CLASSICAL AND OPERANT
CONDITIONING
LORNA A. ONDA
BSA-221
CLASSICAL CONDITIONED
RESPONSE
Probably occur a lot in ordinary human
life.
Example of response that can be
classically conditioned are:
1. eye blink
2. heart rate
3. conditioned emotional responses
CLASSICAL CONDITIONING
Ivan Pavlov, a Russian
physiologist who won a Nobel Prize
for his experiment on the
physiology of digestion in dogs.
Pavlov, together with his
assistants measured the amount of
salivation in dogs as food is
introduced.
CLASSICAL CONDITIONING
They discovered that the
amount of salivation in
dogs continue to increase
as a person in a white
coat approaches the dog.
VARIABLES INVOLVED IN
COMDITIONING PROCESS
1. Unconditioned stimulus
2. Unconditioned response
3. Neutral stimulus
4 Conditioned Stimulus
5. Conditioned response
UNCONDITIONED STIMULUS
Its an object that has the ability
to elicit the response of interest
without training or conditioning.
Its a stimulus that need not be
conditioned, hence the name
unconditioned , because it
produces a natural spontaneous
response.
Ex. food
UNCONDITIONED RESPONSE
Unconditioned response is
the response to the
unconditioned stimulus.
Its a response that need not
be conditioned.
Ex. the salivation of animals
when food is presented.
NEUTRAL STIMULUS
Neutral stimulus pertains to
any object or stimulus that on its
own cannot elicit the desired
response.
Ex. that sound of bell
CONDITIONED RESPONSE
The learned response due
to repeated pairing of an
unconditioned stimulus
and neutral stimulus.
Ex. The sound of bell and
food
CONDITIONED STIMULUS
If the unconditioned
stimulus is being paired
with neutral stimulus, the
neutral stimulus became
conditioned stimulus.
STIMULUS GENERALIZATION
It is a phenomenon in learning
whereby the desired response is
elicited not only by the original
stimulus but also by other objects
similar to original.
Example:
When the dog hears a sound similar
to the sound of bell, the dog elicited
salivation though the sound was not
the original conditions stimulus.
STIMULUS DISCRIMINATION
It allow us to give distinct
responses to district stimuli.
This explain why in spite of
fear of dogs, we welcome
interactions with other more
friendly breed of dogs like
shit zu.
EXTINCTION
It is a phenomenon whereby the
previously acquired conditioned
response disappears because of
non- reinforcement.
It is theorized that any learned
response will be extinguished
when it is not reinforced.
BASIC PHENOMENA
Inhibition or Active Suppress
Pavlov believed that extinction
didn't mean unlearning something so
much as it meant that something
new had been
3 Phenomena that support this ideas:
1. Reconditioning
2. Spontaneous Recovery
3. Disinhibition
RECONDITIONING
A condition response that
has been extinguished can
be reconditioned by
presenting further
reinforce trials.
SPONTANEOUS RECOVERY
Itoccurs when the extinguished
conditioned response
spontaneously or naturally
recurs sometimes after
extinction when the person or
animal is exposed again to the
conditioned stimulus without
having to go through the entire
conditioning process.
DISINHIBITION
The sudden recovert of a response
during an extinction procedure
where a novel stimulus is introduce.
Ex. Imagine that you have a
problem with test anxiety and your
anxiety has started to due down
where you are taking a test. If
someone walks into the test late, you
may experience a resurgence of your
anxiety level.
INSTRUMENTAL CONDITIONING
Began with the work of Edward Lee Thorndike.
Thorndike is known for his work on
connectionism, which is defined as the
association between sense impressions and
impulse to action.
He is the first one to link sensory events and
behavior.
He believed that there was a neutral bond that
connects the stimulus(S) and response(R) called
connectionism
TRIAL AND ERROR LEARNING
It is postulated learning brought by Thorndike which
involves trying many responses until the most
efficient solution is discovered.
He conducted an experiment wherein an animal is
placed in a cage or a puzzle box.
There are confusing items in a puzzle box, but the key
principle is this: the animal must do something in a
certain way before it can escape from the box.
OPERANT CONDITIONING
It is a learn to exhibit
responses that can affect
change in
circumstances.
OPERANT CONDITIONING
For B.F Skinner, operant
conditioning is the organism under
the process of operating on the
environment which in ordinary
terms means it is belonging around,
it would doing what it does.
During this operating the organism
encounters a special kind of
stimulus, called reinforce.
OPERANT CONDITIONING
Hergenhann (1997) defines
operant conditioning as the
increasing rate at which a
response occurs or the
probability of a response by
arranging the situation, as that
the occurrence of that response
is followed by reinforcement.
DISTINGUISHMENT OF OPERANT FROM
CLASSICAL CONDITIONING
1. The organism's response in operant
conditioning is deliberately and voluntarily done
in order to produce a satisfying outcome
2. The organism does something, meaning, the
organism performs certain behavior to produce
the desirable outcome
3. Once the organism exhibits the response, the
probability that the same response will be
repeated will depend on the consequences of
that response.
REINFORCEMENT
It increase the probability
of the response.
TYPES OF REINFORCEMENT
1. Positive reinforcer - is something that
when added to the situation, the
response increases even more. Positive
reinforcer is synonymous with reward
2. Negative reinforcer is anything that
away or removed from the situation, the
response increases even more.
SKINNER'S BOX
is Burrhus Frederick Skinner box
analogous to Thorndike's puzzle box. He
starved a rat and placed that rat in
Skinner box. The box is so arranged that
if you press the lever , the food pellet
contained in the food magazine will be
made available to rat. The poor rat must
learn to press the lever to eat to survive.
The learned response is lever pressing
and the reinforcer is food.
PRIMARY REINFORCEMENT
Primary reinforcement are those
that directly satisfy the
biological need.
For example is food, water and
sleep.
SECONDARY REINFORCEMENT
Secondary reinforcement are
those that do not directly
satisfy biological needs but is
connected to it.
For example is money.
PUNISHMENT
It is the opposite of the
rreinforcement.
It decreases the probability that
a response will be repeated.
TYPES OF PUNISHMENT
1. Positive Punishment
it is adding something
undesirable.
Ex. Spanking,
2. Negative Punishment
removing something desirable.
Ex. Withholding benefits like
grounded, not allowed to go out.
CONTINUOUS REINFORCEMENT
It is the process of
learning where an
organism is necessary to
reinforce every correct
responses.
SCHEDULES OF
REINFORCEMENT
1. Ratio Schedule
2. Interval Schedule
RATIO SCHEDULE
It is a kind of
reinforcement schedule
that depends on the
number of responses or
action that an organism or
individual makes.
A. Fixed Ratio Schedule
Fixed ratio is given for every fixed
or specific number of responses an
organism makes.
First one to discover by Skinner.
For example, Buy 3take 1
Example:
If the rat presses the pedal 3
times,say he gets a goodie. But even
he pressed 5 times or 20 times the
goodie the rat will get is only one
because its fixed. There is a fixed rate
between behavior and reinforcer.
B. Variable Ratio schedule
Variable ratio is provided after
making varying number of responses.
Example:
Playing chance games like the slot
machine
INTERVAL SCHEDULE
A kind of reinforcement that is made
available only after a certain time.
a. Fixed interval
Fixed interval is provides after a
certain amount of time has passed
since the last reinforcement.
Example:
3 Day sale
B. Variable Interval
Variable interval reinforcement
is given after a certain time, but one
doesn't know what particular time
the reinforcement will be given.
Example:
Teacher promises to give bonus points
to students each time they come on
time. The teacher doesn't tell when
she will give the bonus points. It could
be today, tomorrow the next day, etc.
