Zumdahl Zumdahl DeCoste
World of
CHEMISTRY
Chapter 11
Modern
Atomic
Theory
Copyright by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.
Figure 11.1: The Rutherford atom.
Copyright by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 3
Figure 11.2: A seagull floating on the ocean moves up and down as waves pass.
Copyright by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 4
Figure 11.3: The wavelength of a wave.
Copyright by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 5
Figure 11.5: Electromagnetic radiation.
Copyright by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 6
Figure 11.6: Photons of red and blue light.
Copyright by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 7
Figure 11.8: An excited lithium atom emitting a photon of red light to drop to a lower energy state.
Copyright by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 8
Figure 11.9: A sample of H atoms receives energy from an external source.
Copyright by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 9
Figure 11.9: The excited atoms release energy by emitting photons.
Copyright by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 10
Figure 11.10: An excited H atom returns to a lower energy level.
Copyright by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 11
Figure 11.11: Colors and wavelengths of photons in the visible region.
Copyright by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 12
Figure 11.12: The color of the photon emitted depends on the energy change that produces it.
Copyright by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 13
Figure 11.13: Each photon emitted corresponds to a particular energy change.
Copyright by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 14
Figure 11.14: Continuous and discrete energy levels.
Copyright by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 15
Figure 11.15: The difference between continuous and quantized energy levels.
Copyright by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 16
Figure 11.17: The Bohr model of the hydrogen atom.
Copyright by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 17
Figure 11.18: A representation of the photo of the firefly experiment.
Copyright by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 18
11.19: The orbital that describes the hydrogen electron in its lowest possible energy state.
Copyright by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 19
Figure 11.20: The hydrogen 1s orbital.
Copyright by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 20
Figure 11.21: The first four principle energy levels in the hydrogen atom.
Copyright by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 21
Figure 11.22: How principal levels can be divided into sublevels.
Copyright by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 22
Figure 11.23: Principal level 2 shown divided into the 2s and 2p sublevels.
Copyright by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 23
Figure 11.24: The relative sizes of the 1s and 2s orbitals of hydrogen.
Copyright by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 24
Figure 11.25: The three 2p orbitals.
Copyright by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 25
Figure 11.26: Diagram of principal energy levels 1 and 2.
Copyright by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 26
Figure 11.27: Relative sizes of the spherical 1s, 2s, and 3s orbitals of hydrogen.
Copyright by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 27
Figure 11.28: The shapes and labels of the five 3d orbitals.
Copyright by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 28
Figure 11.30: Partial electron configurations for the elements potassium through krypton.
Copyright by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 29
Figure 11.31: Orbitals being filled for elements in various parts of the periodic table.
Copyright by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 30
Figure 11.34: Periodic table with atomic symbols, atomic numbers, and partial electron configurations.
Copyright by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 31
Figure 11.35: Classification of elements as metals, nonmetals, and matalloids.
Copyright by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 32
Figure 11.36: Relative atomic sizes for selected atoms.
Copyright by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 33
