Section - II
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Hydrometeorology - Definition Constituents of Atmosphere Weather and the Atmosphere General Circulation Air masses and fronts Climate and Weather Seasons in India
Assignment
Climate and Weather Seasons
Short paper 2 pages (prefer a print out) Cover all the states in India
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Hydrometeorology
Hydrometeorology is a branch of meteorology and hydrology that studies the transfer of water and energy between the land surface and the lower atmosphere Weather denotes the short-termed (hours to a few days up to a week or so) behavior of the atmosphere Climate refers to the average monthly temperature and precipitation over several decades, which includes all components of the atmosphere, ocean, sea-ice, vegetation, rivers, and human influences.
Constituents of Atmosphere
Jet aircraft are capable of flying in the upper troposphere and lowermost stratosphere (where the air is less dense [less drag on the plane and hence greater speed] and smoother, often cloud-free wind conditions)
Temperature vs. Altitude
Composition of Atmosphere
Acid Rain
General Circulation
The weather and circulation of the atmosphere are essentially the result of a balance of energy. Energy enters the earth from the sun in the form of radiation, termed as insolation.
The radiation in the form of heat energy drives the primary motion of circulation of the atmosphere and the ocean.
General Circulation
At the equator insolation is the most intense, air rises producing low pressure. The air cools and diverges aloft, moving toward the subtropics where it descends, producing high-pressure and diverging at the base, sending air toward both the equator and higher latitudes. These movements of air generate the Trade Winds and the Westerlies. The dense cold air at the poles spills out of the Arctic and Antarctic, flowing in an easterly direction, coming in contact with the warmer air of the Westerlies at the Polar Front. The polar air is cold and dense causing the Westerlies to rise and flow over the arctic and antarctic, forming a lowpressure area
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Air Mass
Air Mass is an extremely large body of air whose properties of temperature and moisture content (humidity), at any given altitude, are fairly similar in any horizontal direction Classification: 4 general air mass classifications categorized according to the source region.
polar latitudes P - located poleward of 60 degrees north and south tropical latitudes T - located within about 25 degrees of the equator continental c - located over large land masses--dry marine m - located over the oceans----mois
Air Front
Front is the transition zone between air masses with distinctly different properties
Sharp temperature changes over a relatively short distance Change in moisture content Rapid shifts in wind direction Pressure changes Clouds and precipitation patterns
Stationary Front Cold Front Warm Front Occluded Front
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Types
Climate and Weather Seasons in India
Assignment 2
Short Paper Minimum of 2 Pages Due in Tutorial Class
Climate
What type of climate Seasons and months
Weather
Average temperature/rainfall
Cover all the states in India (prefer a table)
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