What is energy?

Learning Outcome 01
Lesson 01
SO- 01 Reasons for
alternative energy
sources

Ability to do work or cause

change
Produces Warmth
Produces Light
Produces Sound
Produces Movement
Produces Growth
Powers Technology
Courtesy of NEED

Reasons for
alternative energy
sources

Classes of
Energy
POTENTIAL
Stored
energy or
energy of
position
Gravitation
al, Stored
Mechanical,

KINETIC
Energy
of
motio
n
Motion,
Electrical,

There are various reasons as to why

the global economic future depends
on alternative renewable energy
sources.
The world economy depends greatly
on energy.

Renewable Energy
Generally defined as energy that
comes from resources which are
naturally replenished on a human
timescale, such as sunlight, wind,
rain, tides, waves, and geothermal
heat, etc.

1 Fossil fuels consumption is

increasing
1. What are fossil fuels? List them.
1.
..2..3.

2. Which sector is consuming more fossil fuels?

1.

..

3. Find a chart showing the fuels

consumption in different sectors.

Fossil Fuels

Non-renewable
Accounts for
approximately
87% of the
energy
consumed
world wide
Data on left
shows break
down of
energy
consumed in

What are fossil fuels?

Created by the
decompisition of
organisms over
time with the
assistance of
pressure and
heat.
Composed
primarily of
carbons and
hydrocarbons

What exactly is a barrel?

A barrel is equal to
44 - 45 gallons.
Typical products
from a barrel of
crude oil are
broken down
on the left.

Fuels Consumption in Different

Sectors

Nice Energy Statistics

https://yearbook.enerdata.net/worldelectricity-production-map-graphand- data.html#world-electricityproduction-map- graph-anddata.html
http://www.tsp-data-portal.org/Brea
kdownof-Electricity-Generation-by-EnergySource#tspQvChart

Why renewable energy?

1-Fossil fuels consumption is
increasing
2- Fossil fuels are nonrenewable.
3-Fossil fuels are unsustainable
4-Fossil fuels contribute to climate
change
5- Fossil fuels affect public health
6-Fossil fuels pollute the
environment

1 Fossil fuels consumption is

increasing.
Most of the worlds
energyabout 80
to 90 percentis s
currently derived .
from fossil fuel .

2- Fossil fuels are

nonrenewable.
1. What is nonrenewable
energy?

Looking ahead at ns
worldwide energy ,
s
consumption
.
projectio s, the
predictions show a
steady increase
upwards.

2. What is renewable energy?

http://wiki.answers.com/Q/Why_are_fossil_fuels_exhaustible_natural_resour
ces

The tonne of oil equivalent (toe) is

a unit of energy defined as the
amount of energy released by
burning one tonne of crude oil.

2- Fossil fuels are

nonrenewable.
1
.
0

1
0

Q.1 What is nonrenewable

energy?

2- Fossil fuels are

nonrenewable
Q.2 What is renewable energy?

+
1
5

A.1 It is a source of energy,

that
B
t
cannot be
u
replenished in a short
= period of time.
2
5
.
2

Petroleum, for example, was formed

millions of years ago from the remains

A.2- It is a source of energy, that can

be
replenished in a short time.
Day after day, the sun shines, the wind
blows, and
the rivers flow

When will we run out of fossil

fuels?

3-Fossil fuels are

unsustainable.
Q.1 what is sustainable?

It is essentially
impossible to say.

Not all reserves have

been found.

Shifts in
technology
constantly
change the
supply and
demand of
each fossil
fuel.contribute to
4-Fossil
fuels

A.1 An action or process that can

continue or last for long time is said
to be sustainable.
(able to be maintained at a certain level
or rate)
Q.2 what is unsustainable?
A.2 An action or process that cannot
continue or
Renewable
Fossil
last for
short time isVS
said
to be Fuels
unsustainable

Even though renewable, and

alternate energy sources are a
possible solution to our current
energy crisis, the fact is that as
of right now they provide about
(20%) of the world's energy
needs.
This means that non
renewable sources, (and
nuclear energy), are
currently supplying (80%)
of the world's energy
resources.
At this rate, some estimates
say that our fossil fuels will
run out within 50 years.
Others estimate as much as
200 300 years, either way we
will run out of fossil fuels in
the near future and will be
force to look to other sources
for our energy needs.

climate change
Earth is warming.
Earth's average
temperature has risen
by 1.4F over the past
century, and is
projected to rise
another 2 F or more
over the next 100
years.

4-Fossil fuels contribute to

climate change

4-Fossil fuels contribute to

climate change
Q.1 what are the evidences? List
some of them.
a- floods, droughts, or intense rain,
hurricanes b- frequent and severe
heat waves.
c. oceans are warming
d.ice caps and glaciers are
melting, e- sea levels are
rising.

Every Year an Average Coal Plant

Releases
3,700,000 tons of CO2
10,000 tons of SO2.
500 tons of particulates
10,200 tons NOx
720 tons of CO
220 tons of volatile organic
compounds (VOC)
170 pounds of mercury
225 pounds of arsenic
114 pounds of lead

And there are over 600 of them in the US.

Source: Union of Concerned Scientists: www.ucsusa.org

http://www.epa.gov/climatechange/basics/
5- Fossil
fuels affect public health

Every year, air pollution from existing

coal-fired power plants:
1 causes hundreds of thousands of
asthma attacks
2 contributes to thousands of
premature
deaths from heart and lung disease.
3 Infectious diseases due to
contaminated water and insects
4 Stress due to high temperature
and humidity
http://www.accessmylibrary.com/article
-1G1-68361378/fossil-fuels-transport-a

Smog (Smoke & Fog)

Visible air pollution composed of nitrogen oxides, sulfur

oxides, ozone, smoke or particulates among others (less
visible pollutants include carbon monoxide, CFCs and
radioactive sources).

6-Fossil fuels pollute the environment

Fossil fuels are the largest

greenhouse gas emitters in
the world, contributing 3/4 of
all carbon, methane and
other greenhouse gas
emissions.
Because of that the
atmosphere is trapping up
to 25 percent more of the
sun's radiation, therefore
Video: climate
change warming.
https://www.y
causing
global
outube.com/watch?v=EtW2rrLHs08

5- Fossil fuels affect public

health
An estimated 80% of
smog today arises
from vehicle
exhausts.
Smog smells bad
and obstructs
vision
Smog irritates the
eyes
Chronic pulmonary
diseases asthma,
bronchitis
and even
7-Fossil fuels
pollute the
lung cancer may result
environment
from longer-term
exposure
The impact
to of
smog.
fossil fuels consumption
on the
environment is extensive and affects
many areas.
Warmer temperatures
rapid ice melting.
Rising sea levels
Formation of smog.
Effect on crops sustainability.
Oil spills
Damage to waterways can be attributed

Class Discussion
Any Solution?
1Alternative renewable
energy sources.
2Reducing
pollution 3- Life
style change. 4Energy efficiency
5- Awareness.
Is this
achievable?
Yes- why?
No- Why?

Some Solutions to Energy

Problem

reduce consumption
have near zero population growth
shift to renewable energy
reduce greenhouse gas emissions
reduce environmental pollution
reduce military expenditures.
What do you do as an individual?

Study This video

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cJ-J91SwP8w

Also, Thinking out of the

box

Are these fossil fuels getting cheaper or more

expensive?
they are becoming increasingly expensive
because of scarcity. ?????

https://
www.youtube.com/watch?v=uStFvcz9Or4

Renewable Energy Share

2008.
Sustainable
energy
represents only
a small
percentage of
our overall
consumption.
But, with so
many
renewable

Renewable Energy Share

2030.

Renewable Energy Share

2013

Advantages and
Disadvantages of
Renewable
Energy

(nondepletable)
Sustainable
found
everywhere
across
the
world
in
different types
nonpolluting
Can create
large
number of
jobs

variability
low density
higher initial cost
visual pollution,
odor from
biomass,
Wildlife from
wind turbines

Average Annual Growth Rates of Renewable Energy

Capacity and
Production,
End
20092014 Energy
Average Biofuels
Annual Growth
Rates
of Renewable
Capacity and Biofuels Production, E nd20092014

Some Limitation of Renewable

Energy
May not be available when we need it.
Daily and seasonal variation
To smooth out supply need energy
storage systems

Not equally available in all

locations
Solar energy more expense
Smaller subsidies

Compete with other land use

Where can Renewable Energy

Serve
Power generation

hydroelectric energy
Wind
Solar
Geothermal

Introduction to Renewable
Energy
https://
www.youtube.com/watch?v=mIj8EuEJ8FY

Heating
Solar water heating
Biomass: methane and gasoline
Geothermal

Transportation

Biofuel: gasoline

Renewable and Economy

A Vast and Inexhaustible Energy Supply
Stable Energy Prices
The renewable energy industry
supports jobs (sustainable jobs)
Renewable energy development
promotes investment
Renewable energy development
outperforms fossil fuels
Renewable energy development is
relatively labor intensive
Installing renewable energy facilities
uses primarily local workers

Local landowners benefit from

Carbon Dioxide Emissions From

Consumption
of Fossil Fuels

Conclusion
Nobody really has an accurate date as to
when the fossil fuels will be depleted, a
lot depends on how well we can
manage what little we have left, and
how fast we can make the transition into
alternate sources

World Population
Learning Outcome 01
Lesson 02
SO- 02 Population growth and energy
conservation
World population with projection to 2050

Facts on Population growth and energy

conservation
Can the current business-as-usual
scenario meet the future energy needs
of a rapidly growing world?
Exponential population growth and
increasing
energy demands will
impact efforts to mitigate climate
change.

Which countries in the world

produce and consume most of
world energy and produce the
largest amount of emissions?

Population, GDP and

Energy

Facts on Population growth and

energy conservation

Comparisons, percentage of world, for population (rank in world), gross

domestic product, energy consumption, and carbon dioxide emission.

The energy embedded in foodto run

the farm and grow the food and
transport it to the supermarket and
put it in the refrigeratoris 10 to 20
times the energy content of the food
itself.

The countries in the

figure produce
consume 75% of
the energy and
produce 75% of the
world GDP and
carbon dioxide
emissions

The farther we live from the food

source, the more embedded
energy we consume.

Facts on Population growth and energy

conservation

Population, gross domestic product (GDP), consumption and production

of energy and production of pollution for the world interrelated.

With population we would then

obtain a
tripling of energy demand by 2050.
The United States consumes a
quarter of the worlds energy, at a
rate of about 5 terawatts

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Humanitys current energy

consumption rate is
22 trillion thermal watts, or

Facts on Population growth and energy

conservation

Facts on Population growth and

energy conservation

Population
growth
and
conservative economic
growth
will need twice as much energy as
we need now.

Governments must understand the

connection between energy
availability and population growth

The currency of the world is not

the dollar, its the
joule.

Government must integrate

sustainability into energy policy and
into energy law.

Energy is the single most

important technological
challenge facing humanity today.

Facts on Population growth and

energy conservation

Large amounts of renewable, clean

energy will be required to sustain the
energy needs of a growing world.
Solar energy is the only natural energy
resource that can keep up with
human consumption. ?

Energy Efficiency and

Energy
Conservation
Efficiency refers to technological
measures
that improve the efficiency of conversion.
Conservation refers to lifestyle
actions that
reduce energy use.

Facts on Population growth and energy

conservation

What are some efficiency and

conservation
options?
EFFICIENCY
CHP combined
heat and power
(cogeneration)
Lighting
(fluorescent, LED)
Electric motors
Appliance efficiency
Automotive
efficiency
Airplane efficiency
Building envelope

LIFESTYLE
Carpooling
AC Temperature
reduction
(winter)
AC Temperature
increase (summer)
Shorter showers
Recycling materials

Global
Warming
Climate Change 101 with Bill Nye
https://www.youtube.com
/watch?v=EtW2rrLHs08

Learning Outcome
01
Lesson 03
SO- 03
Explain global warming and the effect of
greenhouse gases.

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Prep by Dr Kamel Adref

Example of the
Greenhouse Effect

THE GREENHOUSE
EFFECT!

The Suns energy

passes through the
cars windshield.
This energy (heat)
is trapped inside
the car and cannot
pass back through
the windshield,
causing the inside
of the car to warm
up.

So what is a
greenhouse? How
does it work?
What has this
got to do with
global warming
then??
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Climate & Weather

Difference
GLOBAL WARMING
Climate

Weather
is the day to day condition of the

is the weather

experienced by a atmosphere as a particular place

is the increase of the

Earths average surface
temperature due to a
build-up of greenhouse
gases in the atmosphere.

place over many years. which can change from

day to day
and even hour to hour.

The Greenhouse
Effect

Our earth is surrounded by a layer of gases called greenhouse

gases which are naturally occurring.

(are these gases needed or have any function?)

2

The main gases that make this layer are carbon dioxide, methane, CFC
and nitrous oxide.

3 This layer of gas acts like the roof of a greenhouse and that is why it
is
called the greenhouse effect.
4 They allow the suns heat to pass through easily and warm the planet.
5-They do not allow much to escape back into the space.
5 They keep the planet at a nice warm temperature.
6 Without these gases there would be no life on our planet.
7 Without these gases the temperature would be 33oC colder.
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CLIMATE CHANGE
is a broader term that
refers to long-term
changes in climate,
including average
temperature and
precipitation.

Witho
ut

Wit
h

Unfortunately human activity is adding more gas to the layer

than there should be.
It is therefore getting thicker and thicker.
It is still able to let the suns heat through but even less
heat is escaping back into the atmosphere.
This means that the earths temperature is rising.
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Whats the big deal?

Earth has warmed at an unprecedented rate over the
last hundred years and particularly over the last two
decades.
Today, current levels of CO2 in the atmosphere are
higher than at any time during the last 800,000
years.
The main cause of climate change is global warming
caused by the enhanced greenhouse effect which is
increase in the amount of greenhouse gases in the
atmosphere.

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11

Burning of Fossil Fuels

35 facts about global warming
http://www.conserve-energy-future.com/variou
s-globalwarming-facts.php
The Science Behind Global Warming
(Documentary)

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=T-sy6rPJBj4

Debate: Carbon dioxide has zero effect on

global warming
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IcrNilVolew
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What are greenhouse gases?

Name of gas
Carbon dioxide
(CO2)

Contribution

Global GHG Emission

Source(s)
From burning coal and oil, and the removal of
vegetation

Chlorofluorocarbons
(CFCs)

From air conditioners, refrigerators and aerosols

Methane
(CH4)

From rice growing, animal waste, swamps and

landfills

Ozone
(O3)

From air pollution

Nitrous oxide
(N2O)

From fertilizers and burning of coal and oil

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Pollution from coal,

natural gas, and oil

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17

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When did global warming start?

Ice Core Data

CO22 Measurements Before 19 5 - Antarctica

8

Global Atmospheric Concentration of CO2

CO2 Atmospheric
Measurements

CO2 Measurements Since 1958 Mauna Loa, Hawaii

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22

1000 Years of CO2 and

Global Warming
Temperature
(Northern Hemisphere)

Year

2000

1800

1600

1400

1200

1000

2000

1800

1600

1400

1200

1000

Parts Per Million

Degree Celsius Increase

CO 2 Concentrations

Year

Spend 5 minutes in 2s listing all the ways that you have

contributed to global warming in the last 24 hours!
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24

who are the main

culprits.?

Global CO2 emissions by sector (source:

'Sustainable Aviation (recent?))
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Warmer
oceans

Shrinking Sea Ice

Temperature

Area of Ice

The surface of the world's oceans has become warmer overall

since 1880. In this graph, the shaded band shows the likely
temperature range, which depends on the number of
measurements and the methods used at different times.
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The loss of polar

ice will have a
profound effect on
nature in particular
animal habitats.

Shrink
ing
Sea
Ice

The number of square miles covered by sea ice in the Arctic

Ocean has been decreasing. This graph shows data from
September of each year, which is when the amount of ice is
usually the smallest.
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Portage
Glacier

GLOBAL WARMING: Sea Life

Alas
ka
GLOBAL WARMINGS NEGATIVE IMPACT ON SEA
LIFE
Coral Reef Bleaching
Change in temperature and elevated sea
loss of algae in the coral.

level cause

Coral appears white, or bleached.

Result is mass death of sea animals, which are
dependent on the coral reef.
The penguin population near Antarctica has been
declining as the distance between them and their food
has increased.

1914

2004

Photos: NOAA Photo Collection and Gary Braasch WorldViewOfGlobalWarming.org

Many of the worlds islands are already disappearing

beneath the sea.

Rising
of Sea
level

Average sea level around the world has been rising for
many years. In this graph, the shaded band shows the
likely range of sea level
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36

The tiny island nation of the Maldives is in trouble. If

global warming continues, say scientists, the country
could sink beneath the ocean within 100 years. The
average height of the islands above sea level is 1.5
metres and the rate of sea level rise is currently 59cm
per
Prep by Dr Kamel Adref
37
c
e
n
t
ury.
9/ 14 2/ 01 6

Wilder

Tuvalu is found in the ocean

near Australia. Most of
Tuvalu is less than one metre
above seal level.

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38

Weath
er

Hurricanes in the northern half of the Atlantic Ocean have become

stronger over the last few decades. This graph shows the Power
Dissipation Index, which measures total hurricane power each year
based on the number of hurricanes and their wind speed. The
graph also shows how hurricane strength is related to water
temperature.
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Prep by Dr Kamel Adref

There will also be an increase in

COASTAL FLOODING
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And Hurricanes
will become
more frequent,
intense and will
happen in
places that
currently do not
suffer them41!

Colorado River
Arizo
na

June 2002

If global warming in melting ice, why does it cause droughts?

Dec 2003

And drought and crop failure which leads to

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Some places will suffer

far more rain.

FAMINE WHICH THEN

LEADS TO DISEASE
And this could be
common in countries
that do not usually
suffer
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And therefore flooding

will become more
frequent and severe.

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The Effects on Land animals

Tropical Diseases

Global warming can

disrupt the migration,
hibernation and
reproductive cycles of
certain types of animals.
Plants and animals will find
it hard to escape or adjust
to the effects of warming
because humans occupy
so much land.
Farmland
or
cities
interrupt the movement
of species between
habitats.

It increases temperature
providing an ideal
breeding environment for
mosquitoes.
Dengue fever
Malaria
Yellow fever

Global Warming Effects

Warmer oceans
Increased ocean acidity
Shrinking sea ice
Rising of sea level (because of ice melting and
due to
swelling of oceans due to ocean warming )
mass death of sea animals, which are
dependent on the coral reef
Wilder Weather
Droughts and famine
Tropical Diseases
Floods
Plants and animals will find it hard to escape
or adjust to the effects of warming because

What might stop

Global
Warming?
Discuss:
Personal
Government
al Global

48

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Use
less:

Government are trying to combat Global Warming by trying

to encourage citizens to use less electricity.
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using renewable energy sources

Renewables
Compared with natural gas, which emits between 0.6
and 2 pounds of carbon dioxide equivalent per
kilowatt-hour (CO2e/kWh), and coal, which emits
between 1.4 and 3.6 pounds of CO2e/kWh, wind emits
only 0.02 to 0.04 pounds of CO2e/kWh, solar 0.07 to
0.2.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life-cycle_greenhousegas_emissions_of_energy_sources
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Whats being done now to

reduce our emissions?

Simple Things To Do
Turn off your computer or the TV
when youre not using it.
Take shorter showers. Heating water
uses energy.
Keep rooms cool by closing the blinds,
shades, or curtains.
Turn off the lights when you leave a room.
Us
e

Wind Power
Efficiency

Solar Power

Fuel-

Be Bulb SmartUse LED

Incandescent

LED bulbs.

Whats the
difference
?

Compact
Fluorescent

Simple Things To Do
Dress lightly when its hot instead of
turning up the air conditioning. Or
use a fan.

500 lbs.
of coal
1,430 lbs. CO2 pollution avoided
$30 saved

Dress warmly when its cold instead

of turning
up the heat.
Offer to help your parents keep the air
filters on your AC and furnace clean.
Walk short distances instead of asking for
aPlant a
Recycle.
ride
tree.in the car.

Summary

Greenhouse Effect

OEarth has warmed at an unprecedented rate

over the last hundred years and particularly
over the last two decades.
OToday, current levels of CO2 in the atmosphere
are higher
than at any time during the last 800,000 years.

The greenhouse effect is a naturally occurring phenomenon

that blankets the earth and warms it, maintaining the
temperature that living things need to survive.
Without the greenhouse effect the average temperature
on the Earth would be -18C instead of 15C.
The natural greenhouse effect is caused by the
greenhouse gases, especially carbon dioxide and
methane that form part of the Earths atmosphere.
The enhanced greenhouse gas layer also includes CFCs
and nitrous oxides

OThe main cause of climate change is global

warming caused by the enhanced greenhouse
effect increase in the amount of greenhouse
gases in the atmosphere.

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IcrNilVolew
Global Warming for Kids

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=veLJSKXZJbw

https://www.youtube.com/w
atch?v=PqxMzKLYrZ4
Greenhouse Effect for Kids
https://
www.youtube.com/watch?v=x_sJzVe9P_
8

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http://www.youtube.com/watch?NR=1&feature=endscreen&v=b
uAiehw0Q1c
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gJwayalLpYY&list=PL9AA81
3BD0BCCA974

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Carbon dioxide in the atmosphere and projected

growth with NO emission reductions.

Learning Outcome 01
Lesson 04
SO- 04

International concerns
for the environment
and related acts and
regulations
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Adref

Ratification of the protocol

What is the Kyoto

Protocol?
The Kyoto Protocol was an agreement
negotiated by many countries in
December 1997 and came into force
with Russia's ratification on February
16, 2005.
The protocol was developed under the
UNFCCC - the United Nations
Framework Convention on Climate
Change.

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Ratification carries No legal obligation and

effectively
becomes a contractual arrangement.
169 countries have ratified the agreement.
Only 2 refused to ratify Kyoto up until
December of 2007 - Australia and the
USA.
4

The goals of Kyoto were to see

participants collectively reducing
emissions of greenhouse gases by 5.2%
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Adref

Target assigned to different

countries
While
the 5.2% figure is a collective one,

The protocol
Commitment

The Kyoto Protocol have committed to

cut emissions of not only carbon
dioxide, but of also other
greenhouse gases, being:
carbon
dioxide CO2
Methane
(CH4) Nitrous
oxide (N2O)
Hydrofluorocar
bons (HFCs)
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16
Adref
Sulphur
hexafluoride
This chart gives you an
(SF6)
different

individual countries were assigned higher

or lower targets and some countries were
permitted increases.
For example, the USA was expected
to reduce
emissions by 7%.

idea why

countries were apportioned different

targets:

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Australia was to be allowed an 8%

increase in
emissions.
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16

Prep by Dr Kamel
Adref

Kyoto
Protocol
Kyoto Protocol

https://www.youtube.com/wa
tch?v=aXdmqXG3ITU
Carbon Credit
https://
www.youtube.com/watch?v=ReOj12UAus4

EU Carbon Credit
https://
www.youtube.com/watch?v=fJrFSLfaeeE
Carbon credit, does it work?
https://www.youtube.com/w
9/14/20
Prep by Dr Kamel
16
Adref
atch?v=oKQ8GW6iblQ

Flexibility Mechanisms

Flexibility Mechanisms

Each country is allowed a certain amount of CO2

production called carbon credit. The mechanisms
for implementation are:
Clean development mechanism (CDM)

If a country is not able to reach the

required reductions in GHG on its
own lands, it can pursue one of the
following mechanism to reach the

Finance projects that produce electricity that will

save carbon credits especially in developing
countries (generated energy with less numbers of
CO2 tons , i.e. thus obtaining carbon credits)

Clean development mechanism (CDM)

International Emissions Trading (IET)
Joint Implementation (JI)

International Emissions Trading (IET)

Buying carbon credit from countries that are
producing less CO2 than their shares

Joint Implementation (JI)

9/14/20
16

Prep by Dr Kamel
Adref

1
0

Exempted countries
India and China, which have ratified the
Kyoto protocol, are not obligated to
reduce greenhouse gas production at
the moment as they are developing
countries.
This means, they weren't seen as the
main culprits for emissions during the
period of industrialization thought to
be the cause for the global warming of
today.
9/14/20
16

Prep by Dr Kamel
Adref

1
2

country can invest in an emission reduction project

(referred to as a "Joint Implementation Project") in
any other country as an alternative to reducing
emissions domestically

Exempted countries

11

Australia negotiated hard when the

Kyoto Protocol was being developed; in
fact it.
The excuse - it will be bad for Australia's
economy,
the same reasoning the USA uses.
The
Kyoto
Protocol,
while
well
intentioned, would
appear to be
doomed to failing its objectives even
before
the
2008-2012
period
9/14/20
16

Prep by Dr Kamel
Adref

1
3

Contents
Advantages and Disadvantages of
Renewable Energy
Renewable Energies
Video:
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mIj8EuE
J8FY

Learning Outcome
01

How do different types of Renewable Energy

work?

Lesson 05
SO 05
Characteristics of
renewable energy
9/14/20
16

Prep by Dr. Kamel

Adref

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kws5m
2pxS2s

Non-renewable fuels
Non-renewable fuels are fuels that cannot
be easily
made or renewed. Examples are:
Oil
Natural Gas
Coal

P9/re1p4/b2y0D16r.
Kamel Adref

Geothermal
Wind
Tidal
Hydro-electricity
Biomass
P9/re1p4/b
2y0DSolar
16r.
Kamel Adref
Websites/Bibliography

What are the advantages of

fossil fuel?

What are the disadvantages

of fossil
fuel?

9/14/20
16

Prep by Dr. Kamel

Adref

Disadvantages of Fossil
Fuels

Advantage of fossil fuels

A major advantage of fossil fuels is their
capacity to generate huge amounts of
electricity in just a single location. Has a high
heating value
Is easily combustible
When coal is used in power plants, they
are very cost effective. Coal is also in
abundant supply.
Transporting oil and gas to the power stations
can be made through the use of pipes making
it an easy task.
Power plants that utilize gas are very efficient.
Power stations that make use of fossil fuel can be
constructed in almost any location. This is
possible as long as large quantities of fuel can be
9/14/20
Preppower
by Dr. Kamel plants.
5
easily brought to the
16
Adref

Advantages and
Disadvantages of
Fossil Fuels

Disadvantages of
Fossil Fuels
Power stations that utilize coal need
large amounts of fuel. In other words,
they not only need truckloads but
trainloads of coal on a regular basis to
continue operating and generating
electricity. This only means that coalfired power plants should have reserves
of coal in a large area near the plant
location.
Use of natural gas can cause
unpleasant odors and some

9/14/20
16

Prep by Dr. Kamel

Adref

Depleting and is a non-renewable resource

Cost of oil can be high (relative to demand)
Pollution is a major disadvantage of fossil fuels.
This is because they give off carbon dioxide
when burned thereby pollutes air as well as
causing greenhouse effect which is the main
contributory factor to the global warming
experienced by the earth today.
Coal also produces more carbon dioxide
when burned compared to burning oil or
gas. Additionally, it gives off sulphur
dioxide, a kind of gas that creates acid rain.
Environmentally, the mining of coal results in the
destruction of wide areas of land. Mining this
fossil fuel is also difficult and may endanger the
lives of miners. Coal mining is
9/14/c20o16nsidered one of the mPorepsbty Ddr. aKanmegl Aedrreof
Advant
us
jobs in the world.

Is easily combustible
ages

Has a high heating value

Is able to be transported easily

Disadvantages

Is a non-renewable resource
Pollution
Combustion of oil produces
greenhouse gases
Sources of oil are becoming more
difficult to find
9/14/20
Prep by Dr. Kamel
Cost of oil can
16
Adref be high (relative to
demand)

Why Renewable Energy?

Huge amount of energy available
A 5 billion year lifetime
Drastically cleaner than nonrenewables
Widely distributed around the planet
Many technologies available and
affordable
R&D providing even more options
Decentralized technology-more
jobs and security
Non-renewable energy is rapidly
depleting,
and is destroying the planet.

List of Renewable
Using the heat from the Earths core to
Geothermal
Energies
Wave
Tidal
Wind
Solar
Hydroelectric
Biomass

provide energy.
Using the energy in the ocean/sea
waves to provide energy.
Using the tides of an ocean to produce
useful energy.
Using moving air to turn wind turbines
to provide energy for electricity.
Using the suns light and heat rays to
produce useful energy. E.g. solar panels.
Forcing water through a passage to turn
a turbine provides a source of energy.
Burning renewable natural resources
such as wood to provide heat energy.

Prep by Dr. Kamel

Adref

Renewable Energy Solves the Problems

Created by Non-Renewable Energy
Balance of trade deficit from oil
Cost of military to provide oil security
Relative security of decentralized energy
systems
Escalating price and competition for nonrenewable energy sources
Pollution health impacts and costs
substantially reduced
Global warming threatens trillion
dollars losses to
the economy
Creates efficient infrastructure,
manufacturing and many millions of
jobs

https://www.youtube.com/wa

tch?v=mIj8EuEJ8FY https://www.y

outube.com/watch?v=-1EIhowgtgA

Advantages and Disadvantages of

Renewable
Energy

Sustainable
(nondepletable,

will not run out)

nonpolluti
found everywhere
ng create large
Can
across
number
the worldofin different
jobs
warming
types
Minimal
effect on
Low running
global
cost

Some Limitation of Renewable

Energy

Variability and
may be
unreliable in
some instances.
low density and
low output
higher initial cost
visual pollution,
odor from
biomass, Wildlife
from wind
turbines
Compete with
other land
use

May not be available when we need it.

Daily and seasonal variation
To smooth out supply need energy
storage systems

Not equally available in all

locations
Solar energy more expense
Smaller subsidies

Geothermal Energy

P9/re1p4/b2y0D16r.
Kamel Adref

The core of the

Earth is
around 6000C!
That is hot enough
to
melt rocks.
Heat source must
be no more than 57 km below the
earths surface
For
plathigh power
generation,
it must
es
1
8

Geothermal
Most groundwater can be considered a
source
of geothermal energy
Groundwater at a depth of 100m is 13oC or
55oF
In summer heat can be transferred to the
cool
water
In winter heat can be transferred from
the water to the air

Geothermal Energy

Advantages and
Disadvantages

The water is heated near the core

of
the earth until it turns into steam

Advantages are:
Renewable
Less expensive energy source

This steam is then driven up

through another hole which drives
steam turbines
6/28/20
14

Some countries like Iceland

Prep by Dr. Kamel
Adref

gets most of its energy from

geothermal
recourses
Wind

Power

Disadvantages are:
Earths crust must be thin
Hot rocks and water must be
close to earths
surface.
Sometimes hot water pumped
to the surface
contains pollutants (sulphur)
Wind
Energy
Emissions
of gases
9/14/20
16

Prep by Dr. Kamel

Adref

2
2

Advantages
High net energy yield
Renewable and free
Very clean source of energy
No pollution (air or water) during operation

Wind turns the propeller blades which drives

the turbines and the generator behind it and
directly generate electricity.

Long operating life

Low operating/maintenance costs
Can be quickly built
Now almost competitive with hydro and fossil
fuels
Land can be used for other purposes
Can combine wind and agricultural farms

9/14/20
16

Prep by Dr. Kamel

Adref

2
3

Tidal Power

Advantages and Disadvantages

Advantages are:
Renewable
Energy source is free
No emissions except in the production
of equipment.
Disadvantages are:
Irregular wind speeds. This source
of energy is not available all the
time.
They cost a lot to make
Location needs to be in high
wind area
Prep by Dr. Kamel Adref
Visual
(coastal/mountainous)
25
pollution
Impacts on
environment/habitat
Noise

Tidal Power harnesses the energy

from the
seas tide originating
from the gravitational pull of the
moon.

9/14/20
16

Prep by Dr. Kamel

Adref

https://
www.youtube.com/watch?v=5ohDG7RqQ9I

Tidal Power harnesses the energy from the

seas tide.
Originating from the gravitational pull of the
moon.

Water held in or out of bay behind a built dam

until significant difference in level will force water
in or out running turbines

Advantages and
The tide drives a turbine as it rushes into
Disadvantages
and back out
Advantages
are:
a pipe,
therefore
producing electricity.
P9/re1p4/b2y0D16r.

2
8

Kamel Adref

Renewable
Limited CO2 emissions; in
construction of
equipment
The energy in water is 832 times
that in air
Disadvantages are:
Can restrict shipping
May impact on marine life
w i ld
Do not produce a lot of
9/14

/201 6

Prep by Dr. Kamel

Adref

26

2
9

Biofuels and Human History

Energy from biomass is the oldest fuel
used by
humans.
Until end of 19th century major fuel source
in the
US
1 billion people in the world still use
wood and energy from manure as
primary source of energy for heat and
cooking

Includes: firewood, cattle dung, peat

Biomass
Energy recovered from biomass-organic
matter. Biomass energy is from the use of
living and recently dead biological
material as an energy source

9/14/20
16

Biomass

Prep by Dr. Kamel

Adref

3
1

Biom
ass

Energy recovered from biomass-organic matter.

Biomass energy is from the use of living and recently
dead biological material as an energy source
Three groups
Firewood
Organic wastes (e.g. manure, peat)
Crops grown to be converted into liquid fuels

Use
Traditional (firewood)
biodegradable waste (manure, crop residue,
sewage) used for heating and cooking and can
be used to generate biofuel
energy crops (corn, sugarcane, switchgrass,
hemp, willow, palm
oil, rapeseed) breakdown to biofuel

The biomass is burnt and the heat energy

produced is used to heat up water to
produce steam.
This steam is forced through a turbine
which drives a generator to produce
electricity.
9/14/20
16

Prep by Dr. Kamel

Adref

3
5

Advantages and
Disadvantages

Biomass Energy

Carbon neutral
CO2 ultimately released in energy generation is recently captured and so
ideally does not
total atmospheric
change
Carbon leaks
can result in levels
a net increase in CO2 levels
Sequestration in soil can result in a net decrease in CO2 levels

Advantages are:
Renewable
Carbon Neutral: no net CO2 emissions
(ideally), Emits less SO2 and NOx than
fossil fuels
The use of waste materials reduce
landfill disposal
and makes more space for everything
else.

Disadvantages are:

Hydroelectricity
Hydroelectricity is a way of capturing
the energy
gravity has on water.
A hydro-electric plant consists of a high
reservoir and a low reservoir.
A dam is usually built to keep the water
in the top
reservoir there.

9/14/20
16

Prep by Dr. Kamel

Adref

3
9

Land use/land conversion

Usual problems associated with
intensive agriculture Soil depletion
Hydroelectr
and possible decrease in agricultural
icity
food productivity
May cause bad odor
9/14/R201e6 quires storage spaPrcepeby Dr. Kamel Adref
37

When the pipe is opened, water is

forced down it by gravity which turns a
turbine in the pipe.
The turbine drives a generator.
9/14/20
16

Prep by Dr. Kamel

Adref

4
0

Advantages and Disadvantages

Advantages are:
Renewable form of energy
Limited CO2 emissions or footprint
running costs are minimal.
Not intermittent (if reservoir is large
enough)
Disadvantages are:
A suitable site is not always near
where energy is being used.
The building of large dams floods
large areas and
causes damage to existing habitats.
Changing the flow of a river can
9/14/2016
Prep by Dr. Kamel
Adref
affect the water supply to other
initial
areas
investment.
The buildingSolar
of the dam
costs a lot
Power
meaning a high

Solar Power

They 1st were made in 1973.

The sun can be used directly to
produce the energy for electricity.
It is used commonly to power small
objects like calculators.
To harness the energy on a large
scale, you need Solar Panels or
concentrated solar collectors (CSP)
4
4

9/14/20
16

Prep by Dr. Kamel

Adref

4
7

How it works

Light hits the solar cell and the silicon

absorbs it.
It releases electrons which flow as an
electrical charge. However, its
unreliable.

Solar thermal power plants

Steam produced to turn turbine

Solar heating
Active and passive systems

Photovoltaic cells
Solar batteries use special
semiconductors

9/14/20
16

Prep by Dr. Kamel

Adref

4
8

9/14/20
16

Prep by Dr. Kamel

Adref

4
9

Advantages and

Converting Electricity from Renewable

Energy to a Fuel that can be Burned
and can Power Vehicles

Advantages
Disadvantages
Renewable
are:
Limited CO2 emissions
The source of energy is free
Disadvantages are:
Not always sunny (Intermittent source not reliable)
Technology is expensive.
Efficiency of converting solar power to
electricity is
low (less than 25%)
Cost of power is high
Equipment can be damaged in storms
5
etc
0
Dust etc can impact on effectiveness
In case of partial shading the power
generated drops drastically
Energy storage
problems
Ocean
Energy

Basically two choices:

Store electricity in batteries and use
electrical
vehicles
Transfer the energy in the
electricity to a gaseous or liquid
fuel.
hydrogen

Wave Power. Wave energy is produced when

electricity generators are placed on the
surface of the ocean. The energy provided is
most often used in desalination plants, power
plants and water pumps. Energy output is
determined by wave height, wave speed,
wavelength, and water density.
A lot of energy is involved in the motion of
waves, currents and tides in the ocean.
Difficult to harness
Storms destructive and water corrosive

Most successful tidal power

But very few areas w/ the right topography
9/14/2016
Pr

ep by Dr. Kamel Adref

54

http://www.volker-quaschning.de/articles/fundamentals4/index.php

Learning Outcome 02
Lesson 01
SO- 01

Solar Thermal Energy

Describe the components of a typical domestic

solar thermal system using a block diagram.

Content
Domestic solar thermal system
Solar Heating Systems
Passive solar heating
Direct gain
Indirect gain
Isolated

Passive solar hot water

Thermosyphon

Active Solar heating

Direct
Indirect

Passive and Active Solar Heating

Video
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=N6QOZGgbj-g

Passive solar building

design
In passive solar building design,
windows, walls, and floors are made
to collect, store, and distribute solar
energy in the form of heat in the
winter and reject solar heat in the
summer.

Conce
pt

Heat is gained when short wave radiation passes

through glass, where it is absorbed by building
elements and furnishings and re-radiated as long
wave radiation. Long wave radiation cannot pass
back through glass as easily.

Passive solar heating

Is the least expensive way to heat your
home.
Passive means it does not involve
the use of mechanical and
electrical devices.

Principal of Operation
Solar radiation is trapped by the
greenhouse action of correctly
oriented (south-facing) glass areas
exposed to full sun.
Trapped heat is absorbed and stored by
materials with high thermal mass
(usually masonry) inside the house. It
is re-released at night when it is
needed to offset heat losses to lower
outdoor temperatures
Thermal mass is a large mass of a
material with high thermal capacity

PASSIVE SOLAR HEATING

SYSTEMS

Solar Radiation
Angle
Why
south facing wall?
Sun light intensity between winter and
summer.

The house itself acts as the solar collector

and
storage facility.
No pumps or fans are used.
This system makes use of the materials of
the
house to store and absorb heat.
Three Types:
Direct-Gain
Indirect-Gain
Isolated (Attached Greenhouse)
Direct: solar radiation

DIRECTGAIN

directly
reaching the living
space Large south
facing windows
that let in the
sunlight.
Thermal mass is
used to absorb the
radiation.
At night the absorbed
heat is radiated back
into the living space.

During winter more

sun light enters
homes that can

INDIRECT-GAIN
Indirect: solar radiation reaching an area or
mainly a wall
adjacent but not part of the living space.
Collects and stores
the solar energy in
one part of the
house and use
natural heat transfer
to distribute heat to
the rest of the
house.
Popular method is
to use a Trombe
Wall which is a
massive black
masonry that acts

Trombe Wall

Isolated

An isolated gain system

has its integral parts
separate from the main
living area of a house.

Examples are a sunroom

and a convective loop
through an air collector
to a storage system in
the house. The ability to
isolate the system from
the primary living areas
is the point of distinction
for this type of system

Heat can be moved to the

living space by natural or
forced convection.

Non vented: conduction

Vented: convection
Externally
vented: to
dissipate heat at
night during
summer.

Performance Depends on
Elements to be considered include window
placement and size, and glazing type, thermal
insulation, thermal mass, and shading.
Orienting the building to face the equator (south for
the northern hemisphere). Living areas should be
facing south. Placing living areas facing solar noon
and sleeping quarters on the opposite side.
Extending the building dimension along the
east/west axis
Shading for summer: when shading windows,
external shading is more effective at reducing heat
gain than internal window covering.
Thermal imaging can be used to document areas of
poor thermal performance in a building for potential
improvement and repair

Shading

Shading
Overhang gives shade in summer and permits direct solar radiation into
the structure in winter
Also using of movable shades for summer

Overhang

Passive Solar Energy

Promotes cooling in hot weather and
retaining
heat in cold weather
Methods include
Overhangs that block summer sun but allow
winter sun in
Building a wall that absorbs heat
during the day and releases it at
night
Plant deciduous trees

Passive Solar heating

Passive solar design depends somehow
on
active occupants
low cost when designed into a new
home

Active solar heating

Passive solar Hot waterheating

Energy systems that require mechanical

power

Thermosyphon systems
It consists of

Electric pumps to circulate air, water or

other fluids from solar collectors to a
location where heat is stored
Then pumped to where the energy is used

Collector,
Tank,
Water,
Piping
system

Active solar heating systems that use

roof mounted, solar exposed panels to
collect heat and pump it to where it is
needed are a viable solution where
solar exposure of glass for passive
heating cant be achieved.

Passive solar water

heating systems

Passive solar water heating

systems

Thermosyphon systems

Water flows through the system

when warm water rises as cooler
water sinks. (cold water has a higher
density than warm water, and so it sinks
down.)

Water flows through the system

when warm water rises as cooler
water sinks. (cold water has a higher
density than warm water, and so it sinks
down.)

The collector must be installed

below the storage tank so that
warm water will rise
into the
tank.

system
needs
neither a
The
These
systems
are reliable,
but
pump
nor
a
control.
contractors must pay careful
attention to the roof design
because of the heavy storage
tank.

Thermosyphon systems

Gravity pulls down

heavier water from
the tank . The cold
water pushes the
heated water
through the
collector outlet.

The collector must be installed

below the storage tank so that
warm water will rise
into the
tank.
The system needs neither a
pump nor a control.
Gravity pulls down
heavier water from
the tank . The cold

Active solar water heating

systems

Thermosyphon solar water

heater

In contrast to thermosyphon
systems, an electrical pump can
be used to move water through the
solar cycle of a system by forced
circulation.
They can be:

Used in frost-free climates

Relies on the natural
convection of hot
water to circulate
the water
On cloudy days, when
little solar energy is
available, an electric
heater heats the water

direct
indirect.

Does not require

pump or controller.

Direct Solar Water

Heating

Direct systems capture the

sun's heat in
collectors to
directly heat a household's
water supply.
The
system
consists
of
collector pipes
filled with
water that are linked to an
insulated storage tank usually
located inside a home.
They are more efficient than
indirect
ones,
They require more
maintenance to keep the
pipes clear of mineral
deposits.

Indirect Solar Water Heating

Indirect systems do not heat the water directly rather they use
glycol ( a fluid with
a low-freezing point, antifreeze) to absorb radiant energy from the
sun.
As the temperature in the pipes rise, the heat activates a pump
that circulates the glycol fluid through a heat exchange coil in the
water tank.
That coil, in turn, transfers its heat to the water tank and , hot
water is produced
ready for use.

Indirect pumped system

using antifreeze solution:
Main Components

Expansion tank

As shown in
figure a
consists of :
Solar
collector
Pum
p
Tan
k
Air
vent
P/T Relief
valves
Controll
er.
Senso
rs
Expan
sion
tank

Indirect: Drain Back

System

Uses distilled water instead

of antifreeze liquid for
improved heat transfer
Water in the collectors and
exposed piping drains into
Antifreeze
the insulatedsolution
drain-back circulates
reservoir tank each time
the pump shuts off.
When the sun shines again,
the pump is activated by a
differential controller.

through the
collector

Notice
The location of the heat exchanger in the
tank
The location of the hot water outlet pipe
from the tank
The direction of the water through the
collector

Generally, if the heat exchanger is

installed in the storage tank, it
should be in the lower half of the

Principle of operation

Applications
Solar Heating

A sealed circuit of fluid containing a special mix of glycol

and water
( antifreeze) is pumped around the system.
Through the Solar panels the fluid is heated . Then
it is passed through a solar coil within the hot
water tank.
The heat is then transferred to the main body of
water within the
tank.

Solar
Hot
Water

Once the desired water temperature is reached, this

water is ready for use in the house, office or factory.
Sensors turn ON the pump when the collector
becomes hot

A solar district heating

system

Comparison
Passive solar water heating
systems are typically less
expensive than active systems,
but they're usually not as efficient.
However, indirect systems can be
more reliable and may last longer.
They need less maintenance.
Indirect systems disadvantages are
the high initial cost, the need for
sun to be cost effective and the
need for freeze protection.

Solar Thermal Benefits and

Myths

References

What benefits could solar thermal systems generate for your community

Protection against rising fuel prices

Make money for your community

More local jobs

Low maintenance technology

Reduce your carbon emissions

Improve community well-being

What are the common myths surrounding solar thermal panels

solar thermal panels dont work in colder climates

solar thermal panels can only provide a small proportion of my

communitys hot water needs

solar thermal panels will reduce the value of my community building

52

http://www.eere.energy.gov/basics/buildi
ngs/
water_heaters_solar.html
http://www.volkerquaschning.de/articles/fundamentals
4/index. php
http://passivesolar.sustainablesource
s.com/#c
ool

Sensors and Active Elements

Learning Outcome 02
Lesson 02
Illustrate controllers and
sensors in domestic hot
water systems (DHWS)
using a block diagram.

Sensors and Active Elements

B. Pressure sensors
There is a pressure sensor
on
the
pressurized
thermal
loop (after the
pump).
C. Flow sensors
There is a flow sensor near the
pump within the pressurized thermal
loop

D. Pumps
For the thermal loop, a pump
is placed between the exit of
the heat exchanger in the
tank and the inlet of the
collector array.

A. Temperature sensors
Collector
The temperature sensor is
placed at the outflow of the
collector array. This will give the
highest temperature available

Tank
The temperature sensor is
placed near the exit of the heat
exchanger.

Thermal loop
A temperature gauge is placed on
the piping with flow going to the
collectors (flow in). Another
temperature gauge is placed within
the piping with flow coming from
the collectors (flow out).

Sensors and Active Elements

E. Valves
Check valves allow fluid
flow in one direction only and
not allow drain-back of colder
liquid
Relief valves to manually
bleed off air from air-traps or
to automatically release
pressure as a safety
P/T relief valve :Fully
automatic temperature and
pressure relief valve.
Protection for domestic
installations of unvented water
heaters, to prevent the
temperature of water
exceeding 100C.

Sensors and Active Elements

A. Differential temperature
The primary function in
the solar-thermal
controller is to activate
the main circulating
pump based on the
temperature difference
between the water
leaving the collector
and the cold water
leaving the heat
exchanger.

Control Process- Simple

logic

Tc Collector
Temperature

Tt Tank
Temperature

Control Process

This system has a differential

controller that senses
temperature differences
between water leaving the
solar collector and the exit of
the heat exchanger (close to
the coldest water in the tank)

When the water in the collector

is about 15-20 F warmer than
the water in the tank, the
pump is turned on by the
controller

When the temperature

difference drops to about 35 F, the pump is turned off.
In this way, the water always
gains heat from the collector
when the pump operates.
When
pump is turned on. When

pump is turned off

Learning Outcome 02
Lesson 03
Describe the components of a typical solar
thermal steam turbine power plant using
a block diagram

Solar Thermal Collectors

Collect the suns radiation and transfer
that heat
to a fluid as it runs through them
(collectors).
Water, Propylene Glycol, Oil, Air, Molten
Salt
High Temperature (Concentrating
Systems),
Industrial Power Generation
Medium Temperature (Evacuated Tubes)
Residential and Commercial

Why Concentrated Solar Power

(CSP)?
The efficiency of heat engines (steam
power plant) increases with the
temperature of the heat source. Which
leads to
reduce the plant's collector size and total
land use per
unit power generated
reducing the environmental impacts of a
power plant as well as its expense.

The output from non-concentrating

solar collectors are limited to

Solar Thermal Collectors for Power

Plants
in Concentrated Solar
Technology (CST)
[Concentrated Solar Power
(CSP)]

Concentrating Solar Thermal Power

Types of
Collectors

CSP Plants
They use identical steam cycles to
those of convectional fossil fuel
and nuclear power plants

CSP Plants: Direct Systems

5

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0ftl-WM6wms
http://www.youtube.com/watch?feature=fvwp&NR=
1&v=GxHQHcpCWa8

http://www.youtube.com/watch?feature=fvwp&NR=1
&v=GxHQHcpCWa8

Direct systems: The heat transfer fluid is the same thermal energy
storage fluid
(No heat exchanger) The working medium is the molten salt. It has to be
o C Used in Compact linear Fresnel reflector and thermal
kept above
220the
coupling
since
receiver is not https://www.youtube.com/wat
tower because they dont required ch?v=q6NLoo8k8DI
fluid
moving

Some terms
Heat transfer fluid (HTF): fluid that collects
heat
from the solar collectors
Thermal storage fluid (TSF): fluid in
which the thermal energy is stored,
i.e. the fluid that is heated and kept
in hot storage tank
Heat transfer fluid is the same as
heat storage fluid in direct systems
Heat transfer fluid and the heat
storage fluid are
different in indirect systems

CSP Plants: Indirect Systems

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kJb5TPUHILo
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jTSZSJnlKUY

Indirect systems: The heat transfer fluid (synthetic oil) is

different from the thermal energy storage fluid (molten salt).
Usually used with parabolic trough (With heat exchanger
between the heat transfer fluid and the storage medium). Used
in parabolic trough systems since there is fluid coupling (flexible

How Does it Work?: Direct

System

Day and charging:

The heat transfer fluid (HTF) , usually molten salt, is pumped

from the cold
storage tank to the solar collector(s).
HTF flows through the solar collector(s) and gain heat and
reaches high temperature. Part of it goes to be stored in the
hot storage tank and part goes to the boiler where it gives its
heat to the water to convert water to steam.
After the boiler. part of the fluid is stored in cold storage tank
and part
continues the cycle to the solar collector again.

Night and discharging:

During night the hot fluid in the hot storage tank is pumped to
the boiler where it gives some of its heat. It then exits the
boiler and is stored in the cold storage tank.

Note that the HTF is the same thermal energy

storage fluid in this cycle.
Note that during the discharge of the stored heat,
the solar
collector(s) loop is eliminated.

CSP Plants
Indirect
System

How Does it Work?: Indirect

System

Day and charging:

The heat transfer fluid (HTF), usually synthetic oil, flows through
the solar collector(s). Part of it flows to the heat exchanger
where it exchange heat with the thermal energy storage fluid,
usually molten salt, and heat it. The other part flows to the
boiler where it gives its heat to convert water to steam. The HTF
coming from the boiler and the one coming from the heat
exchanger merge together again and flow to the solar
collector(s) to repeat the cycle.
In the heat exchanger with the thermal energy storage fluid, the
thermal energy storage fluid flows from the cold storage tank
passing through the heat exchanger where it gains heat then
flows to the hot storage tank where it is stored to be used during
night.

Night and discharging:

The thermal energy storage fluid flows from the hot storage
tank through the heat exchanger with the HTF where it gives
heat to the HTF then it is stored in the cold storage tank. The
HTF fluid flows to the boiler to generate steam.

Note: The HTF is different from the thermal energy storage

fluid.
Note: during the discharge period, the solar collector(S) loop
is eliminated.

Direct vs Indirect

Freezing and local temperature (day and

night) is taken into consideration in terms
of choosing the transfer medium. For
freezing environment during night, the
synthetic oil is preferred and thus indirect
systems are more suitable for cold
environments.
Oil freezing temperature is low while
molten salt freezing temperature is
from 130-220oC.
Oil may vaporize at high temperatures but
salt can be used under normal
atmospheric pressure. That is why indirect
systems runs at lower temperatures than

Operating principlesDescription
This steam expands in
a two- stage turbine.
The turbine itself drives
an electrical generator
that converts the
mechanical energy into
electrical energy.
The condenser behind
the turbine condenses
the steam back to
water, which closes the
cycle. the feed water
pump
Concentrating Solar Thermal Power
The condenser is usually
Technologies
cooledLine-Focused
by cooling tower Point-Focused
parabolic trough

linear Fresnel

solar tower

parabolic dish

1
7

Parabolic Trough

1. Parabolic Trough

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=N1-zjbRqYXk

Why
parabola?

1
8

19

Solar
Tracking

Parabolic trough solar tracking change orientation

from east in the mooring to west in the evening
20

2
1

UAE opens world's largest

CSP solar power
plant
https://www.youtube.com/wat
ch?v=f6eL6RTj_Vk

22

Parabolic Trough Concentrating Collector

The physical characteristics of the concentrator

Absorber Envelope Material

evacuated glass Envelope (WHY?)

modules are: Overall Module Size (2.3m x 6.1 m)

Concentrator Weight ( 81 kg)
Materials of Construction: Aluminum Reflective
Surface Enhanced polished aluminum
Lightweight,
The receiver specifications are:
Absorber Tube Outside Diameter (5.08 cm)
Absorber Material Steel Selective Surface
Blackened nickled
Absorptance 0.96 - 0.98
Emittance
(80C) Temperature
0.15 - 0.25 550F
Maximum
Operating
(288C)
Absorber Envelope Material evacuated
glass Envelope (WHY?)

2
4

The glass is used to trap heat by

greenhouse
effect
Reduce heat loss by convection
The glass tubes are evacuated to
reduce the heat transfer by
convection inside the glass envelope
from the tube to the glass envelope
which could be lost next from the
envelope to the atmosphere

2. Solar Power Tower

Thermal Solar-Tower
Concentrating thermal power Solar
tower.
https://www.youtube.com/wa
tch?v=UEduOpO-8GA

Concentrated Solar Power Simple

Explanation (Thermal Tower)

26

What are the advantages of

molten salt?

https://www.youtube.com/wa
tch?v=JbJ7AVHBQfs
A must see video for your test on the description
of the power generation process

Solar Power Tower

Reaches high temperatures at low

pressures unlike water which needs very
high pressure to flow as water at high
temperature
Working at high temperatures assures
running the steam plant at higher
efficiency
Cheap
29

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=N1-zjbRqYXk

Power plant generation Thermal SolarTower

Receiver

Heliostats
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2wM2Vqw1YjY

Solar Power Tower

3. Parabolic Dish

34

Solar Dish

solar dish technology is the worlds most efficient

device for the conversion of solar energy to grid-delivered electricity,
nearly twice as efficient as any alternative solar technology.
The solar heat is projected at a stirling engine which in turn connected to a
generator
But what is its main problem?

3
5

Stirling Engine
A Stirling engine is a heat engine that operates
by cyclic compression and expansion of air or
other gas (the working fluid) at different
temperatures, such that there is a net
conversion of heat energy to mechanical work.
The Stirling engine is a closed-cycle heat
engine with a
permanently gaseous working fluid.
Unlike internal combustion engines (like car
engines), Stirling engines do not require the
burning of fuel inside a cylinder to operate. They
rely mainly on heating the cylinder head by any
means

Tracki
ng
syste
m

Videos
STIRLING SOLAR ENERGY
https://www.youtube.com/w
atch?v=bwazXoqULKA

Solar dish for heating

Concentrated Solar Power (CSP) - Murray
Power
and Generation
https://www.youtube.com/w
atch?v=-SsJBobMpAk

How Stirling engine works

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4T-uVWZR2Rc

4. Compact linear Fresnel

reflector
Uses long, thin segments of mirrors to focus
sunlight into a fixed absorber located at a
common focal point of the reflectors.
Concentrating the sun energy to approximately
30 times its normal intensity.
The concentrated energy is transferred through
the absorber into some thermal fluid.
The fluid goes through a heat exchanger to
power a steam generator.
Power plant generation Thermal SolarLinear
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LHdhbp9mZUg

Compact linear Fresnel reflector

But what is its advantage over the solar disk or parabolic trough?

Technology
Fundamentals
Most techniques for generating
electricity from heat need high
temperatures to achieve reasonable
efficiencies.
The output temperatures of nonconcentrating solar collectors are
limited to temperatures below 200C.
Therefore, concentrating systems must

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pP48pAb8sec

Types of CollectorsParabolic Trough Collector-PTC

The PTC consists of
large curved mirrors,
which concentrate
the sunlight to a
focal line or
evacuated glass
tube. The PTC can be
300600 meter long.
They are 75% efficient
. The oil inside the
tubes can be heated
up to 400oC .

Types of Collectors- Dish

What is the purpose of

A parabolic concave
the evacuated glass tube?

mirror (the dish)

concentrates
sunlight; the two-axis
tracked mirror must
follow the sun with a
high degree of
accuracy in order to
achieve high
efficiencies. In the
focus is a receiver
which is heated up to
650C.
It is used for heating
water
or
for
generating electricity

Types of CollectorsLinear
The power plant
consists of rows of
linear Fresnel
reflectors . In the
focal line of these is
a metal absorber
tube, which is
usually embedded in
an evacuated glass
tube that reduces
heat losses.
The power plant
produces steam at
270oC
and 55 bars.
Types
of Collectors-

Tower
Hundreds or even
thousands of large
two-axis tracking
mirrors are installed
around a tower.
They are called
heliostats.
The tracking system
must be very precise
in order to ensure that
sunlight is really focused
on the top of the tower.

Classification of Collectors
Line focused: parabolic trough and CLFR
Point focused: Solar tower and parabolic
dish

Tracking
Single axis: parabolic trough and CLFR
Two axis: Solar tower (heliostats) and
parabolic
dish

The four CSP technology

families

Reflector: reflects the solar radiation onto the receiver

Classification of Systems
Direct systems
Indirect systems
Review early slides

Operating principles of CSP

Systems,
Contd

Operating principles of CSP

Systems
The collector field is formed
from different types of
collectors (PTC or Fresnel,
dish, tower).
In the focal line or point of
these is a metal absorber
tube, which is usually
embedded in an evacuated
glass tube or a receiver
( tower).
A heat transfer Fluid (HTF)
(Thermo oil or air or molten
salt) flows through the
absorber tube or receiver.
The HTF is heated to 400C1000C
Economic of Solar Thermal
A heat exchanger transfers
heat resources
from the HTF to a
the
Renewable
water
steam
greatly exceed thecycle (also
present Rankine
and future cycle) to
called
electricity demands
produce
superheated steam.

This steam expands in a twostage turbine.

The turbine itself drives
an electrical generator
that converts the
mechanical energy into
electrical energy.
The condenser behind
the turbine condenses
the steam back to
water, which closes the
cycle. the feed water
pump
The condenser is usually
cooled by a cooling
tower

electricity

solar radiation is by far

the most abundant
source of energy
1 km of desert land
may generate 50 MW
of electricity
1 km of desert land
avoids 200,000
tons CO2 per year
1% of the Sahara desert
can provide the electricity
demand of the world
Solar thermal power
plants are the most
technologysystem
to
effective
UAE=100,000MW
harvest this vast
resource

5
4

55

Pros and Cons of Concentrated Solar

Power
https://www.youtube.com/wa
tch?v=8sLej0oD1Ak

Useful sites
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7dEoncyjR1U

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8sLej0oD1Ak
*Pros and Cons of Concentrated Solar Power
http://www.youtube.com/watch?NR=1&feature=endscr
een&v=73S
NIuZ333s
SolarReserve Concentrated Solar Power
Technology Animation
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FIGH71TdUew
*Shams 1 CSP Plant
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aBS8XMtNJYo
*How does it work: Shams
http://www.youtube.com/watch?feature=fvwp&N
R=1&v=GxHQH cpCWa8
Coal Power Plant
http://www.slideshare.net/engineeringzha
w/03032015-2- martinselignovatec
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pP48pAb8sec

Useful sites
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=G6PP6l
Djoa8
Power Plant Fundamentals
http://www.mpoweruk.com/semicondu
ctors.htm
Electropedia- amazing site- highly
recommended
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VJ-YpM8
bjlw
The Status of Concentrating Solar Power
Development

Thermal Energy Storage Classification

Learning Outcome 02
Lesson 04
SO 04
Describe heat storage methods and
mediums.

Energy storage
is the capture of energy produced at
one time
for use at a later time.

Different forms of energy

radiation,
chemical
gravitational potential
electricity,
elevated temperature (sensible energy),
Latent energy
Kinetic energy

Thermal Energy Storageobjective

Why would we try to store

energy?

energy demand patterns

Advantages of Thermal Energy

Storage
Because many renewable sources (e.g.
wind, solar, tidal) are intermittent in
nature, storage is useful, both for the
times it is available, and not needed,
as well as those times it is needed, but
not available.
Another advantage is to optimally use
the infrastructure (the conversional
steam power station) by having it
running most of the day at rated
capacity and thus reducing the price

Advantages and Disadvantages of Energy

Storage

Responding to sudden change in renewable energy

sources
Performance and cost are continually improving
Allows renewable and fossil source to integrate
Reduce losses from the gap between energy supply
and demand
Less wasted energy
Energy lost in round trip inefficiencies (from
More reduction in greenhouse gas emissions
storage to steam)
Additional cost and complexity
Additional infrastructure and space requirements

Some energy storage

methods

Advantages and Disadvantages of

Energy Storage
Facilitates effective utilization of intermittent
renewable sources
(either cycling resource like solar or sudden drop in
resource)
Reduces need for increased peak generation
capacity
Performance and cost are continually improving
Allows renewable and fossil source to integrate
Optimal use the infrastructure
Reduce losses from the gap between energy supply
and demand
Responding to sudden change in renewable energy
sources (like clouds or wind stops), i.e. improving
Energy lost in round trip inefficiencies (from
grid stability and renewable energy becomes more
storage to steam)
reliable
Additional cost and complexity
Less wasted energy (specially renewable
Additional infrastructure and space requirements
when demand decreases while the resource
is available)
More reduction in greenhouse gas emissions

pumped hydro-storage

compressed air,
mechanical springs
rotating flywheels,
pumped water (pumped-storage hydroelectricity)
(most common worldwide, efficiency above 80%)
Heat (hot water, or heated rocks or gravel,
molten salts or concrete slabs)
Ice (use off peak energy at night (usually at cheap
rate) to create ice, which is then stored and used to
provide air conditioning in large buildings during
summer days)
Charged electric batteries, (electric vehicles) or

given a location with morphological potential (e.g. ground height potential)

and environmental potential (e.g. wind kinetic energy) a hydro-storage
solution may be most appropriate

Technical Requirements for

Thermal
Storage Mediums

Thermal storage
mediums
Heat is transferred to a thermal storage
medium in an insulated reservoir during
the day, and withdrawn for power
generation at night.

Good heat transfer between heat transfer

fluid (HTF) and the storage medium
Mechanical and chemical stability of
storage material

Thermal storage medium include

Pressurized steam (Steam
Accumulator),
Concrete,
Phase change materials (PCM),
molten salts (MS) such as
calcium,
sodium
and potassium
Steam
Accumulators
nitrate

High energy density (per-unit mass or per-unit volume) in

the storage material

Complete reversibility for a large number

of charging/discharging cycles
Low thermal losses
Ease of control

--

PS10

Steam AccumulatorsPS10

The PS10 Solar Power Plant , is the world's

first commercial concentrating solar power
tower operating near Seville, in Andalusia,
Spain.

HTF
is
wate
r

Satu

Steam Accumulators
The purpose of a steam accumulator is to
release steam when the demand is greater
than the boiler's ability to supply at that
time (peak demand), and to accept steam
when demand is low.
Also response time of boiler is high, why?
Steam accumulator provides clean dry steam
instantaneously, to meet a peak demand
allows the boiler to fire up to its maximum
continuous rating for maximum efficiency
Why not just store steam as a vapor?
Storing steam as a gas under pressure is not
practical due to the
enormous storage volume required at normal boiler
pressures.

http://www2.spiraxsarco.com/resource
s/stea
m-engineering-tutorials/the-boilerhouse/steam-accumulators.asp

Steam Accumulators
Charging
The tank is under high
pressure and about halffilled with cold water and
steam is blown in via
a perforated pipe near
the bottom of the drum.
Some of the steam
.
condenses and heats
the water
The remainder fills the
space above the water
level.
When the accumulator is
fully charged the
condensed steam will
have raised the water
level in the drum to
about three- quarters
full and
the temperature and
pressure will also have
Discharge
risen.
Steam can be drawn off as
required, either for driving
a steam turbine or for
process, by opening a
steam valve on top of
the drum.
The pressure in the
drum will fall causing
the water to
evaporate (flashing).
The steam generated is
then discharged for use.
Consequently
pressure and
temperature are
reduced gradually .
Recharging restart
when the pressure

Steam Accumulators

Steam Accumulators in CSP

Steam accumulators are
well- suited for direct
steam generation (DSG)
CSP plants in which
steam is produced
directly in the solar field
and then used in the
power block to produce
power.
The steam accumulator
acts as phase separator
where steam is
produced
separate from the wet
steam
accumulator
superheater.
(flashing).
Superheating can be
done in a

Molten Salt Storage

Molten salt are used as a thermal energy
storage method to retain thermal energy
collected by a solar tower or solar trough so
that it can be used to generate electricity at
night.

The molten salt mixtures vary. The most

extended mixture contains sodium nitrate,
potassium nitrate and calcium nitrate.
Direct steam
generation
CSP=concentrating
solar power

Advantages of Molten Salt

Melts at high temperature at normal
atmospheric
pressure, thus can store high thermal
energy
Flows as water in molten state
Heat capacity is similar to water by volume
(heat capacity of water per kg is higher but
water is less
dense)

It contracts when it freezes unlike

water which expands
Chemically stable under heat

It is non-flammable and nontoxic.

However, this technology has the
disadvantages of high freezing points and
high investment costs

Advantages of Molten Salt

http://moltensalt.org/whatIsMoltenSalt.html

its operating temperatures are

compatible with today's steam
turbines. High working temperature
means high thermal efficiency of the
heat engine (power plant)
low-cost medium to store thermal
energy
non-flammable and nontoxic.
Molten salt is used in the chemical
and metals industries to transport
heat, so industry has experience

The main components of a molten salt power

tower plant

Molten Salt Storage Andasol

1

The solar field: Heliostats (reflective mirrors on a

pedestal) track the sun and concentrate the energy
into a defined area common for all mirrors.
The tower & receiver: the energy reflected by the
solar field is directed to a central receiver on top of a
tower. The solar energy is collected in the form of
heat within the receiver.
Heat Transfer Fluid: liquid molten salt is used as
the medium to
collect the energy from the sun inside the receiver.
Molten salt storage tanks: salt is pumped from a
cold salt storage tank, through the receiver where it
is heated, and into a hot salt storage tank.

Molten Salt Storage-

Power generation plant: Rankine Cycle- BoilerTurbine- Condenser- Pump.

Charging

The liquid salt is pumped through solar collector

where the
focused sun heats it to 566C.
It is then sent to a well insulated hot storage tank.
The thermal energy can be stored for up to a week.

Syn. Oil

Collector field

NaNO3-KNO3
Molten salt storage

H2 O
Conventional steam turbine

In current parabolic trough power plant projects, the

two-tank molten salt storage technology is most
commonly applied.
(indirect CSP system)

CSP Plants: Direct Systems

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0ftl-WM6wms
http://www.youtube.com/watch?feature=fvwp&NR=
1&v=GxHQHcpCWa8

Discharging
When electricity is needed, the hot salt is pumped to a
steam-generator
to produce superheated steam for a turbine generator power
plant.
It is kept liquid at 288 C in an insulated "cold" storage
tank

A 100-megawatt turbine would need a tank of about

(9.1 m) tall

Direct systems: The heat transfer fluid is the thermal energy storage fluid
(No heat exchanger) The working medium is the molten salt. It has to be
kept above 220oC Used in Compact linear Fresnel reflector and thermal
tower because
theynot
dont required https://www.youtube.com/wat
fluid
coupling
since the
moving
ch?v=q6NLoo8k8DI

CSP Plants: Indirect Systems

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kJb5TPUHILo
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jTSZSJnlKUY

Indirect systems: The heat transfer fluid (synthetic oil) is

different from the thermal energy storage fluid (molten salt).
Usually used with parabolic trough (With heat exchanger
between the heat transfer fluid and the storage medium). Used
in parabolic trough systems since there is fluid coupling as the
absorber is moving with the reflector

Solid media concrete

storage

The concrete storage module is composed of a tube

and the storage concrete.
Preferred for single phase HTF up to 400/500 C
Modular design from 500 kWh to 1000 MWh
Can you describe the operation of this CSP power
plant?

Direct vs Indirect
Freezing and local temperature (day and
night) into consideration in terms of
choosing the transfer medium
Oil freezing temperature is low while
molten salt freezing temperature is
from 120-220oC.
Oil may vaporize at high temperatures
but salt can be
used under normal atmospheric
pressure
Indirect systems are more suitable for
cold environments and non fixed
absorbers like parabolic trough
Direct systems is usually associated with
fixed receivers (solar power tower or LCFR)

Solid media concrete storageCharging

Thermal energy is stored in the concrete
storage medium as the HTF transport
the heat energy from the solar collector.

Solid media concrete storageDischarging

The stored energy is used when required for
process
or power generation

Solid media concrete

storage
Advantages
A. low cost of the solid
media.
B.good contact between
the
concrete and the piping,
C.Flexible to large no. of
sites and construction
materials

Phase Change Material

Storage
When a substance
changes phase, from
either a solid to a
liquid or liquid to gas,
it requires energy.
The energy required is
known as a latent
heat.
The word latent means

A phase-change material
(PCM)
is a substance with a high heat of
fusion which, melting and
solidifying at a certain
temperature, is capable of storing
and releasing large amounts of
energy. Heat is absorbed or
released when the material
changes from solid to liquid and
vice versa; thus, PCMs are
classified as latent heat storage

Phase Change Material Storage

Charging

Heat form the receiver solar collector-is applied

to the
PCM which changes its phase from solid to
liquid by storing the heat as latent heat of
fusion or from liquid to vapor as latent heat of
vaporization.

When the stored heat is extracted by the load,

the PCM will again change its phase from liquid
to solid or from vapor to liquid.
Separat
ed
ammoni
a

Separat
ed
water

wate
r

ammonia
wate
r

Separat
ed
ammoni
a

Phase Change Material Storage

Discharging

Water
Ammoni
a
solution

ammonia
Separate
d water

Water
Ammoni
a
solution

The thermal match between the storage system and working fluid are
maximized when steam production, which is an isothermal process,
is coupled with an isothermal storage process (PCM). Being that
Ammoni
latent heat storage is isothermal, it is deemed advantageous
to use
a
this type of system for the evaporation of steam.absorbe
Since
the
d
in
water
preheating and superheating stages are sensible
heat processes,
they benefit when coupled with sensible heat storage systems

Ammoni
a
absorbe
d
in
water

Advantages of PCM
constant temperature during a phase
change
changes are capable of storing and
releasing large quantities of
thermal energy as they change
from solid to liquid and vice versa.
Higher storage density than
sensible heat
Smaller volume

Summary

Usually
encapsulated in
capsules of high
melting point
material for
improved heat
transfer
characteristics

Phase Change Material

Storage Selection of
Phase Change Materials

References
http://www.nrel.gov/csp/troughnet/thermal
_ene
rgy_storage.html

LiNO3

350

400

300

Enthalpy
[J/g]

250
200

For industrial
process
heat

LiNO3
LiNO3 -NaNO3
N a N O 22

KNO
O 33 - L i N O 3

http://freespace.virgin.net/m.eckert/new_p
age_
6.htm
Solar Thermal storage using PCM

N a N O 33

150
K N O 33 - N a N O 2 - N a N O 3

100

K N O 33 - N a N O 3

50

1
0
0

KNO3

For solar power

generation

0
150

200

250
3
0
Te m p e r a t u r e [ 0C ]

Thermal Energy Storage in

Phase Change Material can
potentially result in
-- 60% reduction in container
size
-- 2% to 3% improvement in
overall system efficiency
-- Flexibility to operate with
different steam cycles
--It has added advantage of heat
supply at constant temperature .

350

http://social.csptoday.com/technology/cspthermal-storage-increasing-options

Types of Solar Thermal Collectors

Evacuated-tube solar collectors Flat-plate
collector

Learning Outcome 02
Lesson 05
Sub-outcome 6: Design, simulate,
and analyze a flat plate solar collector

Flat-plate collector
Glazed flat-plate collectors are insulated,
weatherproofed boxes that contain a dark
absorber plate under one or more glass or
plastic covers. Unglazed flat-plate
collectors; typically used for solar pool
heating, have a dark absorber plate, made
of metal or plastic, without a cover or
enclosure.

Evacuated-tube solar
collectors
They feature parallel rows of
transparent glass tubes. Each tube
contains a glass outer tube and
metal absorber tube attached to a
fin. The fin's coating absorbs solar
energy but inhibits radiative heat
loss. These collectors are used more
frequently for U.S. commercial
applications.
The glass is used to trap heat and
reduce heat loss by convection
The glass tubes are evacuated to
reduce the heat transfer by
convection inside the glass
envelope

Types of Flat Plate Solar

Collectors
Low Temperature Collectors

Flat-Plate Solar
Collector

About 15oC temperature rise

Unglazed
For swimming pools and crop drying
Can use plastic or metallic pipes

Medium Temperature Collectors

From about 10oC to above 100oC temperature rise
Single or double glazed
water heating, space heating and some medium
temperature industrial heating uses

High Temperature Collectors

heavy insulation
High temperature capabilities
May be mounted in a sun-tracking system

Main Components

Main Components

Glass
Toughened glass (glazing) protects the absorber from the outside
environment while allowing through >90% of sunlight.
Absorber
A thin sheet of aluminum is coated with a highly selective material that is
extremely efficient at absorbing sunlight and converting it into usable heat.
The aluminum sheet is welded to the copper riser pipes.
Insulation
The insulation helps reduce heat loss from the sides and back of the collector.
Made from ultra- light weight insulating material (like foam) is chosen to
greatly reduce the weight of the collector.
Back Sheet
An aluminum alloy sheet seals the back of the panel and adds to the rigidity
of the collector.
Riser & Header Pipes
The header and riser pipes are brazed together to form a heat exchanger
that the solar system heat transfer fluid circulates through. The absorber
sheet is welded to the riser pipes, thus transfers heat to the heat transfer
fluid.
Aluminum Frame
Extruded from high tensile aluminum alloy, the rails form the outer
framework of the collector and are designed with wings for easy mounting
frame attachment.

Energy balance for the absorber

plate

Incident Radiation

3
1

Absorbed, reflected or transmitted

Absorptivity is the fraction of irradiation

absorbed by a surface.
Reflectivity is the fraction reflected by
the
surface.
Transmissivity is the fraction transmitted by the
surface (defined for transparent surfaces).

6
Fig. 3

Light scattering and diffusion

Flat plate thermal performance

Solar Irradiation
http://www.i
ta
canet.org/th
e- sun-asa- sourceofenergy/part
-3calculatingsolarangles/

I cos I d I r
I i D N

Fig. 4. Heat flow through a flat plate solar collector

Total irradiation distribution Ii

http://www.enhemsbuildings.fer.hr/_download/repository/EDPE13_
%5BGulin,_Vasak,_Baotic%5D.pdf

Solar Irradiation
The energy rate per unit area striking the surface. The key equation
for this calculation is:

I i I D N cos I d I r
Ii= total solar irradiation on surface , W/m2
IDN = direct normal radiation W/m2

equ
.1

=incident angle (the angle between the sun

direction and the normal direction of a tilted surface)
Id= diffuse radiation component from sky , W/m2
Ir= shortwave reflected from other surfaces , W/m2
I i I D N cos I d I r

The first term constitutes around 85% of the total on clear days. The 2
other terms should not be neglected. But in our analysis we neglect them
because they are very complicated to calculate

Ii IDN cos

equ
.2

Solar Irradiation
While the solar radiation incident on the
Earth's atmosphere is relatively
constant, the radiation at the Earth's
surface varies widely due to:

Typical clear sky

absorption and
scattering of incident
sunlight

atmospheric effects, including absorption

and
scattering;
local variations in the atmosphere,
such as water vapour, clouds, and
pollution;
latitude of the location; and
the season of the year and
the time of day.

Direct Normal Irradiation IDN

Equ.3, developed by Bouquer Lambert, takes into
consideration the reduction in Normal solar
irradiation Eo as it passes through the atmosphere
E o I D N . e x p B / sin

Therefore

I DN

Eo= Normal solar radiation on the Earth surface neglecting the

existence of atmosphere W/m2
B the attenuation coefficient of solar radiation in the earth
atmosphere (table 1.). A quantity that characterizes how easily a
material or medium can be penetrated by a beam of light,
IDN the energy of solar radiation that falls at the right angle on
square meter of the earth (maximum 970 W/m2)

Eo

e x p B / sin

equ
.3

Where

equ
.4

- Solar altitude.
http://pveducation.org/pvcdrom/prope
rtiesof-sunlight/sun-position-calculator

Solar altitude

The

The altitude (solar elevation angle) is the angle between the

horizon and the center of the sun's disc

Solar Altitude

The Solar altitude (solar elevation angle) is

the angle between the horizon and the center of the sun's disc
It depends on
Latitude
Day of the year
Time in the
day

depends on latitude of the location, day in the year and the

time of day.
http://www.timeanddate.com/astronomy/united-arab-emirate
s/abu-dhabi

Example -1

Values of Eo , B, and

Calculate the Direct Normal irradiation IDN and total solar irradiation Ii
on a collector in the months of January and June at 12 noon
assuming A collector tilt of 30o

January

Eo

I D N exp B / sin
44

I
Values of and
for a collector Tilt 30o Time 12 noon

985W /
m2

Ii I D N c o s 9 8 5 . c o s
53 593W / m

June

Values of Eo and B
Average annual values

1209

exp 0.142 / sin

D N

Eo
exp B / sin
88

exp0.205 / sin

1 0 6 9

I D N c o s 8 78 711.Wc o/ sm 3 0 7 5 4 W / m 2
2

Example -2

Calculate the Direct Normal irradiation IDN and total solar irradiation Ii
on a collector in the months of March and August at 12 noon
assuming A collector tilt of 30o .

Useful Energy absorbed by the plate Qa

An energy balance for the absorber plate is

T a44 c T a Tc 2 aT
Qa

i . c1. c 2.
T Rconv
A I a equ.5 2T Rrad
cond
R

Qa= energy rate absorbed by absorber plate, W

A=absorber area, m2
Ii=total solar irradiation at cover plate ,W/m2
=transmittance of cover plates
( glazing), dimensionless.
=absorptivity of absorber plate at
wavelength of solar
irradiation, dimensionless
T= temperature , K

Useful Energy absorbed by the plate Qa

4

Reflectivity, the fraction of incident

radiation
reflected by a surface
Transmittance, the fraction of
incident electromagnetic
radiation at a specified
wavelength that passes through a
surface
The emissivity of a given surface is
the measure of its ability to emit
radiation energy in comparison to a

Q
a T c 2
a
i c1 c 2
A I a . . . rad
cond
RT

T T T
TaRconvc 2 a
R

Rrad= thermal resistance from absorber to second

cover plate, m2.k4/W
Rconv= thermal resistance to convection from
absorber to second cover plate, m2.k4/W
Rcond= thermal resistance to conduction from
absorber to ambient through the insulation,
m2.k4/W
C1=first cover plate
C2=second cover plate
a=absorber

equ
.5

Useful energy absorbed by the plate

Qa

Thus, the rate of useful energy extracted

by the absorber Qa, is proportional to
the rate of useful energy absorbed by
the collector, less the amount lost by
the collector to its surroundings This is
expressed as follows :

Qa = Ii.c1.c2.aAU.A.(Ta T= )

Useful energy absorbed by the plate Qa

Per unit area equ. 6 takes the simpler
form:
[ I i . c 1 c 2 . a U tfi t ].F r
QAa .

Wher
e tfi=temperature of inlet fluid to absorber, oC

U=overall heat transfer coefficient combining ( rad, conv, cond

losses), W/m2.K
Fr=empirical determined correction factor, dimensionless.
Fr=0.9

Fr

equ.6

Where
Qa is useful energy gain- W
TTypical
meanoftemperature
of the absorber oC
a is the
values
U in
equation 2

equ
.7

Qa
I i . c 1 . c 2 . a U t a t

Q max
I i . c 1 . c 2 . a U tf i t

whe
n

Qa Qmax

T f i
T

equ
.8

Collector efficiency

Type of glazing U, W/m2.K

Unglazed

13-15

Single Glazed

6-7

Double Glazed

3-4

Absorptivity : the fraction of the incident radiation flux

absorbed by the body.

Another important characterization

of the collector is its efficiency ,
which is defined as the energy rate
transferred to the fluid divided by the solar
irradiation on the cover plate,

I i
http://www.solarmirror.com/fom/fom-serve/cache/
43.html

equ
.9

Example-3
A flat plate single-glazed collector is
available for a solar-heating application.
The transmittance of each of the cover
plates is 0.85, and the aluminum
absorber
plate
has
=0.93. Assume an
T =
temperature
15oan
C and
ambient Determine the collector
Tfi=20oC.
efficiency in the month of
at 12 noon
[ I i . c 1 . January
a U tfi t ].F
r

A
assuming a collector tilt of
2
Qa
30o .620 15].0.9 395W m
[593.0.85.0.93
QAa

Qa A
I i

395

593 0.67

Rate of heat extraction from

the
collector
The rate of heat
extraction from the
collector can be
measured by means
of the
amount of heat
Qa = m.cp(To T)i
carried
where
m isthe
the
mass flow rate of fluid
away by
fluid
through
collector-kg/s.
passing the
through
it
and can be
expressed as

Example-4
A flat plate double-glazed collector is
available for a solar-heating application.
The transmittance of each of the two
cover plates is 0.87, and the aluminum
absorber plate has an =0.9. Assume an
ambient temperatureT = 18oC and
Tfi=20oC.
Determine the collector efficiency in the
months December at noon assuming a
collector tilt of 30o .

Example-5
1 What is the daily energy required to heat
a domestic water tank containing 100
kg of water, if the water is heated from
20oC to 60oC. ? Location :Abu Dhabi.
Month: January
Qreq/d = 100x4180x( 60-20)=16720000
J/d=16720.
kJ/d
A
rate ofisheat
perthe
unit collector
area in a dayin
2 What
theabsorbed
size of
Qreq / (J / d
16720000
example

1.175
d
A
Qa)/ A(W / m2 )heat
t required
39510(hr)
/ d 1.2m2
60 60
Qa / A .Ii calculated from the absorber
analysis

Absorber Surface Area Calculation

Calcula
te

I DN

Eo

e xp B / sin

Calcula
Ii IDN cos
te
depend on the altitude, the day
and the time in the day, depends
on the same factors plus the tilt
angle of the absorber
Calculate
[ I i . c 1 c 2 . a U tfi t ] .Fr
Qa
.
A

Useful sites
http://isfh.de/institut_solarforschung/hoc
heff
izienter-flachkollektor.php?_l=1
Very good site, research, projects,
teaching
http://www.iklimnet.com/save/glass_tran
smit
tance.html
http://pveducation.org/pvcdrom/properties-of-sunlight/sunposition-

Absorber Surface Area

Calculation

Calculate absorber efficiency

Calculate heat required

per day
Qa

I i
Qreq / d (J / d
= )m.c (T T )
p

Calculate required absorber area

A

heat required / d
rate of heat absorbed per unit area in a
day
Qreq / (J / d
d
QAa/)A(W / m2 )
is the sun light duration during the day
in seconds
t