
attended seminars and workshops on general insurance wherein he
is supposed to have acquired sufficient knowledge of the general
principles of insurance which he had fully practised or implemented
from experience. It somehow appears to the CourtÊs assessment of
his reneging liability of the bonds in question, that he is still short
of having really understood the principle of suretyship with
reference to the transaction of indemnity in which he is a signatory.
If, as he alleged, that he is well-versed in insurance, the Court finds
no excuse for him to stand firm in denying his liability over the
claim against the bonds with indemnity provision. If he insists in
not recognizing that liability, the more that this Court is convinced
that his knowledge that insurance operates under the principle of
good faith is inadequate. He missed the exception provided by
Section 177 of the Insurance Code, as amended, wherein non-

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payment of premium would not have the same essence in his mind
that the agreements entered into would not have full force or effect.
It could be glimpsed, therefore, that the mere fact of cancelling
bonds with indemnity agreements and replacing them
(absence of the same) to escape liability clearly manifests
bad faith on his part.‰32 (Emphasis supplied.)

Having discounted the existence and/or validity of the

1990 Bond, there can be no novation to speak of. Novation
is the extinguishment of an obligation by the substitution
or change of the obligation by a subsequent one which
extinguishes or modifies the first, either by changing the
object or principal conditions, or by substituting another in
place of the debtor, or by subrogating a third person in the
rights of the creditor. For novation to take place, the
following requisites must concur: 1) There must be a
previous valid obligation; 2) The par-

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32 Rollo, p. 43.

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780 SUPREME COURT REPORTS ANNOTATED

Country Bankers Insurance Corporation vs. Lagman

ties concerned must agree to a new contract; 3) The old

contract must be extinguished; and 4) There must be a
valid new contract.33
In this case, only the first element of novation exists.
Indeed, there is a previous valid obligation, i.e., the 1989
Bonds. There is however neither a valid new contract nor a
clear agreement between the parties to a new contract
since the very existence of the 1990 Bond has been
rendered dubious. Without the new contract, the old
contract is not extinguished.
Implied novation necessitates a new obligation with
which the old is in total incompatibility such that the old
obligation is completely superseded by the new one.34 Quite
obviously, neither can there be implied novation. In this
case, there is no new obligation.

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The liability of Lagman is expressed in Indemnity

Agreements executed in consideration of the 1989 Bonds
which we have considered as continuing contracts. Under
both Indemnity Agreements, Lagman, as co-signor,
together with Santos, Ban Lee Lim and Reguine, bound
themselves jointly and severally to Country Bankers to
indemnify it for any damage or loss sustained on the
account of the execution of the bond,

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33 Adriatico Consortium, Inc. v. LandBank of the Philippines, G.R. No.

187838, 23 December 2009, 609 SCRA 403, 421 citing Valenzuela v.
Kalayaan Development & Industrial Corporation, G.R. No. 163244, 22
June 2009, 590 SCRA 380, 390-391; Security Bank and Trust Company,
Inc. v. Cuenca, 396 Phil. 108, 122; 341 SCRA 781, 796 (2000); Reyes v.
Court of Appeals, G.R. No. 120817, 4 November 1996, 264 SCRA 35, 43.
34 Salazar v. J.Y. Brothers Marketing Corporation, G.R. No. 171998,
20 October 2010, 634 SCRA 95; Foundation Specialists, Inc. v. Betonval
Ready Concrete, Inc., G.R. No. 170674, 24 August 2009, 596 SCRA 697,
707 citing Iloilo Traders Finance, Inc. v. Heirs of Sps. Soriano, Jr., 452
Phil. 82, 89-90; 404 SCRA 67, 71 (2003); Aquintey v. Tibong, G.R. No.
166704, 20 December 2006, 511 SCRA 414, 435-436.

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among others. The pertinent identical stipulations of the

Indemnity Agreements state:

„INDEMNITY:·To indemnify and make good to the COMPANY

jointly and severally, any damages, prejudice, loss, costs, payments
advances and expenses of whatever kind and nature, including
attorneyÊs fees and legal costs, which the COMPANY may, at any
time, sustain or incur, as well as to reimburse to said COMPANY all
sums and amounts of money which the COMPANY or its
representatives shall or may pay or cause to be paid or become
liable to pay, on account of or arising from the execution of the
above-mentioned BOND or any extension, renewal, alteration or
substitution thereof made at the instance of the undersigned or

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anyone of them.‰35

Moreover, the Indemnity Agreements also contained

identical Incontestability Clauses which provide:

„INCONTESTABILITY OF PAYMENTS MADE BY THE

COMPANY:·Any payment or disbursement made by the
COMPANY on account of the above-mentioned Bond, its renewals,
extensions, alterations or substitutions either in the belief that the
COMPANY was obligated to make such payment or in the belief
that said payment was necessary or expedient in order to avoid
greater losses or obligations for which the COMPANY might be
liable by virtue of the terms of the above-mentioned Bond, its
renewals, extensions, alterations, or substitutions, shall be final
and shall not be disputed by the undersigned, who hereby jointly
and severally bind themselves to indemnify [Country Bankers] of
any and all such payments, as stated in the preceding clauses.
In case the COMPANY shall have paid[,] settled or compromised
any liability, loss, costs, damages, attorneyÊs fees, expenses,
claims[,] demands, suits, or judgments as above-stated, arising out
of or in connection with said bond, an itemized statement thereof,
signed by an officer of the COMPANY and other evidence to show
said payment, settlement or compromise, shall be prima facie
evidence of said payment, settlement or compromise, as well as the

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35 Records, pp. 175-177.

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liability of the undersigned in any and all suits and claims against
the undersigned arising out of said bond or this bond application.‰36

Lagman is bound by these Indemnity Agreements.

Payments made by Country Bankers by virtue of the 1989
Bonds gave rise to LagmanÊs obligation to reimburse it
under the Indemnity Agreements. Lagman, being a
solidary debtor, is liable for the entire obligation.
WHEREFORE, the petition is GRANTED. The assailed

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Decision and Resolution of the Court of Appeals in CA-G.R.

CV No. 61797 are SET ASIDE and the Decision dated 21
September 1998 of the RTC is hereby REINSTATED.
SO ORDERED.

Carpio (Chairperson), Leonardo-De Castro,**

***
Villarama, Jr. and Sereno, JJ., concur.

Petition granted, judgment and resolution set aside.

Notes.·Where the subsequent loan agreement

extinguished the original credit accommodation, the
Indemnity Agreement, an accessory obligation, was also
necessarily extinguished. (Security Bank and Trust
Company, Inc. vs. Cuenca, 341 SCRA 781 [2000])
The principal debtors became liable to indemnify the
surety at the same time the bonds issued by the surety
were placed at the risk of forfeiture by the Bureau of
Customs for non-compliance by the debtors with their
undertaking. (Autocorp Group vs. Intra Strata Assurance
Corporation, 556 SCRA 250 [2008])
··o0o··

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36 Id.
** Per Special Order No. 1006.
*** Per Special Order No. 1043.

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