Introduction
to
Spatial DBMS
Dr. Gatot H. Pramono
gatot@bakosurtanal.go.id
ITM 625 – [02] SDBMS Intro 1
Objectives
To understand the following concepts:
1.The relation between GIS &
SDBMS
2.Components of SDBMS
3.3 layer architecture
4.Theme algebra
5.Pros & Cons of relational DB
6.Loosely coupled SDBMS
7.Integrated SDBMS
ITM 625 – [02] SDBMS Intro 2
Spatial Queries
Army Field Commander: Has there been any
significant enemy troop movement?
Insurance Risk Manager: Which homes are most
likely to be affected in the next great flood?
Medical Doctor: Based on this patient's MRI,
have we treated somebody with a similar
condition?
Molecular Biologist: Is the topology of the amino
acid biosynthesis gene in the genome found in
any other sequence feature map in the database
?
Astronomer: Find all blue galaxies within 2
arcmin of quasars.
ITM 625 – [02] SDBMS Intro 3
GIS
Principle technology motivating interest
in SDBMS
The client for SDBMS
GIS uses SDBMS to store, search, query,
share large spatial data sets
Characterized by a rich set of
geographic analysis functions
ITM 625 – [02] SDBMS Intro 4
GIS – Analysis
Search Thematic search, search region, (re-)
classification
Location analysis Buffer, corridor, overlay
Terrain analysis Slope/aspect, catchment,
drainage network
Flow analysis Connectivity, shortest path
Distribution Change detection, proximity, nearest
neighbor
Spatial analysis/Statistics Pattern, centrality,
autocorrelation, indices of similarity, topology
Measurements Distance, perimeter, shape,
adjacency, direction
ITM 625 – [02] SDBMS Intro 5
GIS – Analysis
Measuring
the volume
of hot mud
flow in
Porong,
East Java
ITM 625 – [02] SDBMS Intro 6
Background
Large amount of spatial data:
EOS (NASA) satellites: 1 terabyte/day
High resolution data used in
GoogleEarth
Census data
Weather and climate data
Rivers, farms, ecological impact
Medical imaging
ITM 625 – [02] SDBMS Intro 7
DBMS Environment
Data
independence
ITM 625 – [02] SDBMS Intro 8
DBMS SDBMS
Traditional (non-spatial) database management
systems provide:
Persistence across failures
Allows concurrent access to data
Scalability to search on very large datasets
Efficient for non-spatial, not for spatial
queries
Non spatial queries:
List 5 biggest hospitals in a city
Spatial queries:
List all hospitals near to the racing circuit
ITM 625 – [02] SDBMS Intro 9
SDBMS - Definition
An SDBMS is a software module that
can work with an underlying DBMS
can handle large amount of spatial
data
works with an underlying DBMS
provides spatial ADTs callable from a
query language
provides methods for efficient
processing of spatial queries
ITM 625 – [02] SDBMS Intro 10
3 Layer Architecture
ITM 625 – [02] SDBMS Intro 11
SDBMS - Components
1. spatial data model, data types
and operators,
2. spatial query language,
processing and optimization
3. spatial data mining
ITM 625 – [02] SDBMS Intro 12
SDBMS - Example
Consider a spatial dataset:
Road network (red line)
IDP camps (blue points)
Relocations (light green
points)
Landsat TM image
(background)
Storage in an SDBMS table:
create table idp_camp (
district string,
people number,
foods string,
camp point );
ITM 625 – [02] SDBMS Intro 13
GIS - Theme
Theme is the geospatial information
corresponding to a particular topic.
It is similar to a relation (relational model)
It has a schema and instances
It is displayed with specific symbol, color
and size
Examples: rivers, cities, countries
ITM 625 – [02] SDBMS Intro 14
GIS – Geographic Objects
Geographic objects are major objects to
be considered at a conceptual level
A theme is a collection of geographic
objects
Two components of geographic objects
are:
1.Attributes: describe the object
2.Spatial component: consists of geometry
(location & shape) and topology ( spatial
relationships with other objects.
ITM 625 – [02] SDBMS Intro 15
Theme Algebra
Theme projection
SAWAH
BES AR
27 27
KEMA YO RA N
73 73
GAMBIR
33 CEMPAKA 33
JOHAR P UTIH
SENEN 26
41 BARU 26 41 36
36
MENTENG
20 20
TANAH
ABANG
36 36
Number of SDN for each Number of SDN for each
District in Jakarta Pusat District in Jakarta Pusat
ITM 625 – [02] SDBMS Intro 16
Theme Algebra
Theme selection
SAWAH SAWAH
BES AR BES AR
27 27
KEMA YO RA N
73
GAMBIR
33 CEMPAKA CEMPAKA
JOHAR P UTIH P UTIH
SENEN
41 BARU 26 26
36
MENTENG MENTENG
20 20
TANAH
ABANG
36
Number of SDN for each Number of SDN for each
District in Jakarta Pusat District in Jakarta Pusat
ITM 625 – [02] SDBMS Intro 17
Theme Algebra
Theme union
SAWAH
BES AR
27
CEMPAKA
P UTIH
26
MENTENG
20
SAWAH
BES AR
27
KEMA YO RA N
Number of SDN for each 73
District in Jakarta Pusat
GAMBIR
33
CEMPAKA
SENEN JOHAR P UTIH
BARU 26
41
36
MENT ENG
20
TANAH
ABANG
36
KEMA YO RA N
73
Number of SDN for each
GAMBIR District in Jakarta Pusat
33
SENEN JOHAR
41 BARU
36
TANAH
ABANG
36
Number of SDN for each
District in Jakarta Pusat
ITM 625 – [02] SDBMS Intro 18
Theme Algebra
Theme overlay
SAWAH
BES AR
27
KEMA YO RA N
73
GAMBIR
33 CEMPAKA
JOHAR P UTIH
SENEN
41 BARU 26
36
MENTENG
20 SAWAH
TANAH
BES AR
ABANG
27
36
KEMA YO RA N
73 (6)
GAMBIR
Number of SDN for each 33 (3) CEMPAKA
District in Jakarta Pusat SENEN JOHAR P UTIH
41 (7) BARU 26
36
MENT ENG
20
TANAH
ABANG
36
KEMA YO RA N
Number of SDN for each
6 District in Jakarta Pusat
GAMBIR
3
SENEN
7
Number of damaged SDN for
each District in Jakarta Pusat
ITM 625 – [02] SDBMS Intro 19
Theme Algebra
Windowing
SAWAH SAWAH
BES AR BES AR
27 27
KEMA YO RA N KEMA YO RA N
73 73
GAMBIR GAMBIR
33 CEMPAKA 33
JOHAR P UTIH
SENEN
41 BARU 26
36
MENTENG
20
TANAH
ABANG
36
Number of SDN for each Number of SDN for each
District in Jakarta Pusat District in Jakarta Pusat
ITM 625 – [02] SDBMS Intro 20
Theme Algebra
Merging
SAWAH
BES AR SAWAH
27 BES AR
KEMA YO RA N
73 KEMA YO RA N
GAMBIR
33 CEMPAKA GAMBIR
JOHAR P UTIH CEMPAKA
SENEN
41 BARU 26 JOHAR P UTIH
36 BARU
MENTENG MENTENG - SENEN
20
TANAH
ABANG TANAH
36 ABANG
Number of SDN for each Number of SDN for each
District in Jakarta Pusat District in Jakarta Pusat
ITM 625 – [02] SDBMS Intro 21
Other Theme Ops
Metric operations
Topological operations
Interpolation/extrapolation
Location
Allocation
Location/allocation
ITM 625 – [02] SDBMS Intro 22
Relational SDBMS
Storage in an SDBMS table:
create table census_blocks (
name string,
area float,
population number,
boundary polyline );
ITM 625 – [02] SDBMS Intro 23
Relational SDBMS
Advantage: based on SQL
Drawbacks:
Violates the data independence principle
Requires many tables and relations
Lack of user friendliness for tables of
points
Difficult to define new spatial types
Difficult to express geometrical
computations: topology, point & window
query
ITM 625 – [02] SDBMS Intro 24
Loosely Coupled SDBMS
Descriptive and spatial Application programs
data managements are
Relational Geometric
separated DBMS processing
Used by many vendors
Drawbacks:
1.Difficult to model, use or DB Files
integrate
2.A partial loss of basic
DBMS functionalities
ITM 625 – [02] SDBMS Intro 25
Integrated SDBMS
Relational DBMS is extended:
SQL is extended to manipulate spatial
data. Point, line, polygon are handled as
alphanumeric base
Many DBMS functions like query
optimization are adapted to handle
geospatial data efficiently
ITM 625 – [02] SDBMS Intro 26
