Give the definition of :

Nutrition? Nutrients? Calories?

Nutrition:
A science that studies the interactions that occur between living organisms and food.

Nutrients:
Chemical substances in foods that provide energy as well as structure and help regulate the body process.

Kcalories (Kilocalories):
The unit of heat that is used to express the amount of energy provided by food.

Fifty years ago:

People ate most meals at home, with their families at a leisurely pace. People ate more fresh, less-processed foods.

Today:
We have much less time to prepare food at home. We eat more processed foods and convenient fast foods.

Your nutrient intake affect your current and future health. Discuss.

OR

Malnutrition: too little or too much of one or more nutrients or energy Nutrient Deficiency: Undernutrition Excess of Nutrient or energy: Overnutrition

Hypertension

Cancer

Diabetes

or
Gout Obesity

Osteoporosis

Low Body Weight

Heart Disease
Food poisoning

DEVELOPMENT OF DISEASES
END POINT
Non-modifiable risk factors:

Age Sex Ethnicity Genes

Intermediate Risk Factors

stroke

Heart Disease

Modifiable risk factors: Diet - unhealthy Physical inactivity Tobacco use Alcohol Stress
Socioeconomic, cultural & environmental determinants: Globalization Urbanization

Obesity/Overweight Raised blood pressure Raised blood glucose

Abnormal blood lipids

Diabetes Cancers Lung Disease

ED (Erectile
Dysfunction)

Energy cannot disappear, food energy eaten has to be excreted in the faeces, or absorb by the body Once absorb = small amount excreted in the urine = stored in the tissue in the form of glycogen

Derived from chemical energy bound in food carbohydrates, fats, proteins and alcohol Physiological Fuel values (kCal/g) : 1 gram of Carbohydrates = 4 kcal 1 gram of Protein = 4 kcal 1 gram of Fat = 9 kcal 1 gram of Alcohol = 7 kcal

CHO = 55-70 %

Fat = 20-30 %
Protein = 10-15 %
Source: The Technical subcommittee on Energy and Macronutrients (2005)

Energy balance:

Energy intake = Energy expenditure

Weight is maintained

There are approximately 45 essential nutrients to human life.

Nutrients that must be provided in the diet.

Sometimes nutrients are added to food.

Fortified food

Dietary supplements are another source of nutrients.

Some substances are needed for life, but are not essential.
Ex. Lecithin

Some substances have health-promoting properties.

Phytochemicals : from plant foods Zoochemicals: from animal foods

Energy-yielding nutrients:
Carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins

Macronutrients:
Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and water

Micronutrients:
Vitamins and minerals

Carbohydrate, lipids, proteins, and vitamins are Organic molecules. Minerals and water are inorganic molecules.

Water
A macronutrient that serve many functions

Vitamins
Organic molecules (13 identified) that regulate body process

Minerals
Inorganic molecules that have regulatory roles and are important structurally

What are the basic of nutrients?

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Carbohydrates Fat and lipid Protein Vitamins Minerals

Sources

of energy 1 gram of Carbohydrates = 4 kcal

1 gram of Fat = 9 kcal Sources of energy

1 gram of Protein = 4 kcal To build muscles and body tissue

To prevent diseases

Eat a variety of foods. Balance the food you eat with physical activity maintain or improve your weight. Choose a diet with plenty of grain products, vegetables and fruits. Choose a diet low in fat, saturated fat and cholesterol Choose a diet moderate in sugars Choose a diet moderate in salt and sodium

FOOD PYRAMID
Fat, oil, sugar & salt Milk, yogurt, cheese 1-2 servings Fruits & vegetables 5 servings Fish, meat, nuts 2-3 servings

Bread,cereal, rice, pasta 8-12 servings

Eat most from the based of the pyramid and eat less from the peak of the pyramid

1 serving of grains/bread, cereal, rice, pasta

cup of rice

1 slice of bread

1 whole potato

3 slices of plain crackers

1 cup of rice porridge

cup of mihun/mee/ pasta

One serving of fruits

1 slice pineapple

1 whole banana

1 slice papaya

cup juice slice guava 1 whole apple

1 slice watermelon

cup dried fruit

One serving of fish, meat and nuts

1 kembung fish medium size

1 cup of nuts

1 piece of chicken wing

2 eggs

5 teaspoons of anchovies

2 slices of tempe

One serving of milk and dairy products

1 glass of milk

1 slice of cheese

1 cup of yogurt

One serving vegetables

cup green leaves vegetables

Availability
Affected by geography, socioeconomics, and health status.

Cultural and Family Background

Food preferences and eating habits are learned as part of each individuals family, cultural, national, and social background.

Social Acceptability
Food is the centerpiece of our everyday social interaction.

Personal Preference
We eat what we like!

Psychological and Emotional Factors

We associate food with feelings.

Health Concerns
An individuals perception of what makes a healthy diet affects his/her food and nutrition choices.

Nutrient Density is a measure of the nutrients a food provides compared with its energy content. Nutrient-dense foods contain more nutrients per kcalorie.

A healthy diet is one that provides:

the right amount of energy to keep weight in the desirable range. the proper types and balance of carbohydrates, proteins, and fats. plenty of water. sufficient, but not excessive, amounts of vitamins and minerals.

The scientific method offers a systematic, unbiased approach to evaluating the relationships among food, nutrients, and health. A hypothesis is an educated guess made to explain observations about the world around us.
A theory is an explanation based on scientific study and reasoning.

Quantifiable Data Appropriate Experimental Population Proper Controls

A control group: a standard of comparison for the treatment being tested. A placebo (sugar pill) is often used. Single-blind and double-blind studies

Correct interpretation of experimental results

The peer-review system

Be realistic
Make small changes over time in what you eat and the level of activity you do. After all, small steps work better than giant leaps.

Be adventurous
Expand your tastes to enjoy a variety of foods

Be flexible
Go ahead and balance what you eat and the physical you do over several days. No need to worry about just one meal or one day.

Be sensible
Enjoy all foods, just dont overdo it

Be active
Walk the dog, dont just watch the dog walk

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BODY COMPOSITION

Body Weight and Health?? Body composition data are used for? Are there any methods for assessing body composition? How to calculate body mass index What are goals and guidelines in achieving and maintaining a healthy body weigh?

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1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13.

What is malnutrition? Give an example of over nutrition What are the six classes of nutrients? List the energy-yielding nutrients What classes of nutrients are considered macronutrients? What classes of nutrients are considered micronutrients? List three functions provided by nutrients. What is a phytochemical? List three factors other than nutrient needs that influence what we eat Why is it important to choose a variety of foods? List the steps of the scientific method What is a control group? What is a placebo?
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