Surveying for Engineers
ERE 371
Lindi Quackenbush
310A Bray Hall
ljquack@esf.edu
Course Outline
Introduction to surveying
Measurements and measurement techniques
Distances
Angles
Position determination
Applications
Traversing and mapping
Construction and earthwork
Boundary surveys
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Definition of Surveying
General
To inspect, view, scrutinize, or examine
To determine condition, situation, or value
Specifically for this course
Science and art of determining relative positions of points
above, on, or beneath earth surface
Basic concern
Space and location within it
Take note of specific point locations for later reference
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Uses and Importance of Surveying
Locate/map resources
Engineering design
Layout construction or
engineering projects
Verify performance
Acquire reliable data
Provide control
Usually for location
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Historical Development of Surveying
Early applications
Boundary location
Construction
Mapping
Early surveys limited by technology
Crude and inconsistent methods
Development of sighting devices, standards,
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Historical Development of Surveying
Industrial revolution improved surveying
Advances in available materials
Improvement in tools
Electronics revolution fundamental advances
Electronic distance and angle measurement
Satellite surveying
Enhanced processing
Modern surveying
Rapidly developing and evolving
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Specific Types of Surveying
Property (cadastral) surveying
Control surveying
Mapping surveying (planimetric or topographic)
Photogrammetric surveying
Construction (engineering) surveying
Route surveying
Hydrographic surveying
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Surveying Measurements
Why study surveying?
Example of a measurement science
Two quantities measured in surveying
Lengths
Angles
All measurements are imperfect
Errors
Mistakes
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Measurement Errors
Sources of errors
Natural
Instrumental
Personal
Types of errors
Systematic
Random
Terms used in describing errors
Precision
Accuracy
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Idea of Relative Position
Question
Have the points moved?
Answer
Relative to what?
References
Needed for expressing location of points, lines, other objects
Datums provide references in surveying
Horizontally
Vertically
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Readings
Chapter 1
Chapter 3 Sections 3.1 3.7
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Basic Surveying Terms
Vertical line
Horizontal line
Horizontal plane
Vertical plane
Level surface (line)
Distance
Horizontal
Vertical
Slope
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Basic Surveying Terms
Elevation
Horizontal angle
Vertical angle
Elevation angle (positive
or negative)
Zenith angle
Datum
Vertical
Horizontal
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Idea of Relative Position
Question
Answer
References
Datums provide references in surveying
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Horizontal References for Location
Ideal reference
Nearly perfect reference
Practical (complicated and still accurate) reference
Less accurate, slightly simpler reference
Least accurate, much simpler reference
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Ideas Related to a Spheroidal Earth
General shape of earth
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Reference Ellipsoids Basic Concept
a = semi-major axis
b = semi-minor axis
f = flattening
b ab
f 1
a
a
e = eccentricity
a 2 b2
e
2f f 2
a
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Example Reference Ellipsoids
Ellipsoid
Equatorial Axis
Polar Axis
Clarke,
1866
12,756,412.8 m
12,713,167.6
m
NAD27 datum
GRS80
12,756,274 m
12,713,504.6
m
NAD83 datum
WGS84
12,756,274 m
12,713,504.6
m
GPS
ITRS
12,756,272.98
m
12,713,503.5
m
ITRF
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Association
Ideas Related to a Spheroidal Earth
Consequences of a curved earth
Consideration of earth curvature
Alternative
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Ideas Related to a Flat Earth
For limited areas can approximate earth as a plane
Consequences of flat earth
Mathematics are simplified considerably
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Ignoring Earth Curvature: Distance
6m
0
0
.
0
0
0
8
( 5 m i
les+
0
8000.000m ( 5 miles)
1000 km
998.95 km
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.25
)
Ignoring Earth Curvature: Level Line
Horizontal plane
1 mile (1609 m)
8 inches ( 20 cm)
Level surface
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Ignoring Earth Curvature: Triangle Geometry
Sum of Interior
Angles =
75 mi
(48,000 acres)
19,800 hectares
2
180 00' 01"
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Triangle
Geometry
90
90
90
Sum of Interior
Angles = 270
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Earth Reference Surfaces
Comparison of different theoretical surfaces
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Geoid-Ellipsoid Relationship
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Earth Reference Surfaces
Two components of location
Classes of surveying based on earth curvature
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Geodetic Surveys
Issues
Reference surface
Challenges/advantages
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Plane Surveys
Issues
Reference surface
Challenges/advantages
Application
Limited areal extent
Low accuracy requirements
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Readings
Chapter 4 section 4.2, 4.3
Chapter 19 sections 19.1, 19.2, 19.6
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