Work Study
Classical ILO Approach
Method Study
Work measurement
Work Study
Work study is a generic term for those
techniques, particularly Method Study
and Work Measurement, which are
used in the examination of of human
work in in all its contexts, and which
lead systematically to the investigation
of all factors which affect the efficiency
and economy of the situation being
reviewed in order to effect improvement.
Work Strudy
1. Work Measurement
2. Method Study
Work Measurement
It is the application of techniques designed
to establish the time required for a qualified
worker to carry out a specified job at a
defined level of performance.
Method Study
It is the systematic recording & critical
examination of existing & proposed ways of
doing work, as means of developing &
applying easier & more effective methods &
reducing costs
Productivity Management
Productivity Is Ratio Of Output To Input.
It Measures Utilization of Resources to
Produce Utilities.
Work Study Tries to Improve
Productivity of Labour, Material &
Machine By Taking A Re-look At Work
Content
Work Content
Basic work content
Work content added by defects in design
or specification of the product
Work Content added by inefficient methods
of manufacture
Ineffective time within the control of
worker
Ineffective time due to shortcomings of
management
Basic Steps in Work Study
Select
Record
Examine
Develop
Measure
Define
Install
Maintain
Primary Questions
Purpose
What is being done?
Why is the activity necessary at all?
Place
Where is it being done?
Why is it being done there?
Sequence
When is it being done?
Why is it being done at that time?
Person
Who is doing it?
Eliminate unnecessary
parts of job
Combine wherever
possible
Rearrange sequence of
operations for more
effective results
Why is that person doing it?
Means
How is it being done?
Why is it being done in that
particular manner?
Simplify the operation
Secondary Questions
Purpose
Place
What Why That
Where Why There
What else What should
Where
Where
else
should
Sequence When
Why Then
When
else
When
should
Person
Who
Why That
person
Who else
Who should
Means
How
Why that
way
How else
How should
Movement Diagrams
Flow Diagram
String Diagram
Travel Chart
Principles of Motion Economy
Use of Human Body
Arrangement of the workplace
Design of tools and equipments
Use of Human Body
Two hands should begin and complete their
movements at the same time
Two hands should not be idle at the same time.
Motion of arms should be symmetrical and in
opposite directions and simultaneous
Hand and body motions should be made at the
lowest classification.
Continuous curved movements are preferable to
straight line motion involving sudden & sharp
changes in direction.
Work should be arranged to permit easy and
natural rhythm.
Class
Pivot
Body Member
Knuckle
Finger
Wrist
Hand and Fingers
Elbow
Forearm, hand and fingers
Shoulder
Upper arm, forearm, hand and
fingers
Trunk
Torso, upper arm, forearm,
hand and fingers
Arrangement of workplace
Definite and fixed stations should be provided for all
tools and materials to permit habit formation.
Tools and materials should be pre-positioned to
reduce searching.
Tools and materials to be located in maximum
working area.
Tools and materials should be arranged to permit
best sequence of operations.
Provision should be made for adequate lighting and a
chair to permit good posture.
Colour of the workplace should contrast with that of
the work to reduce eye fatigue.
Design of Tool and Equipment
Hands should be relieved of all work of
holding the work-piece wherever
possible.
Two or more tools should be combined
wherever possible.
When each limb performs some specific
movement, load to be distributed in
accordance with the inherent strength of
the limb.
Design of Tool and Equipment
Cont
Handles should be designed so that
maximum surface of the hand is in
contact with it, especially when
considerable force is needed.
Levers, crossbars, hand-wheels should
be so placed that operative can reach
with least change in body position and
greatest mechanical advantage.
Charts - Process Sequence
Outline Process Charts
Flow Process Chart
Two Handed Process Chart
Outline Process Chart
An Outline Process Chart is a
process chart giving an overall
picture by recording in sequence
only the main operations and
inspections
Product
Blade 1
Handle 2
Rivet
Blade 2
Handle 2
Mfg Process
Activities
Description
Operation 1
Drill hole in Blade 1
Operation 2
Sharpen Blade 1
Inspection 1
Examine Blade 1
Operation 3
Fix Handle 1 to Blade 1
Operation 4
Drill hole in Blade 2
Operation 5
Sharpen Blade 2
Inspection 2
Examine Blade 2
Operation 6
Fix Handle 2 to Blade 2
Operation 7
Insert Rivet in both blades
Operation 8
Form head of Rivet
Inspection 3
Inspect the pair of scissors
Process Chart Symbols
Operation
Inspection
Transport
Temporary storage or delay
Permanent storage
Outline Process Chart
Rivet
Handle 1
Blade 1
Handle 2
Blade 2
(60)
(60)
(90)
(90)
(40)
2
1
(40)
5
2
(120)
(120)
(20)
(40)
8
9
(15)
Note : Figures in brackets are the durations for each activity
Flow Process Charts
A Flow Process Chart is a process
chart setting out the sequence of
the flow of a product or a procedure
by recording all events under
review using the appropriate
process chart symbols
Flow Process Charts
Flow Process Chart man type : A flow
process chart which records what the worker
does.
Flow Process Chart material type : A
flow process chart which records how
material is handled or treated.
Flow Process Chart equipment type : A
flow process chart which records how
equipment is used.
Process Chart Symbols
Operation
Inspection
Transport
Temporary storage or delay
Permanent storage
