E-Commerce
Overview of Electronic Commerce
Learning Objectives
1. Define electronic commerce (EC) and describe its various categories. 2. Describe and discuss the content and framework of EC. 3. Describe the major types of EC transactions. 4. Describe the digital revolution as a driver of EC.
Learning Objectives
5. Describe the business environment as a driver of EC. 6. Describe some EC business models. 7. Describe the benefits of EC to organizations, consumers, and society. 8. Describe the limitations of EC. 9. Describe the contribution of EC to organizations responding to environmental pressures.
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Electronic Commerce: Definitions and Concepts
electronic commerce (EC)
The process of buying, selling, or exchanging products, services, or information via computer networks
Electronic Commerce: Definitions and Concepts
EC is defined through these perspectives
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. Communications Commercial (trading) Business process Service Learning Collaborative Community
Electronic Commerce: Definitions and Concepts
e-business
A broader definition of EC that includes not just the buying and selling of goods and services, but also servicing customers, collaborating with business partners, and conducting electronic transactions within an organization
Electronic Commerce: Definitions and Concepts
Pure Versus Partial EC
EC takes several forms depending on the degree of digitization (the transformation from physical to digital)
(1) the product (service) sold, (2) the process, (3) the delivery agent (or intermediary)
Exhibit 1.1 The Dimensions of Electronic Commerce
Electronic Commerce: Definitions and Concepts
EC organizations
brick-and-mortar organizations Old-economy organizations (corporations) that perform most of their business off-line, selling physical products by means of physical agents virtual (pure-play) organizations Organizations that conduct their business activities solely online click-and-mortar (click-and-brick) organizations Organizations that conduct some e-commerce activities, but do their primary business in the physical world
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Electronic Commerce: Definitions and Concepts
Where EC is conducted
electronic market (e-marketplace) An online marketplace where buyers and sellers meet to exchange goods, services, money, or information interorganizational information systems (IOSs) Communications system that allows routine transaction processing and information flow between two or more organizations intraorganizational information systems Communication systems that enable e-commerce activities to go on within individual organizations
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The EC Framework, Classification, and Content
Networked computing is the infrastructure for EC, and it is rapidly emerging as the standard computing environment for business, home, and government applications
Networked computing connects multiple computers and other electronic devices located in several different locations by telecommunications networks, including wireless ones Allows users to access information stored in several different physical locations and to communicate and collaborate with people separated by great geographic distances
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The EC Framework
intranet
An internal corporate or government network that uses Internet tools, such as Web browsers, and Internet protocols
extranet
A network that uses the Internet to link multiple intranets
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The EC Framework, Classification, and Content
An EC Frameworksupports five policymaking support areas
People Public policy Marketing and advertisement Support services Business partnerships
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Exhibit 1.2 A Framework for Electronic Commerce
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EC Classification
Classification by nature of the transactions or interactions
business-to-business (B2B) E-commerce model in which all of the participants are businesses or other organizations business-to-consumer (B2C) E-commerce model in which businesses sell to individual shoppers
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EC Classification
e-tailing
Online retailing, usually B2C
business-to-business-to-consumer (B2B2C)
E-commerce model in which a business provides some product or service to a client business that maintains its own customers
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EC Classification
consumer-to-business (C2B)
E-commerce model in which individuals use the Internet to sell products or services to organizations or individuals seek sellers to bid on products or services they need
consumer-to-consumer (C2C)
E-commerce model in which consumers sell directly to other consumers
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EC Classification
peer-to-peer
Technology that enables networked peer computers to share data and processing with each other directly; can be used in C2C, B2B, and B2C e-commerce
mobile commerce (m-commerce)
E-commerce transactions and activities conducted in a wireless environment
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EC Classification
intrabusiness EC
E-commerce category that includes all internal organizational activities that involve the exchange of goods, services, or information among various units and individuals in an organization
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EC Classification
business-to-employees (B2E)
E-commerce model in which an organization delivers services, information, or products to its individual employees
collaborative commerce (c-commerce)
E-commerce model in which individuals or groups communicate or collaborate online
e-learning
The online delivery of information for purposes of training or education
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EC Classification
exchange-to-exchange (E2E)
E-commerce model in which electronic exchanges formally connect to one another for the purpose of exchanging information
e-government
E-commerce model in which a government entity buys or provides goods, services, or information to businesses or individual citizens
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The Future of EC
Overall, the growth of the field will continue to be strong into the foreseeable future Despite the failures of individual companies and initiatives, the total volume of EC is growing by 15 to 25% every year
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Digital Evolution Drives EC
digital economy
An economy that is based on digital technologies, including digital communication networks, computers, software, and other related information technologies; also called the Internet economy, the new economy, or the Web
The digital revolution accelerates EC by providing competitive advantage to organizations and enabling innovations
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Business Environment Drives EC
The environmentresponsesupport model
Companies must not only take traditional actions such as lowering costs and closing unprofitable facilities, but also introduce innovative actions such as customizing, creating new products, or providing superb customer service
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Exhibit 1.4 Major Business Pressures and the Role of EC
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Business Environment Drives EC
Categories of business pressures
market (economic) societal technological
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Business Environment Drives EC
Organizational response strategies
Strategic systems Continuous improvement efforts and business process restructuring Customer relationship management Business alliances Electronic markets
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Business Environment Drives EC
Reductions in Cycle Time and Time-to-Market cycle time reduction
Shortening the time it takes for a business to complete a productive activity from its beginning to end
Empowerment of Employees
EC allows the decentralization of decision making and authority via empowerment and distributed systems, but simultaneously supports a centralized control
Supply Chain Improvements
EC can help reduce supply chain delays, reduce inventories, and eliminate other inefficiencies
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Business Environment Drives EC
Mass Customization: Make-to-Order in Large Quantities mass customization Production of large quantities of customized items Intrabusiness: From Sales Force Automation to Inventory Control knowledge Management (KM) The process of creating or capturing knowledge, storing and protecting it, updating and maintaining it, and using it
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EC Business Models
business model
A method of doing business by which a company can generate revenue to sustain itself
Business models are a subset of a business plan or a business case
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Benefits of EC
Benefits to Organizations
1. Global Reach 2. Cost Reduction 3. Supply Chain Improvements 4. Extended Hours 5. Customization 6. New Business Models 7. Vendors Specialization 8. Rapid Time-to-Market
1. Lower Communication Costs 2. Efficient Procurement 3. Improved Customer Relations 4. Up-to-Date Company Material 5. No City Business Permits and Fees 6. Other Benefits
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Benefits of EC
Benefits to Consumers
More Products and Services Customized Products and Services Cheaper Products and Services
Instant Delivery Information Availability Participation in Auctions Electronic Communities No Sales Tax
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Benefits of EC
Benefits to Society
Telecommuting Higher Standard of Living Security Availability of Public Services
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Exhibit 1.7 Limitations of EC
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Networks for EC
corporate portal
A major gateway through which employees, business partners, and the public can enter a corporate Web site
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Exhibit 1.8 The Networked Organization
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Managerial Issues
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. Is it real? Why is B2B e-commerce so attractive? There are so many EC failureshow can one avoid them? How do we transform our organization into a digital one? How should we evaluate the magnitude of business pressures and technological advancement? What should be my companys strategy toward EC? What are the top challenges of EC?
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Summary
1. Definition of EC and description of its various categories. 2. The content and framework of EC. 3. The major types of EC transactions. 4. The role of the digital revolution. 5. The role of the business environment as an EC driver.
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Summary
6. The major EC business models. 7. Benefits of EC to organizations, consumers, and society. 8. Limitations of EC. 9. Contribution to organizations responding to environmental changes.
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